WO2023112505A1 - 溶鉄の製造方法 - Google Patents

溶鉄の製造方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023112505A1
WO2023112505A1 PCT/JP2022/040024 JP2022040024W WO2023112505A1 WO 2023112505 A1 WO2023112505 A1 WO 2023112505A1 JP 2022040024 W JP2022040024 W JP 2022040024W WO 2023112505 A1 WO2023112505 A1 WO 2023112505A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
iron source
preheating
exhaust gas
cold iron
preheated
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/JP2022/040024
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English (en)
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
康一 堤
善広 三輪
陽介 高田
渉 藤堂
純仁 小澤
秀夫 木島
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JFE Steel Corp
Original Assignee
JFE Steel Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by JFE Steel Corp filed Critical JFE Steel Corp
Priority to JP2023503123A priority Critical patent/JP7468775B2/ja
Priority to EP22907039.6A priority patent/EP4403651A4/en
Priority to US18/709,516 priority patent/US20250003684A1/en
Priority to CN202280076058.7A priority patent/CN118265805A/zh
Priority to KR1020247016685A priority patent/KR20240090598A/ko
Publication of WO2023112505A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023112505A1/ja
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B11/00—Making pig-iron other than in blast furnaces
    • C21B11/10—Making pig-iron other than in blast furnaces in electric furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C5/5211—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces in an alternating current [AC] electric arc furnace
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C5/527—Charging of the electric furnace
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/56—Manufacture of steel by other methods
    • C21C5/562—Manufacture of steel by other methods starting from scrap
    • C21C5/565—Preheating of scrap
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/08—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces heated electrically, with or without any other source of heat
    • F27B3/085—Arc furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/10—Details, accessories or equipment, e.g. dust-collectors, specially adapted for hearth-type furnaces
    • F27B3/18—Arrangements of devices for charging
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/10—Details, accessories or equipment, e.g. dust-collectors, specially adapted for hearth-type furnaces
    • F27B3/18—Arrangements of devices for charging
    • F27B3/183—Charging of arc furnaces vertically through the roof, e.g. in three points
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/10—Details, accessories or equipment, e.g. dust-collectors, specially adapted for hearth-type furnaces
    • F27B3/18—Arrangements of devices for charging
    • F27B3/183—Charging of arc furnaces vertically through the roof, e.g. in three points
    • F27B3/186—Charging in a vertical chamber adjacent to the melting chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/10—Details, accessories or equipment, e.g. dust-collectors, specially adapted for hearth-type furnaces
    • F27B3/20—Arrangements of heating devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D13/00—Apparatus for preheating charges; Arrangements for preheating charges
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D13/00—Apparatus for preheating charges; Arrangements for preheating charges
    • F27D13/002—Preheating scrap
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D17/00—Arrangements for using waste heat; Arrangements for using, or disposing of, waste gases
    • F27D17/10—Arrangements for using waste heat
    • F27D17/18—Arrangements for using waste heat for preheating solid materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D17/00—Arrangements for using waste heat; Arrangements for using, or disposing of, waste gases
    • F27D17/30—Arrangements for extraction or collection of waste gases; Hoods therefor
    • F27D17/304—Arrangements for extraction or collection of waste gases; Hoods therefor specially adapted for electric arc furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/0025—Charging or loading melting furnaces with material in the solid state
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/04—Ram or pusher apparatus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C2005/5288—Measuring or sampling devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
    • F27D2019/0006—Monitoring the characteristics (composition, quantities, temperature, pressure) of at least one of the gases of the kiln atmosphere and using it as a controlling value
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
    • F27D2019/0006—Monitoring the characteristics (composition, quantities, temperature, pressure) of at least one of the gases of the kiln atmosphere and using it as a controlling value
    • F27D2019/0018—Monitoring the temperature of the atmosphere of the kiln
    • F27D2019/0021—Monitoring the temperature of the exhaust gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
    • F27D2019/0028—Regulation
    • F27D2019/0031—Regulation through control of the flow of the exhaust gases
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20—Recycling

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for efficiently melting a cold iron source to produce molten iron in an electric furnace having a preheating chamber and a melting chamber.
  • molten iron is obtained by melting cold iron sources such as scrap with arc heat, so a large amount of electric power is consumed to generate arc heat.
  • the method of preheating the cold iron source before melting with a burner using fossil fuel, etc. A method of preheating using high-temperature exhaust gas generated during melting of the source; a method of blowing coke into the cold iron source during melting as an auxiliary heat source; and other methods are adopted.
  • Patent Document 1 in an electric furnace in which a preheating shaft is directly connected above a melting chamber, a cold iron source is connected to the preheating shaft so as to maintain a state in which the cold iron source exists continuously between the melting chamber and the preheating shaft.
