WO2023063726A1 - 리튬 이차 전지 및 이의 제조 방법 - Google Patents
리튬 이차 전지 및 이의 제조 방법 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2023063726A1 WO2023063726A1 PCT/KR2022/015436 KR2022015436W WO2023063726A1 WO 2023063726 A1 WO2023063726 A1 WO 2023063726A1 KR 2022015436 W KR2022015436 W KR 2022015436W WO 2023063726 A1 WO2023063726 A1 WO 2023063726A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- battery
- electrolyte
- thickness
- sulfur battery
- Prior art date
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 31
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 155
- JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[S] Chemical compound [Li].[S] JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 16
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- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- FQBJEOBTOBNOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [S].[P].[Li] Chemical compound [S].[P].[Li] FQBJEOBTOBNOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 56
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- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M2010/4292—Aspects relating to capacity ratio of electrodes/electrolyte or anode/cathode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery, and more particularly, to a lithium secondary battery with minimized volume expansion, a manufacturing system for a lithium secondary battery with minimized volume expansion, and a method for manufacturing a lithium secondary battery with minimized volume expansion. .
- secondary batteries can be charged and discharged repeatedly. Therefore, for example, a low-capacity secondary battery in which one battery cell is packaged in a pack form can be used in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, and camcorders. Alternatively, a high-capacity battery having a battery pack unit in which dozens of battery cells are connected to each other may be used as a power source for driving an electric motor of an electric or hybrid electric vehicle, for example.
- Li-S (Li-S) secondary batteries are currently in the limelight as next-generation batteries capable of exhibiting high energy densities.
- materials currently used for manufacturing Li-S secondary batteries have a relatively low density. For example, the density of a cathode containing sulfur in a Li-S battery is as low as 0.3 to 0.6 g/cc. As such, due to the low-density characteristics of the positive electrode, it is a difficult task to improve the performance of Li-S secondary batteries.
- the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned technical problem.
- the inventors of the present invention have found that in the manufacturing process of a pouch cell type lithium secondary battery, a laminate in which a positive electrode, a separator, and a negative electrode are sequentially stacked is inserted into a pouch, and the pouch is removed from the outside. It was confirmed that when the electrolyte is injected into the pouch after fixing the thickness by pressurization, a small amount of the electrolyte can be uniformly supported on the high-density electrode, thereby improving the lifespan characteristics of the battery.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery in the form of a pouch cell in which an electrolyte is uniformly supported and a method for manufacturing the same.
- the batteries and methods and systems of the present disclosure provide a novel approach to minimizing swelling of lithium secondary batteries.
- the present invention relates to a lithium-sulfur battery including a sulfur-based compound as a cathode active material.
- the battery includes: an electrode assembly including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; a pouch accommodating the electrode electrode assembly; And an electrolyte, wherein the lithium-sulfur battery has an expansion coefficient (SF) of 0 or more and less than 10 according to Equation 1 below,
- SF expansion coefficient
- T1 is the first thickness of the lithium-sulfur battery
- T2 is the second thickness of the lithium-sulfur battery
- the first thickness is the thickness of the battery before the electrolyte is injected into the pouch
- the second thickness is the thickness of the lithium-sulfur battery after the electrolyte is injected into the pouch. it is thick
- the first thickness and the second thickness are both measured after the electrolyte is injected, and the first and second thicknesses are each measured at an arbitrary point of the battery. It is measured at, and the measuring points of the first and second thicknesses are different from each other.
- the positive electrode includes a sulfur-carbon composite containing a carbon material and sulfur as a positive electrode active material.
- a fifth aspect of the present invention is that according to the fourth aspect, the weight of sulfur is 70% or more with respect to the total weight of the sulfur-carbon composite.
- the sixth aspect of the present invention is any one of the first to fifth aspects,
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer is 0.5 g/cc to 4.5 g/cc.
- a seventh aspect of the present invention according to any one of the first to sixth aspects, wherein the anode includes lithium metal as an anode active material.
- the ratio of the weight of the electrolyte to the weight of sulfur, E / S is 2.7 or less.
- the cathode active material layer of the cathode has a porosity of 35 vol% to 75 vol%.
- the battery has a capacity of 950 mAh/gs to 1300 mAh/gs.
- An eleventh aspect of the present invention is an electrochemical device including the lithium-sulfur battery according to any one of the first to tenth aspects as a power source, and the electrochemical device includes an electric vehicle.
- a twelfth aspect of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a lithium-sulfur battery, the method comprising: forming an electrode assembly by stacking a positive electrode, a separator, and a negative electrode; accommodating the electrode assembly in a pouch; applying a predetermined pressure to a pouch in which the electrode assembly is accommodated; Injecting a predetermined amount of electrolyte into a pouch while maintaining the predetermined pressure; and sealing the pouch, wherein the lithium-sulfur battery has an expansion coefficient (SF) of 0 or more according to Equation 1 below. is less than
- SF expansion coefficient
- T1 is the first thickness of the lithium-sulfur battery
- T2 is the second thickness of the lithium-sulfur battery
- a thirteenth aspect of the present invention further comprises measuring an expansion coefficient before sealing the pouch.
- the measuring of the expansion coefficient comprises: measuring a first thickness of the lithium-sulfur battery before injecting the electrolyte solution into the pouch; and measuring a second thickness of the lithium-sulfur battery after injecting the electrolyte solution into the pouch.
- a fifteenth aspect of the present invention further comprises measuring an expansion coefficient after sealing the pouch according to any one of the twelfth to fourteenth aspects.
- the measuring of the expansion coefficient comprises: measuring a first thickness of the battery in a first region of the lithium-sulfur battery; and measuring a second thickness of the battery in a second region of the lithium-sulfur battery.
- the amount of pressure is 100 atm or less.
- An eighteenth aspect of the present invention relates to a system for manufacturing a lithium-sulfur battery, the system comprising: a controller; Connected to the control device and including a first flat plate and a second flat plate, applying pressure between the first flat plate and the second flat plate, wherein the amount of pressure is based on the expansion coefficient of the lithium-sulfur battery foundation jig; And an electrolyte injection device connected to the control device and configured to inject electrolyte into a pouch of the lithium-sulfur battery, wherein the expansion coefficient (SF) is according to Equation 1 below,
- T1 is the first thickness of the lithium-sulfur battery
- T2 is the second thickness of the lithium-sulfur battery
- a nineteenth aspect of the present invention is the lithium-sulfur battery according to the eighteenth aspect, further comprising a controller for adjusting the amount of pressure applied to the lithium-sulfur battery based on the expansion coefficient. .
- the lithium secondary battery manufacturing method is characterized in that the electrolyte injection process of injecting the electrolyte into the battery is performed in an environment where the battery is pressurized. Accordingly, the volume expansion of the battery due to the electrolyte solution can be minimized, and a small amount of the electrolyte can be uniformly supported on the high-density electrode having a low porosity, so that the performance and lifespan characteristics of the battery can be improved.
