WO2023058573A1 - 現像装置、プロセスカートリッジ、画像形成装置 - Google Patents
現像装置、プロセスカートリッジ、画像形成装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2023058573A1 WO2023058573A1 PCT/JP2022/036703 JP2022036703W WO2023058573A1 WO 2023058573 A1 WO2023058573 A1 WO 2023058573A1 JP 2022036703 W JP2022036703 W JP 2022036703W WO 2023058573 A1 WO2023058573 A1 WO 2023058573A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- toner
- developer
- image
- carrier
- charge
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 172
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 title claims description 135
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 64
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 91
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 87
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 360
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 179
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 138
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 138
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 129
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 126
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 93
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 82
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 73
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 67
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 61
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 57
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 57
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 57
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 55
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 53
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 52
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 52
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 51
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 51
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 45
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 42
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 42
- 150000003961 organosilicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 42
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 40
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 39
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 39
- -1 imide compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 36
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical group [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 35
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 35
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 35
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 31
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 31
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 29
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 27
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 27
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 27
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 26
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 23
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 23
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 23
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 23
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 22
- 108091008695 photoreceptors Proteins 0.000 description 22
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 21
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 18
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 18
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 17
- 229920001558 organosilicon polymer Polymers 0.000 description 17
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 13
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 11
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 10
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- YJLUBHOZZTYQIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[5-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C1=NN=C(O1)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 YJLUBHOZZTYQIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 9
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 9
- AIFLGMNWQFPTAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 2-hydroxypropanoate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O AIFLGMNWQFPTAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 8
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 8
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229920005668 polycarbonate resin Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000004431 polycarbonate resin Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 8
- WZFUQSJFWNHZHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)N1CCN(CC1)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 WZFUQSJFWNHZHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical group OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 7
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000004945 silicone rubber Substances 0.000 description 7
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 6
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000851 scanning transmission electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000005456 alcohol based solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000008366 benzophenones Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl prop-2-enoate;methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.COC(=O)C(C)=C.CCCCOC(=O)C=C QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004210 ether based solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910021480 group 4 element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229920005990 polystyrene resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(methyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](C)(OCC)OCC CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- ARXJGSRGQADJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methoxypropan-2-ol Chemical compound COCC(C)O ARXJGSRGQADJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 101000832669 Rattus norvegicus Probable alcohol sulfotransferase Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 239000006087 Silane Coupling Agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003759 ester based solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 4
- IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanate group Chemical group [N-]=C=O IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 235000019271 petrolatum Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000012756 surface treatment agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005011 time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 4
- HMUNWXXNJPVALC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]-2-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)N1CCN(CC1)C(CN1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)=O HMUNWXXNJPVALC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SXAMGRAIZSSWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C1=NOC(=N1)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 SXAMGRAIZSSWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000935974 Paralichthys dentatus Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011354 acetal resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical class O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- OPQYOFWUFGEMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2,2-dimethylpropaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C(C)(C)C OPQYOFWUFGEMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000349 titanium oxysulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B titanium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical class [Ti+4].[Ti+4].[Ti+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 3
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001132 ultrasonic dispersion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)-N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C(=O)NCCC(N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)=O VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZRPAUEVGEGEPFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C=1C=NN(C=1)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 ZRPAUEVGEGEPFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LYPJRFIBDHNQLY-UHFFFAOYSA-J 2-hydroxypropanoate;zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [Zr+4].CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O LYPJRFIBDHNQLY-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CONKBQPVFMXDOV-QHCPKHFHSA-N 6-[(5S)-5-[[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]methyl]-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]-3H-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)N1CCN(CC1)C[C@H]1CN(C(O1)=O)C1=CC2=C(NC(O2)=O)C=C1 CONKBQPVFMXDOV-QHCPKHFHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N D-gluconic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YIVJZNGAASQVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lauroyl peroxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC YIVJZNGAASQVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229920000180 alkyd Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000981 basic dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- HFACYLZERDEVSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzidine Chemical class C1=CC(N)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 HFACYLZERDEVSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001556 benzimidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LLSDKQJKOVVTOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium chloride dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] LLSDKQJKOVVTOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 150000001244 carboxylic acid anhydrides Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012461 cellulose resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) phthalocyanine Chemical compound [Cu+2].C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZQMIGQNCOMNODD-UHFFFAOYSA-N diacetyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(=O)OOC(C)=O ZQMIGQNCOMNODD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000664 diazo group Chemical group [N-]=[N+]=[*] 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethoxymethane Chemical compound COCOC NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000008376 fluorenones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052588 hydroxylapatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H magnesium phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 239000004137 magnesium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000157 magnesium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229960002261 magnesium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000010994 magnesium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- NYGZLYXAPMMJTE-UHFFFAOYSA-M metanil yellow Chemical group [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC(N=NC=2C=CC(NC=3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=2)=C1 NYGZLYXAPMMJTE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002762 monocarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L oxygen(2-);titanium(4+);sulfate Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 2
- PXDJXZJSCPSGGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palmityl palmitate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC PXDJXZJSCPSGGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;hydroxide;triphosphate Chemical compound [OH-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013500 performance material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pimelic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(O)=O WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006122 polyamide resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920013716 polyethylene resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- RGBXDEHYFWDBKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl propan-2-yloxy carbonate Chemical compound CC(C)OOC(=O)OC(C)C RGBXDEHYFWDBKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004053 quinones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011342 resin composition Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003967 siloles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001467 sodium calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N suberic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCC(O)=O TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 2
- 238000002042 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000348 titanium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(IV) isopropoxide Chemical compound CC(C)O[Ti](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005259 triarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910000391 tricalcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019731 tricalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940078499 tricalcium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000003628 tricarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- HQYALQRYBUJWDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(propyl)silane Chemical compound CCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC HQYALQRYBUJWDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000007964 xanthones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BOOBDAVNHSOIDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,3-dichlorobenzoyl) 2,3-dichlorobenzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(C(=O)OOC(=O)C=2C(=C(Cl)C=CC=2)Cl)=C1Cl BOOBDAVNHSOIDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRXCBRHBHGNNQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) 2,4-dichlorobenzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound ClC1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl WRXCBRHBHGNNQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JMYZLRSSLFFUQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-chlorobenzoyl) 2-chlorobenzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1Cl JMYZLRSSLFFUQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FVQMJJQUGGVLEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy 2-ethylhexaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)C(=O)OOOC(C)(C)C FVQMJJQUGGVLEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001124 (E)-prop-1-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- TYKCBTYOMAUNLH-MTOQALJVSA-J (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O TYKCBTYOMAUNLH-MTOQALJVSA-J 0.000 description 1
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMBUODUULYCPAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-bis(docosanoyloxy)propan-2-yl docosanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DMBUODUULYCPAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AYMDJPGTQFHDSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-ethenoxyethoxy)-2-ethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCCOC=C AYMDJPGTQFHDSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TZNFILVGTFSIHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-docosanoyloxyhexyl docosanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(CCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC TZNFILVGTFSIHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWBMNCRJFZGXJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hydroperoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(OO)CCCC2=C1 YWBMNCRJFZGXJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-one Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)N1CCC(=O)CC1 RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNETULKMXZVUST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 LNETULKMXZVUST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CN=C1OC1=CC=C(F)C=C1F LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylpropan-2-ylperoxy)propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000536 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CC(C)(C)NC(=O)C=C XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WYGWHHGCAGTUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(2-cyano-4-methylpentan-2-yl)diazenyl]-2,4-dimethylpentanenitrile Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(C#N)N=NC(C)(C#N)CC(C)C WYGWHHGCAGTUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXBCBTDQIULDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)CO TXBCBTDQIULDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHHXXUFDXRYMQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol;titanium Chemical compound [Ti].OCCN(CCO)CCO XHHXXUFDXRYMQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WDQMWEYDKDCEHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C(C)=C WDQMWEYDKDCEHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroperoxy-2-(2-hydroperoxybutan-2-ylperoxy)butane Chemical compound CCC(C)(OO)OOC(C)(CC)OO WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000954 2-hydroxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- VSSGDAWBDKMCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-2-(2-methylprop-2-enoylamino)propane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)NC(C)(C)CS(O)(=O)=O VSSGDAWBDKMCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XEEYSDHEOQHCDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-2-ene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)CS(O)(=O)=O XEEYSDHEOQHCDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PIAOLBVUVDXHHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitroethenylbenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PIAOLBVUVDXHHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylethenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FRIBMENBGGCKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enal Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=CC=O)=C1OC FRIBMENBGGCKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMVCEEXLZUGQJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(diethoxymethoxysilyl)propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound C(C(=C)C)(=O)OCCC[SiH2]OC(OCC)OCC UMVCEEXLZUGQJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KBOIHRSQOSWLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[ethoxy(dimethoxy)silyl]propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical class CCO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C KBOIHRSQOSWLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-azaniumyl-2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound NCC(O)C(O)=O BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMDPTYFNMLYSLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-silylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical class CC(=C)C(=O)OCCC[SiH3] IMDPTYFNMLYSLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URDOJQUSEUXVRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-triethoxysilylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C URDOJQUSEUXVRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QPQKUYVSJWQSDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenyldiazenylaniline Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1N=NC1=CC=CC=C1 QPQKUYVSJWQSDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PBWGCNFJKNQDGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-5-amine Chemical compound N1=C2SC=CN2C(N)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 PBWGCNFJKNQDGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002799 BoPET Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-gluconic acid Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethylenetriamine Chemical compound NCCNCCN RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001856 Ethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl cellulose Chemical compound CCOCC1OC(OC)C(OCC)C(OCC)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000000177 Indigofera tinctoria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004420 Iupilon Substances 0.000 description 1
