Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
  • B28C—PREPARING CLAY; PRODUCING MIXTURES CONTAINING CLAY OR CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
  • B28C7/00—Controlling the operation of apparatus for producing mixtures of clay or cement with other substances; Supplying or proportioning the ingredients for mixing clay or cement with other substances; Discharging the mixture
  • B28C7/04—Supplying or proportioning the ingredients
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
  • C04B24/02—Alcohols; Phenols; Ethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
  • C04B24/10—Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
  • C04B24/16—Sulfur-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/14—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing calcium sulfate cements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
  • C04B38/10—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by using foaming agents or by using mechanical means, e.g. adding preformed foam
  • C04B38/106—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by using foaming agents or by using mechanical means, e.g. adding preformed foam by adding preformed foams
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
  • C04B2103/30—Water reducers, plasticisers, air-entrainers, flow improvers
  • C04B2103/304—Air-entrainers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
  • C04B2103/40—Surface-active agents, dispersants
  • C04B2103/406—Surface-active agents, dispersants non-ionic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/40—Porous or lightweight materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
  • C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a foaming agent composition for hydraulic compositions, a bubble-containing hydraulic composition, and a method for producing the same.
• a hydraulic composition using cement or gypsum as a hardening agent is made lighter by introducing air bubbles into it. Usually, the weight is reduced by mixing a foam obtained by foaming a liquid composition containing a foaming agent composition and water with a hydraulic composition, or fine aggregate or various admixtures. A bubble-containing hydraulic composition is produced.
• JP-A-2018-535909 includes a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets, the set gypsum core comprising a gypsum crystal matrix formed from at least water, stucco, and foam,
• a gypsum board is disclosed wherein the foam is formed from a foaming agent comprising at least one alkyl sulfate, at least one alkyl ether sulfate, or any combination thereof, and a fatty alcohol.
• the examples then include the use of alkyl ether sulfate and alkyl sulfate in the form of a 40:60 ratio as the foaming agent, 1-decanol as the fatty alcohol, and the pore size of the core of the resulting board to be the arithmetic mean is 245 ⁇ m.
• Japanese Patent Publication No. 2004-529050 discloses a gypsum composition containing a surfactant composition comprising an alkyl sulfate of the formula H(CH 2 ) n OSO 3 ⁇ M + in combination with gypsum and water.
• a surfactant composition comprising an alkyl sulfate of the formula H(CH 2 ) n OSO 3 ⁇ M + in combination with gypsum and water.
• n 6-16
• the average number of carbon atoms nm in the alkyl sulfate composition is 10-11
• M is a monovalent cation.
• evaluation of the surfactant composition the amount of foam formed after mixing with water and stirring with a mixer is measured.
• a hardened foam-containing hydraulic composition containing cement or gypsum as a hardening agent can be made lighter by containing air bubbles to reduce its specific gravity. Increasing the cell diameter is one possible way to suppress the decrease in strength, but there is a limit to enlarging the cell diameter with the existing technology. Therefore, it is required to establish a technique for increasing the bubble diameter of the cured body of the bubble-containing hydraulic composition, and to achieve both weight reduction and strength.
• the present invention is a hydraulic composition that can increase the strength of a hardened hydraulic composition by increasing the diameter of the bubbles in the hydraulic composition even if the hydraulic composition contains bubbles and has the same specific gravity.
• a foaming agent composition for a product a foam-containing hydraulic composition, and a method for producing the same.
• the present invention contains the following component (A1), optionally the following component (A2), and the following component (B), the content of the component (A1), and the total content of the components (A1) and (A2)
• a foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition wherein the mass ratio (A1) / [(A1) + (A2)] is 0.8 or more and 1 or less.
• (A1) component one or more selected from alkyl or alkenyl sulfate esters having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 8 to 10 carbon atoms or alkenyl groups, and salts thereof
• A2) component selected from surfactants other than component (A1)
• the present invention contains hydraulic powder, water, the (A1) component, optionally the (A2) component, and the (B) component, the content of the (A1) component, the (A1) component and (A2) It relates to a bubble-containing hydraulic composition in which the mass ratio (A1)/[(A1)+(A2)] to the total content of component (A2) is 0.8 or more and 1 or less.
• the present invention also relates to a method for producing an air bubble-containing hydraulic composition, including the following steps 1 and 2.
• steps 1 and 2 A step of foaming a liquid composition containing the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention and water to obtain foam.
• Step 2 A step of mixing the foam obtained in step 1 with a hydraulic composition containing hydraulic powder and water.
• a foaming agent composition for a hardening composition, a foam-containing hydraulic composition and a method for producing the same are provided.
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention can increase the strength of the cured product of the hydraulic composition by increasing the cell diameter in the hydraulic composition. is not necessarily certain, but is estimated as follows. Conventionally, as disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-529050, the foam performance in an aqueous system when foaming a liquid composition containing a foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition and water is measured. Adjustments have been made to control cell size and the like in hydraulic compositions.