- a battery having a uniform thickness and a small change in volume before and after injection of the electrolyte can be provided.
- the electrolyte may be uniformly supported on the cathode having such a low porosity and the electrode assembly including the same.
- the volume expansion of the battery is controlled by pressurization, so it is particularly effective in applying the manufacturing method of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary lithium secondary battery according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary lithium secondary battery before an electrolyte is injected into the battery according to one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary electrode assembly of a lithium secondary battery according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary system for manufacturing a lithium secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention.
- Figure 4a is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary lithium secondary battery for measuring the swelling rate according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary lithium secondary battery for measuring a swelling factor according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary manufacturing method of a lithium secondary battery for the battery manufacturing system of FIG. 3 according to one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a graph comparing initial discharge capacities of a Li—S secondary battery manufactured according to an aspect of the present invention and another Li—S secondary battery.
- FIG. 7 is a graph comparing discharge cycle characteristics of a Li—S secondary battery manufactured according to an aspect of the present invention and a Li—S secondary battery of a comparative example.
- FIG. 8 schematically shows a shape in which the thickness of a battery is manufactured to be non-uniform due to the expansion of the volume at the injection hole position when the electrolyte is injected.
- compositions described herein unless expressly indicated otherwise, consists of, or consists essentially of, the various components identified herein, as well as the various components identified herein. It is intended to encompass compositions comprising the component.
- a numerical range for a variable can equal any value(s) within that range as well as any and all subranges encompassed by the broader range. It is to convey that there is.
- a variable can equal any integer value within a range of numbers, including the endpoints of the range.
- a variable described as having a value between 0 and 10 could be 0, 4, 2-6, 2.75, 3.19 - 4.47, and so on.
- each individual feature or embodiment herein is combinable with any other individual feature or embodiment described herein without limitation. Such combinations are specifically contemplated as being within the scope of this disclosure, whether or not explicitly described herein as a combination.
- the electrode assembly may include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the electrode assembly may include a plurality of positive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes sequentially and repeatedly stacked. For example, an anode may be provided as the first layer of the electrode assembly. Then, a separator may be stacked on top of the anode, and a cathode may be stacked on top of the separator. Furthermore, another separator may be provided on top of the cathode, and another anode may be provided in a stacked manner.
- the electrode assembly may have a stack type or a stack/folding type in which the electrodes and the separator are sequentially stacked, or may have a jelly-roll type shape.
- the electrode assembly thus prepared can then be inserted into the battery's housing.
- the housing of the battery may have a form of a metal can or a pouch including a polymer film, but is not limited thereto.
- a pouch-type battery (or pouch-type battery cell) may be formed by inserting an electrode assembly (eg, a stacked electrode assembly or a jelly roll electrode assembly) into a pouch. Thereafter, an electrolyte may be injected into the pouch and sealed to assemble a pouch-type battery cell.
- the electrolyte injected into the pouch may flow into pores existing in the electrode assembly to fill the pores, and at the same time fill an empty space inside the housing other than the volume (apparent volume) occupied by the electrode assembly.
- the pores may include pores formed in at least one of an anode, a cathode, and a separator, and may be an anode.
- the amount of electrolyte to be injected into the pouch is predetermined before the electrolyte is injected into the pouch to ensure uniform impregnation and to prevent overflow of excess electrolyte. Therefore, a change in the thickness of the pouch cell (or battery cell) detected after the electrolyte is injected into the pouch cell means that the electrode assembly, particularly the positive electrode, is impregnated unevenly or non-uniformly with the electrolyte.
- non-uniform or non-uniform impregnation of the electrolyte can occur due to low porosity of one or more electrodes (eg, high-density anode(s)). Therefore, if the high-density anode of the Li-S battery is not uniformly or uniformly impregnated with the electrolyte, the excess electrolyte will expand and cause defects in the battery, reducing performance and battery life.
- one or more electrodes eg, high-density anode(s)
- a lithium ion secondary battery including a high-density electrode and minimizing swelling is provided.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention has a swelling factor (SF) according to [Equation 1] below of 0 or more and less than 10, 0 or more and 7 or less, or 0 or more to 5 or less.
- T1 means the first thickness
- T2 means the second thickness
- the first thickness is the thickness of the cell at any point before electrolyte injection
- the second thickness is the thickness of the cell after electrolyte injection (Embodiment A).
- the first and second thicknesses are measured at the same point before and after electrolyte injection.
- the SF may be a value obtained by averaging values measured at two or more points.
- the SF can be measured at more than two or more than three points.
- the second thickness may be measured before or after sealing the battery.
- the battery in the embodiment A, is injected with an electrolyte solution in a state where external pressure is applied to the battery, wherein the T2 is measured in a state where the pressure is maintained after injection of the electrolyte solution, or the pressure is It may be measured in a released state. Since T1 is a value measured before injection of the electrolyte, it may have substantially the same thickness when pressure is applied or not.
- the first thickness may be a thickness measured at any one point of the cell and the second thickness may be a thickness measured at any other point (Embodiment B). If it is necessary to distinguish it from the SF of Embodiment A below, it is expressed as SF'.
- the first and second thicknesses may be measured after injection of the electrolyte.
- the first and second thicknesses may be measured before or after sealing the pouch after injecting the electrolyte.
- the first and second thicknesses may be a combination in which SF represents the largest value among two values selected from among a plurality of values measured at two or more arbitrary points.
- the battery is one in which electrolyte is injected in a state in which external pressure is applied to the battery, and both the first and second thicknesses are measured in a state in which pressure is applied or in a state in which pressure is released. it could be
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may have an SF value of 0 or more and less than 10, 0 or more and 7 or less, or 0 or more and 5 or less according to the embodiment A.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may have an SF value (SF′) of 0 or more and 7 or less, 0 or more and 5 or less, 0 or more 3 or less, or 0 or more and 1 or less according to the embodiment B.
- SF′ SF value
- the battery may satisfy at least Embodiment A, or may satisfy both Embodiment A and Embodiment B.
- the volume expansion of the battery is suppressed by injecting the electrolyte in a state in which pressure is applied, so when the SF value according to embodiment A has a value of less than 10, the SF value according to embodiment B is substantially 7
- the following values can be expressed.
- Embodiment B The SF values described below are mainly centered on Embodiment A. However, it goes without saying that the description for Embodiment B is not excluded and can be applied to Embodiment B as well.
- the lithium ion secondary battery has a value of SF according to Equation 1 in the range of 0 or more and less than 10 (0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 10), 0 or more and 7 or less (0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 7), or 0 or more and 5 or less (0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 5) indicates little or no swelling of the lithium secondary battery.
- the SF is 0 or more and 5 or less.