- WXFIGDLSSYIKKV-RCOVLWMOSA-N L-Metaraminol Chemical compound C[C@H](N)[C@H](O)C1=CC=CC(O)=C1 WXFIGDLSSYIKKV-RCOVLWMOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004944 Liquid Silicone Rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWFGDXZQZYMSMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Octadecansaeure-heptadecylester Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC GWFGDXZQZYMSMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004264 Petrolatum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001665 Poly-4-vinylphenol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004962 Polyamide-imide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinacridone Chemical class N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=C1C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3NC1=C2 NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IQXDUKXUDQPOBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-octadecanoyloxy-2-[[3-octadecanoyloxy-2,2-bis(octadecanoyloxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(octadecanoyloxymethyl)propyl] octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COCC(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC IQXDUKXUDQPOBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RAOSIAYCXKBGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-K [Cu+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical class [Cu+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RAOSIAYCXKBGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- KYIKRXIYLAGAKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N abcn Chemical compound C1CCCCC1(C#N)N=NC1(C#N)CCCCC1 KYIKRXIYLAGAKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical class [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940091181 aconitic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000005396 acrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000288 alkali metal carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008041 alkali metal carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000318 alkali metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052936 alkali metal sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005370 alkoxysilyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium isopropoxide Chemical compound [Al+3].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-] SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical class [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002052 anaphylactic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous glutaric acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002048 anodisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000410 antimony oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XRASGLNHKOPXQL-UHFFFAOYSA-L azane 2-oxidopropanoate titanium(4+) dihydrate Chemical compound N.N.O.O.[Ti+4].CC([O-])C([O-])=O.CC([O-])C([O-])=O XRASGLNHKOPXQL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VEGSIXIYQSUOQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;2-hydroxypropanoic acid;zirconium Chemical compound [NH4+].[Zr].CC(O)C([O-])=O VEGSIXIYQSUOQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000987 azo dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940090958 behenyl behenate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008641 benzimidazolones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000416 bismuth oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010338 boric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001639 boron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromic acid Chemical compound OBr(=O)=O SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KULVLHITTUZALN-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromomethyl benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound BrCOOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KULVLHITTUZALN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DKSMCEUSSQTGBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromous acid Chemical compound OBr=O DKSMCEUSSQTGBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- XGZGKDQVCBHSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl(triethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC XGZGKDQVCBHSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SXPLZNMUBFBFIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC SXPLZNMUBFBFIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012241 calcium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTJUKNSKBAOEHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N calixarene Chemical compound COC(=O)COC1=C(CC=2C(=C(CC=3C(=C(C4)C=C(C=3)C(C)(C)C)OCC(=O)OC)C=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)OCC(=O)OC)C=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1CC1=C(OCC(=O)OC)C4=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C1 VTJUKNSKBAOEHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005323 carbonate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004203 carnauba wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013869 carnauba wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013522 chelant Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940005991 chloric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940077239 chlorous acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GTZCVFVGUGFEME-IWQZZHSRSA-N cis-aconitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C\C(C(O)=O)=C\C(O)=O GTZCVFVGUGFEME-IWQZZHSRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- DYROSKSLMAPFBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O DYROSKSLMAPFBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-tert-butyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPQREHKVAOVYBT-UHFFFAOYSA-H dialuminum;tricarbonate Chemical class [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O PPQREHKVAOVYBT-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibismuth;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Bi+3].[Bi+3] TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001990 dicarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PRNNATBNXILRSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N didocosyl decanedioate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC PRNNATBNXILRSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FRIHIIJBRMOLFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethoxymethoxy(methyl)silane Chemical compound C[SiH2]OC(OCC)OCC FRIHIIJBRMOLFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- AFOSIXZFDONLBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N divinyl sulfone Chemical compound C=CS(=O)(=O)C=C AFOSIXZFDONLBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006351 engineering plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(triethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C=C FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C=C NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WPJVMPQSTHTWKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxy-dimethoxy-methylsilane Chemical compound CCO[Si](C)(OC)OC WPJVMPQSTHTWKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWAFVXWRGIEBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxysilane Chemical compound CCO[SiH3] CWAFVXWRGIEBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001249 ethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019325 ethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000174 gluconic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012208 gluconic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QFWPJPIVLCBXFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N glymidine Chemical compound N1=CC(OCCOC)=CN=C1NS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QFWPJPIVLCBXFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002357 guanidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N heliogen blue Chemical class [Cu].[N-]1C2=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=NC([N-]1)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=N2 RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052595 hematite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011019 hematite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CZWLNMOIEMTDJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCCCCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC CZWLNMOIEMTDJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009775 high-speed stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000007857 hydrazones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940071870 hydroiodic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CUILPNURFADTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypobromous acid Chemical compound BrO CUILPNURFADTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEOVEUCEIQCBKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypoiodous acid Chemical compound IO GEOVEUCEIQCBKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940097275 indigo Drugs 0.000 description 1
- COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N indigo powder Natural products N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C1=C1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1 COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- SRPSOCQMBCNWFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodous acid Chemical compound OI=O SRPSOCQMBCNWFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PXZQEOJJUGGUIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoindolin-1-one Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(=O)NCC2=C1 PXZQEOJJUGGUIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009191 jumping Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005641 methacryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005397 methacrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl benzoate Chemical group COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- UIUXUFNYAYAMOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylsilane Chemical class [SiH3]C UIUXUFNYAYAMOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyltrimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[Si](C)(OC)OC BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004200 microcrystalline wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019808 microcrystalline wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- PRMHOXAMWFXGCO-UHFFFAOYSA-M molport-000-691-708 Chemical compound N1=C(C2=CC=CC=C2C2=NC=3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N=3)N2[Ga](Cl)N2C4=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C2N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C1=N2 PRMHOXAMWFXGCO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001120 nichrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NKBWPOSQERPBFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecyl octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC NKBWPOSQERPBFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BBJSDUUHGVDNKL-UHFFFAOYSA-J oxalate;titanium(4+) Chemical class [Ti+4].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O BBJSDUUHGVDNKL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019809 paraffin wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I pentachloroniobium Chemical compound Cl[Nb](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- LLYCMZGLHLKPPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N perbromic acid Chemical compound OBr(=O)(=O)=O LLYCMZGLHLKPPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHIWWQKSHDUIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N periodic acid Chemical compound OI(=O)(=O)=O KHIWWQKSHDUIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940066842 petrolatum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006287 phenoxy resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013034 phenoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- PARWUHTVGZSQPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylsilane Chemical class [SiH3]C1=CC=CC=C1 PARWUHTVGZSQPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940110337 pigment blue 1 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005575 poly(amic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002312 polyamide-imide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000009719 polyimide resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DNAJDTIOMGISDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylsilane Chemical class [SiH3]CC=C DNAJDTIOMGISDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical group CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZGSOBQAJAUGRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-olate;zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [Zr+4].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-] ZGSOBQAJAUGRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KOPQZJAYZFAPBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propanoyl propaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OOC(=O)CC KOPQZJAYZFAPBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5,6-dione Chemical class C1=CN=C2C(=O)C(=O)N=C21 FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPPDXAHGCGPUPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N red 2 Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C1=CC=CC=C11)=C(C=2C=3C4=CC=C5C6=CC=C7C8=C(C=9C=CC=CC=9)C9=CC=CC=C9C(C=9C=CC=CC=9)=C8C8=CC=C(C6=C87)C(C=35)=CC=2)C4=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 WPPDXAHGCGPUPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium titanate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005792 styrene-acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002130 sulfonic acid ester group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010558 suspension polymerization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SJMYWORNLPSJQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OC(C)(C)C SJMYWORNLPSJQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CC(N)C1 RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMOALOSNPWTWRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 7,7-dimethyloctaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CCCCCC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C NMOALOSNPWTWRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SWAXTRYEYUTSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl ethaneperoxoate Chemical group CC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C SWAXTRYEYUTSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003608 titanium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JMXKSZRRTHPKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium ethoxide Chemical compound [Ti+4].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-] JMXKSZRRTHPKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FOZHTJJTSSSURD-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium(4+);dicarbonate Chemical class [Ti+4].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O FOZHTJJTSSSURD-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- HDUMBHAAKGUHAR-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium(4+);disulfate Chemical class [Ti+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O HDUMBHAAKGUHAR-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-aconitic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)=CC(O)=O GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WUMSTCDLAYQDNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(hexyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC WUMSTCDLAYQDNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCVQKRGIASEUKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(phenyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C1=CC=CC=C1 JCVQKRGIASEUKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMFJXASDGBJDEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(prop-2-enyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](CC=C)(OCC)OCC UMFJXASDGBJDEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBXZNTLFQLUFES-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(propyl)silane Chemical compound CCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC NBXZNTLFQLUFES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- SRPWOOOHEPICQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimellitic anhydride Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 SRPWOOOHEPICQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZNOCGWVLWPVKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(phenyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZNOCGWVLWPVKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFRDHGNFBLIJIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(prop-2-enyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CC=C LFRDHGNFBLIJIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXYADVIJALMOEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K tris(lactato)aluminium Chemical compound CC(O)C(=O)O[Al](OC(=O)C(C)O)OC(=O)C(C)O VXYADVIJALMOEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsilane Chemical class [SiH3]C=C UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004846 x-ray emission Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XJUNLJFOHNHSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium(4+);dicarbonate Chemical class [Zr+4].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O XJUNLJFOHNHSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium(4+);disulfate Chemical class [Zr+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- LEHFSLREWWMLPU-UHFFFAOYSA-B zirconium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical class [Zr+4].[Zr+4].[Zr+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LEHFSLREWWMLPU-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/02—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for laying down a uniform charge, e.g. for sensitising; Corona discharge devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
- G03G15/08—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G21/00—Arrangements not provided for by groups G03G13/00 - G03G19/00, e.g. cleaning, elimination of residual charge
- G03G21/16—Mechanical means for facilitating the maintenance of the apparatus, e.g. modular arrangements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G21/00—Arrangements not provided for by groups G03G13/00 - G03G19/00, e.g. cleaning, elimination of residual charge
- G03G21/16—Mechanical means for facilitating the maintenance of the apparatus, e.g. modular arrangements
- G03G21/18—Mechanical means for facilitating the maintenance of the apparatus, e.g. modular arrangements using a processing cartridge, whereby the process cartridge comprises at least two image processing means in a single unit
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/043—Photoconductive layers characterised by having two or more layers or characterised by their composite structure
- G03G5/047—Photoconductive layers characterised by having two or more layers or characterised by their composite structure characterised by the charge-generation layers or charge transport layers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/147—Cover layers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/097—Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
Definitions
- the present invention relates to image forming apparatuses such as laser printers, copiers, and facsimiles that use an electrophotographic recording method.
- an apparatus that visualizes an electrostatic latent image using a developer (hereinafter referred to as toner) is known as an electrophotographic image forming apparatus.
- an insulating toner is carried on a developer carrying member, charged by triboelectrification with a regulating blade for regulating the toner on the developer carrying member, and then subjected to development. used for
- the toner charged by triboelectrification has a certain amount of charge distribution.