• the present inventors have focused on not only the foam performance in the water system but also the foam performance in the hydraulic composition, and when the specific gravity of the hydraulic composition is the same, the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition is It has been found that increasing the size can increase the strength of the hydraulic composition.
• a certain level of foam such as foamability, foam stability, etc., is required to introduce a certain amount of foam into the hydraulic composition. It was found that the performance must be satisfied, and along with that, the bubbles are stabilized in the hydraulic composition, coalescence does not proceed, and there is a problem that the diameter of the bubbles cannot be increased.
• the present inventors have found that the above-mentioned problems can be solved by controlling the foamability and the foam coalescence rate in the hydraulic composition, among other foam performances in an aqueous system. More specifically, the above problem is solved by combining an alkyl or alkenyl sulfate ester having a short-chain alkyl or alkenyl group as component (A1) and a short-chain monohydric alcohol as component (B). do.
• component (A1) forms micelles
• the component (B) has a low affinity for water and is incorporated into the micelles formed by the component (A1). Reduces surface tension by quickly adsorbing to As a result, the foamability in an aqueous system can be dramatically improved.
• the components (A1) and (B) have short carbon chain lengths and are therefore poor in foam stability. It is presumed that both foamability in an aqueous system and foam coalescence in a hydraulic composition could be achieved.
• the present invention is not limited to the expression mechanism described above.
• the component (A1) one or more selected from alkyl or alkenyl sulfate esters having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 8 to 10 carbon atoms, and salts thereof contains Component (A1) has 8 or more carbon atoms and 10 or less carbon atoms, preferably 10 alkyl or alkenyl groups, preferably alkyl groups, from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition.
• Salts of the component (A1) include one or more selected from alkali metal salts such as sodium salts and potassium salts, ammonium salts, and organic ammonium salts.
• Component (A1) is specifically one or more selected from octyl sulfate, decyl sulfate, 2-ethylhexyl sulfate, 2-propylheptyl sulfate, and salts thereof, and is a hydraulic composition. From the viewpoint of increasing the size of air bubbles in the product and reducing the amount added to the hydraulic composition, preferably one or more selected from octyl sulfate, decyl sulfate, and salts thereof, more preferably decyl sulfate, and salts thereof. These compounds can be added in a reduced amount when obtaining a specific bubble diameter.
• One or more compounds selected from decyl sulfate and salts thereof are preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, still more preferably 95% by mass or more, and 97% by mass or more in the component (A1). is still more preferred, and 100% by mass or less is preferred, and substantially 100% by mass is more preferred.
• the component (A1) contains one or more compounds selected from octyl sulfate, 2-ethylhexyl sulfate, decyl sulfate, and salts thereof, from the viewpoint of obtaining a larger cell diameter in the hydraulic composition. preferably.
• One or more compounds selected from octyl sulfate, 2-ethylhexyl sulfate, decyl sulfate, and salts thereof are preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, in component (A1), and , 100 mass % or less is preferred, and substantially 100 mass % is more preferred.
• (A1) component is one or more selected from alkyl or alkenyl sulfate esters having an alkyl or alkenyl group having 8 carbon atoms, such as octyl sulfate ester and 2-ethylhexyl sulfate ester, and salts thereof (hereinafter referred to as C8AS); and an alkyl or alkenyl sulfate having an alkyl or alkenyl group with 10 carbon atoms such as decyl sulfate, and one or more selected from salts thereof (hereinafter referred to as C10AS), C8AS in component (A1) and the content of C10AS (C8AS/C10AS) is preferably 0.4 or more, more preferably 0.6 or more, and still more preferably 0.6 or more, from the viewpoint of obtaining a larger cell diameter in the hydraulic composition. is 0.8 or more, and preferably 1.6 or less, more preferably 1.4 or less, and even more preferably 1.2 or less
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention may optionally contain, as component (A2), one or more selected from surfactants other than component (A1).
• Component (A2) includes at least one selected from anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, and amphoteric surfactants other than component (A1).
• Component (A2) preferably contains one or more selected from anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition, and alkyl or non-component (A1)
• alkenyl sulfate esters and salts thereof hereinafter referred to as component (A21)
• component (A22) polyoxyalkylene alkyl or alkenyl ether sulfate esters having an alkyl or alkenyl group having 8 to 16 carbon atoms, and salts thereof
• component (A23) one or more selected from glycoside-type nonionic surfactants
• the total content of anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants preferably the total content of components (A21), (A22), and (A23) is 80% by mass or more in component (A2).
• Anionic surfactants other than component (A1) include alkyl or alkenyl sulfonic acids having alkyl or alkenyl groups, alkyl or alkenyl sulfate esters having alkyl or alkenyl groups (excluding component (A1)), and olefins.
• Salts of these anionic surfactants include one or more selected from alkali metal salts such as sodium salts and potassium salts, ammonium salts, and organic ammonium salts.