- the above range can be referred to.
- the thickness means the height of the battery according to the direction in which battery components such as electrodes and separators are stacked based on the electrode assembly.
- a lithium ion secondary battery in which swelling is minimized or does not occur at all for example, a lithium secondary battery that satisfies 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 10 or 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 7 or 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 5 can be manufactured.
- Such a lithium secondary battery may be manufactured by inserting an electrode assembly (eg, a stacked electrode assembly, a jelly roll electrode assembly, etc.) into a housing of the battery.
- the housing may then be placed in a jig configured to apply a predetermined pressure to one or more surfaces of the battery housing.
- the housing may be a pouch used for a pouch type battery, but is not limited thereto.
- the effects according to the present invention may be better displayed when the housing is a pouch compared to when the housing is a metal can.
- volume expansion can be suppressed by the rigidity of the metal.
- the pouch-type exterior material has lower rigidity than a metal can and is easily deformed by external force.
- the battery according to the present invention when the battery according to the present invention is manufactured using a pouch-type exterior material, the effect can be maximized.
- a metal can is used as a housing material, improved effects can be exhibited by the battery manufacturing method according to the present invention depending on the metal material used and its inherent properties.
- a Li-S battery manufactured according to the present invention may include a high-density positive electrode and an electrolyte uniformly or uniformly impregnated into the high-density positive electrode.
- Such a Li-S battery may satisfy 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 10, preferably 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 5, and thus, volume expansion may be minimized or may not expand at all.
- the high-density cathode of the Li-S battery according to the present invention has a structure in which the energy density is improved by lowering the porosity, when the range of 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 10 is satisfied after injection of the electrolyte, substantially driving the Li-S battery It is possible to reduce the amount of electrolyte required for the battery, improve battery performance and improve battery life.
- a change in the thickness of a lithium secondary battery is detected by specifying one or more positions of the battery housing before injecting the electrolyte and measuring the thickness before and after the injection of the electrolyte at each position. or you can decide.
- the value may be used as the thickness value
- the average value of individual values may be used as the thickness value.
- an average value of SF values calculated at each point may be used as the total SF value.
- a change in battery thickness is detected or determined by measuring irregularities on the surface of the lithium secondary battery.
- the difference between the first and second thicknesses may be the SF value
- the scope of the present invention includes a wider range than exemplified.
- the technical idea or subject matter of the present invention may be embodied in a method, apparatus, component or system. Accordingly, an embodiment may take the form of, for example, hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof (excluding the software itself). Accordingly, the following detailed description is not intended to be taken in a limiting sense.
- the lithium secondary battery 100 may include an electrode assembly (not shown), a housing 102 , a first electrode tab 104 and a second electrode tab 106 .
- housing 102 may be a pouch as shown in FIG. 1 .
- the housing 102 may be a prismatic housing or a cylindrical housing, but is not limited thereto.
- the first electrode tab 104 may be a positive electrode tab
- the second electrode tab 106 may be a negative electrode tab, or vice versa.
- the first electrode tab 104 and the second electrode tab 106 may be electrically coupled to an electrode assembly (shown in detail later in FIG. 2B ) of the lithium secondary battery 100 .
- the first electrode tab 104 can be electrically connected to one or more positive electrodes of the electrode assembly.
- the second electrode tab 104 may be electrically connected to one or more negative electrodes of the electrode assembly. 2
- the first electrode tab 104 and the second electrode tab 106 are shown as being disposed on opposite sides of the lithium secondary battery 100, but the first electrode tab 104 and the second electrode tab 106 are not limited thereto and may be disposed on any side or position of the lithium secondary battery 100 individually or together.
- FIG. 2A schematically illustrates a form before an electrolyte is injected into a lithium secondary battery 200 according to an aspect of the present invention.
- the cell 200 may include a housing 102 (eg, a pouch), an electrode assembly 210 and an empty volume (or empty space, eg, a dead space) 204 .
- the housing 102 may include an opening 202, and in the manufacturing process of the battery 100 of the present invention, electrolyte is injected into the housing through the opening 202, and the electrolyte is inside the electrode assembly 210. (eg, pores of an electrode) to impregnate the electrode assembly with the electrolyte. Any remaining electrolyte may be filled or dispersed into the void 204 .
- the empty space 204 is a space generated when the sheet-type pouch film is substantially deformed (for example, folded or bent) to accommodate an electrode assembly having a specific shape. Therefore, it is preferable that the inner space of the housing matches the shape of the electrode assembly to prevent such an empty space from occurring. However, in practice, the volume of the inner space of the housing exceeds the volume (apparent volume) of the electrode assembly to be accommodated, resulting in an empty space. When manufacturing the battery, it is preferable to design the empty space of the housing to be minimized. In one embodiment of the present invention, excess electrolyte remaining without being impregnated into the electrode assembly 210 may be stored in the empty space 204 .
- the electrolyte injection amount is determined in consideration of the volume of the empty space.
- the battery 200 after injection of the electrolyte may be substantially the same as the thickness of the battery before injection of the electrolyte.
- the electrode assembly 210 may include one or more positive electrodes 212 , one or more separators 214 , and one or more negative electrodes 216 .
- the positive electrode 212, the separator 214, and the negative electrode 216 are repeatedly and sequentially stacked, and the last layer 218 (a positive or negative electrode layer depending on the order and direction of stacking) It can be formed by layering.
- the number of each negative electrode, positive electrode, and separator included in the electrode assembly may be based, for example, on a desired capacity and/or function of the electrode assembly 210 for the battery 100 or 200.
- the cathode 212 may include at least a cathode current collector and a cathode active material layer (not shown) disposed on at least one surface or both surfaces of the cathode current collector.
- the positive current collector may include an electrically conductive material such as aluminum foam or nickel foam, but is not limited thereto.
- the cathode active material layer may include, for example, a cathode active material, a binder, and a conductive material (conductive material).
- the total content of the positive active material in the positive active material layer may account for about 70% to 95% of the total weight of the positive active material layer.
- the ratio of the cathode active material included in the cathode active material layer is less than 70% to less than 95% (eg, less than 60%)
- the capacity of the battery 100 may be reduced.
- the ratio of the cathode active material exceeds the above range (eg, greater than 95%), overvoltage of the battery 100 may occur.
- the cathode active material may include, for example, a sulfur-based cathode active material, and preferably, the sulfur-based cathode active material is 70wt% or more, 80wt% or more, 90wt% or more of the cathode active material It may contain 99 wt% or more.
- the positive electrode active material may include 90wt% or more of the sulfur-based positive electrode active material or may consist of only the sulfur-based positive electrode active material.
- the sulfur-based cathode active material may include sulfur, elemental sulfur (S 8 ), a sulfur-based compound containing sulfur, and the like, but is not limited thereto.