- toner having a small amount of electric charge or toner that is polarized by rubbing between toner particles and is charged to a polarity opposite to the normal charging polarity of the toner (hereinafter referred to as "reverse polarity toner"). may be included.
- the proportion of these low-charged toners or reverse polarity toners (hereinafter referred to as the reverse polarity toner rate) increases, image defects may occur due to deterioration in developability.
- the toner when charged using triboelectrification, it may be affected by environmental changes or changes over time, or may be affected by changes in the surface state of members involved in triboelectrification, such as the toner and regulation blade. .
- Patent Document 1 also proposes an injection charging method in which electric charge is injected into the toner by using a conductive toner and an injection member.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a technique of triboelectrifying toner in a developing nip using a photosensitive drum having a surface layer made of acrylic resin. Further, in the frictional electrification at the developing nip, the amount of charge received by the toner increases as the difference in surface speed between the photosensitive drum and the developing roller (hereinafter referred to as peripheral speed difference in development) increases.
- Patent Document 1 has the following problems.
- the surface of the conductive toner having low resistance is covered with an insulating film, thereby greatly reducing the resistance of the toner and injecting charges into the toner when the electric field strength is high. Therefore, the state of injection into the toner changes depending on the conditions, and in particular, the charge injected into the toner may leak under the influence of the environment and electric field.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and provides a developing device, a process cartridge, and an image forming apparatus capable of suppressing the occurrence of image defects caused by leakage of charges injected into toner. It is to be.
- Patent Document 2 had the following problems. 2. Description of the Related Art When an image forming apparatus is used, a developing nip is formed while a photosensitive drum and a developing roller are rotating at predetermined speeds. In order to form high-quality images with high precision, the photosensitive drum and developing roller must have high rotational accuracy. There will be changes. When the rolling state of the toner in the development nip changes due to the variation in the development peripheral speed difference, the toner charge amount in the development nip becomes uneven. This unevenness in the toner charge amount occurs periodically in accordance with the variation in the development peripheral speed difference, and periodic density unevenness (banding) occurs in the image.
- the present invention provides a developing device used in an image forming apparatus for forming an image on a recording material, comprising: a developer; a developer carrier capable of carrying the developer; a contact member, wherein the contact member has a volume resistivity of 10 14 ⁇ cm or less, and the developer satisfies the following conditions: outside the image forming apparatus, in a state where a potential difference is formed between a surface of a rotatable rotating member and a contact member that contacts the surface of the rotating member; Each resistance value is 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ or less, i) a first resistance value of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ measured in a state where the rotating member is stopped and the developer is sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member; ⁇ 1.0 x 10 8 ⁇ ; ii) The second measured in a state in which the rotating member is rotated at 200 mm/s with respect to the contact member and the developer is sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member. is within the range of the first resistance value
- a process cartridge detachable from an image forming apparatus for forming an image on a recording material comprising a rotatable image carrier, a developer, a developer carrier for supplying the developer to the image carrier, , wherein the image carrier has a volume resistivity of 10 14 ⁇ cm or less, and the developer satisfies the following conditions: outside the image forming apparatus, in a state where a potential difference is formed between a surface of a rotatable rotating member and a contact member that contacts the surface of the rotating member; Each resistance value is 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ or less, i) a first resistance value of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ measured in a state where the rotating member is stopped and the developer is sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member; ⁇ 1.0 x 10 8 ⁇ ; ii) The second measured in a state in which the rotating member is rotated at 200 mm/s with respect to the contact member and the developer is sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member. is within the
- the image carrier has a rotatable image carrier, a developer, and a developer carrier that supplies the developer to the image carrier, and the image carrier has a volume resistivity of 10 14 ⁇ cm or less.
- the developer satisfies the following conditions: an image forming apparatus, outside the image forming apparatus, in a state where a potential difference is formed between a surface of a rotatable rotating member and a contact member that contacts the surface of the rotating member; Each resistance value is 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ or less, i) a first resistance value of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ measured in a state where the rotating member is stopped and the developer is sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member; ⁇ 1.0 x 10 8 ⁇ ; ii) The second measured in a state in which the rotating member is rotated at 200 mm/s with respect to the contact member and the developer is sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member. is within the range of the first resistance value, and the second resistance value is 40% or more of the first resistance
- the image carrier is a rotatable image carrier having a substrate and a surface layer on its surface, a charging member for charging the surface of the image carrier, and a charging member for charging the surface of the image carrier to a normal polarity.
- a developer carrier that supplies developer; a charging voltage applying section that applies a charging voltage to the charging member; a development voltage applying section that applies a developing voltage to the developer carrier; and a control unit for controlling a development voltage applying unit, wherein the control unit generates an electrostatic force that moves the developer charged to the normal polarity from the image carrier to the developer carrier.
- the volume resistivity of the surface layer of the image carrier is ⁇ p
- the volume resistivity of the developer carrier is ⁇ d. if ⁇ p ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm, log 10 ⁇ d > 0.05 log 10 ⁇ p + 6 is characterized by satisfying
- the present invention it is possible to provide a developing device, a process cartridge, and an image forming apparatus that can suppress the occurrence of image defects caused by leakage of charges injected into toner. becomes.
- an image forming apparatus capable of providing excellent image quality without uneven toner charge due to variations in development peripheral speed difference.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an image forming apparatus and a process cartridge in Example 1.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an image forming apparatus and a process cartridge in Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a control block diagram in Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a layer structure of a photosensitive drum in Example 1.
- FIG. 1 is a volume resistivity measurement sample of a protective layer in Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of the configuration of the developing roller in Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of a method for measuring the volume resistivity of the developing roller in Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of a method for measuring the capacitance of the developing roller in Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of a method for measuring the volume resistivity of toner in Example 1.
- FIG. This is the difference in the volume resistivity of the toner between when the printer is stopped and when it is driven in Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing an equivalent circuit of the developing roller in Example 1.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an image forming apparatus and a process cartridge in Embodiment 7;
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an image forming apparatus and a process cartridge in Embodiment 7;
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an image forming apparatus and a process cartridge in Example 8;
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an image forming apparatus and a process cartridge in Example 8; 1 is a STEM image showing an example of niobium-containing titanium oxide used in Examples. It is a schematic diagram showing an example of niobium-containing titanium oxide used in Examples.
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram of the dependence of toner charge amount change on development peripheral speed difference in the example.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram of the dependence of toner charge amount change on development peripheral speed difference in a comparative example.
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram of the dependence of toner charge amount change on development peripheral speed difference in the example. It is a relational expression of volume resistivity used in Examples.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams showing the configuration of an image forming apparatus 1 according to the first embodiment.
- the image forming apparatus 1 is a monochrome printer that forms an image on a recording material based on image information input from an external device.
- Recording materials include paper such as plain paper and thick paper, plastic films such as sheets for overhead projectors, special-shaped sheets such as envelopes and index paper, and various sheet materials of different materials such as cloth.
- the image forming apparatus 1 includes an image forming unit 10 that forms a toner image on a recording material, a feeding unit 60 that feeds the recording material to the image forming unit 10, and an image forming unit 10. It has a fixing section 70 for fixing the toner image formed on the recording material, and a discharge roller pair 80 .
- the image forming section 10 has a scanner unit 11, an electrophotographic process cartridge 20, and a transfer roller 12 for transferring the toner image formed on the photosensitive drum 21 of the process cartridge 20 onto a recording material.
- a detailed view of the process cartridge 20 is shown in FIG. 1B.
- the process cartridge 20 has a photosensitive drum 21 , a drum unit 20 including a charging brush 22 and a charging roller 23 arranged around the photosensitive drum 21 , and a developing device 30 including a pre-exposure device 24 and a developing roller 31 .
- the image forming process by the image forming section 10 is started based on image information input from an external computer connected to the image forming apparatus 1.
- a photosensitive drum 21 as an image carrier is rotationally driven by a motor 110 in a predetermined direction (clockwise direction in FIG. 1B) at a predetermined process speed.
- the charging brush 22 and the charging roller 23 are each brought into contact with the photosensitive drum 21 with a predetermined pressure contact force, and a desired charging voltage is applied by the charging high-voltage power supply E1, thereby uniformizing the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 to a predetermined potential.
- the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 is charged to -600 V by applying a voltage of -500 V to the charging brush 22 and a voltage of -1150 V to the charging roller 23, respectively.
- the pre-exposure device 24 removes the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 before it enters the charging section for stable charging by the charging brush 22 and the charging roller 23 .
- the scanner unit 11 which is an exposure unit, uses a polygon mirror to irradiate the photosensitive drum 21 with laser light based on input image information, and scans and exposes the photosensitive drum 21, thereby forming an electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive drum 21.
- the scanner unit 11 is not limited to a laser scanner device, and for example, an LED exposure device having an LED array in which a plurality of LEDs are arranged along the longitudinal direction of the photosensitive drum 21 may be employed.
- the electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive drum 21 is developed by the developing device 30 to form a toner image on the photosensitive drum 21 .
- the process cartridge 20 shown in detail in FIG. 1B has a developing device 30 .
- Developing device 30 will be described in detail.
- the developing roller 31 and the supply roller 33 are rotatably supported by the developer container 32 .
- the developing roller 31 is arranged at the opening of the developing container 32 so as to face the photosensitive drum 21 .
- the supply roller 33 is rotatably in contact with the development roller 31 , and the toner as the developer contained in the development container 32 is applied to the surface of the development roller 31 by the supply roller 33 .
- a stirring member 34 as a stirring means is provided inside the developing container 32 .
- the agitating member 34 is driven and rotated to agitate the toner in the developing container 32 and send the toner toward the developing roller 31 and the supply roller 33 .
- the stirring member 34 has a role of circulating the toner stripped from the developing roller 31 that is not used for development in the developing container and uniformizing the toner in the developing container.
- a developing blade 35 made of a SUS plate for regulating the amount of toner carried on the developing roller 31 is arranged at the opening of the developing container 32 where the developing roller 31 is arranged.
- a voltage different from that applied to the developing roller 31 can be applied to the developing blade 35 .
- the toner supplied to the surface of the developing roller 31 passes through the portion facing the developing blade 35 as the developing roller 31 rotates, thereby forming a uniform thin layer.
- the developing device 30 of this embodiment uses a contact developing method as a developing method. That is, the toner layer carried on the developing roller 31 contacts the photosensitive drum 21 in a developing portion (developing area) where the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 face each other.
- the surface speed of the photosensitive drum 21 is 150 mm/sec
- a development voltage is applied to the development roller 31, which is a development voltage application section, by a development high voltage power source E2.