• Nonionic surfactants include alkyl monoglyceryl ethers, polyoxyalkylene monoalkyl or alkenyl ethers, alkyl glycosides or alkyl polyglycosides (glycoside-type nonionic surfactants), sorbitan nonionic surfactants, fatty alkanolamides, fatty acid monoglycerides. , and one or more selected from sucrose fatty acid esters.
• a nonionic surfactant is contained as the component (A2), among these, a glycoside type nonionic surfactant is preferably contained from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition.
• the content of the glycoside-type nonionic surfactant in component (A2) is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, and 100% by mass. % by mass or less is preferable, and substantially 100% by mass is more preferable.
• cationic surfactants include one or more selected from alkyltrimethylammonium salts, dialkyldimethylammonium salts, alkylammonium salts, benzalkonium salts, benzethonium salts, imidazolium salts, and pyridinium salts. Salts include halogen salts.
• amphoteric surfactants include one or more selected from alkyldimethylamine oxide, alkyldimethylaminoacetic acid betaine, alkylhydroxysulfobetaine, alkylamidopropylbetaine, and alkylcarboxymethylhydroxyethylimidazolium betaine.
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention contains, as the component (A2), an alkyl or alkenyl sulfate ester other than the component (A1), and a salt thereof. It may contain one or more selected types (hereinafter referred to as (A21) component).
• component (A21) is contained as component (A2), the content of component (A21) is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, and 100% by mass or less in component (A2). is preferred, and substantially 100% by mass is more preferred.
• component (A21) preferably has 12 or more carbon atoms, preferably 18 or less, more preferably 16 or less alkyl or alkenyl groups, preferably alkyl groups.
• Salts of the component (A21) include one or more selected from alkali metal salts such as sodium salts and potassium salts, ammonium salts, and organic ammonium salts.
• Component (A21) specifically includes one or more selected from lauryl sulfate, tridecyl sulfate, myristyl sulfate, cetyl sulfate, stearyl sulfate, oleyl sulfate, and salts thereof. From the viewpoint of solubility in , it is preferably one or more selected from lauryl sulfate, tridecyl sulfate, myristyl sulfate, and salts thereof.
• component (A2) polyoxy It may contain one or more selected from alkylenealkyl or alkenyl ether sulfate esters and salts thereof (hereinafter referred to as component (A22)).
• component (A22) is contained as component (A2), the content of component (A22) is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, and 100% by mass or less in component (A2). is preferred, and substantially 100% by mass is more preferred.
• the component (A22) preferably has 8 or more carbon atoms, more preferably 10 or more, still more preferably 12 or more, and preferably 18 or less, more preferably 16 or less. and more preferably have 14 or less alkyl or alkenyl groups, preferably alkyl groups.
• the oxyalkylene group of the component (A22) is an oxyethylene group or an oxypropylene group, preferably an oxyethylene group, and the average number of added moles of the oxyalkylene group is preferably 1 from the viewpoint of solubility in water.
• Salts of the component (A22) include one or more selected from alkali metal salts such as sodium salts and potassium salts, ammonium salts, and organic ammonium salts.
• Component (A22) specifically includes polyoxyethylene octyl ether sulfate, polyoxyethylene decyl ether sulfate, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether sulfate, polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether sulfate, and polyoxyethylene myristyl ether sulfate.
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention contains a glycoside-type nonionic surfactant (hereinafter referred to as (A23) component) as the (A2) component from the viewpoint of reducing the amount added to the hydraulic composition. may contain.
• a glycoside-type nonionic surfactant hereinafter referred to as (A23) component
• the content of component (A23) is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, and 100% by mass or less in component (A2). is preferred, and substantially 100% by mass is more preferred.
• the glycoside-type nonionic surfactant is more preferably a compound represented by the following general formula (a23).
• R 1a -(OR 2a ) x G y (a23) [In the formula, R 1a is a linear alkyl group having 8 or more, preferably 10 or more, and 16 or less, preferably 14 or less carbon atoms.
• R 2a is an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably an ethylene group or a propylene group, more preferably an ethylene group.
• G is a residue derived from a reducing sugar.
• x is a number with an average value of 0 or more and 6 or less.
• y represents an average value of 1 or more and 10 or less, preferably 5 or less, more preferably 2 or less.
• G is a residue derived from reducing sugar.
• the reducing sugar as a starting material for G may be either an aldose or a ketose.
• examples of reducing sugars that are raw materials for G include triose with 3 carbon atoms, tetrose with 4 carbon atoms, pentose with 5 carbon atoms, and hexose with 6 carbon atoms.
• Aldoses specifically include apiose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, lyxose, mannose, galose, aldose, idose, talose and xylose.
• Ketose specifically includes fructose.
• the reducing sugar that is the starting material for G in the present invention is preferably aldopentose, which is an aldose with 5 carbon atoms, or aldohexose, which is an aldose with 6 carbon atoms, and more preferably glucose.
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention contains a monohydric alcohol having 6 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms as the component (B).
