WO2023124831A1 - 锂离子电池 - Google Patents

锂离子电池 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023124831A1
WO2023124831A1 PCT/CN2022/136969 CN2022136969W WO2023124831A1 WO 2023124831 A1 WO2023124831 A1 WO 2023124831A1 CN 2022136969 W CN2022136969 W CN 2022136969W WO 2023124831 A1 WO2023124831 A1 WO 2023124831A1
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ion battery
positive electrode
lithium
lithium ion
battery according
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PCT/CN2022/136969
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
钱韫娴
胡时光
邓永红
李红梅
向晓霞
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深圳新宙邦科技股份有限公司
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Publication of WO2023124831A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023124831A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of energy storage battery devices, and in particular relates to a lithium ion battery.
  • lithium iron phosphate battery has obvious advantages in terms of safety, manufacturing cost, and cycle life.
  • problems of low conductivity and ion mobility which limit the further improvement of its performance.
  • carbon is placed on the surface of lithium iron phosphate active particles Coating is considered as a modification technique that has a huge impact on the properties of LiFePO4 materials, such as electrical conductivity.
  • the invention provides a lithium ion battery.
  • the invention provides a lithium ion battery, comprising a positive pole, a negative pole and a non-aqueous electrolyte, the positive pole comprises a positive electrode material layer containing a positive active material, the positive active material comprises lithium iron phosphate and wrapped on the surface of lithium iron phosphate
  • n 0 or 1
  • A is selected from C or O
  • X is selected from R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from H
  • R1 and R2 are not selected from H at the same time
  • X, R1 and R2 contain at least one sulfur atom
  • the lithium ion battery meets the following conditions:
  • W1 is the mass percentage content of lithium iron phosphate in the positive electrode material layer, and the unit is %;
  • W2 is the mass percentage content of carbon element in the positive electrode material layer, the unit is %;
  • Ma is the mass percentage of the compound shown in structural formula 1 in the non-aqueous electrolyte, in %;
  • Mb is the mass percentage of vinylene carbonate in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the unit is %.
  • the lithium-ion battery meets the following conditions:
  • the mass percentage W1 of lithium iron phosphate is 94% to 98%;
  • the mass percentage W1 of lithium iron phosphate is 96%-98%.
  • the mass percentage content W2 of carbon element is 0.3%-3.0%;
  • the mass percentage content W2 of carbon element is 0.5%-2%.
  • the mass percentage Ma of the compound represented by structural formula 1 is 0.01% to 3%;
  • the mass percentage content Ma of the compound represented by structural formula 1 is 0.1% ⁇ 1%.
  • the mass percentage content Mb of vinylene carbonate is 0.01%-3%;
  • the mass percentage content Mb of vinylene carbonate is 0.1%-2%.
  • the compound represented by the structural formula 1 is selected from one or more of the following compounds 1-22:
  • the electrolyte salt is selected from LiPF 6 , LiBOB, LiDFOB, LiDFOP, LiPO 2 F 2 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiN(SO 2 F) 2 , LiClO 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 , at least one of lithium salts of lower aliphatic carboxylates .
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte also includes auxiliary additives, the auxiliary additives include cyclic sulfate compounds, sultone compounds, cyclic carbonate compounds, phosphate compounds, borates At least one of compound and nitrile compound;
  • the amount of the auxiliary additive added is 0.01%-30%.
  • the cyclic sulfate ester compound is selected from at least one of vinyl sulfate, propylene sulfate or vinyl methyl sulfate;
  • the sultone compound is selected from methylene disulfonate, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone or 1,3-propene sultone at least one of
  • the cyclic carbonate compound is selected from at least one of ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate or the compound shown in structural formula 2,
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, and a C1-C5 group;
  • the phosphoric acid ester compound is selected from at least one of tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate and the compound shown in structural formula 3:
  • R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are each independently selected from C1-C5 saturated hydrocarbon groups, unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, halogenated hydrocarbon groups, -Si(C m H 2m+1 ) 3 , m is 1 to A natural number of 3, and at least one of R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 is an unsaturated hydrocarbon group;
  • the borate compound is selected from three (trimethylsilane) borates;
  • the nitrile compound is selected from succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, ethylene glycol bis(propionitrile) ether, hexanetrinitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, suberonitrile, azelanitrile, sebaconitrile one or more of .
  • a lithium iron phosphate composite material composed of lithium iron phosphate and a carbon coating layer wrapped on the surface of lithium iron phosphate is used as the positive electrode active material, and at the same time, the non-aqueous electrolyte is added as shown in structural formula 1
  • the compound and vinylene carbonate are used as additives, wherein the compound shown in structural formula 1 and vinylene carbonate can be decomposed on the surface of the positive electrode material layer and the surface of the inner particles of the positive electrode material layer to form a passivation film.
  • the chemical film cooperates with the carbon coating layer on the surface of lithium iron phosphate to form a dense and strong composite film, which is beneficial to avoid direct contact between the positive electrode active material and the non-aqueous electrolyte, reduce the effective contact area, and inhibit the non-aqueous electrolyte from being strongly oxidized.
  • An embodiment of the present invention provides a lithium ion battery, including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • n 0 or 1
  • A is selected from C or O
  • X is selected from R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from H
  • R1 and R2 are not selected from H at the same time
  • X, R1 and R2 contain at least one sulfur atom
  • the lithium ion battery meets the following conditions:
  • W1 is the mass percentage content of lithium iron phosphate in the positive electrode material layer, and the unit is %;
  • W2 is the mass percentage content of carbon element in the positive electrode material layer, the unit is %;
  • Ma is the mass percentage of the compound shown in structural formula 1 in the non-aqueous electrolyte, in %;
  • Mb is the mass percentage of vinylene carbonate in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the unit is %.
  • the combination of the compound shown in structural formula 1 and vinylene carbonate can decompose on the surface of the positive electrode material layer and the surface of the inner particles of the positive electrode material layer to form a passivation film.
  • the coating layer cooperates to form a dense and strong composite film, which is beneficial to avoid direct contact between the positive electrode active material and the non-aqueous electrolyte, reduce the effective contact area, and inhibit the side reaction of the non-aqueous electrolyte on the surface of the strong oxidizing positive electrode active material.
  • the compound represented by the structural formula 1 is:
  • A is selected from C or O
  • X is selected from R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from H
  • R1 and R2 are not selected from H at the same time
  • X, R1 and R2 contain at least one sulfur atom.
  • the compound represented by the structural formula 1 is:
  • A is selected from C or O
  • X is selected from R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from H
  • R1 and R2 are not selected from H at the same time
  • X, R1 and R2 contain at least one sulfur atom.
  • the lithium-ion battery meets the following conditions:
  • the mass percentage content W1 of lithium iron phosphate, the mass percentage content W2 of carbon element, the mass percentage content Ma of the compound shown in structural formula 1 and the mass percentage content Mb of vinylene carbonate are correlated, can to a certain extent.
  • the design of the positive electrode material layer and the influence of the non-aqueous electrolyte additive on the performance of the battery are combined to obtain a lithium-ion battery with relatively stable performance.
  • the mass percentage W1 of lithium iron phosphate is 94%-98%.
  • the mass percentage W1 of lithium iron phosphate is 96%-98%.
  • the mass percentage content W1 of lithium iron phosphate can be 94%, 94.3%, 94.6%, 95%, 95.2%, 95.8%, 96.1%, 96.3%, 96.9%, 97.4% , 97.7%, or 98%.
  • Lithium iron phosphate composite material plays the role of lithium ion deintercalation and intercalation carrier. Compared with other positive electrode active materials, such as ternary materials, lithium cobalt oxide, etc., lithium iron phosphate composite material It has higher safety performance and is excellent in anti-acupuncture and other directions. When the mass percentage content of lithium iron phosphate is in the above range, it can ensure that the lithium ion battery has a higher energy density.
  • the mass percentage content W2 of carbon element is 0.3%-3.0%.
  • the mass percentage content W2 of carbon element is 0.5%-2%.
  • the mass percentage content W2 of carbon element is 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.9%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.4%, 2.6%, 2.9% % or 3.0%.
  • the carbon coated on the surface of lithium iron phosphate can be used as the bottom layer of the passivation film formed by the compound shown in structural formula 1 and vinylene carbonate, which is conducive to the formation of a stable composite film and suppresses the side reactions of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the carbon coated The layer has high electrical conductivity, which can improve the efficiency of electron conduction between positive electrode active materials.
  • the mass percentage of carbon in the positive electrode material layer is within the above range, the internal resistance of the battery can be effectively reduced, the electronic conductivity and safety performance can be improved, and the cycle life of the battery can be extended.
  • the mass percentage content Ma of the compound represented by structural formula 1 is 0.01% ⁇ 3%.
  • the mass percentage content Ma of the compound represented by structural formula 1 is 0.1% ⁇ 1%.
  • the mass percentage Ma of the compound represented by structural formula 1 is 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.1%, 1.5% , 1.7%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.8%, or 3%.