  • Techniques are disclosed for arc melting a source of cold iron in a melting chamber with a continuous or intermittent supply.
  • the cold iron source preheated by high-temperature exhaust gas melts into the melted molten iron using an electric furnace that does not particularly require a device for conveying and supplying the cold iron source to the melting chamber. This effectively dissolves the cold iron source.
  • Patent Document 2 in steelmaking equipment in which an electric furnace and a scrap preheating device are separated by a bypass pipe, when preheating scrap, the temperature of the exhaust gas on the entrance side to the scrap preheating device is is measured, the amount of exhaust gas to be sent to the scrap preheating device is determined, and the supply amount of the exhaust gas is controlled by the number of revolutions of the fan, thereby preheating the scrap to a predetermined temperature.
  • Patent Document 3 in a facility configuration having a duct for charging exhaust gas emitted from an electric furnace into a preheating tank containing scrap, with the aim of protecting the preheating tank and preventing scrap from melting, It is disclosed to measure the temperature of the exhaust gas on the inlet side and the outlet side of the preheating tank, control the opening and closing of the damper according to the temperature, and preheat the scrap.
  • Patent Document 1 The technology described in Patent Document 1 is basically preheated by the exhaust gas of the cold iron source and its own weight, so that the cold iron source is gradually melted and continuously supplied to the melting chamber.
  • Patent Literature 1 describes the concept of continuously or intermittently supplying the cold iron source from the preheating chamber to the melting chamber, it does not disclose specific control indicators regarding the supply of the cold iron source.
  • the cold iron source is excessively preheated and remains as a large lump, or the cold iron source is melted while preheating is insufficient. An unintended situation may occur, such as supplying a room.
  • Patent Document 1 it is not possible to grasp the excess or deficiency of preheating of the cold iron source, and when the excess or deficiency of preheating of the cold iron source occurs, the power consumption in the electric furnace increases. It turned out that there were cases. Therefore, means for grasping the preheating status of the cold iron source is required.
  • Patent Document 2 changes and controls the amount of exhaust gas itself for preheating scrap while measuring the temperature of the exhaust gas on the inlet side of the scrap preheating device arranged away from the electric furnace. It is something that makes However, as a result of investigation by the present inventors, it was found that there are cases in which the scrap in the scrap preheating device is not preheated to the calculated temperature, which also increases the power consumption of the electric furnace. . However, even in Patent Document 2, it is not possible to grasp the actual excess or deficiency of preheating of the scrap, and a means capable of grasping the preheating state of the scrap is required.
  • Patent Document 3 is a technology in which the exhaust gas discharged from the electric furnace is directly introduced into the preheating furnace through a duct, and the scrap is preheated while being controlled by the exhaust gas damper.
  • the main aim is to keep the temperatures of both the preheating tank below the set value from the viewpoint of protecting the preheating tank and preventing the melting of the scrap. It is necessary to accurately grasp the preheating status of the scrap.
  • the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and it is possible to obtain molten iron with a low power consumption rate by grasping the preheating status of the cold iron source and preheating the cold iron source efficiently and reliably. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing molten iron by an electric furnace.
  • the inventors of the present invention have extensively studied methods capable of solving the above problems.
  • a method of confirming after the fact that the cold iron source has actually been preheated to a predetermined temperature by the exhaust gas (preheating This led to the idea of providing a confirmation step).
  • the sensible heat of the exhaust gas is effectively transferred to the cold iron source and used in the electric furnace. It was found that the power consumption rate, which is an index of energy, can be effectively reduced.
  • the present invention has been made based on the above findings, and has the following gist.
  • a method for producing molten iron in an electric furnace having a preheating chamber and a melting chamber A cold iron source introduction step of introducing a cold iron source into the preheating chamber; a cold iron source preheating step of preheating the cold iron source supplied in the cold iron source supplying step to a predetermined temperature by exhaust gas generated in the melting chamber to obtain a preheated iron source;
  • the cold iron source preheating step includes a preheating confirmation step of confirming that the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature, a supply step of supplying the preheated iron source, which has been confirmed to have been preheated to a predetermined temperature in the preheat confirmation step, to the melting chamber; and a melting step of melting the preheated iron source supplied to the melting chamber in the supplying step by arc heating.
  • the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature. , the method for producing molten iron according to 2 or 3 above.
  • ⁇ Q
  • Q 1 Amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas at the timing when the cold iron source is put into the preheating chamber [kJ/(seconds ⁇ tons)]
  • Q N Continuously calculated sensible heat amount of exhaust gas at any timing N after the timing when the cold iron source is introduced into the preheating chamber [kJ/(seconds ⁇ tons)]
  • c Specific heat of exhaust gas [kJ/( m3 ⁇ °C)]
  • F 1 Flow rate of exhaust gas at the timing when the cold iron source is put into the preheating chamber [m 3 /sec]
  • F N Continuously measured flow rate of exhaust gas [m 3 /sec] at an arbitrary timing N after the timing at which the cold iron source is introduced into the
  • the preheating state of the cold iron source is grasped.