• the number of carbon atoms in component (B) is 6 or more and 10 or less, preferably 8, from the viewpoint of foaming speed and foam stability.
• Component (B) is a monovalent monovalent hydrocarbon group having a straight or branched hydrocarbon group, preferably a straight or branched alkyl group, more preferably a straight alkyl group, from the viewpoint of fast foaming property and foam stability. Alcohol.
• Component (B) is specifically one or more selected from hexanol, octanol, decanol, 2-ethylhexanol, and 2-propylheptanol. From the viewpoint of foamability, octanol and decanol are preferred. It is preferable to contain one or more selected from, more preferably octanol.
• the content of one or more selected from octanol and decanol in component (B) is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, and preferably 100% by mass or less, substantially 100% by mass. % is more preferred.
• the content of octanol in component (B) is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, preferably 100% by mass or less, and even more preferably substantially 100% by mass.
• the component (A1) is preferably 15% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, and still more preferably 25% by mass, from the viewpoint of being able to reduce the amount added.
• the content is preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 60% by mass or less, still more preferably 40% by mass or less, and even more preferably 30% by mass or less.
• a value converted to a sodium salt is used for the specification regarding the mass of the component (A1).
• the content of the component (A2) is preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 1.0% by mass or more, from the viewpoint of foamability. 0% by mass or more, more preferably 1.2% by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition, preferably 15% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, still more preferably 5% by mass % by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, and even more preferably 2% by mass or less.
• the mass of the anionic surfactant contained in component (A2) shall be converted to a sodium salt value.
• the mass of the cationic surfactant contained in the component (A2) shall be calculated in terms of chloride salt.
• the component (B) is preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 1.0% by mass, from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition. % by mass or more, more preferably 1.5% by mass or more, and preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, and still more preferably from the viewpoint of increasing the size of bubbles in the hydraulic composition and reducing odor. contains 3% by mass or less.
• the mass ratio (A1)/[(A1)+( A2)] is 0.8 or more, preferably 0.85 or more, more preferably 0.9 or more, still more preferably 0.95 or more, and water It is 1 or less from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hard composition and foamability.
• the mass ratio (B)/(A1) of the content of the component (B) to the content of the component (A1) is From the viewpoint of reducing the specific gravity, it is preferably 0.01 or more, more preferably 0.03 or more, and still more preferably 0.05 or more. 0.30 or less, more preferably 0.20 or less, and still more preferably 0.10 or less.
• the mass ratio (B)/[(A1)+( A2)] is preferably 0.005 or more, more preferably 0.01 or more, still more preferably 0.03 or more, still more preferably 0 0.05 or more, and from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble size and reducing odor in the hydraulic composition, it is preferably 0.30 or less, more preferably 0.25 or less, even more preferably 0.15 or less, and still more preferably 0.10 or less.
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention contains the (A21) component
• the (A21) component is preferably 0 from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foaming properties. .1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 0.9% by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of increasing the size of bubbles in the hydraulic composition, preferably 15% by mass or less, more
• the content is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, even more preferably 3% by mass or less, even more preferably 2.5% by mass or less, and even more preferably 1.5% by mass or less.
• the mass of component (A21) shall be defined in terms of sodium salt.
• the mass ratio of the content of the component (A1) to the total content of the components (A1) and (A21) ( A1)/[(A1)+(A21)] is 0.8 or more, preferably 0.85 or more, more preferably 0.9 or more, from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition, and It is 1 or less, preferably 0.95 or less from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability.
• the mass ratio of the content of the component (B) to the total content of the components (A1) and (A21) ( B)/[(A1)+(A21)] is preferably 0.005 or more, more preferably 0.01 or more, and still more preferably 0 from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability. 0.03 or more, more preferably 0.05 or more, and from the viewpoint of increasing the size of bubbles in the hydraulic composition and reducing odor, it is preferably 0.3 or less, more preferably 0.25 or less, and still more preferably It is 0.15 or less, more preferably 0.10 or less.
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention contains the (A22) component
• the (A22) component is preferably 0 from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foaming properties. .5% by mass or more, more preferably 1.0% by mass or more, more preferably 1.25% by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of increasing the size of bubbles in the hydraulic composition, preferably 15% by mass or less, more
• the content is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 6% by mass or less, even more preferably 5% by mass or less, even more preferably 3% by mass or less, and even more preferably 2% by mass or less.
• a value converted to a sodium salt is used for the specification regarding the mass of the component (A22).
• the mass ratio of the content of the component (A1) to the total content of the components (A1) and (A22) ( A1)/[(A1)+(A22)] is 0.8 or more, preferably 0.85 or more, more preferably 0.9 or more, from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition, and It is 1 or less, preferably 0.95 or less from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability.
• the mass ratio of the content of the component (B) to the total content of the components (A1) and (A22) ( B)/[(A1)+(A22)] is preferably 0.005 or more, more preferably 0.01 or more, and still more preferably 0, from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability. 0.03 or more, more preferably 0.05 or more, and from the viewpoint of increasing the size of bubbles in the hydraulic composition and reducing odor, it is preferably 0.30 or less, more preferably 0.25 or less, and still more preferably It is 0.15 or less, more preferably 0.10 or less.