- the sulfur-based cathode active material is Li 2 S n (n is a real number of 1 or more), an organic sulfur composite material or a carbon-sulfur composite (C 2 S x ) n (x is a real number from 2.5 to 50, n is 2 or more mistakes).
- the content of sulfur in the sulfur-based cathode active material may be 60wt% or more, 70wt% or more, 80wt% or more, or 90wt% or more.
- the sulfur-based cathode active material may be a carbon-sulfur composite, and the sulfur content may be 60wt% or more, 70wt% or more, or 80wt% or more relative to 100wt% of the carbon-sulfur composite.
- Non-limiting examples of the conductive material include carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, or Ketjen Black; and conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene, and polypyrrole.
- the conductive material may occupy about 1wt% to 20wt%, 1wt% to 10wt%, or 1wt% to 7wt% of the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer. If the conductive material is less than 1% of the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer, the effect or result of improving electrical conductivity by the conductive material may be insignificant. On the other hand, if the conductive material exceeds about 20% by weight, the amount of the positive electrode active material is relatively small. As a result, the capacity of the battery 100 may be lowered or reduced. Meanwhile, the conductive material is different from that included as the carbon material of the sulfur-carbon composite.
- the binder is a binder material for an electrochemical device, and is not limited to a specific material as long as it binds components in an electrode such as an electrode active material and secures a desired binding force between the electrode active material layer and the current collector.
- Non-limiting examples thereof include acrylic binder polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethyl acrylate) containing polyacrylic acid polymerization units, and fluorine-based binder polymers including vinylidene fluoride polymerization units (polyvinylidene fluoride, polyfluoride Vinylidene-co-polyhexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trichloroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene , polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene , polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroch
- the binder may account for about 2wt% to 10wt% of the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the content of the binder is less than 2wt%, the effect or result of improving the adhesion between the positive electrode active material or the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode current collector may be insignificant.
- the content of the binder exceeds 10wt%, the amount of the positive electrode active material is relatively small, and thus the capacity of the battery 100 may decrease or decrease.
- the positive electrode 212 is formed by injecting a positive electrode material including a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder into an organic solvent to form a composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer on top of the positive electrode current collector. It can be prepared by coating and drying. If necessary, the electrode manufactured by the above method may be pressed to have a predetermined thickness, and at this time, if necessary, heat of a predetermined temperature may be applied.
- the organic solvent is a dispersion medium of the positive electrode material and may be a solvent that evaporates easily.
- the organic solvent may include, for example, at least one selected from methylpyrrolidone (NMP), acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, water, and isopropyl alcohol.
- NMP methylpyrrolidone
- the cathode material may be prepared in a dry mixed state without adding an organic solvent, or prepared in a wet state with a small amount of solvent added.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by applying the positive electrode material to the surface of the positive electrode current collector and then pressing it.
- the negative electrode 216 includes an anode active material layer including an anode active material.
- the negative electrode may include a negative electrode current collector, and in this case, a negative electrode active material layer (not shown) may be disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector or a positive electrode surface.
- the anode current collector may be selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, silver, palladium, nickel, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof.
- the stainless steel may be surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium or silver, and an aluminum-cadmium alloy may be used as the alloy.
- calcined carbon, surface-treated non-conductive polymers, conductive polymers, and the like may be used as precursors.
- the anode active material may include lithium metal, crystalline carbon, amorphous carbon, or a carbon material including a combination of crystalline and amorphous carbon, tin, tin oxide (SnO 2 , etc.), lithium titanium oxide (LTO), titanium nitrate, silicon (Si ), silicon oxide, a metal alloy of lithium and Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga or Cd, and the like.
- the lithium metal when lithium metal is used as the negative electrode active material, the lithium metal may form a thin film and be bound to the current collector.
- the negative active material layer may include a conductive material and a binder together with the negative active material.
- the type and content of the conductive material and/or binder may be substantially similar to those of the conductive material and binder described above with respect to the positive electrode 212 of the present invention.
- the separator 214 of the electrode assembly 210 is disposed between the positive electrode 212 and the negative electrode 216 to electrically insulate the positive electrode and the negative electrode and provide a movement path for ions.
- the separator may be used without limitation as long as it can be used in a lithium secondary battery. According to one embodiment of the present invention, it may be desirable to use a separator having low resistance and excellent electrolyte absorption characteristics.
- the separator may include a porous polymer film, a non-woven fabric made of a polymer material, glass fiber having a eutectic melting point, and the like.
- a non-limiting example of the polymer may be a porous polymer made of a polyolefin-based polymer such as an ethylene homopolymer, a propylene homopolymer, an ethylene/butene copolymer, an ethylene/hexene copolymer, or an ethylene/methacrylate copolymer.
- a polyolefin-based polymer such as an ethylene homopolymer, a propylene homopolymer, an ethylene/butene copolymer, an ethylene/hexene copolymer, or an ethylene/methacrylate copolymer.
- the system 300 may include a controller 302 , an electrolyte dispensing unit 304 , and a jig 306 .
- two flat plates are disposed in parallel, and as the interval between the flat plates is narrowed, pressure can be applied evenly to an object (eg, a battery) disposed between the flat plates.
- an object eg, a battery
- the flat plates may be maintained in parallel.
- the battery is disposed between the two flat plates of the jig, and the stacking direction of the electrode assembly may be perpendicular to the disposed direction of the flat plates. That is, the electrode plate (anode and/or cathode) included in the electrode assembly and the flat plate may be disposed in parallel.
- the system may further include a thickness measurement unit including a thickness measurement sensor to measure the thickness of the battery.
- the thickness measurement unit may be included in the jig or connected to the jig.
- the thickness measuring sensor may measure the distance between the upper plate and the lower plate of the jig and recognize the thickness of the battery.
- the system may further include an arithmetic unit (not shown), and the arithmetic unit calculates an SF value based on the numerical value for the battery thickness transmitted from the thickness measuring sensor and transmits it to the control device. Meanwhile, the timing at which the thickness measurement sensor measures the thickness may be automatically or manually controlled by an operator through the control device.
- the thickness (T1) of the battery before electrolyte injection is reduced after the battery is placed on the second flat plate (lower plate) of the jig, and the gap between the upper and lower plates of the jig is reduced and the first flat plate (upper plate) of the jig is reduced.
- ) may be the distance between the upper and lower plates when in contact with the battery. That is, the thickness of T1 is the thickness in a state in which no pressure is substantially applied to the battery.
- the T1 may be measured using a contact or non-contact thickness measuring device other than a jig and then input to the calculation device.
- the thickness T2 of the battery may be continuously measured at predetermined time intervals by the sensor while the electrolyte is injected.
- the SF value is continuously measured in the calculation device and transmitted to the control device so that the pressure may be adjusted so that the measured SF value has a value of less than 10, less than 7, less than 5, or less than 3.