  • the melting time per charge until tapping can be shortened, and the electric power consumption rate, which is a major indicator of the energy used in electric furnaces, can be reduced. can be reduced exponentially.
  • a method for producing molten iron according to the present invention is a method using an electric furnace having a predetermined structure, and includes a cold iron source charging step of charging a cold iron source into a preheating chamber; a cold iron source preheating step for preheating the cold iron source to a predetermined temperature by exhaust gas generated in the melting chamber; a supply step for supplying the preheated iron source to the melting chamber; and optionally other steps.
  • the cold iron source preheating step further comprises a preheat confirmation step of confirming that the cold iron source is a preheated iron source that has been preheated to a predetermined temperature, and the subsequent supplying step preheats to this predetermined temperature. It is characterized by supplying a preheating iron source that has been confirmed to be heated to the melting chamber.
  • the production method of the present invention further includes a preheating confirmation step and a subsequent supply step, so that after confirming that the cold iron source has actually been preheated to a predetermined temperature, the preheating is immediately performed.
  • An iron source can be fed into the melting chamber. Therefore, it is possible to avoid excessively preheating the cold iron source and supplying an insufficiently preheated cold iron source to the melting chamber. Therefore, according to the production method of the present invention, the cold iron source can be reliably preheated by the exhaust gas, and the sensible heat of the exhaust gas can be effectively transferred to the cold iron source. The unit can be effectively reduced to produce molten iron.
  • the illustrated electric furnace is shown as a preferred example, and it goes without saying that any electric furnace having a melting chamber and a preheating chamber into which the exhaust gas from the melting chamber can be introduced can be applied.
  • the electric furnace 1 illustrated in FIG. a preheating chamber 3 rising toward the front for preheating a cold iron source 15 and supplying the obtained preheated iron source to the melting chamber 2, for example by means of an extruder 10; a duct 20 from which 24 flows; Moreover, the electric furnace 1 further comprises a thermometer 30 and a flow meter 31 installed at arbitrary positions, preferably within the path of the duct 20 .
  • the thermometer 30 and the flow meter 31 By arranging the thermometer 30 and the flow meter 31 in the path of the duct 20, the temperature and flow rate of the exhaust gas 24 after flowing through the cold iron source 15 and being used for preheating the cold iron source 15 can be timely measured. can be measured.
  • a cold iron source 15 as a raw material is loaded into a supply bucket 14 and transported to above a desired cold iron source supply port 19 via a traveling carriage 23 .
  • the cold iron source supply port 19 is opened to supply the cold iron source 15 to the preheating chamber 3 from above.
  • the cold iron source 15 supplied to the preheating chamber 3 is preheated using the exhaust gas generated in the melting chamber 2 as described above, and becomes a preheated iron source. For example, if the high-temperature exhaust gas 24 generated in the melting chamber 2 is directly passed through the preheating chamber 3 (without passing through a pipe connecting the melting chamber 2 and the preheating chamber 3) to preheat the cold iron source 15. , can increase the production efficiency. Exhaust gas may be drawn through the duct 20 and passed through the preheating chamber 3 , and excess exhaust gas may be exhausted through the duct 20 .
  • the preheated iron source obtained by preheating the cold iron source 15 to a predetermined temperature can be continuously supplied to the melting chamber 2 by the extruder 10 in the case of the electric furnace 1 shown in FIG.
  • the extruder 10 continues to push out the preheated iron source in the preheating chamber 3 to the melting chamber 2 by repeatedly reciprocating the tip of the extruder 10 toward the melting chamber 2 .
  • the supply amount and supply timing of the preheating iron source to the melting chamber 2 by the extruder 10 can be adjusted by, for example, the time interval (extrusion interval) for moving the extruder 10 and/or the amount of movement of the extruder 10.
  • these extrusion intervals and travel distances are usually automatically operated after being initially set to a certain value.
  • the supply schedule of the preheated iron source to the melting chamber 2 depends on the confirmation result of whether or not the cold iron source 15 has been preheated to a predetermined temperature. can be effectively controlled.
  • the amount of change in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas can be monitored, the preheat confirmation step can be performed based on the monitoring results, and the operating conditions of the extruder 10 can be controlled simultaneously.
  • the extruder 10 usually has a cylinder structure.
  • the preheating iron source confirmed in the preheating confirmation step is placed in the preheating chamber in the direction of the melting chamber. It is also possible to transport the preheated iron source to the melting chamber by free fall from the belt conveyor.