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention contains the (A23) component
• the (A23) component is preferably 0 from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foaming properties. .5% by mass or more, more preferably 1.0% by mass or more, more preferably 1.25% by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of increasing the size of bubbles in the hydraulic composition, preferably 15% by mass or less, more
• the content is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 6% by mass or less, even more preferably 5% by mass or less, even more preferably 3% by mass or less, and even more preferably 2% by mass or less.
• the mass ratio of the content of the (A1) component to the total content of the (A1) component and the (A23) component ( A1)/[(A1)+(A23)] is 0.8 or more, preferably 0.85 or more, more preferably 0.9 or more, from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition, and It is 1 or less, preferably 0.96 or less from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability.
• the mass ratio of the content of the component (B) to the total content of the components (A1) and (A23) ( B)/[(A1)+(A23)] is preferably 0.005 or more, more preferably 0.01 or more, and still more preferably 0, from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability. 0.03 or more, more preferably 0.045 or more, and from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter and reducing odor in the hydraulic composition, preferably 0.30 or less, more preferably 0.25 or less, and still more preferably It is 0.15 or less, more preferably 0.10 or less.
• the foaming agent composition for hydraulic compositions of the present invention may contain water.
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention preferably contains water in an amount of preferably 10% by mass or more, preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 30% by mass or more, still more preferably 40% by mass or more, and preferably contains 90% by mass or less, more preferably 80% by mass or less, and still more preferably 70% by mass or less.
• a foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition containing component (A1), optionally component (A2), component (B), and water, the sum of component (A1), component (A2), and component (B)
• the content of is preferably 10% by mass or more, preferably 15% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, still more preferably 25% by mass or more, and preferably 60% by mass or less, and more It is preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less.
• the foaming agent composition for hydraulic compositions of the present invention may optionally contain a thickener, a chelating agent, a heavy metal scavenger, a rust inhibitor, a preservative, a coloring agent, a fragrance, an antifoaming agent, a solvent, a dispersant, and a flocculating agent. agents, water-soluble polymers, and the like. These are those not corresponding to the (A1) component, the (A2) component, and the (B) component.
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention is obtained by mixing components (A1), (A2), (B), and optional components. During mixing, the mixture may be appropriately heated in order to reduce the viscosity of the solution.
• foaming agent composition for hydraulic compositions of the present invention examples include gypsum slurry, lightweight milk (foamed milk, air milk), lightweight mortar (foamed mortar, air mortar), lightweight concrete (foamed concrete, air concrete). ), back-filling fillers, filling fillers, concrete blocks for construction, ALC (lightweight aerated concrete), grout materials, porous ceramics, bricks, refractories, lightweight embankments, water containing air bubbles such as mortar for pumping Hard compositions are included.
• ALC lightweight aerated concrete
• grout materials porous ceramics, bricks, refractories, lightweight embankments
• water containing air bubbles such as mortar for pumping Hard compositions are included.
• the mixture of air bubbles will impart functions such as weight reduction, strength improvement, fluidity improvement, heat insulation, heat resistance, viscosity imparting, and fluidity control.
• the foaming agent composition for hydraulic compositions of the present invention is suitable for gypsum slurry.
• the method for producing a hydraulic composition containing air bubbles is a method of foaming the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention and blending it with a hydraulic substance as a foam to reduce the weight. It is preferable because it is accompanied.
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention or a mixed solution obtained by diluting it with water may be directly kneaded into a paste, slurry, mortar or concrete containing cement or gypsum as a hydraulic substance.
• the method of adding the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention to a hydraulic composition is not limited, and the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention or its diluted with water
• the method for foaming the mixed liquid is not limited.
• the present invention contains hydraulic powder, water, the (A1) component, optionally the (A2) component, and the (B) component, the content of the (A1) component, the (A1) component and ( A2)
• a bubble-containing hydraulic composition is provided in which the mass ratio (A1)/[(A1)+(A2)] to the total content of components is 0.8 or more and 1 or less.
• the foam-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention can appropriately apply the matters described in the foaming agent composition for hydraulic compositions of the present invention.
• the components (A1), (A2) and (B) are the same as those described for the foaming agent composition for hydraulic composition of the present invention.
• Hydraulic powder is a powder having a physical property to harden by hydration reaction, and includes cement, gypsum and the like, preferably gypsum.
• cement include ordinary portland cement, belite cement, moderate heat cement, high-early-strength cement, super-high-early-strength cement, sulfuric acid-resistant cement, etc.
• blast furnace slag, fly ash, silica fume, stone powder (calcium carbonate powder), etc. may be added blast furnace slag cement, fly ash cement, silica fume cement, or the like.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention has a water/hydraulic powder ratio of preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 30% by mass or more, and still more preferably 40% by mass or more, from the viewpoint of slurry fluidity. Even more preferably 60% by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of the strength of the cured product, it is preferably 100% by mass or less, more preferably 90% by mass or less, and even more preferably 80% by mass or less.