  • the mass percentage Mb of vinylene carbonate is 0.01%-3%;
  • the mass percentage content Mb of vinylene carbonate is 0.1%-2%.
  • the mass percentage content Mb of vinylene carbonate is 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.1%, 1.5%, 1.7% %, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.8%, or 3%.
  • the compound shown in Structural Formula 1 cooperates with vinylene carbonate to form a passivation film, which solves the problem of insufficient passivation film stability in the formation of a single vinylene carbonate film, and the mass percentage Mb of the vinylene carbonate is in the above-mentioned range, can be beneficial to the formation of passivation film; when the mass percentage content Ma of the compound shown in structural formula 1 or the mass percentage content Mb of vinylene carbonate are too small, then be difficult to play the promoting effect for passivation film performance ; When the compound mass percentage content Ma shown in structural formula 1 or the mass percentage content Mb of vinylene carbonate are too large, then it is easy to produce too many by-products in the process of battery cycle, thereby affecting the non-aqueous electrolyte stability.
  • the compound represented by structural formula 1 is selected from one or more of the following compounds 1-22:
  • compound 7 can be prepared by the following method:
  • the electrolyte salt is selected from LiPF 6 , LiPO 2 F 2 , LiBF 4 , LiBOB, LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiDFOB, LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiN(SO 2 F) 2 , LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiAlCl 4 , lithium chloroborane, At least one of lower aliphatic lithium carboxylate, lithium tetraphenylborate, and lithium imide having 4 or less carbon atoms.
  • the electrolyte salt can be inorganic electrolyte salts such as LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAlF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiTaF 6 , LiWF 7 ; fluorophosphate electrolyte salts such as LiPF 6 ; tungstate electrolyte salts such as LiWOF 5 ; HCO 2 Li , CH 3 CO 2 Li, CH 2 FCO 2 Li, CHF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CH 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CO 2 Li , CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CO 2 Li , CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CO 2 Li and other carboxylic acid electrolyte salts; CH 3 SO 3 Li and other sulfonic acid electrolyte salts; LiN(FCO 2 ) 2 , LiN(FCO)(FSO 2 ), LiN(
  • the electrolyte salt in the electrolyte is the transfer unit of lithium ions.
  • concentration of the electrolyte salt directly affects the transfer speed of lithium ions, and the transfer speed of lithium ions will affect the potential change of the negative electrode.
  • the total concentration of the electrolyte salt in the electrolyte can be 0.5mol/L-2.0mol/L, 0.5mol/L-0.6mol/L, 0.6mol/L-0.7mol/L, 0.7mol/L ⁇ 0.8mol/L, 0.8mol/L ⁇ 0.9mol/L, 0.9mol/L ⁇ 1.0mol/L, 1.0mol/L ⁇ 1.1mol/L, 1.1mol/L ⁇ 1.2mol/L, 1.2mol/L ⁇ 1.3mol/L, 1.3mol/L ⁇ 1.4mol/L, 1.4mol/L ⁇ 1.5mol/L, 1.5mol/L ⁇ 1.6mol/L, 1.6mol/L ⁇ 1.7mol/L, 1.7mol/L ⁇ 1.8mol/L, 1.8mol/L ⁇ 1.9mol/L, or 1.9mol/L ⁇ 2.0mol/L, more preferably 0.6mol/L ⁇ 1.8mol/L, 0.7mol/L ⁇ 1.7mol/L L, or 0.8mol/L ⁇ 1.5mol/L.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte also includes auxiliary additives, and the auxiliary additives include cyclic sulfate compounds, sultone compounds, cyclic carbonate compounds, phosphoric acid ester compounds, boric acid At least one of ester compounds and nitrile compounds;
  • the cyclic sulfate compound is selected from at least one of vinyl sulfate, propylene sulfate or methyl vinyl sulfate;
  • the sultone compound is selected from methylene disulfonate, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone or 1,3-propene sultone at least one of
  • the cyclic carbonate compound is selected from at least one of ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate or the compound shown in structural formula 2,
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, and a C1-C5 group;
  • the phosphoric acid ester compound is selected from at least one of tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate and the compound shown in structural formula 3:
  • R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are each independently selected from C1-C5 saturated hydrocarbon groups, unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, halogenated hydrocarbon groups, -Si(C m H 2m+1 ) 3 , m is 1 to 3, and at least one of R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 is an unsaturated hydrocarbon group.
  • the unsaturated phosphate compound can be tris(trimethylsilane) phosphate, tripropargyl phosphate, dipropargyl methyl phosphate, dipropargyl ethyl phosphate , Dipropargyl propyl phosphate, Dipropargyl trifluoromethyl phosphate, Dipropargyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl phosphate, Dipropargyl-3,3,3- Trifluoropropyl Phosphate, Dipropargyl Hexafluoroisopropyl Phosphate, Triallyl Phosphate, Diallyl Methyl Phosphate, Diallyl Ethyl Phosphate, Diallyl Propyl Phosphate ester, diallyl trifluoromethyl phosphate, diallyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl phosphate, diallyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropyl phosphate, di
  • the borate compound is selected from three (trimethylsilane) borates;
  • the nitrile compound is selected from succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, ethylene glycol bis(propionitrile) ether, hexanetrinitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, suberonitrile, azelanitrile, sebaconitrile one or more of .
  • the auxiliary additives may also include other additives that can improve battery performance: for example, additives that improve battery safety performance, specifically flame retardant additives such as fluorophosphate esters and cyclophosphazene, or tert-amyl Benzene, tert-butylbenzene and other anti-overcharge additives.
  • additives that improve battery safety performance specifically flame retardant additives such as fluorophosphate esters and cyclophosphazene, or tert-amyl Benzene, tert-butylbenzene and other anti-overcharge additives.
  • the amount of the auxiliary additive is 0.01%-30%.
  • the addition amount of any optional substance in the auxiliary additive in the non-aqueous electrolyte is less than 10%, preferably, the addition amount is 0.1-5%, more Preferably, the added amount is 0.1%-2%.
  • the addition amount of any optional substance in the auxiliary additive can be 0.05%, 0.08%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2%, 2.2% %, 2.5%, 2.8%, 3%, 3.2%, 3.5%, 3.8%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 7.8%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5%, 10%.
  • the auxiliary additive is selected from fluoroethylene carbonate, based on 100% of the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte, the added amount of the fluoroethylene carbonate is 0.05%-30%.
  • the solvent includes one or more of ether solvents, nitrile solvents, carbonate solvents and carboxylate solvents.
  • ether solvents include cyclic ethers or chain ethers, preferably chain ethers with 3 to 10 carbon atoms and cyclic ethers with 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the cyclic ethers can specifically be but not limited to It is 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), 1,4-dioxane (DX), crown ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-CH 3 -THF), 2-tri One or more of fluoromethyltetrahydrofuran (2-CF 3 -THF);
  • the chain ether can be, but not limited to, dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, ethoxymethoxymethane , Ethylene glycol di-n-propyl ether, ethylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
  • Dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, and ethoxymethoxymethane which are low in viscosity and impart high ion conductivity, are particularly preferred because the solvation ability of chain ethers with lithium ions is high and ion dissociation can be improved.
  • methyl methane One kind of ether compound may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be used in any combination and ratio.
  • the addition amount of the ether compound is not particularly limited, and it is arbitrary within the scope of not significantly destroying the effect of the high-compression lithium-ion battery of the present invention.
  • the volume ratio of the non-aqueous solvent is 100%, the volume ratio is usually more than 1%, preferably 1% by volume.
  • the ratio is 2% or more, more preferably 3% or more by volume, and usually 30% or less by volume, preferably 25% or less by volume, more preferably 20% or less by volume.
  • the total amount of the ether compounds may satisfy the above range.
  • the addition amount of the ether compound is within the above-mentioned preferred range, the effect of improving the ion conductivity by increasing the lithium ion dissociation degree of the chain ether and reducing the viscosity can be easily ensured.
  • the negative electrode active material is a carbon material, it is possible to suppress the co-intercalation phenomenon of the chain ether and lithium ions, so that the input-output characteristics and the charge-discharge rate characteristics can be brought into appropriate ranges.
  • the nitrile solvent may specifically be, but not limited to, one or more of acetonitrile, glutaronitrile, and malononitrile.
  • the carbonate solvents include cyclic carbonates or chain carbonates
  • the cyclic carbonates can specifically be, but not limited to, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), gamma-butyrolactone One or more of (GBL), butylene carbonate (BC);
  • the chain carbonate can specifically be, but not limited to, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC ), one or more of dipropyl carbonate (DPC).
  • the content of the cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited, and it is arbitrary within the scope of not significantly destroying the effect of the lithium-ion battery of the present invention, but the lower limit of its content is relative to the total amount of solvent in the non-aqueous electrolyte when one is used alone.
  • the volume ratio is 3% or more, preferably 5% or more.
  • the upper limit is usually 90% or less by volume, preferably 85% or less by volume, and more preferably 80% or less by volume.