  • the supply timing of the preheating iron source to the melting chamber can be controlled by controlling the moving speed of the belt conveyor. The higher the moving speed of the belt conveyor, the more the supply of the preheating iron source can be promoted, and the lower the moving speed of the belt conveyor, the more the supply of the preheating iron source can be suppressed.
  • the moving speed of this belt conveyor is also usually set to a certain value and then automatically operated.
  • the present invention has a preheating confirmation step, as another example, the amount of change in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas is monitored, the preheating confirmation step is performed based on the monitoring result, and the cold iron source is preheated to a predetermined temperature.
  • the operating conditions of the belt conveyor can be controlled concurrently depending on the confirmation result of whether or not the preheating iron source is being used.
  • the melting chamber 2 is defined by a furnace wall 4 and a furnace lid 5, and typically includes an electrode 6 for generating an arc 18 for heating and an oxygen blowing lance for maintaining a desired high temperature state. 7, a carbon material injection lance 8, and a burner 9 for locally heating a low-temperature spot.
  • the preheated iron source supplied to the melting chamber 2 is melted by arc heat to form molten iron 16 and molten slag 17 .
  • the obtained molten iron 16 can be tapped from the tapping port 12 by opening the tapping door 21 . Further, the molten slag 17 can be discharged from the slag discharge port 13 by opening the slag discharge door 22 .
  • in-house scrap generated at ironworks includes, for example, unsteady parts of slabs cast by continuous casting or ingot casting (parts generated at the start of casting and parts generated at the end of casting), rolling of steel materials such as steel strips, etc.
  • crops that occur in Scraps generated in the market include recycled materials such as construction steel materials (H-beam steel, etc.), automobile steel materials, and cans.
  • Pig iron obtained by solidifying molten pig iron is obtained by tapping and solidifying molten pig iron obtained from iron ore and coke as raw materials in a blast furnace such as a blast furnace.
  • Reduced iron is a raw material that is an iron source obtained by directly reducing iron ore with a reducing gas such as natural gas.
  • the thermometer 30 may be of any measuring method as long as it can measure the correct temperature of the exhaust gas 24, but generally the thermometer 30 that measures with a thermocouple is desirable.
  • the installation position of the thermometer 30 is an arbitrary position such as the wall surface of the preheating chamber 3 or the wall surface of the duct 20, but it should be installed behind the exhaust gas 24 passing through the cold iron source 15 (preheating iron source in some cases). is preferred. This is because the temperature measured at the location where the thermometer is installed upstream of the preheating is not only the temperature indicating the sensible heat of the exhaust gas required in the step for confirmation in the present invention, but also the radiant heat directly transmitted from the molten steel. It may indicate the contained temperature.
  • thermometer 30 is installed on the downstream side of the cold iron source 15 of the exhaust gas 24, the movement of the sensible heat of the exhaust gas 24 to the cold iron source 15 can be grasped well.
  • thermometer 30 candidates for the suitable installation position of the thermometer 30 include the upper wall surface of the preheating chamber 3 above the top surface where the cold iron sources 15 are stacked, or the preheating chamber shown in FIG. 3 and the duct 20 are connected to the downstream side where the exhaust gas 24 flows.
  • the former position there is a possibility that the measured value will change depending on the injection of the cold iron source 15 into the preheating chamber 3 . Therefore, the latter position is more preferable because the temperature for confirming the overall sensible heat amount of the exhaust gas and the amount of change thereof can be measured.
  • the candidate for the suitable installation position of the thermometer is the side close to the melting chamber as in the case where the preheating chamber exists in the vertical direction.
  • it is desirable to install the preheating chamber downstream of the preheating chamber because there is a possibility that the temperature fluctuation due to the direct radiation from the molten steel will be included in addition to the exhaust gas temperature.
  • thermocouple When using a thermocouple, it is desirable to place the tip of the thermocouple directly in contact with the exhaust gas from the viewpoint of improving responsiveness, but the reducing gas can accelerate the corrosion of the tip of the thermocouple. There is concern that the replacement frequency and temperature measurement accuracy will be inferior. Therefore, the thermocouple itself may be entirely covered with a protective tube made of alumina or the like. However, in this case, in order to improve the accuracy of temperature measurement, the responsiveness in the state covered with the protective tube should be grasped in advance, and the possible difference in the measured temperature should be grasped and adjusted for management. Data taken in from the thermometer 30 is generally sent to a predetermined location, for example, a monitor or recording device (none of which is shown) in an operation room operated by an operator, via a compensating lead wire (not shown). Connect and transmit.
  • a monitor or recording device one of which is shown
  • the flow meter 31 may be of any measurement method as long as it can measure the correct flow rate of the exhaust gas 24.