- the value of the thickness T2 of the battery may be measured. In this case, it can be measured while the pressure finally applied to the battery is maintained.
- the T2 may be measured in a state in which the pressure applied to the battery is released.
- the thickness T2 of the battery after the pressure is released may be measured by the same method as the above-described method for measuring the thickness of T1.
- the thickness of the battery may be measured by various contact or non-contact type thickness measurement equipment known in the field of thickness measurement technology in addition to the method using a jig.
- the T1 and T2 thickness measurements for confirming SF' may be measured while the pressure applied to the battery is finally maintained or measured while the pressure applied to the battery is released.
- the system 300 may further include a machine or device (not shown) for manufacturing the electrode assembly 210, such as a device for loading the electrode assembly into the housing 102.
- a machine or device for manufacturing the electrode assembly 210, such as a device for loading the electrode assembly into the housing 102.
- the control device 302 may be configured to facilitate a battery manufacturing process described herein, such as the process illustrated in FIG. 5 .
- the controller 302 may include a computer system or one or more processors of a computer system. A process or process step performed by the computer system and one or more processors may refer to an operation.
- the one or more processors may be configured to perform the process by accessing instructions (eg, software or computer readable code) that when executed by the one or more processors cause the one or more processors to perform the process.
- the instructions may be stored in a memory of a computer system.
- the processor may be a central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), or other type of processing unit.
- the controller 302 can automatically control the electrolyte dispensing unit 304 to inject a predetermined amount of electrolyte into the cell 200 .
- an operator may operate control device 302 and/or electrolyte dispensing unit 304 to manually inject electrolyte.
- the controller 302 may be configured to apply pressure (or force) to one or more sides of the jig 306 .
- the pressure may be applied from a first direction 308 and/or a second direction 310 .
- the jig 306 may include one or more pressure devices (or mechanisms) configured to apply pressure from at least a first direction 308 and/or a second direction 310 .
- the controller 302 may be configured to control the amount of pressure applied to the cell 200 by or from the jig 306 .
- the jig 306 may be configured to apply equal or constant pressure to a single surface or to each entire surface. Additionally or alternatively, the jig 306 can be configured to apply different amounts of pressure to different surfaces of the cell 200 or to different regions of a single surface or to each surface of multiple surfaces of the cell 200. there is.
- the jig 306 is the battery 200 based on a predetermined structure (eg, thickness of the battery before electrolyte injection) and structural strength (eg, tensile strength or elastic strength of the battery) of the battery. It can be configured to apply pressure to. For example, based on the size, material, and shape of the jig 306 , various amounts of pressure may be applied to the cell 200 without additional external force or pressure being applied to the jig 306 .
- the jig 306 may alternatively or additionally apply one or more configurable pressures to or from the jig 306 such as a container, housing, etc., and may be pressurized to facilitate application of the one or more pressures.
- the pressurization device may include a motor, spring, and the like.
- control device 302 may be configured to automatically or manually adjust one or more pressurization devices or pressurization mechanisms to the applied pressure or the amount of pressure applied from the jig to the cell. At this time, the amount of pressure may be determined by the operation of the system 300 .
- non-uniform or non-uniform impregnation of the electrolyte may occur due to the low porosity of the high-density positive electrode.
- strong capillary action may occur at a position where the positive electrode contacts the electrolyte. Therefore, excessive swelling may occur at or near the initial contact point between the positive electrode and the electrolyte. Such excessive expansion may prevent distribution or distribution of the electrolyte to other regions of the positive electrode of the cell 200 .
- the positive electrode may include pores in which the electrolyte is not uniformly distributed or the electrolyte is not impregnated, and thus electrochemical performance such as life characteristics may be deteriorated.
- FIG. 8 schematically shows a shape in which the thickness of a battery is manufactured to be non-uniform due to the expansion of the volume at the injection hole position when the electrolyte is injected.
- the battery 200 may be a Li-S battery containing sulfur as a cathode active material.
- the positive electrode active material layer(s) 212 may have a density of 0.5 g/cc to 1.3 g/cc or 0.7 to 1.3 g/cc.
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer is an apparent density, and the apparent density can be calculated by ⁇ weight (g) of the positive electrode active material layer/volume (cc) of the positive electrode active material layer ⁇ .
- the positive electrode(s) 212 may have a porosity of 75 vol % or less, 70 vol % or less, or 65 vol % or less.
- the porosity of the positive electrode(s) may be 35 vol% or more.
- the porosity of the positive electrode is less than 35 vol%, problems in ion transport may occur.
- the porosity is greater than 75 vol%, the energy density and mechanical strength of the electrode decrease.
- the injection amount of the electrolyte may increase. If the porosity exceeds the range of 75 vol%, as described below, the entire electrode assembly may not be impregnated with the electrolyte when the electrolyte in the proper E/S range is injected. Meanwhile, the porosity (vol%) may be calculated by [ ⁇ 1-(apparent density/true density) ⁇ x100] dp.
- the true density may be measured from the components of the materials included in the positive electrode active material layer and the densities of each component.
- the porosity may be measured by the mercury porosimetry of ASTM D 4284-92 using equipment such as Micrometrics' autoprore IV 9500.
- the weight ratio of electrolyte to sulfur may be 2.7 or less.
- the weight of sulfur means the weight of sulfur included in the cathode active material of the positive electrode 212, and the weight of the electrolyte means the weight of the electrolyte injected into the battery.
- the ratio E/S may be greater than 0, greater than 1.0, or greater than 1.5.
- the ratio E/S may be 2.7 or less, 2.5 or less, or 2.0 or less.
- the ratio E/S exceeds 2.7 (eg, E/S > 2.7), the porosity of the positive electrode(s) 212 of the battery 200 is too high, and an excessive amount of electrolyte is present in the battery 200. can indicate This may mean that the density of the anode does not fall within an appropriate range.
- the system 300 can manufacture a cell 200 with minimal or no volume expansion of the battery through a pressurization process.
- the cell 200 may be inserted, placed, or arranged in the jig 306 before electrolyte is injected into the cell 200 .
- the cell 100 may be a Li-S battery.
- An electrode assembly (eg, electrode assembly 210) of the Li-S battery may include a high-density positive electrode 212 having low porosity.
- the electrode assembly 210 may be a lithium ion battery including high-density positive electrode(s) having a density of 0.5 g/cc to 4.5 g/cc or 0.7 g/cc to 4.5 g/cc.
- the density of an electrode means the density of an electrode active material layer. That is, in the present specification, the density of the positive electrode means the density of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the anode density of the present invention may be greater than or equal to 0.5 g/cc, greater than or equal to 0.7 g/cc, greater than or equal to 0.8 g/cc, or greater than or equal to 0.9 g/cc.