  • the content of the chain carbonate is not particularly limited, but is usually 15% or more by volume, preferably 20% or more by volume, and more preferably 25% or more by volume relative to the total amount of solvent in the nonaqueous electrolyte.
  • the volume ratio is usually 90% or less, preferably 85% or less, and more preferably 80% or less.
  • the content of the chain carbonate within the above range, it is easy to make the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution in an appropriate range, suppress the decrease in ion conductivity, and contribute to making the output characteristics of the non-aqueous electrolyte battery a good range.
  • the total amount of the chain carbonates may satisfy the above-mentioned range.
  • chain carbonates having fluorine atoms may also be preferably used.
  • the number of fluorine atoms in the fluorinated chain carbonate is not particularly limited as long as it is 1 or more, but is usually 6 or less, preferably 4 or less.
  • these fluorine atoms may be bonded to the same carbon or to different carbons.
  • the fluorinated chain carbonate include fluorinated dimethyl carbonate derivatives, fluorinated ethyl methyl carbonate derivatives, and fluorinated diethyl carbonate derivatives.
  • Carboxylate solvents include cyclic carboxylates and/or chain carbonates.
  • cyclic carboxylic acid esters include one or more of ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, and ⁇ -valerolactone.
  • chain carbonates include: methyl acetate (MA), ethyl acetate (EA), propyl acetate (EP), butyl acetate, propyl propionate (PP), butyl propionate one or more of .
  • the sulfone solvent includes cyclic sulfone and chain sulfone.
  • cyclic sulfone it usually has 3 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 3 to 5 carbon atoms.
  • a sulfone it is usually a compound having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably a compound having 2 to 5 carbon atoms.
  • the amount of sulfone solvent added is not particularly limited, and it is arbitrary within the scope of not significantly destroying the effect of the lithium ion battery of the present invention.
  • the volume ratio is usually more than 0.3%, preferably 0.3% by volume.
  • the total amount of the sulfone-based solvent may satisfy the above range.
  • the added amount of the sulfone solvent is within the above range, an electrolytic solution having excellent high-temperature storage stability tends to be obtained.
  • the solvent is a mixture of cyclic carbonates and chain carbonates.
  • the positive electrode further includes a positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode material layer covers the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the parts of the positive electrode other than the positive electrode current collector are referred to as the positive electrode material layer.
  • the positive electrode current collector is selected from metal materials that can conduct electrons.
  • the positive electrode current collector includes one or more of Al, Ni, tin, copper, and stainless steel.
  • the positive electrode The current collector is selected from aluminum foil.
  • the positive electrode material layer further includes a positive electrode binder and a positive electrode conductive agent, and the positive electrode active material, the positive electrode binder and the positive electrode conductive agent are blended to obtain the positive electrode material layer.
  • the positive electrode binder includes polyvinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene Copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, copolymer of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride Ethylene-trichloroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-fluorinated vinyl copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, thermoplastic polyimi
  • the positive electrode conductive agent includes one or more of metal conductive agents, carbon-based materials, metal oxide-based conductive agents, and composite conductive agents.
  • the metal conductive agent can be copper powder, nickel powder, silver powder and other metals
  • the carbon-based material can be carbon-based materials such as conductive graphite, conductive carbon black, conductive carbon fiber or graphene
  • the metal oxide-based conductive agent can be tin oxide , iron oxide, zinc oxide, etc.
  • the composite conductive agent can be composite powder, composite fiber, etc.
  • the conductive carbon black can be one or more of acetylene black, 350G, Ketjen black, carbon fiber (VGCF), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
  • the anode includes an anode material layer, the anode material layer includes an anode active material, and the anode active material includes one or more of a silicon-based anode, a carbon-based anode, and a tin-based anode.
  • the carbon-based negative electrode may include graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, graphene, mesocarbon microspheres, and the like.
  • the graphite includes but not limited to one or more of natural graphite, artificial graphite, amorphous carbon, carbon-coated graphite, graphite-coated graphite, and resin-coated graphite.
  • the natural graphite may be flaky graphite, flaky graphite, soil graphite, and/or graphite particles obtained by using these graphites as raw materials and subjecting them to spheroidization, densification, and the like.
  • the artificial graphite can be p-coal tar pitch, coal heavy crude oil, atmospheric residue, petroleum heavy crude oil, aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen-containing cyclic compounds, sulfur-containing cyclic compounds, polyphenylene, polyvinyl chloride , polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl butyral, natural polymers, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene ether, furfuryl alcohol resin, phenolic resin, imide resin and other organic substances are obtained by graphitization at high temperature.
  • the amorphous carbon may be obtained by heat-treating once or more in a temperature range (400 to 2200° C.) in which graphitization does not occur, using a graphitizable carbon precursor such as tar or pitch as a raw material. Particles, amorphous carbon particles obtained by heat treatment using a non-graphitizable carbon precursor such as a resin as a raw material.
  • the carbon-coated graphite may be obtained by mixing natural graphite and/or artificial graphite with a carbon precursor that is an organic compound such as tar, pitch, resin, etc., and performing heat treatment at 400-2300° C. once or more.
  • a carbon-graphite composite is obtained by using the obtained natural graphite and/or artificial graphite as core graphite and covering it with amorphous carbon.
  • the carbon-graphite composite may be a form in which the entire or part of the surface of the core graphite is coated with amorphous carbon, or may be a form in which a plurality of primary particles are composited using carbon derived from the above-mentioned carbon precursor as a binder.
  • a carbon-graphite composite can also be obtained by reacting hydrocarbon gases such as benzene, toluene, methane, propane, and volatile components of aromatics with natural graphite and/or artificial graphite at high temperature to deposit carbon on the graphite surface.
  • the graphite-coated graphite may be natural graphite and/or artificial graphite mixed with carbon precursors of easily graphitizable organic compounds such as tar, pitch, resin, etc., and heat-treated at a range of about 2400-3200°C for more than one time.
  • the obtained natural graphite and/or artificial graphite is used as the core graphite, and the entire or part of the surface of the core graphite is coated with graphitized substances, so that graphite-coated graphite can be obtained.
  • the resin-coated graphite can be mixed with natural graphite and/or artificial graphite and resin, and dried at a temperature lower than 400°C, and the natural graphite and/or artificial graphite thus obtained is used as core graphite, and the resin is used and so on to coat the core graphite.
  • Organic compounds such as tar and pitch resin mentioned above are selected from heavy crude oil of coal type, heavy crude oil of direct flow type, heavy crude oil of decomposition type petroleum, aromatic hydrocarbon, N-ring compound, S-ring compound, polyphenylene, organic synthesis Carbonizable organic compounds in polymers, natural polymers, thermoplastic resins and thermosetting resins, etc.
  • the silicon-based negative electrode may include silicon materials, silicon oxides, silicon-carbon composite materials, silicon alloy materials, and the like.
  • the added amount of the silicon-based material is greater than 0 and less than 30%.
  • the upper limit of the added amount of the silicon-based material is 10%, 15%, 20% or 25%; the lower limit of the added amount of the silicon-based material is 5%, 10% or 15%.
  • the silicon material is one or more of silicon nanoparticles, silicon nanowires, silicon nanotubes, silicon films, 3D porous silicon, and hollow porous silicon.
  • the tin-based negative electrode may include tin, tin-carbon, tin oxide, tin-based alloy, tin metal compound; the tin-based alloy refers to tin and Cu, Ag, Co, Zn, Sb, Bi and An alloy composed of one or more of In.
  • the negative electrode further includes a negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode material layer covers the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the part of the negative electrode in this application other than the negative electrode current collector is referred to as the negative electrode material layer.
  • the negative electrode current collector is selected from metal materials that can conduct electrons.
  • the negative electrode current collector includes one or more of Al, Ni, tin, copper, and stainless steel.
  • the negative electrode The current collector is selected from aluminum foil.
  • the negative electrode material layer further includes a negative electrode binder and a negative electrode conductive agent, and the negative electrode active material, the negative electrode binder and the negative electrode conductive agent are blended to obtain the negative electrode material layer.
  • the negative electrode binder includes polyvinylidene fluoride, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene- Copolymer of perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, copolymer of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-trichloroethylene Copolymers, vinylidene fluoride-fluor
  • the negative electrode conductive agent includes one or more of conductive carbon black, conductive carbon spheres, conductive graphite, conductive carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene or reduced graphene oxide.
  • the battery further includes a separator, and the separator is located between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the diaphragm can be an existing conventional diaphragm, which can be a polymer diaphragm, non-woven fabric, etc., including but not limited to single-layer PP (polypropylene), single-layer PE (polyethylene), double-layer PP/PE, double-layer PP /PP and three-layer PP/PE/PP separators.
  • This embodiment is used to illustrate the lithium-ion battery disclosed in the present invention and its preparation method, including the following steps:
  • the positive electrode active material carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate, conductive carbon black Super-P and binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and then disperse them in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to obtain the positive electrode
  • NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
  • the slurry wherein the amount of carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate added and the carbon content of the positive electrode material layer are shown in Table 1.