• the water/hydraulic powder ratio is the mass percentage (% by mass) of water and hydraulic powder in the hydraulic composition, and is calculated by water/hydraulic powder ⁇ 100. The water/hydraulic powder ratio is calculated based on the amount of powder having physical properties of hardening by hydration reaction.
• the amount of the high-strength admixture is also included in the amount of the hydraulic powder. The same applies to other quantitative relationships of the hydraulic composition with respect to the hydraulic powder.
• component (A1) is preferably added to 100 parts by mass of hydraulic powder in an amount of 0.005 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.005 part by mass or more, from the viewpoint of reducing the specific gravity of the cured product.
• the content of the component (A2) is preferably 0.0005 per 100 parts by mass of the hydraulic powder from the viewpoint of reducing the specific gravity of the cured product. Parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.0015 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.0015 parts by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of the strength of the cured product, preferably 0.015 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.010 parts by mass 0.005 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.005 parts by mass or less.
• component (B) is preferably added in an amount of 0.0001 part by mass or more, more preferably 0.0001 part by mass or more, more preferably 0.0001 part by mass or more per 100 parts by mass of the hydraulic powder, from the viewpoint of reducing the specific gravity of the cured product.
• the content is preferably 0.020 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.015 parts by mass or less, still more preferably 0.010 parts by mass or less, and even more preferably 0.005 parts by mass or less.
• the mass ratio of the content of component (A1) to the total content of components (A1) and (A2) (A1)/[(A1)+(A2)] is 0.8 or more, preferably 0.85 or more, more preferably 0.9 or more, still more preferably 0.95 or more, from the viewpoint of increasing the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition, and the hydraulic composition It is 1 or less from the viewpoint of increasing the size of the inner cells and foamability.
• the mass ratio (B)/(A1) between the content of the component (B) and the content of the component (A1) reduces the specific gravity of the hardened hydraulic composition.
• the mass ratio of the content of component (B) to the total content of components (A1) and (A2) (B)/[(A1)+(A2)] is preferably 0.005 or more, more preferably 0.01 or more, still more preferably 0.03 or more, and still more preferably 0.05 or more, from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability , and, from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter and reducing odor in the hydraulic composition, the It is below.
• the (A21) component is added to 100 parts by mass of the hydraulic powder from the viewpoint of reducing the specific gravity of the cured body.
• the (A21) component is added to 100 parts by mass of the hydraulic powder from the viewpoint of reducing the specific gravity of the cured body.
• 0.0001 parts by mass or more preferably 0.0005 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.0010 parts by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of the strength of the cured product, preferably 0.015 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0 0.010 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.005 parts by mass or less.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention contains the component (A21) as the component (A2), the mass of the content of the component (A1) and the total content of the components (A1) and (A21)
• the ratio (A1)/[(A1)+(A21)] is 0.8 or more, preferably 0.85 or more, more preferably 0.9 or more, from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition. From the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability, it is 1 or less, preferably 0.95 or less.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention contains component (A21) as component (A2), the mass of the content of component (B) and the total content of components (A1) and (A21)
• the ratio (B)/[(A1)+(A21)] is preferably 0.005 or more, more preferably 0.01 or more, and still more preferably from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability. is 0.03 or more, more preferably 0.05 or more, and from the viewpoint of increasing the size of bubbles in the hydraulic composition and reducing odor, preferably 0.3 or less, more preferably 0.25 or less, and further It is preferably 0.15 or less, more preferably 0.10 or less.
• the (A22) component is added to 100 parts by mass of the hydraulic powder from the viewpoint of reducing the specific gravity of the cured product.
• the (A22) component is added to 100 parts by mass of the hydraulic powder from the viewpoint of reducing the specific gravity of the cured product.
• 0.0005 parts by mass or more more preferably 0.0010 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 0.0015 parts by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of the strength of the cured product, preferably 0.015 parts by mass or less, more preferably The content is 0.010 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.005 parts by mass or less.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention contains component (A22) as component (A2), the mass of the content of component (A1) and the total content of components (A1) and (A22)
• the ratio (A1)/[(A1)+(A22)] is 0.8 or more, preferably 0.85 or more, more preferably 0.9 or more, from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition. From the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability, it is 1 or less, preferably 0.95 or less.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention contains component (A22) as component (A2), the mass of the content of component (B) and the total content of components (A1) and (A22)
• the ratio (B)/[(A1)+(A22)] is preferably 0.005 or more, more preferably 0.01 or more, and still more preferably from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability. is 0.03 or more, more preferably 0.05 or more, and from the viewpoint of increasing the size of bubbles in the hydraulic composition and reducing odor, preferably 0.3 or less, more preferably 0.25 or less, and further It is preferably 0.15 or less, more preferably 0.10 or less.