  • a throttle mechanism was provided in the duct 20, and a plurality of pressure gauges were installed at portions of the duct 20 having different cross-sectional areas.
  • a venturi tube type that can calculate the flow rate of the exhaust gas from the pressure measured by the pressure measured in the Venturi tube system is one of the candidates for the suitable measuring means.
  • a pitot tube is installed in the duct 20 to measure both the static pressure and the dynamic pressure. There is a method of converting to the flow rate of
  • the installation position of the flow meter 31 is an arbitrary position such as the wall surface of the preheating chamber 3 or the wall surface of the duct 20, like the thermometer 30. From the viewpoint of better grasping the movement of the sensible heat of the exhaust gas 24 to the cold iron source 15, and from the viewpoint of avoiding the influence of the change in the measured value caused by the introduction of the cold iron source 15 into the preheating chamber 3, FIG. In the case of the electric furnace 1 shown in FIG. 2, it is preferable to install the cold iron sources 15 stacked in the preheating chamber 3 downstream and rearward of the tower where the exhaust gas 24 flows.
  • the candidate for the suitable installation position of the thermometer is the side close to the melting chamber as in the case where the preheating chamber exists in the vertical direction.
  • it is desirable to install the preheating chamber downstream of the preheating chamber because there is a possibility that the temperature fluctuation due to the direct radiation from the molten steel will be included in addition to the exhaust gas temperature.
  • Cold iron source input step In the cold iron source charging step, a cold iron source is charged into the preheating chamber.
  • the above-described traveling carriage 23, supply bucket 14, and cold iron source supply port 19 can be preferably used for the cold iron source input step.
  • the amount of the cold iron source to be charged can be appropriately determined according to the specifications of the electric furnace to be used, the target production amount of molten iron, and the like. In the case of continuous operation by dividing the injection of the cold iron source into multiple times and/or in the case of continuous operation over multiple charges, the molten iron obtained in the previous melting step has already accumulated in the melting chamber.
  • the amount of cold iron source to be fed at a certain timing can be determined based on the capacity of the preheating chamber, the target amount of molten iron, and the like. On the other hand, when operating the first charge, since the melting chamber is empty, the cold iron source can be supplied so that the cold iron source exists in both the melting chamber and the preheating chamber.
  • Cold iron source preheating step In the cold iron source preheating step, the cold iron source in the preheating chamber introduced in the cold iron source introducing step is preheated to a predetermined temperature by the exhaust gas generated in the melting chamber to obtain a preheated iron source.
  • the exhaust gas 24 and the duct 20 described above can be preferably used for the cold iron source preheating step.
  • thermometer 30 and flowmeter 31 can be preferably used for the preheating confirmation step.
  • Confirmation that the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature can be preferably carried out based on the amount of change in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas. In particular, it can be carried out more preferably based on the amount of change in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas after being used for preheating the cold iron source, starting from the timing of supplying the cold iron source.
  • the amount of change in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas after it has been used for preheating the cold iron source can be checked by, for example, providing the thermometer 30 and the flow meter 31 at the above-mentioned suitable installation positions.
  • the amount of change in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas after it is used for preheating the cold iron source is a parameter corresponding to the amount of heat given to the cold iron source by the exhaust gas (which cannot be grasped by simply measuring the exhaust gas temperature). Therefore, it is most suitable for confirming that the preheating iron source has definitely reached the preheating temperature.
  • the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas is determined by the temperature T of the exhaust gas and the flow rate F of the exhaust gas, which are continuously measured using, for example, the above-described thermometer 30 and flow meter 31, and the cooling It can be calculated from the weight W of the iron source according to the following equations (1) and (2).
  • ⁇ Q
  • Q 1 Amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas at the timing when the cold iron source is put into the preheating chamber [kJ/(seconds ⁇ tons)]
  • Q N Continuously calculated sensible heat amount of exhaust gas at any timing N after the timing when the cold iron source is introduced into the preheating chamber [kJ/(seconds ⁇ tons)]
  • c Specific heat of exhaust gas [kJ/( m3 ⁇ °C)]
  • F 1 Flow rate of exhaust gas at the timing when the cold iron source is put into the preheating chamber [m 3 /sec]
  • F N Continuously measured flow rate of exhaust gas [m 3 /sec] at an arbitrary timing N after the timing when the cold iron source is introduced into the
  • the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas can be calculated, for example, in the following manner. That is, using the flow rate F 1 of the exhaust gas, the temperature T 1 of the exhaust gas, the weight W 1 of the cold iron source in the preheating chamber, and the specific heat c of the exhaust gas measured at the timing of turning on the cold iron source, first, is introduced into the preheating chamber, the sensible heat quantity Q1 of the exhaust gas is obtained. After that, while performing the cold iron source preheating step, the above parameters F 2,3 . . . N ;T 2,3 . , 3 . . . N ; and Q 2, 3 . The obtained Q1 and Q2 , 3, .