  • the slurry is evenly coated on both sides of the aluminum foil, dried, calendered and vacuum-dried, and the aluminum lead-out wire is welded with an ultrasonic welder to obtain a positive plate, the thickness of which is 120-150 ⁇ m.
  • negative active material modified natural graphite, conductive carbon black Super-P, binder styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at a mass ratio of 94:1:2.5:2.5, and then disperse them
  • deionized water negative electrode slurry was obtained.
  • the slurry is coated on both sides of the copper foil, dried, rolled, and nickel-made lead wires are welded by an ultrasonic welder to obtain a negative plate.
  • a polyethylene microporous membrane with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m is placed between the positive plate and the negative plate as a separator, and then the sandwich structure composed of the positive plate, negative plate and separator is wound, and then the wound body is flattened and placed in an aluminum plastic
  • the aluminum-plastic film is heat-pressed and sealed to obtain the battery cell to be injected.
  • Examples 2-34 are used to illustrate the battery disclosed in the present invention and its preparation method, including most of the operation steps in Example 1, the differences are:
  • the electrolyte solution shown in Table 1 was used to add the components and the positive electrode material layer.
  • Comparative Examples 1-13 are used to illustrate the battery disclosed in the present invention and its preparation method, including most of the operation steps in Example 1, the difference being:
  • the electrolyte solution shown in Table 1 was used to add the components and the positive electrode material layer.
  • Capacity retention rate (1500th discharge capacity ⁇ 1st discharge capacity) ⁇ 100%;

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Abstract

为克服现有磷酸铁锂电池存在长期循环中功率下降的问题，本发明提供了一种锂离子电池，包括正极、负极和非水电解液，所述正极包括含正极活性材料的正极材料层，所述正极活性材料包括由磷酸铁锂和包裹在磷酸铁锂表面的碳包覆层组成的磷酸铁锂复合材料，所述非水电解液包括溶剂、电解质盐和添加剂，所述添加剂包括结构式1所示的化合物以及碳酸亚乙烯酯。所述锂离子电池满足以下条件： 0.1≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤4。本发明提供的锂离子电池在正极材料层形成较为稳定的钝化膜，能够抑制非水电解液在强氧化性的正极活性材料表面的副反应，提高循环性能。

Description

锂离子电池 技术领域
本发明属于储能电池器件技术领域，具体涉及一种锂离子电池。
背景技术
近年来新能源汽车、3C消费品更大规模的普及，人们对锂离子电池的高能量密度、高倍率充放电、长寿命、高安全等性能方面的要求越来越高。相比三元电池体系，磷酸铁锂电池在安全性，制造成本，循环寿命等方面具有明显优势。但是磷酸铁锂在实际使用过程中存在电导率和离子迁移率低的问题，限制了其性能的进一步提升，近年来，为了提高磷酸铁锂材料的电学性能，在磷酸铁锂活性颗粒表面设置碳包覆层被认为是一种对磷酸铁锂材料性能(如导电性)产生巨大影响的改性技术。
现有磷酸铁锂电池通常在电解液中加入各类添加剂，其可以在活性材料表面形成有机钝化膜，来提高磷酸铁锂的循环等性能。但是，常规添加剂在活性材料表面形成的钝化膜内阻较大，且该钝化膜在电池循环的过程中难以抑制电解液在正极活性材料上的持续分解，导致钝化膜的厚度持续增大，锂离子电池在循环过程中的内阻不断增加，严重影响了磷酸铁锂电池功率等方面性能。
发明内容
针对现有磷酸铁锂电池存在长期循环中功率下降的问题，本发明提供了一种锂离子电池。
本发明解决上述技术问题所采用的技术方案如下：
本发明提供了一种锂离子电池，包括正极、负极和非水电解液，所述正极包括含正极活性材料的正极材料层，所述正极活性材料包括由磷酸铁锂和包裹在磷酸铁锂表面的碳包覆层组成的磷酸铁锂复合材料，所述非水电解液包括溶剂、电解质盐和添加剂，所述添加剂包括结构式1所示的化合物以及碳酸亚乙烯酯：
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000001
其中，n为0或1，A选自C或O，X选自
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000002
R 1、R 2各自独立选自H、
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000003
R 1和R 2不同时选自H，且X、R 1和R 2中至少含有一个硫原子；
所述锂离子电池满足以下条件：
0.1≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤4；
其中，W1为正极材料层中磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量，单位为％；
W2为正极材料层中碳元素的质量百分含量，单位为％；
Ma为非水电解液中结构式1所示化合物的质量百分含量，单位为％；
Mb为非水电解液中碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量，单位为％。
可选的，所述锂离子电池满足以下条件：
0.5≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤2。
可选的，所述正极材料层中，磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量W1为94％～98％；
优选的，所述正极材料层中，磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量W1为96％～98％。
可选的，所述正极材料层中，碳元素的质量百分含量W2为0.3％～3.0％；
优选的，所述正极材料层中，碳元素的质量百分含量W2为0.5％～2％。
可选的，所述非水电解液中，结构式1所示的化合物的质量百分含量Ma为0.01％～3％；
优选的，所述非水电解液中，结构式1所示的化合物的质量百分含量Ma为0.1％～1％。
可选的，所述非水电解液中，碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量Mb为0.01％～3％；
优选的，所述非水电解液中，碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量Mb为0.1％～2％。
可选的，所述结构式1所示的化合物选自以下化合物1～22中的一种或多种：
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000004
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000005
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000006
可选的，所述电解质盐选自LiPF 6、LiBOB、LiDFOB、LiDFOP、LiPO 2F 2、LiBF 4、LiSbF 6、LiAsF 6、LiN(SO 2CF 3) 2、LiN(SO 2C 2F 5) 2、LiC(SO 2CF 3) 3、LiN(SO 2F) 2、LiClO 4、LiAlCl 4、LiCF 3SO 3、Li 2B 10Cl 10、低级脂肪族羧酸锂盐中的至少一种。
可选的，所述非水电解液中还包括辅助添加剂，所述辅助添加剂包括环状硫酸酯类化合物、磺酸内酯类化合物、环状碳酸酯类化合物、磷酸酯类化合物、硼酸酯类化合物和腈类化合物中的至少一种；
优选的，以所述非水电解液的总质量为100％计，所述辅助添加剂的添加量为0.01％～30％。
可选的，所述环状硫酸酯类化合物选自硫酸乙烯酯、硫酸丙烯酯或甲基硫酸乙烯酯中的至少一种；
所述磺酸内酯类化合物选自甲基二磺酸亚甲酯、1,3-丙烷磺酸内酯、1,4-丁烷磺酸内酯或1,3-丙烯磺酸内酯中的至少一种；
所述环状碳酸酯类化合物选自碳酸乙烯亚乙酯、氟代碳酸乙烯酯或结构式2所示化合物中的至少一种，
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000007
所述结构式2中，R 21、R 22、R 23、R 24、R 25、R 26各自独立地选自氢原子、卤素原子、C1-C5基团中的一种；
所述磷酸酯类化合物选自三(三甲基硅烷)磷酸酯、结构式3所示化合物中的至少一种：
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000008