- the density of the positive electrode may be 4.5 g/cc or less, or 4.0 g/cc or less. If the density of the positive electrode is excessively high beyond the above range, battery life and/or battery performance may be reduced or deteriorated.
- the cathode of the present invention includes a sulfur-based cathode active material as a cathode active material, and preferably has a density of 0.7 g/cc or more.
- the upper limit of the density of the anode may be appropriately adjusted within the above range.
- a pressurization process may be performed so that the pores of the positive electrode are uniformly impregnated with the electrolyte.
- the pressing process may be performed based on one or more of several factors including porosity and density of the positive electrode(s), ratio E/S, shape and size of the battery, and the like.
- the amount of pressure applied during the pressing process may be controlled based on the thickness of the cell, specifically T1 and T2. While the electrolyte is being injected, T2 may be continuously measured through a thickness measuring device connected to the jig. Based on each measured T2, a relatively strong pressure can be applied to a battery with a large SF (high degree of expansion) to reduce expansion, and a relatively weak pressure can be applied to a battery with a small SF (low degree of expansion). there is. Since the injection is performed in a limited space where the position is fixed as much as the thickness of the cell, expansion of the electrode that occurs when the electrolyte is impregnated can be suppressed.
- the amount of pressure at the time of pressurization may be 100 atm or less.
- the amount of pressure may be 0.1 atm to 100 atm, 1 atm to 100 atm, 3 atm to 100 atm, or 5 atm to 100 amt.
- the pressure amount may be 100 atm or less, 70 atm or less, 50 atm or less, 30 atm or less, or 10 atm or less. If the pressure is less than 0.1 atm, the thickness of the battery may not be maintained constant. That is, if the pressure applied to the battery housing is insufficient, excessive expansion may occur at a position where the electrolyte first contacts the electrode assembly (or the positive electrode), and thus the thickness of the battery may increase.
- the amount of pressure is preferably maintained in a range where T2, which is continuously measured during injection of the electrolyte, is equal to or higher than T1, that is, the SF value is 0 or more.
- the amount of pressure applied to the cell 200 from or by the jig 306 may be adjusted based on the desired coefficient of expansion (SF) of the cell 200 .
- the expansion coefficient (SF) of the battery 100 and / or 200 may be defined as the following [Equation 1].
- Equation 1 in Equation 1, SF is the expansion coefficient, T1 means the thickness of the battery 200 before the electrolyte is injected into the housing 102, and T2 is the electrolyte in the housing 102 It may mean the thickness of the battery 200 after injection. Additionally or alternatively, T1 may be the thickness of the cell at any first point on the cell surface, and T2 may be the thickness of the cell at any second point other than T1.
- FIG. 4A illustratively shows a thickness measurement zone for the battery 200 .
- the thickness T1 of cell 200 may be measured before electrolyte is injected into housing 102 .
- the cell 200 may include Zone A, Zone B, and Zone C, and the thickness of the cell 200 is measured in Zone A, Zone B, and/or Zone C individually or in combination. It can be. Although three zones are shown in this embodiment, the number of measurement zones can be varied. In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the thickness can be measured at one or more specific points in each zone.
- FIG. 4B exemplarily shows a thickness measurement zone for a cell 200 .
- the thickness T2 of cell 200 may be measured after electrolyte is injected into housing 102 .
- the cell 200 may include Zone A, Zone B, and Zone C.
- the thickness of the cell 200 may be measured in Zone A, Zone B, and/or Zone C individually or in combination. Although three zones are shown in this embodiment, the number of measurement zones can be varied. In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the thickness can be measured at one or more specific points in each zone.
- the battery 200 having an expansion coefficient in the range of 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 10 can be manufactured by the battery manufacturing system 300 according to the present invention.
- This SF range will indicate minimal or no swelling of the cell 200 after the electrolyte is injected into the cell.
- the electrolyte when the electrolyte is injected into the housing of the battery 200, the electrolyte fills the empty space 204 inside the housing.
- any change in the thickness of cell 200 after electrolyte injection will indicate that the electrolyte has not impregnated the housing uniformly or uniformly. Therefore, an expansion coefficient greater than 0 may indicate that the electrolyte does not completely fill the pores of the electrode assembly and the empty space inside the battery 200 .
- the SF value is 10 or more, it may indicate that there is excessive electrolyte that is not impregnated into the internal pores of the electrode.
- the thickness of the battery is not substantially reduced, it is difficult for SF ⁇ 0 to occur after electrolyte injection.
- the expansion coefficient of the battery 200 is 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 10, or 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 7, 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 5, 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 3, 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 2, or 0 ⁇ SF ⁇ 1, preferably SF is 5 or less, most preferably SF may be 0.
- the empty space 204 is a space that normally exists inside the pouch, and is a space into which the remaining electrolyte can be introduced after the electrolyte is filled in the pores of the electrode. Therefore, when injecting an amount of electrolyte corresponding to the volume in consideration of the volume of pores in the electrode assembly, in some cases, even if not all flow into the electrode assembly and remain outside the electrode assembly, the empty space 204 is filled, so SF may have a value of less than 10, less than 7, or less than or equal to 5, and may preferably have a value close to zero.
- the anode is designed with a low porosity and high density, especially when the cathode of a lithium-sulfur battery has a high density and a low porosity, improved performance even when using a smaller amount of electrolyte than conventional Li-S batteries to drive or operate the battery.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention includes a high-density electrode and has a low ratio E/S, and is uniformly impregnated with an electrolyte to realize a high-capacity lithium secondary battery.
- a lithium secondary battery has a ratio E/S within the above range, and means that the weight of the electrolyte is less than a certain value compared to the weight of sulfur included as the positive electrode active material.
- the lithium secondary battery can exhibit high capacity because the density of the positive electrode is high and the electrolyte solution is uniformly introduced into the electrode assembly to have a uniform thickness.
- the lithium secondary battery may be 950 mAh/g s to 1300 mAh/g s .
- the capacity of the lithium secondary battery may be 950 mAh/g s or more, 1000 mAh/g s or more, or 1050 mAh/gs or more.
- the capacity of the secondary battery may be 1300 mAh/gs or less, 1250 mAh/ gs or less, or 1200 mAh/ gs or less.
- the battery capacity is based on the capacity per unit weight (g) of the cathode active material, that is, sulfur.
- the electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt. Also, the electrolyte may be a liquid electrolyte.
- the organic solvent serves as a medium through which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move.
- organic solvent those commonly used in lithium secondary battery electrolytes may be used without limitation, and for example, ether, ester, amide, chain carbonate, cyclic carbonate, etc. may be used alone or in combination of two or more. there is. Among them, ether-based compounds may be representatively included.
- the ether-based compound may include acyclic ethers and cyclic ethers.