- the toner carried by the developing roller 31 is transferred from the developing roller 31 to the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 according to the potential distribution on the surface of the photosensitive drum 21, so that the electrostatic latent image is transformed into a toner image. developed into an image.
- a developing voltage of -400 V is applied to the developing roller 31 .
- the back contrast Vback which is the absolute value of the potential difference between the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 in the non-exposed portion Vd and the developing roller 31 before passing through the developing region, is 200V.
- the present embodiment employs a reversal development method. That is, a toner image is formed by the toner adhering to the surface region of the photosensitive drum 21, which has been charged in the charging process and then exposed in the exposure process to reduce the charge amount.
- the feeding section 60 has a front door 61 supported by the image forming apparatus 1 so as to be opened and closed, a stacking tray 62 , an intermediate plate 63 , a tray spring 64 , and a pickup roller 65 .
- the stacking tray 62 constitutes the bottom surface of the storage space for the recording material P that appears when the front door 61 is opened.
- the tray spring 64 urges the intermediate plate 63 upward to press the recording material P stacked on the intermediate plate 63 against the pickup roller 65 .
- the front door 61 closes the storage space for the recording material P when closed with respect to the image forming apparatus 1 .
- the pickup roller 65 of the feeding section 60 feeds out the recording material P supported by the front door 61 , the stacking tray 62 and the intermediate plate 63 .
- the recording material P is fed to the registration roller pair 15 by the pick-up roller 65 and hits the nip of the registration roller pair 15 to correct the skew.
- the registration roller pair 15 is driven in synchronization with the transfer timing of the toner image, and conveys the recording material P toward the transfer nip formed by the transfer roller 12 and the photosensitive drum 21 .
- a transfer voltage is applied to the transfer roller 12 as transfer means from a transfer high-voltage power supply E3, and the toner image carried on the photosensitive drum 21 is transferred onto the recording material P conveyed by the registration roller pair 15.
- the recording material P to which the toner image has been transferred is conveyed to the fixing section 70, and the toner image is heated and pressed when passing through the nip portion between the fixing film 71 and the pressure roller 72 of the fixing section 70. . As a result, the toner particles are melted and then fixed, whereby the toner image is fixed on the recording material P. As shown in FIG.
- the fixing unit 70 is of a heat fixing type that heats and melts the toner on the recording material to fix the image.
- the fixing unit 70 includes a fixing film 71 , a fixing heater such as a ceramic heater that heats the fixing film 71 , a thermistor that measures the temperature of the fixing heater, and a pressure roller 72 that presses the fixing film 71 .
- the recording material P that has passed through the fixing section 70 is discharged outside the image forming apparatus 1 by a discharge roller pair 80 and stacked on a discharge tray 81 .
- the ejection tray 81 is inclined upward toward the downstream side in the ejection direction of the recording material, and the trailing edge of the recording material ejected to the ejection tray 81 is aligned by the regulation surface 82 by sliding down the ejection tray 81 . be.
- the process cartridge 20 is detachably attachable to the main body of the image forming apparatus.
- a configuration that does not use a developing cartridge to which the developing device 30 is detachable, a drum cartridge to which the drum unit is detachable, a toner cartridge that externally supplies toner to the developing device 30, or a detachable cartridge may be used.
- the charging method is not limited to this. Any charging member that can charge the surface of the photosensitive drum may be used.
- the charging roller alone may be used to charge the surface of the photosensitive drum.
- this embodiment does not have a cleaning member for collecting toner on the photosensitive drum that has not been transferred to the recording material in the transfer process
- the present invention is not limited to this, and a cleaning member may be provided.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram showing a control mode of the main part of the image forming apparatus 1 of this embodiment.
- a control unit 150 is provided in the image forming apparatus 1 .
- the control unit 150 includes a CPU 151 as arithmetic control means which is a central element for arithmetic processing, a memory (storage element) 152 such as a ROM and a RAM as a storage means, and various elements connected to the control unit 150. It has an input/output unit (not shown) for controlling transmission and reception of signals.
- the RAM stores sensor detection results, calculation results, and the like
- the ROM stores control programs, pre-determined data tables, and the like.
- the control unit 150 is a control unit that controls the operation of the image forming apparatus 1 in an integrated manner.
- the control unit 150 controls transmission and reception of various electrical information signals, driving timing, and the like, and executes a predetermined image forming sequence.
- Each unit of the image forming apparatus 100 is connected to the control unit 150 .
- the control unit 150 is connected to a charging power source E1, a developing power source E2, a transfer power source E3, a blade power source E4, an exposure unit 11, a drive motor 110, a pre-exposure device 24, and the like.
- a photoreceptor according to the present invention has a conductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer.
- the protective layer contains conductive particles, and the content of the conductive particles is 5.0% by volume or more and 70.0% by volume or less with respect to the total volume of the protective layer. Furthermore, it is characterized in that the volume resistivity of the protective layer is 1.0 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ cm or more and 1.0 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm or less. Although the protective layer contains a large amount of conductive particles, the volume resistivity is maintained relatively high. It is possible to inject charge into the toner.
- the content of the conductive particles is less than 5.0% by volume, the charge injection property of the toner according to the present invention is lowered. Roughness in halftone images) tends to occur.
- the protective layer itself becomes brittle, so that the surface of the photoreceptor tends to be scraped off over a long period of use. As a result, the charging uniformity of the photoreceptor is lowered, and image defects due to toner scattering are likely to occur due to charging failure during development that occurs when the speed is increased.
- a more preferable content of the conductive particles is 5.0% by volume or more and 40.0% by volume or less. By setting it within this preferable range, fogging in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment is also improved.
- the volume resistivity of the protective layer is 1.0 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ cm or more and 1.0 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm or less. If it is less than 1.0 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ cm, the resistance of the protective layer is too low, making it difficult to maintain the potential. If it exceeds 1.0 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm, the resistance of the protective layer is too high, and the injection chargeability of the toner is remarkably deteriorated.
- the volume resistivity of the protective layer is preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 11 ⁇ cm or more and 1.0 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm or less.
- the volume resistivity of the protective layer can be controlled, for example, by the particle size of the conductive particles.
- the volume average particle size of the conductive particles is preferably 5 nm or more and 300 nm or less, more preferably 40 nm or more and 250 nm or less.
- the number average particle diameter of the conductive particles is less than 5 nm, the specific surface area of the conductive particles increases, and moisture adsorption increases in the vicinity of the conductive particles on the surface of the protective layer, and the volume resistivity of the protective layer decreases. easier to do.
- the number average particle diameter of the conductive particles exceeds 300 nm, the dispersion of the particles in the protective layer is deteriorated and the area of the interface with the binder resin is reduced, resulting in an increase in resistance at the interface and deterioration of the charge injection properties. easier.
- the conductive particles contained in the protective layer include particles of metal oxides such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, and indium oxide, among which titanium oxide is preferred. Especially when it is anatase type titanium oxide, charge transfer in the protective layer becomes smooth and charge injection becomes good.
- the anatase-type titanium oxide preferably has a degree of anatase of 90% or more.
- the metal oxide particles may be doped with atoms such as niobium, phosphorus, aluminum, and oxides thereof, and particularly preferably titanium oxide particles containing niobium and having niobium unevenly distributed near the particle surface. is. The uneven distribution of niobium in the vicinity of the surface enables efficient transfer of charge.
- niobium atom concentration/titanium Titanium oxide particles having a concentration ratio calculated as "atomic concentration” of 2.0 times or more.
- the niobium atomic concentration and titanium atomic concentration are obtained by a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) connected to an EDS analyzer (energy dispersive X-ray analyzer).
- FIG. 14 shows an STEM image of an example of the niobium-containing titanium oxide particles used in the examples of the present invention.
- the niobium-containing titanium oxide particles used in the present examples are produced by coating titanium oxide particles, which are pre-coated particles, with niobium-containing titanium oxide and then firing the coated titanium oxide particles. Therefore, it is considered that the coated niobium-containing titanium oxide undergoes crystal growth as niobium-doped titanium oxide by so-called anaphylactic growth along the titanium oxide crystals of the particles before coating. As shown in FIG. 14, the niobium-containing titanium oxide produced in this manner has a lower density near the surface than the density at the center of the particle, and is controlled to have a core-shell-like shape.
- the STEM image of FIG. 14 is schematically shown in FIG.
- 41 is the center of the conductive particles
- 42 is near the surface of the conductive particles
- 43 is the X-ray for analyzing the center of the conductive particles
- 44 is 5% of the primary particle diameter from the surface of the conductive particles. 1 shows an X-ray analyzing the interior.
- the niobium/titanium atomic concentration ratio in the vicinity of the particle surface is higher than the niobium/titanium atomic concentration ratio in the center of the particle, and the niobium atoms are unevenly distributed in the vicinity of the particle surface.
- the niobium/titanium atomic concentration ratio within 5% of the maximum diameter of the grain from the surface of the grain is at least 2.0 times the niobium/titanium atomic concentration ratio in the central portion of the grain.
- a preferable niobium content is preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 15.0% by mass or less, more preferably 2.6% by mass or more and 10.0% by mass, based on the total mass of the niobium-containing titanium oxide particles. It is below.
- the niobium-containing titanium oxide particles are preferably anatase-type or rutile-type titanium oxide particles, and more preferably anatase-type titanium oxide particles.
- the use of anatase-type titanium oxide facilitates charge transfer in the protective layer, resulting in good charge injection.
- More preferred are anatase type titanium oxide particles as pre-coated particles and particles having a coating material of titanium oxide containing niobium on the surface of the pre-coated particles.
- the photosensitive drum 21 is a cylindrical photosensitive member and has a charge injection layer 21f with low electric resistance on the outermost surface.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the photosensitive drum 21 of this embodiment.
- the photosensitive drum 21 comprises a drum-shaped substrate 21a made of aluminum and having a diameter of 24 mm, and five functional layers, first to fifth, described below are provided in this order from the bottom.
- the first layer is the undercoat layer 21b, which is a conductive layer having a thickness of about 20 ⁇ m, which is provided for smoothing out defects of the aluminum drum substrate 21a and for preventing the occurrence of moire due to reflection of laser exposure. .
- the second layer is a positive charge injection prevention layer 21c, which serves to prevent the positive charges injected from the aluminum substrate 21a from canceling the negative charges on the photoreceptor surface. It is a layer with a thickness of about 1 ⁇ m whose resistance is adjusted to about 1 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm by aramine resin and methoxymethylated nylon.