所述结构式3中，R 31、R 32、R 33各自独立的选自C1-C5的饱和烃基、不饱和烃基、卤代烃基、-Si(C mH 2m+1) 3，m为1～3的自然数，且R 31、R 32、R 33中至少有一个为不饱和烃基；
所述硼酸酯类化合物选自三(三甲基硅烷)硼酸酯；
所述腈类化合物选自丁二腈、戊二腈、乙二醇双(丙腈)醚、己烷三腈、己二腈、庚二腈、辛二腈、壬二腈、癸二腈中的一种或多种。
根据本发明提供的锂离子电池，采用由磷酸铁锂和包裹在磷酸铁锂表面的碳包覆层组成的磷酸铁锂复合材料作为正极活性材料，同时在非水电解液中添加结构式1所示的化合物和碳酸亚乙烯酯作为添加剂，其中，结构式1所示的化合物和碳酸亚乙烯酯搭配使用可在正极材料层的表面以及正极材料层的内部颗粒表面分解生成一层钝化膜，该钝化膜与磷酸铁锂表面的碳包覆层配合形成致密且坚固的复合膜，进而利于避免正极活性材料与非水电解液的直接接触，减少有效接触面积，抑制非水电解液在强氧化性的正极活性材料表面的副反应，基于磷酸铁锂表面的碳包覆层、碳酸亚乙烯酯和结构式1所示的化合物之间的配合关系，发明人经过一系列的研究得到三者的配合关系公式0.1≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤4，当满足该配合关系时，能够有效提高复合膜的稳定性，从而提高锂离子电池的循环性能。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明所解决的技术问题、技术方案及有益效果更加清楚明白，以下结合实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
本发明实施例提供了一种锂离子电池，包括正极、负极和非水电解液，所述正极包括含正极活性材料的正极材料层，所述正极活性材料包括由磷酸铁锂和包裹在磷酸铁锂表面的碳包覆层组成的磷酸铁锂复合材料，所述非水电解液包括溶剂、电解质盐和添加剂，所述添加剂包括结构式1所示的化合物以及碳酸亚乙烯酯：
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000009
其中，n为0或1，A选自C或O，X选自
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000010
R 1、R 2各自独立 选自H、
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000011
R 1和R 2不同时选自H，且X、R 1和R 2中至少含有一个硫原子；
所述锂离子电池满足以下条件：
0.1≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤4；
其中，W1为正极材料层中磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量，单位为％；
W2为正极材料层中碳元素的质量百分含量，单位为％；
Ma为非水电解液中结构式1所示化合物的质量百分含量，单位为％；
Mb为非水电解液中碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量，单位为％。
其中，结构式1所示的化合物和碳酸亚乙烯酯搭配使用可在正极材料层的表面以及正极材料层的内部颗粒表面分解生成一层钝化膜，该钝化膜与磷酸铁锂表面的碳包覆层配合形成致密且坚固的复合膜，进而利于避免正极活性材料与非水电解液的直接接触，减少有效接触面积，抑制非水电解液在强氧化性的正极活性材料表面的副反应，基于磷酸铁锂表面的碳包覆层、碳酸亚乙烯酯和结构式1所示的化合物之间的配合关系，发明人经过一系列的研究得到三者的配合关系0.1≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤4，当满足该配合关系时，能够有效提高复合膜的稳定性，从而提高锂离子电池的循环性能。
在一些实施例中，当n为0时，所述结构式1所示的化合物为：
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000012
其中，A选自C或O，X选自
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000013
R 1、R 2各自独立选自H、
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000014
R 1和R 2不同时选自H，且X、R 1和R 2中至少含有一个硫原子。
在一些实施例中，当n为1时，所述结构式1所示的化合物为：
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000015
其中，A选自C或O，X选自
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000016
R 1、R 2各自独立选自H、
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000017
R 1和R 2不同时选自H，且X、R 1和R 2中至少含有一个硫原子。
在一些实施例中，所述锂离子电池满足以下条件：
0.5≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤2。
将磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量W1、碳元素的质量百分含量W2、结构式1所示的化合物的质量百分含量Ma和碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量Mb相关联，能够一定程度上综合正极材料层的设计与非水电解液添加剂对于电池性能的影响，以得到一种性能较为稳定的锂离子电池。
在一些实施例中，所述正极材料层中，磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量W1为94％～98％。
在优选的实施例中，所述正极材料层中，磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量W1为96％～98％。
具体的，所述正极材料层中，磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量W1可以为94％、94.3％、94.6％、95％、95.2％、95.8％、96.1％、96.3％、96.9％、97.4％、97.7％或98％。
磷酸铁锂复合材料作为正极材料层中的正极活性材料，起到锂离子脱嵌和嵌入载体的作用，相比于其他正极活性材料，如三元材料、钴酸锂等，磷酸铁锂复合材料具有更高的安全性能，在抗针刺等方向表现优异。当磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量处于上述范围中时，能够保证锂离子电池具有较高的能量密度，若正极材料层中磷酸铁锂的含量过高，则其内阻增大，且容易出现脱粉现象，不利于其循环性能的提高；若正极材料层中磷酸铁锂的含量过低，则会导致电池的能量密度下降，影响其倍率性能。
在一些实施例中，所述正极材料层中，碳元素的质量百分含量W2为0.3％～3.0％。
在优选的实施例中，所述正极材料层中，碳元素的质量百分含量W2为0.5％～2％。
具体的，所述正极材料层中，碳元素的质量百分含量W2为0.3％、0.5％、0.9％、1.2％、1.5％、1.8％、2％、2.1％、2.4％、2.6％、2.9％或3.0％。
磷酸铁锂表面包覆的碳能够作为结构式1所示的化合物与碳酸亚乙烯酯形成的钝化膜的底层，利于形成稳定的复合膜，抑制非水电解液的副反应，同时该碳包覆层具有较高的电导率，能够提高正极活性材料之间的电子传导效率。当正极材料层中碳元素的质量百分含量处于上述范围中时，能够有效降低电池内阻，提高电子电导率和安全性能，进而延长电池的循环寿命。
在一些实施例中，所述非水电解液中，结构式1所示的化合物的质量百分含量Ma为0.01％～3％。
在优选的实施例中，所述非水电解液中，结构式1所示的化合物的质量百分含量Ma为0.1％～1％。
具体的，所述非水电解液中，结构式1所示的化合物的质量百分含量Ma为0.01％、0.03％、0.09％、0.1％、0.2％、0.4％、0.8％、1.1％、1.5％、1.7％、1.9％、2％、2.1％、2.2％、2.4％、2.8％或3％。
在一些实施例中，所述非水电解液中，碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量Mb为0.01％～3％；
在优选的实施例中，所述非水电解液中，碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量Mb为0.1％～2％。
具体的，所述非水电解液中，碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量Mb为0.01％、0.03％、0.09％、 0.1％、0.2％、0.4％、0.8％、1.1％、1.5％、1.7％、1.9％、2％、2.1％、2.2％、2.4％、2.8％或3％。
结构式1所示的化合物与碳酸亚乙烯酯配合形成钝化膜，解决单一碳酸亚乙烯酯成膜存在的钝化膜稳定性不足的问题，所述碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量Mb处于上述范围时，能够利于钝化膜的形成；当结构式1所示的化合物的质量百分含量Ma或碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量Mb过小时，则难以起到对于钝化膜性能的提升作用；当结构式1所示的化合物质量百分含量Ma或碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量Mb过大时，则容易在电池循环的过程中产生过多的副产物，从而影响非水电解液的稳定性。
在一些实施例中，所述结构式1所示的化合物选自以下化合物1～22中的一种或多种：
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000018
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000019
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000020
需要说明的是，以上仅是本发明优选的化合物，并不代表对于本发明的限制。
本领域技术人员在知晓结构式1所示的化合物的结构式的情况下，根据化学合成领域的公知常识可以知晓上述化合物的制备方法。例如：化合物7可通过以下方法制成：
将山梨醇、碳酸二甲酯、甲醇碱性物质催化剂氢氧化钾以及DMF等有机溶剂置于反应容器中，在加热条件下进行反应数小时后，加入一定量的草酸调节pH至中性，过滤、重结晶后即可得到中间产物1，接着将中间产物1、碳酸酯、二氯亚砜等在高温条件下发生酯化反应得到中间产物2，再使用高碘酸钠等氧化剂将中间产物2氧化即可得到化合物7。