- the acyclic ether is dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, methyl propyl ether, ethyl propyl ether, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, ethylene glycol ethyl methyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl Ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol diethyl ether, triethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol diethyl ether It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol diethyl ether, and
- the cyclic ether is dioxolane, 1,3-dioxolane, 4,5-dimethyl-dioxolane, 4,5-diethyl-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 4 -Ethyl-1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran, 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran, 2-ethoxytetrahydrofuran, 2- Methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2-methoxy-1,3-dioxolane, 2-ethyl-2 -Methyl-1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydropyran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimeth
- esters of the organic solvent include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, ⁇ -caprolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, and ⁇ -caprolactone, and any one selected from the group consisting of a mixture of two or more of them may be mentioned, but is not limited thereto.
- linear carbonate compound examples include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), methyl propyl carbonate and ethyl propyl carbonate, or a mixture of two or more thereof. Any one selected from the group may be mentioned, but is not limited thereto.
- cyclic carbonate compound examples include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 1,2-pentylene carbonate, 2 ,3-pentylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate, and halides thereof, or a mixture of two or more thereof.
- halides include, but are not limited to, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and the like.
- the lithium salt is a compound capable of providing lithium ions in an electrolyte.
- These lithium salts include LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlO 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiCH 3 SO 3 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC 4 BO 8 , LiCl, LiBr, LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiI or LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 and the like may be used.
- the lithium salt in terms of increasing the availability of sulfur and implementing a high-capacity and high-voltage battery, it is preferable to include Li-TFSI as the lithium salt. More preferably, the lithium salt may include LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 (Li-TFSI) in an amount of 80 wt% or more, 90 wt% or more, or 100% based on 100 wt% of the total lithium salt.
- Li-TFSI LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2
- the concentration of the lithium salt is in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 M, preferably 0.5 to 1 M, and more preferably 0.5 to 0.75 M.
- concentration of the lithium salt is within the above range, the electrolyte has appropriate conductivity and viscosity, so excellent electrolyte performance can be exhibited, and lithium ions can move effectively.
- concentration of the lithium salt is less than the above range, it may be difficult to secure ionic conductivity suitable for driving the battery. As this increases, the performance of the battery may deteriorate.
- the electrolyte may further include an additive for the purpose of improving lifespan characteristics of a battery, suppressing a decrease in battery capacity, and improving a discharge capacity of a battery.
- the additives include nitric acid compounds, nitrous acid compounds, haloalkylene carbonate compounds such as difluoro ethylene carbonate, pyridine, triethyl phosphite, triethanolamine, cyclic ethers, ethylene diamine, n-glyme ( glyme), hexamethylphosphate triamide, nitrobenzene derivative, sulfur, quinone imine dye, N-substituted oxazolidinone, N,N-substituted imidazolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salt, pyrrole, 2-methoxy Ethanol or aluminum trichloride may be used alone or in combination.
- the additive may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 10 wt%,
- the electrolyte may include a nitric acid compound and/or a nitrous acid-based compound as an additive.
- the nitric acid compound/nitrous acid-based compound as described above has an effect of forming a stable film on the lithium metal electrode, which is a negative electrode, and improving charging and discharging efficiency.
- nitric acid or nitrite-based compounds include lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ), potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ), cesium nitrate (CsNO 3 ), barium nitrate (Ba(NO 3 ) 2 ), ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ), nitrous acid inorganic nitric acid or nitrous acid compounds such as lithium (LiNO 2 ), potassium nitrite (KNO 2 ), cesium nitrite (CsNO 2 ), and ammonium nitrite (NH 4 NO 2 ); Organic nitric acids such as methyl nitrate, dialkyl imidazolium nitrate, guanidine nitrate, imidazolium nitrate, pyridinium nitrate, ethyl nitrite, propyl nitrite, butyl nitrite, pentyl nitrite, and octyl nitrite or a
- FIG. 5 is a process flow chart illustrating an exemplary method 500 for manufacturing a lithium secondary battery of the present invention step by step. Manufacturing of the battery may be performed by the battery manufacturing system 300 described above.
- an electrode assembly is formed by stacking the first electrode, the separator, and the second electrode (step 502).
- the first electrode may be an anode
- the second electrode may be a cathode.
- the electrode assembly is then inserted into the housing (step 504).
- the housing may be a pouch.
- the housing into which the electrode assembly is inserted is placed on a jig.
- the thickness T1 of the cell may be measured before being placed on the jig or after being placed on the jig.
- Pressure may then be applied to the surface of the inserted battery (step 506). The pressure can be controlled to yield a desired coefficient of expansion (SF).
- the amount of pressure can be controlled to an extent that meets the above-described condition at 100 atm or less.
- the expansion coefficient (SF) of the battery may be 0 to less than 10.
- a predetermined amount of electrolyte is injected into the housing (step 508). Meanwhile, as described above, the thickness of the battery is measured while the electrolyte is injected, and based on this, the amount of pressure applied to the battery can be appropriately controlled. Control of the amount of pressure may be based on the SF value.
- the battery is then sealed (step 510). Meanwhile, the expansion coefficient of the battery may be measured before the sealing.
- the coefficient of expansion can be measured after sealing the pouch.
- the thickness of T2 can be measured before or after releasing the pressure applied to the cell.
- the calculated expansion coefficient (SF) follows Equation 1 described above.
- the coefficient of expansion can be measured before or after pressure release with a value of T2 and is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10, preferably equal to or less than 7, preferably equal to or less than 5, preferably equal to or less than 3. or less.
- the thickness T1 and T2 are measured at two arbitrary points after the pressure is released from the battery, and the SF value can be calculated through this.
- the cathode active material sulfur-carbon composite
- CNT specific surface area 300 m 2 /g, particle diameter 20 ⁇ m
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- a lithium metal thin film was prepared as a negative electrode. After placing the prepared positive electrode and negative electrode to face each other, an electrode assembly was prepared by interposing a polyethylene separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a pressure jig having an upper plate and a lower plate disposed in parallel was prepared, and a pouch containing an electrode assembly was placed in the jig. Thereafter, the pressure was applied at about 5 atmospheres (atm) to maintain a constant thickness of the pouch cell.
- An electrolyte solution in which 1 mol of LiTFSI was added to a mixed organic solvent of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME)/dioxolane (DOL)/dimethoxyethane (DME) (volume ratio 1:1:1) was prepared. Meanwhile, LiNO 3 was added in a weight ratio of 1/10 of LiTFSI. After the electrolyte solution was injected, the pressure was reduced for about 3 seconds and maintained in a vacuum state. Then, after the electrolyte was completely injected, the jig was removed from the pouch cell.
- TEGDME tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether
- DOL dioxolane
- DME diimethoxyethane
- a Li-S secondary battery in the form of a pouch cell was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the pressing step before and after the injection of the electrolyte was not performed.