• the (A23) component is added to 100 parts by mass of the hydraulic powder from the viewpoint of reducing the specific gravity of the cured product.
• the (A23) component is added to 100 parts by mass of the hydraulic powder from the viewpoint of reducing the specific gravity of the cured product.
• 0.0005 parts by mass or more more preferably 0.0010 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 0.0015 parts by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of the strength of the cured product, preferably 0.015 parts by mass or less, more preferably The content is 0.010 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.005 parts by mass or less.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention contains component (A23) as component (A2), the mass of the content of component (A1) and the total content of components (A1) and (A23)
• the ratio (A1)/[(A1)+(A23)] is 0.8 or more, preferably 0.85 or more, more preferably 0.9 or more, from the viewpoint of enlarging the bubble diameter in the hydraulic composition. From the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability, it is 1 or less, preferably 0.96 or less.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention contains component (A23) as component (A2), the mass of the content of component (B) and the total content of components (A1) and (A23)
• the ratio (B)/[(A1)+(A23)] is preferably 0.005 or more, more preferably 0.01 or more, and still more preferably from the viewpoint of increasing the size of cells in the hydraulic composition and foamability. is 0.03 or more, more preferably 0.045 or more, and from the viewpoint of increasing the size of bubbles in the hydraulic composition and reducing odor, preferably 0.30 or less, more preferably 0.25 or less, and further It is preferably 0.15 or less, more preferably 0.10 or less.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention can contain fine aggregate and/or coarse aggregate.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention can also contain admixtures and admixtures known in the art.
• the specific gravity of the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention is preferably 0.3 or more, more preferably 0.4 or more, still more preferably 0.5 or more from the viewpoint of strength, and is preferably 0.5 or more from the viewpoint of handleability. is 0.9 or less, more preferably 0.8 or less, and still more preferably 0.7 or less.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention contains bubbles.
• the average cell diameter of the cured body of the cell-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention is preferably 200 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 300 ⁇ m or more, and still more preferably 400 ⁇ m or more, from the viewpoint of improving the strength of the cured body, and from the viewpoint of cross-sectional aesthetics. , preferably 1250 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 800 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 700 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 650 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 600 ⁇ m or less.
• the average cell diameter is obtained by preparing a cured body of the bubble-containing hydraulic composition, arbitrarily cutting the cured body to create a cross section, observing the cross section with a digital microscope, and arbitrarily measuring 100 cross sections of the cells. The diameter is measured and calculated from the average value (arithmetic mean) of those values.
• the diameter is taken when the cross section of the bubble is circular, the long axis is taken when the cross section of the bubble is elliptical, and the longest part is taken when the cross section of the bubble is irregular.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention can be produced using the foaming agent composition for hydraulic compositions of the present invention. That is, the present invention provides a method for producing an air bubble-containing hydraulic composition, including the following steps 1 and 2.
• ⁇ Step 1> A step of foaming a liquid composition containing the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention and water to obtain foam.
• ⁇ Step 2> A step of mixing the foam obtained in step 1 with a hydraulic composition containing hydraulic powder and water.
• the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention can be prepared by this production method.
• the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention and the foam-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention can be appropriately applied to the method for producing the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention.
• the content of each component and their mass ratio described in the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention are appropriately determined by replacing the content of each component with the mixing amount. can be applied.
• the expansion ratio of the liquid composition is preferably 5 times or more, more preferably 7 times or more, and still more preferably 10 times or more from the viewpoint of economy, although it depends on the application of the hydraulic composition. And, from the viewpoint of kneadability, it is preferably 30 times or less, more preferably 25 times or less, and still more preferably 20 times or less.
• the foam is preferably 50% by volume or more, more preferably 100% by volume or more, based on the hydraulic composition, from the viewpoint of reducing the weight of the cured body. More preferably 150% by volume or more, and from the viewpoint of the strength of the cured product, preferably 400% by volume or less, more preferably 300% by volume or less, and even more preferably 200% by volume or less.
• admixtures and admixtures known in the art can be mixed.
• the hydraulic powder is preferably gypsum.
• a bubble-containing hydraulic composition in which the hydraulic powder is gypsum is also referred to as a bubble-containing gypsum slurry. That is, the present invention contains gypsum, water, the (A1) component, optionally the (A2) component, and the (B) component, the content of the (A1) component, and the (A1) component and (A2) Provided is a bubble-containing gypsum slurry in which the mass ratio (A1)/[(A1)+(A2)] to the total content of components is 0.8 or more and 1 or less.
• the aerated gypsum slurry of the present invention is suitable for gypsum boards.
• the bubble-containing gypsum slurry of the present invention includes the matters described in the foaming agent composition for hydraulic composition of the present invention, the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention, and the method for producing the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention. can be applied as appropriate.
• the components (A1), (A2) and (B) are the same as those described for the foaming agent composition for hydraulic composition of the present invention.