- the third layer is the charge generation layer 21d, which is a layer with a thickness of about 0.3 ⁇ m in which a phthalocyanine-based pigment is dispersed in a resin, and generates positive and negative charge pairs by receiving laser exposure.
- the fourth layer is the charge transport layer 21e, which is a p-type semiconductor made by dispersing hydrazone in polycarbonate resin. Therefore, negative charges on the photoreceptor surface cannot migrate through this layer, and only positive charges generated in the charge generation layer can be transported to the photoreceptor surface.
- the fifth layer is the charge injection layer 21f, which is a layer with a thickness of about 3 ⁇ m, which is made by dispersing conductive particles 21g in a binder and curing the binder.
- a photocurable acrylic resin was used as the binder, and niobium-containing titanium oxide particles were used as the conductive particles 21g.
- the content of the niobium-containing titanium oxide particles in the charge injection layer of this example was 35% by mass.
- the volume resistivity of the charge injection layer measured by a method described later was 1.0 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ cm.
- the purpose of providing the charge injection layer 21f is, for example, to construct a system for charging the photosensitive drum 21 by direct charge injection from a charging member having a conductive brush or magnetic fine particles.
- the charge injection layer preferably has a volume resistivity of 1.0 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm or less in order to obtain sufficient direct injection charging properties.
- the charge injection layer preferably has a volume resistivity of 1.0 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ cm or more, more preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 10 ⁇ cm or more. is more preferred.
- the content of the conductive particles in the charge injection layer 21f is preferably 5 to 70% by volume, more preferably 10 to 70% by volume. It is preferably 20 to 70% by volume.
- the conductive particles are preferably titanium oxide particles, more preferably niobium-containing titanium oxide particles.
- a method for measuring the volume resistivity of the charge injection layer 21f is described below.
- the volume resistivity was measured under an environment of 23.5° C. temperature and 50% relative humidity.
- the above-described coating solution for the charge injection layer 21f was applied on the comb-shaped electrodes to a thickness of about 3 ⁇ m.
- a DC voltage of 100 V was applied between the comb-shaped electrodes by a resistance measuring device, and the volume resistivity ⁇ p was calculated by measuring the DC current that flowed at that time. In this measurement, since a very small amount of current is measured, it is preferable to use a device capable of measuring a very small current as the resistance measuring device.
- picoammeter 4140B manufactured by Hewlett-Packard and the like can be used. It is desirable to select the comb-shaped electrodes to be used and the voltage to be applied so that an appropriate SN ratio can be obtained depending on the material and resistance value of the charge injection layer 21f.
- the surface resistivity of the charge injection layer 21f is measured, and the volume resistivity is calculated from the surface resistivity of the charge injection layer 21f. It is desirable to convert to resistivity.
- a comb-shaped electrode with an effective electrode length of 2 cm and an inter-electrode distance of 120 ⁇ m was deposited with gold, and a DC voltage of 100 V was applied.
- the surface resistivity ⁇ s can be calculated.
- the volume resistivity ⁇ p of the charge injection layer 21f can be calculated by converting the obtained surface resistivity ⁇ s by the following equation (1).
- ⁇ p ⁇ s ⁇ t Equation (1)
- t is the thickness of the charge injection layer 21f.
- the charge injection layer 21f was coated on the charge transport layer 21e. It has little effect on the resistivity measurement of the charge injection layer.
- the volume resistivity ⁇ p measured by the charge injection layer 21f alone and the volume resistivity ⁇ p obtained by converting the surface resistivity ⁇ s of the charge injection layer 21f coated on the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 are both , had almost the same value.
- the support is preferably an electrically conductive support.
- the shape of the support includes a cylindrical shape, a belt shape, a sheet shape, and the like. Among them, a cylindrical support is preferable.
- the surface of the support may be subjected to electrochemical treatment such as anodization, blasting treatment, cutting treatment, and the like.
- the material of the support is preferably metal, resin, glass, or the like. Examples of metals include aluminum, iron, nickel, copper, gold, stainless steel, and alloys thereof. Among them, an aluminum support using aluminum is preferable.
- a conductive layer may be provided on the support.
- the conductive layer preferably contains conductive particles and a resin. Materials for the conductive particles include metal oxides, metals, and carbon black.
- metal oxides include zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide.
- Metals include aluminum, nickel, iron, nichrome, copper, zinc, silver and the like.
- metal oxides as the conductive particles, and it is particularly preferable to use titanium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide.
- the surface of the metal oxide may be treated with a silane coupling agent or the like, or the metal oxide may be doped with an element such as phosphorus or aluminum or its oxide.
- the conductive particles may have a laminated structure including pre-coated particles and a coating material that coats the particles.
- Pre-coated particles include titanium oxide, barium sulfate, zinc oxide, and the like.
- Coating materials include metal oxides such as tin oxide.
- the volume average particle diameter is preferably 1 nm or more and 500 nm or less, more preferably 3 nm or more and 400 nm or less.
- resins include polyester resins, polycarbonate resins, polyvinyl acetal resins, acrylic resins, silicone resins, epoxy resins, melamine resins, polyurethane resins, phenol resins, and alkyd resins.
- the conductive layer may further contain silicone oil, resin particles, masking agents such as titanium oxide, and the like.
- the conductive layer can be formed by preparing a conductive layer coating liquid containing each of the above materials and a solvent, forming this coating film on a support, and drying it.
- Solvents used in the coating liquid include alcohol solvents, sulfoxide solvents, ketone solvents, ether solvents, ester solvents, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents and the like.
- Examples of the dispersion method for dispersing the conductive particles in the conductive layer coating liquid include methods using a paint shaker, a sand mill, a ball mill, and a liquid collision type high-speed disperser.
- the average film thickness of the conductive layer is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- an undercoat layer may be provided on the support or the conductive layer.
- the adhesion function between the layers is enhanced, and the charge injection blocking function can be imparted.
- the undercoat layer preferably contains a resin.
- the undercoat layer may be formed as a cured film by polymerizing a composition containing a monomer having a polymerizable functional group.
- resins examples include polyester resins, polycarbonate resins, polyvinyl acetal resins, acrylic resins, epoxy resins, melamine resins, polyurethane resins, phenol resins, polyvinyl phenol resins, alkyd resins, polyvinyl alcohol resins, polyethylene oxide resins, polypropylene oxide resins, and polyamide resins. , polyamic acid resins, polyimide resins, polyamideimide resins, cellulose resins, and the like.
- the polymerizable functional group possessed by the monomer having a polymerizable functional group includes an isocyanate group, a blocked isocyanate group, a methylol group, an alkylated methylol group, an epoxy group, a metal alkoxide group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a thiol group, Carboxylic anhydride groups, carbon-carbon double bond groups, and the like.
- the undercoat layer may further contain an electron transporting substance, metal oxide, metal, conductive polymer, etc. for the purpose of improving electrical properties.
- electron transport substances and metal oxides are preferably used.
- electron-transporting substances examples include quinone compounds, imide compounds, benzimidazole compounds, cyclopentadienylidene compounds, fluorenone compounds, xanthone compounds, benzophenone compounds, cyanovinyl compounds, halogenated aryl compounds, silole compounds, and boron-containing compounds.
- An electron transporting substance having a polymerizable functional group may be used as the electron transporting substance, and an undercoat layer may be formed as a cured film by copolymerizing the electron transporting substance with the above-mentioned monomer having a polymerizable functional group.
- metal oxides include indium tin oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, and silicon dioxide.
- Metals include gold, silver, and aluminum.
- the metal oxide particles contained in the undercoat layer may be subjected to surface treatment using a surface treatment agent such as a silane coupling agent.
- a common method is used for the surface treatment of metal oxide particles. Examples include dry methods and wet methods.
- an alcohol aqueous solution, an organic solvent solution, or an aqueous solution containing a surface treatment agent was added while stirring the metal oxide particles in a mixer capable of high-speed stirring such as a Henschel mixer, and the particles were uniformly dispersed. Drying is performed later.
- the metal oxide particles and the surface treatment agent are stirred in a solvent or dispersed in a sand mill using glass beads or the like. After dispersion, the solvent can be removed by filtration or distillation under reduced pressure. done. After removing the solvent, baking is preferably performed at 100° C. or higher.
- the undercoat layer may further contain additives, for example, known materials such as metal powder such as aluminum, conductive substances such as carbon black, charge transport substances, metal chelate compounds, and organometallic compounds. can be included.
- additives for example, known materials such as metal powder such as aluminum, conductive substances such as carbon black, charge transport substances, metal chelate compounds, and organometallic compounds. can be included.
- charge-transporting substances examples include quinone compounds, imide compounds, benzimidazole compounds, cyclopentadienylidene compounds, fluorenone compounds, xanthone compounds, benzophenone compounds, cyanovinyl compounds, halogenated aryl compounds, silole compounds, and boron-containing compounds.
- a charge-transporting substance having a polymerizable functional group may be used as the charge-transporting substance, and the undercoat layer may be formed as a cured film by copolymerizing the charge-transporting substance with the above monomer having a polymerizable functional group.
- the undercoat layer can be formed by preparing an undercoat layer coating solution containing each of the above materials and a solvent, forming this coating film on a support or a conductive layer, and drying and/or curing it. can.
- solvents used in the undercoat layer coating solution include organic solvents such as alcohols, sulfoxides, ketones, ethers, esters, aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons, and aromatic compounds. In the present invention, it is preferable to use an alcohol-based or ketone-based solvent.
- Dispersion methods for preparing the coating liquid for the undercoat layer include methods using homogenizers, ultrasonic dispersers, ball mills, sand mills, roll mills, vibration mills, attritors, and liquid collision high-speed dispersers.
- the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is mainly classified into (1) laminated photosensitive layer and (2) single layer photosensitive layer.
- the laminated photosensitive layer is a photosensitive layer having a charge generating layer containing a charge generating substance and a charge transporting layer containing a charge transporting substance.
- the single-layer type photosensitive layer is a photosensitive layer containing both a charge-generating substance and a charge-transporting substance.
- the laminated photosensitive layer has a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer.
- the charge generation layer preferably contains a charge generation substance and a resin.
- charge-generating substances examples include azo pigments, perylene pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, indigo pigments, and phthalocyanine pigments.
- azo pigments and phthalocyanine pigments are preferred.
- phthalocyanine pigments oxytitanium phthalocyanine pigments, chlorogallium phthalocyanine pigments, and hydroxygallium phthalocyanine pigments are preferred.