在优选实施例中，所述电解质盐选自LiPF 6、LiPO 2F 2、LiBF 4、LiBOB、LiSbF 6、LiAsF 6、LiCF 3SO 3、LiDFOB、LiN(SO 2CF 3) 2、LiC(SO 2CF 3) 3、LiN(SO 2C 2F 5) 2、LiN(SO 2F) 2、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO 4、LiBF 4、LiB 10Cl 10、LiAlCl 4、氯硼烷锂、具有4个以下的碳原子的低级脂族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂以及亚氨基锂中的至少一种。具体的，电解质盐可以为LiBF 4、LiClO 4、LiAlF 4、LiSbF 6、LiTaF 6、LiWF 7等无机电解质盐；LiPF 6等氟磷酸电解质盐类；LiWOF 5等钨酸电解质盐类；HCO 2Li、CH 3CO 2Li、CH 2FCO 2Li、CHF 2CO 2Li、CF 3CO 2Li、CF 3CH 2CO 2Li、CF 3CF 2CO 2Li、CF 3CF 2CF 2CO 2Li、CF 3CF 2CF 2CF 2CO 2Li等羧酸电解质盐类；CH 3SO 3Li等磺酸电解质盐类；LiN(FCO 2) 2、LiN(FCO)(FSO 2)、LiN(FSO 2) 2、LiN(FSO 2)(CF 3SO 2)、LiN(CF 3SO 2) 2、LiN(C 2F 5SO 2) 2、环状1,2-全氟乙二磺酰亚胺锂、环状1,3-全氟丙二磺酰亚胺锂、LiN(CF 3SO 2)(C 4F 9SO 2)等酰亚胺电解质盐类；LiC(FSO 2) 3、LiC(CF 3SO 2) 3、LiC(C 2F 5SO 2) 3等甲基电解质盐类；二氟草酸根合硼酸锂、二(草酸根合)硼酸锂、四氟草酸根合磷酸锂、二氟二(草酸根合)磷酸锂、三(草酸根合)磷酸锂等草酸电解质盐类；以及LiPF 4(CF 3) 2、LiPF 4(C 2F 5) 2、LiPF 4(CF 3SO 2) 2、LiPF 4(C 2F 5SO 2) 2、LiBF 3CF 3、LiBF 3C 2F 5、LiBF 3C 3F 7、LiBF 2(CF 3) 2、LiBF 2(C 2F 5) 2、LiBF 2(CF 3SO 2) 2、LiBF 2(C 2F 5SO 2) 2等含氟有机电解质盐类等。
通常，电解液中的电解质盐是锂离子的传递单元，电解质盐的浓度大小直接影响锂离子的传递速度，而锂离子的传递速度会影响负极的电位变化。在电池快速充电过程中，需要尽量提高锂离子的移动速度，防止负极电位下降过快导致锂枝晶的形成，给电池带来安全隐患，同时还能防止电池的循环容量过快衰减。优选的，所述电解质盐在电解液中的总浓度可以为0.5mol/L～2.0mol/L、0.5mol/L～0.6mol/L、0.6mol/L～0.7mol/L、0.7mol/L～0.8mol/L、0.8mol/L～0.9mol/L、0.9mol/L～1.0mol/L、1.0mol/L～1.1mol/L、1.1mol/L～1.2mol/L、1.2mol/L～1.3mol/L、1.3mol/L～1.4mol/L、1.4mol/L～1.5mol/L、1.5mol/L～1.6mol/L、1.6mol/L～1.7mol/L、1.7mol/L～1.8mol/L、1.8mol/L～1.9mol/L、或1.9mol/L～2.0mol/L，进一步优选的可以为0.6mol/L～1.8mol/L、0.7mol/L～1.7mol/L、或0.8mol/L～1.5mol/L。
在一些实施例中，所述非水电解液中还包括辅助添加剂，所述辅助添加剂包括环状硫酸酯类化合物、磺酸内酯类化合物、环状碳酸酯类化合物、磷酸酯类化合物、硼酸酯类化合物和腈类化合物中的至少一种；
在优选的实施例中，所述环状硫酸酯类化合物选自硫酸乙烯酯、硫酸丙烯酯或甲基硫酸 乙烯酯中的至少一种；
所述磺酸内酯类化合物选自甲基二磺酸亚甲酯、1,3-丙烷磺酸内酯、1,4-丁烷磺酸内酯或1,3-丙烯磺酸内酯中的至少一种；
所述环状碳酸酯类化合物选自碳酸乙烯亚乙酯、氟代碳酸乙烯酯或结构式2所示化合物中的至少一种，
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000021
所述结构式2中，R 21、R 22、R 23、R 24、R 25、R 26各自独立地选自氢原子、卤素原子、C1-C5基团中的一种；
所述磷酸酯类化合物选自三(三甲基硅烷)磷酸酯、结构式3所示化合物中的至少一种：
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000022
所述结构式3中，R 31、R 32、R 33各自独立的选自C1-C5的饱和烃基、不饱和烃基、卤代烃基、-Si(C mH 2m+1) 3，m为1～3的自然数，且R 31、R 32、R 33中至少有一个为不饱和烃基。
在优选的实施例中，所述不饱和磷酸酯类化合物可为三(三甲基硅烷)磷酸酯、磷酸三炔丙酯、二炔丙基甲基磷酸酯、二炔丙基乙基磷酸酯、二炔丙基丙基磷酸酯、二炔丙基三氟甲基磷酸酯、二炔丙基-2,2,2-三氟乙基磷酸酯、二炔丙基-3,3,3-三氟丙基磷酸酯、二炔丙基六氟异丙基磷酸酯、磷酸三烯丙酯、二烯丙基甲基磷酸酯、二烯丙基乙基磷酸酯、二烯丙基丙基磷酸酯、二烯丙基三氟甲基磷酸酯、二烯丙基-2,2,2-三氟乙基磷酸酯、二烯丙基-3,3,3-三氟丙基磷酸酯、二烯丙基六氟异丙基磷酸酯中的至少一种。
所述硼酸酯类化合物选自三(三甲基硅烷)硼酸酯；
所述腈类化合物选自丁二腈、戊二腈、乙二醇双(丙腈)醚、己烷三腈、己二腈、庚二腈、辛二腈、壬二腈、癸二腈中的一种或多种。
在另一些实施例中，所述辅助添加剂还可包括其它能改善电池性能的添加剂：例如，提升电池安全性能的添加剂，具体如氟代磷酸酯、环磷腈等阻燃添加剂，或叔戊基苯、叔丁基苯等防过充添加剂。
在一些实施例中，以所述非水电解液的总质量为100％计，所述辅助添加剂的添加量为0.01％～30％。
需要说明的是，除非特殊说明，一般情况下，所述辅助添加剂中任意一种可选物质在非 水电解液中的添加量为10％以下，优选的，添加量为0.1-5％，更优选的，添加量为0.1％～2％。具体的，所述辅助添加剂中任意一种可选物质的添加量可以为0.05％、0.08％、0.1％、0.5％、0.8％、1％、1.2％、1.5％、1.8％、2％、2.2％、2.5％、2.8％、3％、3.2％、3.5％、3.8％、4％、4.5％、5％、5.5％、6％、6.5％、7％、7.5％、7.8％、8％、8.5％、9％、9.5％、10％。
在一些实施例中，当辅助添加剂选自氟代碳酸乙烯酯时，以所述非水电解液的总质量为100％计，所述氟代碳酸乙烯酯的添加量为0.05％～30％。
在一些实施例中，所述溶剂包括醚类溶剂、腈类溶剂、碳酸酯类溶剂和羧酸酯类溶剂中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，醚类溶剂包括环状醚或链状醚，优选为碳原子数3～10的链状醚及碳原子数3～6的环状醚，环状醚具体可以但不限于是1,3-二氧戊烷(DOL)、1,4-二氧惡烷(DX)、冠醚、四氢呋喃(THF)、2-甲基四氢呋喃(2-CH 3-THF)，2-三氟甲基四氢呋喃(2-CF 3-THF)中的一种或多种；所述链状醚具体可以但不限于是二甲氧基甲烷、二乙氧基甲烷、乙氧基甲氧基甲烷、乙二醇二正丙基醚、乙二醇二正丁基醚、二乙二醇二甲基醚。由于链状醚与锂离子的溶剂化能力高、可提高离子解离性，因此特别优选粘性低、可赋予高离子电导率的二甲氧基甲烷、二乙氧基甲烷、乙氧基甲氧基甲烷。醚类化合物可以单独使用一种，也可以以任意的组合及比率组合使用两种以上。醚类化合物的添加量没有特殊限制，在不显著破坏本发明高压实锂离子电池效果的范围内是任意的，在非水溶剂体积比为100％中通常体积比为1％以上、优选体积比为2％以上、更优选体积比为3％以上，另外，通常体积比为30％以下、优选体积比为25％以下、更优选体积比为20％以下。在将两种以上醚类化合物组合使用的情况下，使醚类化合物的总量满足上述范围即可。醚类化合物的添加量在上述的优选范围内时，易于确保由链状醚的锂离子离解度的提高和粘度降低所带来的离子电导率的改善效果。另外，负极活性材料为碳素材料的情况下，可抑制因链状醚与锂离子共同发生共嵌入的现象，因此能够使输入输出特性、充放电速率特性达到适当的范围。
在一些实施例中，腈类溶剂具体可以但不限于是乙腈、戊二腈、丙二腈中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，碳酸酯类溶剂包括环状碳酸酯或链状碳酸酯，环状碳酸酯具体可以但不限于是碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、γ-丁内酯(GBL)、碳酸亚丁酯(BC)中的一种或多种；链状碳酸酯具体可以但不限于是碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二丙酯(DPC)中的一种或多种。环状碳酸酯的含量没有特殊限制，在不显著破坏本发明锂离子电池效果的范围内是任意的，但在单独使用一种的情况下其含量的下限相对于非水电解液的溶剂总量来说，通常体积比为3％以上、优选体积比为5％以上。通过设定该范围，可避免由于非水电解液的介电常数降低而导致电导率降低，易于使非水电解质电池的大电流放电特性、相对于负极的稳定性、循环特性达到良好的范围。另外，上限通常体积比为90％以下、优选体积比为85％以下、更优选体积比为80％以下。通过设定该范围，可提高非水电解液的氧化/还原耐性，从而有助于提高高温保存时的稳定性。链状碳酸酯的含量没有特殊限定，相对于非水电解液的溶剂总量，通常为体积比为15％以上、优选体积比为20％以上、更优选体积比为25％以上。另外，通常体积比为90％以下、优选体积比为85％以下、更优选体积比为80％以下。通过使链状碳酸酯的含量在上述范围，容易使非水电解液的粘度达到适当范围，抑制离子电导率的降低，进而有助于使非水电解质电池的输出特性达到良好的范围。在组合使用两种以上链状碳酸酯的情况下，使链状碳酸酯的总量满足上述范围即可。
在一些实施例中，还可优选使用具有氟原子的链状碳酸酯类(以下简称为“氟化链状碳酸酯”)。氟化链状碳酸酯所具有的氟原子的个数只要为1以上则没有特殊限制，但通常为6以下、优选4以下。氟化链状碳酸酯具有多个氟原子的情况下，这些氟原子相互可以键合于同一个碳上，也可以键合于不同的碳上。作为氟化链状碳酸酯，可列举，氟化碳酸二甲酯衍生物、氟化碳酸甲乙酯衍生物、氟化碳酸二乙酯衍生物等。
羧酸酯类溶剂包括环状羧酸酯和/或链状碳酸酯。作为环状羧酸酯的例子，可以列举如：γ-丁内酯、γ-戊内酯、δ-戊内酯中的一种或多种。作为链状碳酸酯的例子，可以列举如：乙酸甲酯(MA)、乙酸乙酯(EA)、乙酸丙酯(EP)、乙酸丁酯、丙酸丙酯(PP)、丙酸丁酯中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，砜类溶剂包括环状砜和链状砜，优选地，在为环状砜的情况下，通常为碳原子数3～6、优选碳原子数3～5，在为链状砜的情况下，通常为碳原子数2～6、优选碳原子数2～5的化合物。砜类溶剂的添加量没有特殊限制，在不显著破坏本发明锂离子电池效果的范围内是任意的，相对于非水电解液的溶剂总量，通常体积比为0.3％以上、优选体积比为0.5％以上、更优选体积比为1％以上，另外，通常体积比为40％以下、优选体积比为35％以下、更优选体积比为30％以下。在组合使用两种以上砜类溶剂的情况下，使砜类溶剂的总量满足上述范围即可。砜类溶剂的添加量在上述范围内时，倾向于获得高温保存稳定性优异的电解液。