  • the flow rate of the exhaust gas per unit time can be obtained by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the duct by the flow velocity of the exhaust gas calculated from the pressure of the flow meter.
  • F v ⁇ S (2) here, v: flow velocity of exhaust gas [m/sec] S: Duct area through which exhaust gas passes [m 2 ]
  • the flow rate F of the exhaust gas can also be continuously measured according to the above equation (2).
  • the amount of change ⁇ Q (kJ/(second ⁇ ton)) in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas can also be calculated continuously.
  • the following criteria are used as judgment criteria for confirming that the cold iron source has been preheated to a predetermined temperature, that is, that preheating of the cold iron source has been completed.
  • An example is That is, the sensible heat amount Q of the exhaust gas is reduced by preheating by transferring heat to the cold iron source in the preheating chamber.
  • the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas from the timing at which the cold iron source is turned on increases as the cold iron source is preheated.
  • the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas calculated as described above is 700 kJ/(second/ton) or more, the temperature rise to the cold iron source is around 250° C. or more. Therefore, it can be determined that the cold iron source in the preheating chamber has been sufficiently preheated.
  • the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat is more preferably 800 kJ/(second ⁇ ton) or more, more preferably 1000 kJ/(second ⁇ ton) or more.
  • the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat is preferably 1200 kJ/(second ⁇ ton) or less.
  • the preheated iron source which has been confirmed to have been preheated to a predetermined temperature in the preheating confirmation step, is supplied to the melting chamber.
  • the extruder 10 described above or a belt conveyor (not shown) can be suitably used for the supply step.
  • the supply amount and supply timing of the cold iron source 15 are determined by the amount of movement of the extruder 10 per extrusion and the time interval for moving the extruder 10 ( extrusion spacing) and Alternatively, in the case of an electric furnace in which the preheating chamber is arranged mainly horizontally, it is governed by the moving speed of the belt conveyor.
  • the preheating confirmation step is provided first, depending on whether or not the preheating iron source can be confirmed, the supply amount and/or supply timing of the cold iron source 15 can be appropriately changed.
  • the "extrusion interval" is defined as the time from the time when the extruder starts moving toward the melting chamber to the time when the extruder starts moving toward the melting chamber the next time in order to repeatedly extrude the preheated iron source and supply it to the melting chamber. Means the time interval until the start of movement.
  • the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature
  • the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas is equal to or greater than the preferred lower limit
  • extruder travel can be increased to facilitate the supply of preheated iron source to the melting chamber.
  • the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature
  • the extrusion of the extruder The spacing and/or travel may remain unchanged, or the extrusion spacing may be increased and/or travel reduced to reduce the supply of the preheat iron source to the melting chamber.
  • the extruding interval of the extruder when it is confirmed that the preheating iron source is at a predetermined temperature is basically fixed at 20 seconds.
  • the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas is 5% or more higher than the predetermined value, it is preferable to reduce it by 10% or more, and when it is 10% or more higher, it is preferable to reduce it by 20% or more.
  • the speed of the belt conveyor can be increased to immediately supply the preheated iron source to the melting chamber.
  • the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature, as a specific example, if the amount of change in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas is less than the above preferable lower limit, the movement of the belt conveyor The speed can be slowed down to suppress the supply of the preheated iron source to the melting chamber.
  • the belt conveyor is operated at a constant moving speed of 1 m/min.
  • the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas is 5% or more higher than the predetermined value, it is preferably increased by 10% or more, and when it is 10% or more higher than the predetermined value, it is preferably increased by 20% or more.
  • the preheated iron source supplied to the melting chamber in the supplying step is melted by arc heating.
  • a specific melting method is as described above for the electric furnace, and the electrode 6, the oxygen blowing lance 7, the carbon material blowing lance 8, and the burner 9 can be suitably used for the melting step.
  • the preheating confirmation step is provided first, the preheated iron source that has been surely preheated is immediately supplied to the melting chamber, so that the power consumption required for the melting step can be reduced.
  • Other steps include, for example, a tapping step.
  • the tapping step the molten iron 16 accumulated in the melting chamber 2 can be taken out of the electric furnace 1 through the tapping port 12 after the melting step.
  • the thermometer 30 used a sheath type K type thermocouple with a tip diameter of 3.2 mm.