- the content of the charge-generating substance in the charge-generating layer is preferably 40% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less, more preferably 60% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less, relative to the total mass of the charge-generating layer. preferable.
- Resins include polyester resins, polycarbonate resins, polyvinyl acetal resins, polyvinyl butyral resins, acrylic resins, silicone resins, epoxy resins, melamine resins, polyurethane resins, phenol resins, polyvinyl alcohol resins, cellulose resins, polystyrene resins, and polyvinyl acetate resins. , polyvinyl chloride resin, and the like. Among these, polyvinyl butyral resin is more preferable.
- the charge generation layer may further contain additives such as antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers.
- additives such as antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers.
- Specific examples include hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, benzophenone compounds, and the like.
- the charge-generating layer can be formed by preparing a charge-generating layer coating liquid containing each of the above materials and a solvent, forming this coating film on the undercoat layer, and drying it.
- Solvents used in the coating liquid include alcohol solvents, sulfoxide solvents, ketone solvents, ether solvents, ester solvents, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents and the like.
- the average film thickness of the charge generation layer is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.15 ⁇ m or more and 0.4 ⁇ m or less.
- the charge transport layer preferably contains a charge transport substance and a resin.
- charge-transporting substances include polycyclic aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, enamine compounds, benzidine compounds, triarylamine compounds, and resins having groups derived from these substances. .
- triarylamine compounds and benzidine compounds are preferred.
- the content of the charge transport substance in the charge transport layer is preferably 25% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or more and 55% by mass or less, relative to the total mass of the charge transport layer. preferable.
- resins examples include polyester resins, polycarbonate resins, acrylic resins, and polystyrene resins. Among these, polycarbonate resins and polyester resins are preferred. A polyarylate resin is particularly preferable as the polyester resin.
- the content ratio (mass ratio) of the charge transport substance and the resin is preferably 4:10 to 20:10, more preferably 5:10 to 12:10.
- the charge transport layer may contain additives such as antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, plasticizers, leveling agents, lubricity imparting agents, and wear resistance improvers.
- additives such as antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, plasticizers, leveling agents, lubricity imparting agents, and wear resistance improvers.
- the charge-transporting layer can be formed by preparing a charge-transporting layer coating liquid containing each of the above materials and a solvent, forming this coating film on the charge-generating layer, and drying it.
- Solvents used in the coating liquid include alcohol solvents, ketone solvents, ether solvents, ester solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. Among these solvents, ether solvents and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents are preferred.
- the average film thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- a single-layer type photosensitive layer is prepared by preparing a photosensitive layer coating solution containing a charge generating substance, a charge transporting substance, a resin and a solvent, and forming this coating film on the undercoat layer, It can be formed by drying.
- the charge-generating substance, charge-transporting substance, and resin are the same as those exemplified in the above “(1) Laminated photosensitive layer”.
- the protective layer may contain a polymer of a compound having a polymerizable functional group and a resin.
- polymerizable functional groups examples include isocyanate groups, blocked isocyanate groups, methylol groups, alkylated methylol groups, epoxy groups, metal alkoxide groups, hydroxyl groups, amino groups, carboxyl groups, thiol groups, carboxylic acid anhydride groups, carbon-carbon double bond groups, alkoxysilyl groups, silanol groups, and the like.
- a monomer having charge transport ability may be used as the compound having a polymerizable functional group.
- resins examples include polyester resins, acrylic resins, phenoxy resins, polycarbonate resins, polystyrene resins, phenol resins, melamine resins, and epoxy resins. Among them, acrylic resin is preferable.
- the material and particle size of the conductive particles contained in the protective layer are as described above. From the viewpoint of dispersibility and liquid stability, it is preferable to treat the surface of the metal oxide with a silane coupling agent or the like.
- the protective layer may contain additives such as antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, plasticizers, leveling agents, slipperiness agents, and abrasion resistance improvers. Specifically, hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, benzophenone compounds, siloxane-modified resins, silicone oils, fluororesin particles, polystyrene resin particles, polyethylene resin particles, silica particles, alumina particles, boron nitride particles. etc.
- additives such as antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, plasticizers, leveling agents, slipperiness agents, and abrasion resistance improvers. Specifically, hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, benzophenone compounds, siloxane-modified resins, silicone oils, fluororesin particles, polystyrene resin particles, polyethylene resin particles, silica particles, alumina particles, boron nitride particles. etc.
- the protective layer can be formed by preparing a protective layer coating liquid containing each of the above materials and a solvent, forming this coating film on the photosensitive layer, and drying and/or curing it.
- Solvents used in the coating liquid include alcohol solvents, ketone solvents, ether solvents, sulfoxide solvents, ester solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.
- the average film thickness of the protective layer is preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less.
- an organic photosensitive drum having an organic photosensitive layer is shown as an example.
- the filter cake was heated to 500° C. in an electric furnace so that only the conductive particles were solid, and the conductive particles were recovered.
- a plurality of photosensitive drums were subjected to the same treatment.
- IPA isopropanol
- JEOL scanning transmission electron microscope
- Observation of the conductive particles was performed in the STEM mode. Observation was performed at a magnification of 500,000 to 1,200,000 times to facilitate calculation of the particle size of the conductive particles, and STEM images of 100 conductive particles were taken. At this time, the acceleration voltage was set to 200 kV, the probe size to 1 nm, and the image size to 1024 ⁇ 1024 pixels.
- the primary particle size was measured with image processing software "Image-Pro Plus (manufactured by Media Cybernetics)".
- Image-Pro Plus manufactured by Media Cybernetics
- a new window opens and the pixel distance of the selected straight line is entered in the Distance in Pixels column.
- Enter the scale bar value (eg, 100) in the Known Distance column of the window enter the scale bar unit (eg, nm) in the Unit of Measurement column, and click OK to complete the scale setting.
- ⁇ Calculation of niobium atom/titanium atom concentration ratio> A sample piece of 5 mm square was cut out from the photoreceptor, and cut to a thickness of 200 nm with an ultrasonic ultramicrotome (UC7, Leica) at a cutting speed of 0.6 mm/s to prepare a thin sample. This thin section sample was observed in the STEM mode of a scanning transmission electron microscope (JEOL, JEM2800) connected to an EDS analyzer (energy dispersive X-ray analyzer) at a magnification of 500,000 to 1,200,000 times. gone.
- JEOL, JEM2800 scanning transmission electron microscope
- EDS analyzer energy dispersive X-ray analyzer
- the cross section of the conductive particles having a maximum diameter of approximately 0.9 to 1.1 times the primary particle diameter calculated above was visually selected.
- the spectrum of the constituent elements of the cross section of the selected conductive particles was collected using an EDS analyzer to prepare an EDS mapping image.
- Spectra were collected and analyzed using NSS (Thermo Fischer Scientific). The acquisition conditions were an acceleration voltage of 200 kV, a probe size of 1.0 nm or 1.5 nm so that the dead time was between 15 and 30, a mapping resolution of 256 ⁇ 256, and a frame number of 300.
- EDS mapping images were obtained for 100 cross sections of the conductive particles.
- the niobium atomic concentration (atomic %) and the titanium atomic concentration (atomic %) in the center of the particle and inside 5% of the maximum diameter of the measured particle from the particle surface Calculate the ratio. Specifically, first, press the NSS "Line extraction” button, draw a straight line so that it becomes the maximum diameter of the particle, and the atomic concentration on the straight line from one surface to the other surface through the inside of the particle (atomic %) information is obtained. If the maximum diameter of the particles obtained at this time was in the range of less than 0.9 times or more than 1.1 times the primary particle diameter calculated above, it was excluded from further analysis.
- Concentration ratio of niobium atoms and titanium atoms inside 5% of the maximum diameter of the particles measured from the particle surface (Niobium atom concentration inside 5% of the maximum diameter of the particles measured from the particle surface (atomic %)) / (From the particle surface Titanium atomic concentration (atomic %) inside 5% of the maximum diameter of the measured particle
- the one with the smaller value is adopted as the "concentration ratio of niobium atoms and titanium atoms within 5% of the maximum diameter of the measured particles from the particle surface" in the present invention.
- concentration ratio calculated by niobium atomic concentration/titanium atomic concentration in 5% of the maximum diameter of the measured particle from the particle surface to the concentration ratio calculated by niobium atomic concentration/titanium atomic concentration in the center of the particle is calculated by the following formula. (concentration ratio of niobium atoms and titanium atoms within 5% of the maximum diameter of the measured particle from the particle surface)/(concentration ratio of niobium atoms and titanium atoms at the center of the particle)
- Sample processing for analysis FIB method Processing and observation device: NVision 40 manufactured by SII/Zeiss Slice interval: 10 nm Observation conditions: Accelerating voltage: 1.0 kV Sample tilt: 54° WD: 5mm Detector: BSE detector Aperture: 60 ⁇ m, high current ABC: ON Image resolution: 1.25 nm/pixel
- the analysis area is 2 ⁇ m long ⁇ 2 ⁇ m wide, and the information for each section is integrated to obtain the volume V per 2 ⁇ m long ⁇ 2 ⁇ m wide ⁇ 2 ⁇ m thick (8 ⁇ m 3 ).
- the measurement environment is temperature: 23° C., pressure: 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa.
- Strata 400S manufactured by FEI specimen tilt: 52°
- Information on each cross section was obtained by image analysis of the area of the specified conductive particles of the present invention. Image analysis was performed using image processing software: Image-Pro Plus manufactured by Media Cybernetics.
- the average value of the content values of the conductive particles in the four sample pieces was taken as the content [% by volume] of the conductive particles of the present invention in the protective layer relative to the total volume of the protective layer.
- a pA (picoamperemeter) was used to measure the volume resistivity of the present invention.
- a comb-shaped metal electrode as shown in FIG. 4 having an inter-electrode distance (D) of 180 ⁇ m and a length (L) of 5.9 cm was prepared by vapor deposition on a PET film, and a protective layer having a thickness (T1) of 2 ⁇ m was formed thereon. set up.
- a DC voltage (I) is measured when a DC voltage (V) of 100 V is applied between the comb-shaped electrodes.
- the surface resistivity of the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is measured and converted into volume resistivity.
- a comb-shaped electrode is deposited with gold on the protective layer coated on the photoreceptor, and the surface resistivity ⁇ s is calculated by the following formula (1 ).
- ⁇ p ⁇ s ⁇ t Formula (1) (t is the thickness of the charge injection layer)
- this measurement measures a very small amount of current, it is preferable to use a device capable of measuring a very small current as the resistance measuring device.