• the content of each component and their mass ratio described for the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention can be appropriately applied by replacing the hydraulic powder with gypsum.
• the ranges of specific gravity and average bubble diameter are the same as those described for the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention.
• any gypsum such as high-quality neutralized gypsum, phosphate gypsum, which is a by-product of phosphoric acid, flue gas desulfurization gypsum generated in thermal power generation, natural gypsum containing various impurities and clay, and mixtures thereof can be used.
• the clay contained in gypsum is mainly composed of hydrous silicate minerals (hereafter referred to as clay minerals) with a layered structure, and kaolin minerals (kaori night, dickite and nacrite), serpentine (lizardite, antigorite, chrysotile), mica clay minerals (illite, sericite, glauconite, cerradonite), chlorite, vermiculite, smectite (montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, saponite, hectorite).
• hydrous silicate minerals hereafter referred to as clay minerals
• kaolin minerals kaori night, dickite and nacrite
• serpentine lizardite, antigorite, chrysotile
• mica clay minerals illite, sericite, glauconite, cerradonite
• chlorite vermiculite
• smectite montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, saponite,
• Gypsum includes anhydrous gypsum, hemihydrate gypsum, and dihydrate gypsum.
• natural gypsum or chemical gypsum such as neutralized gypsum or by-product gypsum can be used alone, or a mixture of two or more thereof can be used.
• Main examples of chemical gypsum include phosphate gypsum, hydrofluoric gypsum, titanium gypsum, and flue gas desulfurization gypsum.
• the raw gypsum may also contain recycled gypsum.
• the recycled gypsum may be any recycled gypsum recovered from waste gypsum board generated by a gypsum board manufacturer or waste gypsum board generated at the time of new construction or dismantling.
• the present invention can be suitably used for any of these raw gypsums, and excellent effects can be obtained even when blended in various ratios.
• the bubble-containing gypsum slurry of the present invention can contain additives used for gypsum boards and the like.
• additives include general-purpose water reducing agents, defoaming agents, foam stabilizers, hardening modifiers, water repellents, adhesives, retarders, etc., and reinforcing fibers such as glass fiber, carbon fiber, waste paper, and virgin pulp. etc., or the gypsum board is produced together with perlite, foamed steel, etc., which are lightweight aggregates.
• the foam-containing gypsum slurry of the present invention can be produced using the foaming agent composition for hydraulic compositions of the present invention. That is, the present invention provides a method for producing an aerated gypsum slurry, including steps 1 and 2 below.
• Step 1 A step of foaming a liquid composition containing the foaming agent composition for a hydraulic composition of the present invention and water to obtain foam.
• Step 2 Mixing the foam obtained in step 1 with a gypsum slurry containing gypsum and water.
• the aerated gypsum slurry of the present invention can be prepared.
• the method for producing the bubble-containing gypsum slurry of the present invention is described in the foaming agent composition for hydraulic composition of the present invention, the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention and its production method, and the bubble-containing gypsum slurry of the present invention.
• the aspect described above can be applied as appropriate.
• the content of each component and their mass ratio described in the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention are such that the hydraulic powder is replaced with gypsum, and each component is can be appropriately applied by replacing the content of with the mixed amount.
• the temperature of the foam and gypsum slurry used for mixing is preferably 15° C. or higher and 40° C. or lower. Steps 1 and 2 can be carried out according to the production method of the bubble-containing hydraulic composition of the present invention.
• component C10AS sodium decyl sulfate
• component C8AS sodium octyl sulfate s-C8AS: sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate
• component C12AS sodium lauryl sulfate
• A21) component AES polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate ester sodium, product name "Emal D-3-D” , Kao Corporation
• component AG Alkyl polyglycoside (lauryl glycoside), product name “Mydol 12” Kao Corporation
• component (B) component C8OH octanol, product name "Calcol 0898" Kao Co., Ltd.
• Foaming agent compositions for Hydraulic Compositions were prepared by the following method. Each raw material was added to a 50 mL screw tube in a predetermined ratio so that the total amount was 30 g, and the mixture was stirred at 1000 rpm for 3 hours using a stirrer. When the viscosity of the solution was high and the stirring efficiency was poor, the solution was appropriately heated to 40°C.
• the concentration of the aqueous solution of the foaming agent composition for hydraulic composition was changed to 1.0% by mass. The concentration was changed to that shown in the inside.
• the cross section was observed with a digital microscope, the diameters of 100 cross sections of bubbles were arbitrarily measured, and the average bubble diameter was calculated from the arithmetic mean of those values.
• the diameter of the cross section of the bubble When measuring the diameter of the cross section of the bubble, the diameter is taken when the cross section of the bubble is circular, the long axis is taken when the cross section of the bubble is elliptical, and the longest part is taken when the cross section of the bubble is irregular.
• Tables 1-3 Table 1 shows the specific gravity of the hardened gypsum slurry obtained.
• the specific gravities of the hardened gypsum slurries shown in Tables 2 and 3 were 0.28 to 0.72.

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• 2022
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