- a charge/discharge test was performed by repeatedly charging and discharging the Li-S secondary battery manufactured in the form of a pouch cell at room temperature. After the first discharge at 0.1 C, the same charge and discharge were repeated twice more, and after repeating the charge and discharge three times at 0.2 C, the charge and discharge were repeated continuously at 0.3 C/0.5 C. Initial discharge capacity was evaluated by obtaining a capacity-voltage graph at the time of initial discharge, and high-speed performance was evaluated by obtaining a graph of capacity change according to cycle repetition.
- the 0.1C nominal voltage was measured using a PNESOLUTION charger/discharger.
- Example 6 is a graph 600 comparing initial discharge capacities of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 manufactured according to an aspect of the present invention. As shown in Table 1 and graph 600, the battery of Example 1 was superior to the battery of Comparative Example 1 in initial discharge capacity characteristics.
- Example 7 is a graph 700 comparing discharge cycle characteristics of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 manufactured according to an aspect of the present invention. As shown in Table 1 and graph 700, the battery of Example 1 was found to have excellent lifespan characteristics compared to the battery of Comparative Example 1.
- Example 1 shows superior 0.1C discharge nominal voltage and energy density compared to Comparative Example 1.
- the electrolyte/sulfur ratio of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 was the same, but all other physical properties of Example 1 were superior to those of Comparative Example 1, because the electrolyte solution was uniformly injected by the pressurization process.
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Abstract
Description
초기 방전 용량(mAh/g· s ) | 배터리 수명(cycle@Retention 90%) | 0.1C 공칭 전압(V) | 전해질/황 비율 (E/S) |
에너지 밀도(Wh/kg) | SF | |
비교예 1 | 910 | 4 | 2.045 | 1.5 | 357 | 10 |
실시예 1 | 1030 | 30 | 2.117 | 1.5 | 436 | 0 |
Claims (19)
- 양극 활물질로 황계 화합물을 포함하는 리튬-황 전지에 있어서,양극, 음극 및 및 상기 양극과 음극 사이에 개재되는 분리막;을 포함하는 전극 조립체,상기 전극 전극조립체를 수납하는 파우치; 및전해질을 포함하며,상기 리튬-황 전지는 하기 식 1에 따른 팽창 계수(SF)가 0 이상 10 미만인 것이며,[식 1]SF = (T2-T1) /( T1)x100, 그리고여기서, T1은 리튬-황 전지의 제1 두께이고, T2는 리튬-황 전지의 제2 두께인 것인 리튬-황 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제1 두께는 상기 파우치에 전해액이 주입되기 전의 전지의 두께이고, 상기 제2 두께는 상기 파우치에 전해액을 주입한 후의 리튬-황 전지의 두께인 것인 리튬-황 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제1 두께 및 제2 두께는 모두 전해액이 주액된 후 측정된 것이고, 제1 및 제2 두께는 각각 전지의 임의의 지점에서 측정되며, 상기 제1 및 제2 두께의 측정 지점은 서로 다른 것인 리튬-황 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 양극은 탄소 재료와 황을 포함하는 황-탄소 복합체를 양극 활물질로 포함하는 것인 리튬-황 전지.
- 제4항에 있어서,상기 황-탄소 복합체 총 중량에 대해서 황의 중량이 70% 이상인 것인 리튬-황 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 양극은 양극 활물질층의 밀도가 0.5g/cc 내지 4.5g/cc인 것인 리튬-황 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 음극은 음극 활물질로 리튬을 포함하는 것인 리튬-황 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 황의 중량에 대한 전해질 중량의 비율인 E/S가 2.7 이하인 것인 리튬-황 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 양극의 양극 활물질층은 기공도가 35vol% 내지 75vol%인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬-황 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 전지의 용량은 950mAh/gs 내지 1300mAh/gs인 것인 리튬-황 전지.
- 제1항의 리튬-황 배터리를 전원으로 포함하는 전기 자동차.
- 양극, 분리막, 및 음극을 적층하여 전극 조립체를 형성하는 단계;상기 전극 조립체를 파우치에 수납하는 단계;상기 전극 조립체가 수납된 파우치에 소정 압력이 인가되는 단계;상기 소정 압력이 유지되는 상태에서 소정량의 전해질이 파우치에 주입되는 단계;및상기 파우치를 밀봉하는 단계를 포함하며,상기 리튬-황 전지는 하기 식 1에 따른 팽창 계수(SF)가 0 이상 10 미만인 것이며,[식 1]SF = (T2-T1) /( T1)x100, 그리고여기서, T1은 리튬-황 전지의 제1 두께이고, T2는 리튬-황 전지의 제2 두께인 것인 리튬-황 전지를 제조하는 방법.
- 제12항에 있어서,상기 파우치를 밀봉하기 전에 팽창 계수(SF)를 측정하는 단계를 더 포함하는 것인 리튬-황 전지를 제조하는 방법.
- 제13항에 있어서,상기 팽창 계수를 측정하는 단계는 상기 파우치에 전해액을 주입하기 전의 리튬-황 전지의 제1 두께를 측정하는 단계; 및 상기 파우치에 전해액을 주입한 후 리튬-황 전지의 제2 두께를 측정하는 단계를 포함하는 것인 리튬-황 전지를 제조하는 방법.
- 제12항에 있어서,상기 파우치를 밀봉한 후 팽창 계수를 측정하는 단계를 더 포함하는 것인 포함하는 것인 리튬-황 전지를 제조하는 방법.
- 제15항에 있어서,상기 팽창 계수를 측정하는 단계는 리튬-황 배터리의 제1 구역에서 배터리의 제1 두께를 측정하는 단계; 및 리튬-황 배터리의 제2 구역에서 배터리의 제2 두께를 측정하는 단계를 포함하는 것인 리튬-황 전지를 제조하는 방법.
- 제12항에 있어서,상기 압력의 양이 100 atm 이하인 것인 리튬-황 전지를 제조하는 방법.
- 제어장치;상기 제어장치와 연결되고 제1 평판 및 제2 평판을 포함하고, 상기 제1 평판과 상기 제2 평판 사이에 압력을 가하며, 상기 압력의 양은 상기 리튬-황 전지의 팽창 계수를 기초로 하는 것인 기초하는 지그; 및상기 제어장치와 연결되고 상기 리튬-황 배터리의 파우치에 전해질을 주입하도록 구성된 전해액 주액 장치를 포함하며,상기 팽창 계수(SF)는 하기 식 1에 따른 것이며,[식 1]SF = (T2-T1) /( T1)x100, 그리고여기서, T1은 리튬-황 전지의 제1 두께이고, T2는 리튬-황 전지의 제2 두께인 것인 리튬-황 전지를 제조하는 시스템.
- 제18항에 있어서,상기 팽창 계수에 기초하여 상기 리튬-황 배터리에 가해지는 압력의 양을 조절하는 제어 장치를 더 포함하는 것인 리튬-황 전지를 제조하는 시스템.
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