- a device capable of measuring a very small current for example, picoammeter 4140B manufactured by Hewlett-Packard and the like can be used. It is desirable to select the comb-shaped electrodes to be used and the voltage to be applied so that an appropriate SN ratio can be obtained depending on the material and resistance value of the charge injection layer.
- the volume resistivity of a single-layer drum is measured by attaching a copper tape (for example, model No. 1181 manufactured by Sumitomo 3M) on the surface of the photosensitive drum as an upper electrode, and using the metal support of the photosensitive drum as a lower electrode. It may be measured with a resistance measuring device.
- a copper tape for example, model No. 1181 manufactured by Sumitomo 3M
- the configuration in which the photosensitive drum 21 is charged with a negative charge is exemplified, but a configuration in which the photosensitive drum 21 is charged with a positive charge and a toner that is positively charged may be used. That is, the normal polarity of the toner may be positive. The polarity of toner will be described later.
- the anatase-type titanium oxide particles which are the conductive particles according to the present invention, can be produced by a known sulfuric acid method. That is, it is obtained by heating and hydrolyzing a solution containing titanium sulfate and titanyl sulfate to prepare a hydrous titanium dioxide slurry, and then dehydrating and calcining the titanium dioxide slurry.
- the titanium oxide particles of the present invention preferably have a degree of anatase of 90 to 100%, and titanium oxide particles having a degree of anatase of approximately 100% can be produced by the following method.
- a solution containing titanyl sulfate was heated and hydrolyzed to prepare a hydrous titanium dioxide slurry, which was dehydrated and calcined to obtain anatase-type titanium oxide particles.
- the number average particle size was controlled, and anatase type titanium oxide particles 1 having a number average particle size of 150 nm were obtained.
- niobium solution obtained by dissolving 3 g of niobium pentachloride (NbCl 5 ) in 100 mL of 11.4 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and 600 mL of a titanium sulfate solution containing 33.7 g of titanium as titanium niobate solution ( Mass ratio of niobium and titanium is 1.0/33.7) and 10.7 mol/L sodium hydroxide aqueous solution are added dropwise simultaneously over 3 hours so that the pH of the suspension becomes 2 to 3 ( parallel addition). After completion of dropping, the suspension was filtered, washed and dried at 110° C. for 8 hours. The dried product was subjected to heat treatment (calcination treatment) at 800° C. for 1 hour in an air atmosphere to obtain niobium atom-containing titanium oxide particles 1 in which niobium atoms were unevenly distributed near the surface. Table 1 shows the physical properties of the niobium atom-containing titanium oxide particles 1.
- Table 1 shows the physical properties of the conductive particles 1.
- the niobium atom content in Table 1 is the content of niobium atoms in the conductive particles, and is a value obtained by measurement by an elemental analysis method (XRF) using fluorescent X-rays.
- XRF elemental analysis method
- A is "the concentration ratio of niobium atoms and titanium atoms within 5% of the maximum diameter of the measured particle from the particle surface”
- B is “the concentration ratio of niobium atoms and titanium atoms in the center of the particle. ”.
- Electrode Production Example 1 An aluminum cylinder (JIS-A3003, aluminum alloy) having a diameter of 24 mm and a length of 257.5 mm was used as a support (conductive support).
- silicone resin particles (trade name: Tospearl 120, manufactured by Momentive Performance Materials, average particle size 2 ⁇ m) were added as a surface roughening agent.
- the amount of the silicone resin particles added was set to 10% by mass with respect to the total mass of the metal oxide particles and the binder material in the dispersion after removing the glass beads.
- silicone oil (trade name: SH28PA, manufactured by Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd.) was added as a leveling agent to 0.01% by mass with respect to the total mass of the metal oxide particles and the binder in the dispersion. ) was added to the dispersion.
- This conductive layer coating solution was dip-coated on the support and heated at 140° C. for 1 hour to form a conductive layer with a thickness of 30 ⁇ m.
- the resulting coating liquid was dip-coated on the undercoat layer and dried at 95°C for 10 minutes to form a charge generation layer with a thickness of 0.20 ⁇ m.
- a charge transport layer coating liquid was prepared by dissolving these in a mixed solvent of 25 parts of ortho-xylene/25 parts of methyl benzoate/25 parts of dimethoxymethane.
- the charge transport layer coating liquid was dip-coated on the charge generation layer to form a coating film, and the coating film was dried at 120° C. for 30 minutes to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 12 ⁇ m.
- This protective layer coating solution was dip-coated on the charge transport layer to form a coating film, and the resulting coating film was dried at 50°C for 6 minutes. After that, in a nitrogen atmosphere, the coating film was irradiated with an electron beam for 1.6 seconds while rotating the support (object to be irradiated) at a speed of 300 rpm under the conditions of an acceleration voltage of 70 kV and a beam current of 5.0 mA. The dose at the protective layer was 15 kGy.
- the temperature of the coating film was raised to 117°C in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the oxygen concentration from the electron beam irradiation to the subsequent heat treatment was 10 ppm.
- Toner ⁇ Conductive material> The outermost surface of the toner of this embodiment is characterized by having a conductive material having a volume resistance of 1 ⁇ 10 11 ⁇ cm or less.
- metals include titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, tin oxide, strontium titanate, and the like
- metal salts include metal phosphates, metal sulfates, metal carbonates, and the like.
- present invention is not limited to this.
- the toner in this embodiment will be described below.
- polyvalent acid metal salt particles are present on the surface of the toner particles, and the polyvalent acid metal salt particles are particles of a salt of a polyacid and a Group 4 metal. .
- polyvalent acid metal salt particles forms a conductive path from the toner regulating member and photoreceptor to the toner, enabling injection charging from two locations.
- the polyvalent acid metal salt particles are particles of a salt of a polyacid and a Group 4 element metal
- the Group 4 metal element and the polyvalent acid form a crosslinked structure, promoting charge transfer. be.
- the charge transferred from the toner regulating member and the photoreceptor to the toner can be rapidly transferred into the toner, and charge injection can be performed efficiently.
- the conductive domains exist discretely compared to the case where the polyvalent acid metal salt exists in the form of bulk such as a film or an aggregate. Become. As a result, the conductive path is not excessively formed, the charge retention property can be maintained, and the transferability as seen in the transfer efficiency improvement is improved.
- the salt containing the Group 4 metal element has lower water absorption than the salt containing only the Group 1 and Group 2 metal elements, and thus has particularly high charge retention.
- metal elements used in the present invention include titanium (group 4, electronegativity: 1.54), zirconium (group 4, electronegativity: 1.33), hafnium (group 4, electrical Negativity: 1.30).
- the polyvalent acid used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a divalent or higher acid.
- a salt composed of a divalent or higher-valent acid and the above metal element forms a crosslinked structure between the compound containing the metal element and the polyvalent acid. of injection charging can be achieved.
- polyvalent acids used in the present invention include inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid (trivalent), carbonic acid (divalent), sulfuric acid (divalent); dicarboxylic acid (divalent), tricarboxylic acid (trivalent) and organic acids such as Specific examples of organic acids include the following oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, Dicarboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid. Citric acid, aconitic acid, tricarboxylic acids such as trimellitic anhydride, and the like. Among them, phosphoric acid, carbonic acid and sulfuric acid are preferred, and phosphoric acid is more preferred.
- polyvalent acid metal salts obtained by combining the above metals and the above polyacids include metal phosphate salts such as titanium phosphate compounds, zirconium phosphate compounds, aluminum phosphate compounds, and copper phosphate compounds, and titanium sulfate compounds. , metal sulfates such as zirconium sulfate compounds and aluminum sulfate compounds, metal carbonate salts such as titanium carbonate compounds, zirconium carbonate compounds and aluminum carbonate compounds, and metal oxalate salts such as titanium oxalate compounds.
- a metal phosphate is preferred, and a titanium phosphate compound is more preferred, because phosphate ions bridge between metals and thus provide high strength.
- the method for obtaining the polyvalent acid metal salt is not particularly limited, and conventionally known methods can be used. Among them, a method of obtaining a polyvalent acid metal salt by reacting a metal compound as a metal source with a polyvalent acid ion in an aqueous medium is preferable.
- any conventionally known metal compound may be used without particular limitation, as long as it is a metal compound that gives the polyvalent acid metal salt by reaction with the polyvalent acid ion. can be done.
- metal chelates are preferable because they are easy to control the reaction and quantitatively react with polyvalent acid ions.
- Lactic acid chelates such as titanium lactate and zirconium lactate are more preferable from the viewpoint of solubility in aqueous media.
- metal source used in the present invention examples include titanium lactate, titanium tetraacetylacetonate, titanium lactate ammonium salt, titanium triethanolamine, zirconium lactate, zirconium lactate ammonium salt, aluminum lactate, aluminum trisacetylacetonate, metal chelates such as copper lactate; metal alkoxides such as titanium tetraisopropoxide, titanium ethoxide, zirconium tetraisopropoxide, aluminum trisisopropoxide;
- the above-described polyvalent acid ions can be used.
- the polyvalent acid itself may be added, or a water-soluble metal salt of the polyvalent acid may be added to the aqueous medium and dissociated in the aqueous medium.
- the polyvalent acid metal salt particles contain a Group 4 metal element as in the present invention
- a polarity difference between the metal element and the polyvalent acid tends to occur, resulting in increased polarization within the polyvalent acid metal salt particles. Therefore, it is easy to form a good conductive path.
- Pauling's electronegativity is preferably 1.30 or more and 1.60 or less in terms of facilitating a polarity difference with the polyacid and suppressing moisture absorption.
- the Pauling electronegativities of Group 4 metals are titanium (Group 4, electronegativity: 1.54), zirconium (Group 4, electronegativity: 1.33), hafnium (Group 4, electronegativity degree: 1.30), which is within the above range, and can suppress moisture absorption and maintain high charge retention.
- charging uniformity in the toner is enhanced by injecting charges at different angles to the toner from two locations, the toner regulating member and the photoreceptor. If there is a convex portion, the injected charges are more likely to spread over the entire toner via the convex portion, so that charging uniformity is further enhanced. Therefore, the polarization in the toner is reduced, and the electrostatic aggregation between toner particles is suppressed. As a result, the fluidity of the toner is improved and the toner supplying power is improved, so that the solid followability is improved.
- the solid followability is the density stability of the second and subsequent sheets during continuous printing of an image with a very high printing rate (hereinafter referred to as a solid image). As will be described later, when the protrusions are made of an organosilicon polymer, the volume resistivity of the protrusions becomes optimum and this effect is remarkably exhibited.