  • the thermometer 30 was inserted so that the tip of the thermocouple was positioned up to the central portion in the duct 20 by opening a hole with a dedicated flange in the side surface of the duct 20 . Since the sheath-type thermocouple was expected to be bent by high-temperature exhaust gas, it was covered with an alumina protective tube with a diameter of 32 mm, and the tip portion was exposed by a length of about 3 mm. From the outside of the furnace in the duct 20, digital data regarding the measured temperature was captured and recorded in a personal computer via a data recording/collecting device (not shown) through a compensating lead connected to a thermometer 30.
  • the flowmeter 31 was installed by inserting a pitot tube through another hole with a dedicated flange installed on the side of the duct 20.
  • two pitot tubes are inserted at the same position, and the open surface of the static pressure measurement tube is positioned so that the hole is located downstream of the exhaust gas flow.
  • the open side of the tube for dynamic pressure measurement was set so that the hole was located in front of the exhaust gas flow.
  • thermocouple Since the pitot tube is also exposed to high-temperature exhaust gas in the same way as the thermocouple, a total of two tubes for dynamic pressure and static pressure, each of which has a diameter of 12 mm and is made of SUS316, is bundled, and the tip portion is replaced with alumina with a diameter of 32 mm. was covered with a protective tube of From the outside of the furnace in the duct 20, the digital data on the measured flow rate was captured and recorded in a personal computer via a data collection and recording device through an auxiliary lead connected to a flow meter 31.
  • the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas was calculated using the obtained temperature and flow rate data.
  • a new monitor was newly installed to enable the operator to directly monitor the exhaust gas sensible heat quantity and its change.
  • data such as the amount of movement of the extruder 10 and the extrusion interval are transferred to the electric control room, so that the operation parameters of the extruder 10 and the data on the amount of change in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas can be checked and controlled at the same time. made it
  • the conventional example is a reference example in which neither a thermometer nor a flow meter are used, the preheating confirmation step is not performed, and the operation is performed within the range of the normal power consumption rate.
  • the exhaust gas temperature in the duct 20 during operation at timing N is 198° C.
  • the exhaust gas flow rate is 58 Nm 3 /sec
  • the exhaust gas sensible heat amount per unit time per 1 ton of cold iron source weight in the preheating chamber is 418 kJ/(t ⁇ seconds).
  • the extruder 10 was moved 1000 mm at intervals of 20 seconds without taking any particular action.
  • the ambient temperature of the exhaust gas 24 existing inside the melting chamber 2 containing the molten iron 16 and the molten slag 17 is about 1100° C. on average. It is considered that the sensible heat of the exhaust gas is transmitted to the cold iron source. However, the temperature of the exhaust gas 24 is always fluctuating, and if the sensible heat amount of the exhaust gas 24 calculated from the measurement data of the thermometer 30 and the flow meter 31 is not monitored as in the present invention, the main operating cost is It is not possible to further reduce the power consumption rate, which is the cause.
  • the electric power unit consumption per 1ch at the time of this assumption was 353 kWh/t.
  • Comparative Example 1 cannot confirm that the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature based on the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas calculated using a thermometer and a flow meter.
  • the cold iron source is supplied to the melting chamber as is (that is, as preheating is insufficient). That is, the exhaust gas temperature in the duct 20 during operation at the timing N is 201° C., the exhaust gas flow rate is 58 Nm 3 /sec, and the exhaust gas sensible heat amount per unit time and cold iron source weight of 1 ton in the preheating chamber is 424 kJ/. (t ⁇ seconds). When this was left as it was, the power unit consumption per channel was 358 kWh/t, which was worse than expected, when no action was taken with the interval of the extruder 10 of the cold iron source kept at 20 seconds.
  • the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature based on the amount of change ⁇ Q in the sensible heat amount of the exhaust gas calculated using a thermometer and a flow meter.
  • the interval of the extruder 10 of the cold iron source was not changed and overlooked because the preheating confirmation step was not performed and confirmation was not performed. That is, the exhaust gas temperature in the duct 20 during operation at the timing N is 321° C., the exhaust gas flow rate is 62 Nm 3 /sec, and the exhaust gas sensible heat amount per unit time and cold iron source weight of 1 ton in the preheating chamber is 718 kJ/. (t ⁇ seconds). When this was left unattended, the interval of the extruder 10 of the cold iron source was kept at 20 seconds, and no action was taken, the power unit consumption per channel was 367 kWh/t, which was worse than expected.
  • the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature based on the amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas calculated using a thermometer and a flow meter.
  • the preheating confirmation step was not performed and the confirmation was not performed, so the extrusion interval of the extruder 10 of the cold iron source was overlooked without changing, resulting in excessive preheating.
  • the temperature of the exhaust gas in the duct 20 during operation at the timing N is 578° C.
  • the exhaust gas flow rate is 69 Nm 3 /sec
  • the sensible heat amount of the exhaust gas per ton of cold iron source weight in the preheating chamber and per unit time is 1441 kJ/. (t ⁇ seconds).