在优选的实施例中，所述溶剂为环状碳酸酯和链状碳酸酯的混合物。
在一些实施例中，所述正极还包括正极集流体，所述正极材料层覆盖于所述正极集流体的表面。本申请正极中除正极集流体之外的部分均称之为正极材料层。
所述正极集流体选自可传导电子的金属材料，优选的，所述正极集流体包括Al、Ni、锡、铜、不锈钢的一种或多种，在更优选的实施例中，所述正极集流体选自铝箔。
在一些实施例中，所述正极材料层还包括有正极粘结剂和正极导电剂，所述正极活性材料、所述正极粘结剂和所述正极导电剂共混得到所述正极材料层。
在一些实施例中，所述正极粘结剂包括聚偏氟乙烯、偏氟乙烯的共聚物、聚四氟乙烯、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯的共聚物、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯的共聚物、四氟乙烯-全氟烷基乙烯基醚的共聚物、乙烯-四氟乙烯的共聚物、偏氟乙烯-四氟乙烯的共聚物、偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯的共聚物、偏氟乙烯-三氯乙烯的共聚物、偏氟乙烯-氟代乙烯的共聚物、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯-四氟乙烯的共聚物、热塑性聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯及聚丙烯等热塑性树脂；丙烯酸类树脂；以及苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，所述正极导电剂包括金属导电剂、碳系材料、金属氧化物系导电剂、复合导电剂中的一种或多种。具体的，金属导电剂可以为铜粉、镍粉、银粉等金属；碳系材料可为导电石墨、导电炭黑、导电碳纤维或石墨烯等碳系材料；金属氧化物系导电剂可为氧化锡、氧化铁、氧化锌等；复合导电剂可以为复合粉、复合纤维等。更具体的，导电炭黑可以为乙炔黑、350G、科琴黑、碳纤维(VGCF)、碳纳米管(CNTs)中的一种或几种。
在一些实施例中，所述负极包括负极材料层，所述负极材料层包括负极活性材料，所述负极活性材料包括硅基负极、碳基负极和锡基负极中的一种或多种。
在优选的实施例中，所述碳基负极可包括石墨、硬碳、软碳、石墨烯、中间相碳微球等。所述石墨包括但不限于天然石墨、人造石墨、非晶碳、碳包覆石墨、石墨包覆石墨、树脂包覆石墨中的一种或几种。所述天然石墨可以为鳞状石墨、鳞片状石墨、土壤石墨和/或以这些石墨为原料并对其实施球形化、致密化等处理而得到的石墨粒子等。所述人造石墨可以为对煤焦油沥青、煤炭类重质原油、常压渣油、石油类重质原油、芳香族烃、含氮环状化合物、含硫环状化合物、聚苯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯腈、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、天然高分子、聚苯硫醚、聚苯醚、糠醇树脂、酚醛树脂、酰亚胺树脂等有机物在高温下通过石墨化得到。所述非晶碳可以为使用焦油、沥青等易石墨化性碳前躯体作为原料，在不会发生石墨化的温度范围(400～2200℃的范围)进行1次以上热处理而成的非晶碳粒子、使用树脂等难石墨化性碳前驱体作为原料进行热处理而成的非晶碳粒子。所述碳包覆石墨可以为将天然石墨和/或人造石墨与作为焦油、沥青、树脂等有机化合物的碳前体混合，在400～2300℃的范围内进行1次以上热处理。以得到的天然石墨和/或人造石墨作为核石墨，利用非晶碳对其进行包覆而得到碳石墨复合物。碳石墨复合物可以是核石墨的整个或部分表面包覆有非晶碳的形态，也 可以是以上述碳前体起源的碳作为粘结剂使多个初级粒子复合而成的形态。另外，还可以通过使苯、甲苯、甲烷、丙烷、芳香族类的挥发成分等烃类气体与天然石墨和/或人造石墨在高温下反应，使碳沉积于石墨表面，得到碳石墨复合物。所述石墨包覆石墨可以为天然石墨和/或人造石墨与焦油、沥青、树脂等易石墨化的有机化合物的碳前体混合，在2400～3200℃左右的范围进行1次以上热处理。以所得天然石墨和/或人造石墨作为核石墨，并利用石墨化物包覆该核石墨的整个或部分表面，从而可得到石墨包覆石墨。所述树脂包覆石墨可以为将天然石墨和/或人造石墨与树脂等混合，并在低于400℃的温度下进行干燥，将由此得到的天然石墨和/或人造石墨作为核石墨，利用树脂等包覆该核石墨。上述焦油、沥青树脂等有机化合物，可列举，选自煤炭类重质原油、直流类重质原油、分解类石油重质原油、芳香族烃、N环化合物、S环化合物、聚苯、有机合成高分子、天然高分子、热塑性树脂及热固性树脂中的可碳化的有机化合物等。
在优选的实施例中，所述硅基负极可包括硅材料、硅的氧化物、硅碳复合材料以及硅合金材料等。所述硅基材料的添加量大于0小于30％。优选地，所述硅基材料的添加量的上限值为10％、15％、20％或25％；所述硅基材料的添加量的下限值为5％、10％或15％。所述硅材料为硅纳米颗粒、硅纳米线、硅纳米管、硅薄膜、3D多孔硅、中空多孔硅中的一种或几种。
在优选的实施例中，所述锡基负极可包括锡、锡碳、锡氧、锡基合金、锡金属化合物；所述锡基合金指锡与Cu、Ag、Co、Zn、Sb、Bi以及In中的一种或几种组成的合金。
在一些实施例中，所述负极还包括负极集流体，所述负极材料层覆盖于所述负极集流体的表面。本申请负极中除负极集流体之外的部分均称之为负极材料层。
所述负极集流体选自可传导电子的金属材料，优选的，所述负极集流体包括Al、Ni、锡、铜、不锈钢的一种或多种，在更优选的实施例中，所述负极集流体选自铝箔。
在一些实施例中，所述负极材料层还包括有负极粘结剂和负极导电剂，所述负极活性材料、所述负极粘结剂和所述负极导电剂共混得到所述负极材料层。所述负极粘结剂包括聚偏氟乙烯、偏氟乙烯的共聚物、聚四氟乙烯、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯的共聚物、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯的共聚物、四氟乙烯-全氟烷基乙烯基醚的共聚物、乙烯-四氟乙烯的共聚物、偏氟乙烯-四氟乙烯的共聚物、偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯的共聚物、偏氟乙烯-三氯乙烯的共聚物、偏氟乙烯-氟代乙烯的共聚物、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯-四氟乙烯的共聚物、热塑性聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯及聚丙烯等热塑性树脂；丙烯酸类树脂；羟甲基纤维素钠；以及苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶中的一种或多种。
所述负极导电剂包括导电炭黑、导电碳球、导电石墨、导电碳纤维、碳纳米管、石墨烯或还原氧化石墨烯中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，所述电池中还包括有隔膜，所述隔膜位于所述正极和所述负极之间。
所述隔膜可为现有常规隔膜，可以是聚合物隔膜、无纺布等，包括但不限于单层PP(聚丙烯)、单层PE(聚乙烯)、双层PP/PE、双层PP/PP和三层PP/PE/PP等隔膜。
以下通过实施例对本发明进行进一步的说明。
以下实施例和对比例中所采用的结构式1所示的化合物如下表：
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000023
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000024
表1实施例和对比例各参数设计
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000025
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000026
实施例1
本实施例用于说明本发明公开的锂离子电池及其制备方法，包括以下操作步骤：
1)电解液的制备：将碳酸乙烯酯(EC)和碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)按质量比为EC:EMC＝3:7进行混合，然后加入六氟磷酸锂(LiPF 6)至摩尔浓度为1mol/L，然后分别加入表1中的添加剂。添加剂的用量按照占电解液的总质量的百分比计。
2)正极板的制备
混合正极活性材料碳包覆磷酸铁锂、导电碳黑Super-P和粘结剂聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)，然后将它们分散在N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)中，得到正极浆料，其中碳包覆磷酸铁锂的添加量和正极材料层的含碳量如表1所示。将浆料均匀涂布在铝箔的两面上，经过烘干、压延和真空干燥，并用超声波焊机焊上铝制引出线后得到正极板，极板的厚度在120～150μm。
3)负极板的制备
按94:1:2.5:2.5的质量比混合负极活性材料改性天然石墨、导电碳黑Super-P、粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)和羧甲基纤维素(CMC)，然后将它们分散在去离子水中，得到负极浆料。将浆料涂布在铜箔的两面上，经过烘干、辊压，并用超声波焊机焊上镍制引出线后得到负极板。
4)电芯的制备
在正极板和负极板之间放置厚度为20μm的聚乙烯微孔膜作为隔膜，然后将正极板、负极板和隔膜组成的三明治结构进行卷绕，再将卷绕体压扁后放入铝塑膜中，将正负极的引出线分别引出后，热压封口铝塑膜，得到待注液的电芯。
5)电芯的注液和化成
在露点控制在-40℃以下的手套箱中，将上述制备的电解液通过注液孔注入电芯中，电解液的量要保证充满电芯中的空隙。然后按以下步骤进行化成：0.05C恒流充电180min，0.1C恒流充电180min，搁置24hr后整形封口，然后进一步以0.2C的电流恒流充电至3.65V，常温搁置24hr后，以0.2C的电流恒流放电至2.0V。
实施例2～34
实施例2～34用于说明本发明公开的电池及其制备方法，包括实施例1中大部分操作步骤，其不同之处在于：
采用表1所示的电解液添加组分和正极材料层。
对比例1～13
对比例1～13用于说明本发明公开的电池及其制备方法，包括实施例1中大部分操作步骤，其不同之处在于：
采用表1所示的电解液添加组分和正极材料层。
性能测试
对上述制备得到的锂离子电池进行如下性能测试：
在45℃条件下，以1C的电流恒流充电至3.65V然后恒压充电至电流下降至0.1C，然后以1C的电流恒流放电至2.0V，如此循环1500次，记录第1次的放电容量(即初始容量)和第1500次的放电容量，计算容量保持率：
容量保持率＝(第1500次的放电容量÷第1次的放电容量)×100％；
(1)实施例1～23和对比例1～13得到的测试结果填入表2。
表2
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000027
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000028
从表2的测试结果可以看出，当锂离子电池的参数W1、W2、Ma,Mb满足关系式0.1≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤4时，锂离子锂离子电池具有良好的循环寿命。说明通过在磷酸铁锂活性材料表面形成碳包覆层，在电解液中同时加入了结构式1所示化合物及VC时，通过调节各参数之间的相互关系，可在正极材料层表面以及正极材料层内部正极活性材料颗粒表面生成一层致密且坚固的复合膜，有效隔离正极活性材料与电解液的直接接触，降低正极活性材料的氧化活性，抑制电解液在正极活性材料表面的副反应，削弱其对电解液的氧化作用，进而很好地延长电池的循环使用寿命，并显著提高电池循环性能。
从实施例2～实施例11的测试结果可以看出，当锂离子电池的参数W1、W2、Ma、Mb满足关系式0.5≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤2时，电池的高温循环容量保持率更高，能够进一步提高电池的高温循环性能。
从对比例1～8、13的测试结果可知看出，当(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100值过大或过小时，均不利于锂离子高温循环性能的提升，同时结合对比例9～12的测试结果可知，磷酸铁锂活性材料表面的碳包覆层和非水电解液中的结构式1所示化合物和VC均是实现电池优异高温循环性能必要的因素，当锂离子电池中缺少碳包覆层、结构式1所示化合物和VC中的一种时，即使(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100值处于0.1～4之间，也无法提升电池的高温循环性能。
(2)实施例6、24～29得到的测试结果填入表3
表3
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000029
从表3的测试结果可知，实施例6、24～29中，当采用不同的结构式1所示的化合物时，同样满足0.1≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤4的限定，说明不同结构式1所示的化合物对于锂离子电池高温循环性能的提升具有普适性的效果，均能够提高锂离子电池在高温条件下的电化学性能。
(3)实施例6、30～34得到的测试结果填入表4
表4
Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-000030
从表4的测试结果可知，在本发明提供的锂离子电池的基础上，添加PS、DTD、三(三甲基硅烷)硼酸酯、磷酸三炔丙酯、乙二腈等作为辅助添加剂，能够进一步的提高电池的循环性能，推测可能是由于该辅助添加剂与结构式1所示化合物及VC之间具有较好的配合关系，在正极材料层中形成更加稳定的钝化膜结构，以提高电池的循环稳定性。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (20)

  1. 一种锂离子电池，其特征在于，包括正极、负极和非水电解液，所述正极包括含正极活性材料的正极材料层，所述正极活性材料包括由磷酸铁锂和包裹在磷酸铁锂表面的碳包覆层组成的磷酸铁锂复合材料，所述非水电解液包括溶剂、电解质盐和添加剂，所述添加剂包括结构式1所示的化合物以及碳酸亚乙烯酯：
    Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-100001
    其中，n为0或1，A选自C或O，X选自
    Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-100002
    R 1、R 2各自独立选自H、
    Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-100003
    R 1和R 2不同时选自H，且X、R 1和R 2中至少含有一个硫原子；
    所述锂离子电池满足以下条件：
    0.1≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤4；
    其中，W1为正极材料层中磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量，单位为％；
    W2为正极材料层中碳元素的质量百分含量，单位为％；
    Ma为非水电解液中结构式1所示化合物的质量百分含量，单位为％；
    Mb为非水电解液中碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量，单位为％。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述锂离子电池满足以下条件：
    0.5≤(W1/W2)×(Ma+Mb)/100≤2。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述正极材料层中，磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量W1为94％～98％。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述正极材料层中，磷酸铁锂的质量百分含量W1为96％～98％。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述正极材料层中，碳元素的质量百分含量W2为0.3％～3.0％。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述正极材料层中，碳元素的质量百分含量W2为0.5％～2％。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述非水电解液中，结构式1所示 的化合物的质量百分含量Ma为0.01％～3％。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述非水电解液中，结构式1所示的化合物的质量百分含量Ma为0.1％～1％。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述非水电解液中，碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量Mb为0.01％～3％。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述非水电解液中，碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量Mb为0.1％～2％。
  11. 根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述结构式1所示的化合物选自以下化合物1～22中的一种或多种：
    Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-100004
    Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-100005
    Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-100006
  12. 根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述电解质盐选自LiPF 6、LiBOB、LiDFOB、LiDFOP、LiPO 2F 2、LiBF 4、LiSbF 6、LiAsF 6、LiN(SO 2CF 3) 2、LiN(SO 2C 2F 5) 2、LiC(SO 2CF 3) 3、LiN(SO 2F) 2、LiClO 4、LiAlCl 4、LiCF 3SO 3、Li 2B 10Cl 10、低级脂肪族羧酸锂盐中的至少一种。
  13. 根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述非水电解液中还包括辅助添加剂，所述辅助添加剂包括环状硫酸酯类化合物、磺酸内酯类化合物、环状碳酸酯类化合物、磷酸酯类化合物、硼酸酯类化合物和腈类化合物中的至少一种。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，以所述非水电解液的总质量为100％计，所述辅助添加剂的添加量为0.01％～30％。
  15. 根据权利要求13所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述环状硫酸酯类化合物选自硫酸乙烯酯、硫酸丙烯酯或甲基硫酸乙烯酯中的至少一种。
  16. 根据权利要求13所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述磺酸内酯类化合物选自甲基二磺酸亚甲酯、1,3-丙烷磺酸内酯、1,4-丁烷磺酸内酯或1,3-丙烯磺酸内酯中的至少一种。
  17. 根据权利要求13所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述环状碳酸酯类化合物选自碳酸乙烯亚乙酯、氟代碳酸乙烯酯或结构式2所示化合物中的至少一种，
    Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-100007
    所述结构式2中，R 21、R 22、R 23、R 24、R 25、R 26各自独立地选自氢原子、卤素原子、C1-C5 基团中的一种。
  18. 根据权利要求13所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述磷酸酯类化合物选自三(三甲基硅烷)磷酸酯、结构式3所示化合物中的至少一种：
    Figure PCTCN2022136969-appb-100008
    所述结构式3中，R 31、R 32、R 33各自独立的选自C1-C5的饱和烃基、不饱和烃基、卤代烃基、-Si(C mH 2m+1) 3，m为1～3的自然数，且R 31、R 32、R 33中至少有一个为不饱和烃基。
  19. 根据权利要求13所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述硼酸酯类化合物选自三(三甲基硅烷)硼酸酯。
  20. 根据权利要求13所述的锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述腈类化合物选自丁二腈、戊二腈、乙二醇双(丙腈)醚、己烷三腈、己二腈、庚二腈、辛二腈、壬二腈、癸二腈中的一种或多种。
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