  • Comparative Example 4 is an example in which the sensible heat amount of the exhaust gas could not be calculated and the amount of change ⁇ Q in the sensible heat amount could not be grasped because only the thermometer was used for measurement and the flowmeter was not used for measurement.
  • the temperature of the exhaust gas in the duct 20 during operation at the timing N is 244° C., and in this case, it would have been better to advance the timing of pushing out in order to shorten the pushing interval of the extruder 10 of the cold iron source. be.
  • the power unit consumption per channel was 361 kWh/t, which was worse than expected.
  • Invention Example 1 Invention Example 1, after using a thermometer and a flow meter, it is confirmed that the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature based on the amount of change ⁇ Q in the calculated sensible heat amount of the exhaust gas. 4, the extrusion interval of the extruder 10 is controlled in order to immediately supply the identified preheated iron source to the melting chamber.
  • the temperature of the exhaust gas in the duct 20 during operation at the timing N is 211 ° C.
  • the exhaust gas flow rate is 55 Nm 3 / sec, which is almost the same as 49 Nm 3 / sec in Comparative Example 1
  • the weight of the cold iron source in the preheating chamber The amount of exhaust gas sensible heat per unit time is 418 kJ/(t ⁇ sec).
  • the amount of change in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas 24 is 1023 kJ/(t ⁇ sec), which is approximately three times that of Comparative Example 1. Therefore, the interval of the cold iron source extruder 10 was changed from 20 seconds to 15 seconds.
  • the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas 24 became 332 kJ/(t ⁇ sec) compared to the conventional method, and it is thought that the sensible heat of the exhaust gas is transmitted to the cold iron source side, and the electric power consumption per channel is improved to 341 kWh/t. bottom.
  • Invention Example 2 Invention Example 2, after using a thermometer and a flow meter, it is confirmed that the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature based on the amount of change ⁇ Q in the calculated sensible heat amount of the exhaust gas.
  • the temperature of the exhaust gas in the duct 20 during operation at the timing N is 574 ° C. of Comparative Example 2, the exhaust gas flow rate is 67 Nm 3 / sec, and the exhaust gas per ton of cold iron source weight in the preheating chamber and per unit time The amount of sensible heat is 1394 kJ/(t ⁇ sec).
  • the cold iron source is a preheated iron source preheated to a predetermined temperature based on the calculated amount of change ⁇ Q in the amount of sensible heat of the exhaust gas.
  • another example of controlling the extrusion interval of the extruder 10 to immediately supply a confirmed preheated iron source to the melting chamber That is, the exhaust gas temperature in the duct 20 during operation at the timing N is 164° C., the exhaust gas flow rate is 49 Nm 3 /sec, and the exhaust gas sensible heat amount per unit time per ton of cold iron source weight in the preheating chamber is 293 kJ/. (t ⁇ seconds).
  • the interval of the extruder 10 of the cold iron source was also shortened from 20 seconds to 15 seconds.
  • the power consumption per channel was 349 kWh/t, slightly better than expected. If the sensible heat fluctuates too much, the cold iron source melts and crimps in the preheating part, making it difficult for the exhaust gas to flow and preheating is partially weakened. , ⁇ Q.
  • the main manufacturing cost is It is possible to greatly improve the electric power consumption rate, which accounts for the portion, and the effect is very large. This is because, in the invention example, the cold iron source was efficiently preheated and the preheated iron source could be sent to the melting step, so the melting time of the preheated iron source was shortened and the tapping time was also shortened. It is thought that

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US18/709,516 US20250003684A1 (en) 2021-12-13 2022-10-26 Method of producing molten iron
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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH09159377A (ja) * 1995-12-08 1997-06-20 Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd 冷鉄源の予熱方法及びその装置
JP2021046608A (ja) * 2019-09-11 2021-03-25 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 電気炉による溶鉄の製造方法

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5743191A (en) 1980-08-29 1982-03-11 Nippon Kokan Kk Preheating of scrap by gas discharged from electric furnace for making steel
JPH04273991A (ja) 1991-02-27 1992-09-30 Kawasaki Steel Corp 電気製鋼炉の排ガスを利用するスクラップ予熱制御方法
JP3204202B2 (ja) 1997-02-24 2001-09-04 日本鋼管株式会社 冷鉄源の溶解方法および溶解設備
JPH11100610A (ja) * 1997-09-29 1999-04-13 Nkk Corp 予熱槽における鉄源の予熱方法

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH09159377A (ja) * 1995-12-08 1997-06-20 Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd 冷鉄源の予熱方法及びその装置
JP2021046608A (ja) * 2019-09-11 2021-03-25 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 電気炉による溶鉄の製造方法

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Title
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