- the projections on the surface of the toner particles are preferably formed of an organosilicon polymer. Since the protrusions are made of an organosilicon polymer, the adhesion between the polyvalent metal salt particles and the protrusions can be improved, and the polyvalent metal salt particles are removed from the toner particle surface through long-term durability. It is possible to prevent the transfer to the regulating member and change the charging characteristics.
- organosilicon polymer used in the present invention conventionally known organic polymers can be used without any particular limitation. Among them, it is preferable to use an organosilicon polymer having a partial structure represented by the following formula. R—SiO 3/2 (In the above formula, R represents an alkyl group, alkenyl group, acyl group, aryl group or methacryloxyalkyl group.)
- the above formula expresses that the organosilicon polymer has an organic group and a silicon polymer portion.
- the organosilicon polymer containing the partial structure represented by the above formula strongly adheres to the toner base particles because the organic group has an affinity for the toner base particles, and the silicon polymer portion is a polyvalent acid. Due to its affinity with metal salts, it strongly adheres to polyvalent acid metal salts. In this way, the metal salt of polyvalent acid can be more strongly fixed to the toner base particles through the organosilicon polymer.
- the metal element of the polyvalent metal salt particles is a Group 4 metal element
- the metal element has a valence of 2 or more and can form a crosslinked structure with the organosilicon compound.
- a crosslinked structure can be formed with the silicon compound polymer. This crosslinked structure suppresses migration of the polyvalent metal salt particles to the toner regulating member, promotes charge migration on the toner surface, and improves injection chargeability. As a result, fog is improved.
- the preferable content of the organosilicon compound is 100.0 parts by mass of the binder resin or the polymerizable monomer. On the other hand, it is 0.3 parts by mass or more and 20.0 parts by mass or less.
- organosilicon compound for obtaining the organosilicon polymer conventionally known organosilicon compounds can be used without particular limitation.
- at least one organosilicon compound selected from the group consisting of organosilicon compounds represented by the following formulas is preferable.
- R—Si—(Ra) 3 In the above formula, each Ra independently represents a halogen atom or an alkoxy group, and each R independently represents an alkyl group, alkenyl group, aryl group, acyl group or methacryloxyalkyl group.
- silane compound represented by the above formula examples include trifunctional methylsilane compounds of methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, methyldiethoxymethoxysilane, and methylethoxydimethoxysilane; trifunctional silane compounds such as ethoxysilane, propyltrimethoxysilane, propyltriethoxysilane, butyltrimethoxysilane, butyltriethoxysilane, hexyltrimethoxysilane, hexyltriethoxysilane; phenyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, etc.
- trifunctional phenylsilane compounds such as vinyltrimethoxysilane and vinyltriethoxysilane; trifunctional vinylsilane compounds such as allyltrimethoxysilane, allyltriethoxysilane, allyldiethoxymethoxysilane and allylethoxydimethoxysilane; Allylsilane compounds; trifunctional ⁇ -methacryloxypropylsilanes such as ⁇ -methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, ⁇ -methacryloxypropyldiethoxymethoxysilane, ⁇ -methacryloxypropylethoxydimethoxysilane compounds; trifunctional silane compounds such as;
- the polyvalent metal salt particles of the present invention are preferably polyvalent titanium salt particles.
- the metal element is titanium, the electronegativity of poling is large, so that a polarity difference from the polyvalent acid is more likely to occur than when other Group 4 metal elements such as zirconium and hafnium are used.
- the polarization in the polyvalent metal salt particles is increased, making it easier to form good conductive paths.
- injection chargeability is improved and fogging is improved.
- the toner of the present invention contains a binder resin.
- resins can be used as the binder resin without any particular limitation.
- Specific examples include vinyl resins, polyester resins, polyurethane resins, and polyamide resins.
- Polymerizable monomers that can be used for the production of vinyl resins include styrene monomers such as styrene and ⁇ -methylstyrene; acrylic acid esters such as methyl acrylate and butyl acrylate; methyl methacrylate and methacryl; Acid 2-hydroxyethyl, t-butyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid esters such as 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate; unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid; unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as maleic acid; unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides; nitrile-based vinyl monomers such as acrylonitrile; halogen-containing vinyl monomers such as vinyl chloride; nitro-based vinyl monomers such as nitrostyrene;
- a vinyl-based resin and a polyester resin as the binder resin.
- the toner of the present invention may contain a colorant.
- a colorant conventionally known black, yellow, magenta, and cyan pigments and dyes, magnetic substances, and the like can be used without any particular limitation.
- Black colorants include black pigments such as carbon black.
- Yellow coloring agents include monoazo compounds; disazo compounds; condensed azo compounds; isoindolinone compounds; benzimidazolone compounds; anthraquinone compounds; azo metal complexes;
- C.I. I. Pigment Yellow 74, 93, 95, 109, 111, 128, 155, 174, 180, 185, C.I. I. Solvent Yellow 162 and the like are included.
- Magenta coloring agents include monoazo compounds; condensed azo compounds; diketopyrrolopyrrole compounds; anthraquinone compounds; quinacridone compounds; basic dye lake compounds; etc.
- Cyan colorants include copper phthalocyanine compounds and derivatives thereof, anthraquinone compounds, cyan pigments such as basic dye lake compounds, and cyan dyes.
- C.I. I. Pigment Blue 1 7, 15, 15:1, 15:2, 15:3, 15:4, 60, 62, 66 and the like.
- the content of the colorant is preferably 1.0 parts by mass or more and 20.0 parts by mass or less with respect to 100.0 parts by mass of the binder resin or polymerizable monomer.
- the toner can be made into a magnetic toner by containing a magnetic substance.
- the magnetic material can also serve as a coloring agent.
- Magnetic substances include iron oxides typified by magnetite, hematite, and ferrite; metals typified by iron, cobalt, and nickel; or these metals and aluminum, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, tin, zinc, antimony, Alloys with metals such as beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, manganese, selenium, titanium, tungsten and vanadium, and mixtures thereof.
- the toner of the present invention may contain wax.
- Conventionally known waxes can be used as the wax without any particular limitation.
- esters of monohydric alcohols and monocarboxylic acids such as behenyl behenate, stearyl stearate and palmityl palmitate; esters of dihydric carboxylic acids and monoalcohols such as dibehenyl sebacate; ethylene glycol distea Esters of monocarboxylic acids with dihydric alcohols, such as diolate and hexanediol dibehenate; Esters of trihydric alcohols, such as glycerin tribehenate, with monocarboxylic acids; Esters of tetrahydric alcohol and monocarboxylic acid such as tate; esters of hexahydric alcohol and monocarboxylic acid such as dipentaerythritol hexastearate and dipentaerythritol hexapalmitate; esters of functional alcohols
- the content of the wax is preferably 1.0 parts by mass or more and 30.0 parts by mass or less with respect to 100.0 parts by mass of the binder resin or polymerizable monomer from the viewpoint of releasability. It is more preferable that it is 0 mass parts or more and 20.0 mass parts or less.
- the toner of the present invention may contain a charge control agent within a range that does not impede the expression of gradient force and charge control by the polyvalent acid metal salt particles.
- a charge control agent known charge control agents can be used without particular limitation.
- the negative charge control agent the following metal compounds of aromatic carboxylic acids such as salicylic acid, alkylsalicylic acids, dialkylsalicylic acids, naphthoic acid and dicarboxylic acids, or polymers containing such metal compounds of aromatic carboxylic acids or copolymers; polymers or copolymers having sulfonic acid groups, sulfonic acid groups or sulfonic acid ester groups; metal salts or metal complexes of azo dyes or azo pigments; boron compounds, silicon compounds, calixarene and the like.
- aromatic carboxylic acids such as salicylic acid, alkylsalicylic acids, dialkylsalicylic acids, naphthoic acid and dicarboxylic acids, or polymers containing such metal compounds of aromatic carboxylic acids or copolymers; polymers or copolymers having sulfonic acid groups, sulfonic acid groups or sulfonic acid ester groups; metal salts or metal complexes of
- examples of positive charge control agents include the following quaternary ammonium salts, polymer type compounds having quaternary ammonium salts in side chains; guanidine compounds; nigrosine compounds; imidazole compounds.
- the polymer or copolymer having a sulfonate group or a sulfonate ester group includes styrenesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, and vinyl sulfone.
- a homopolymer of a sulfonic acid group-containing vinyl monomer such as acid or methacrylsulfonic acid, or a copolymer of a vinyl monomer shown in the section of the binder resin and the above sulfonic acid group-containing vinyl monomer may be used. can.
- the content of the charge control agent is preferably 0.01 parts by mass or more and 5.0 parts by mass or less with respect to 100.0 parts by mass of the binder resin or polymerizable monomer.
- toner particles When toner particles have an organosilicon polymer on their surface, they exhibit properties such as excellent fluidity even in the absence of external additives. However, it may contain external additives for the purpose of further improvement.
- raw silica fine particles such as wet-process silica and dry-process silica, or silica obtained by surface-treating these raw silica fine particles with a treatment agent such as a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, or silicone oil fine particles; vinylidene fluoride fine particles, resin fine particles such as polytetrafluoroethylene fine particles, and the like.
- the content of the external additive is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and 5.0 parts by mass or less with respect to 100.0 parts by mass of the toner particles.
- the method for producing the toner base particles (the toner particles before adhering the polyvalent acid metal salt particles is also referred to as "toner base particles") is not particularly limited, and may be suspension polymerization, dissolution suspension, emulsification, or the like. An agglomeration method, a pulverization method, or the like can be used.
- a polymerizable monomer capable of forming a binder resin and, if necessary, various additives are mixed, and a dispersing machine is used to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition by dissolving or dispersing the materials. do.
- additives include coloring agents, waxes, charge control agents, polymerization initiators, and chain transfer agents.
- Dispersers include homogenizers, ball mills, colloid mills, and ultrasonic dispersers.
- the polymerizable monomer composition is put into an aqueous medium containing poorly water-soluble inorganic fine particles, and a high-speed disperser such as a high-speed stirrer or an ultrasonic disperser is used to disperse the polymerizable monomer composition.
- a high-speed disperser such as a high-speed stirrer or an ultrasonic disperser is used to disperse the polymerizable monomer composition.
- a high-speed disperser such as a high-speed stirrer or an ultrasonic disperser is used to disperse the polymerizable monomer composition.
- a high-speed disperser such as a high-speed stirrer or an ultrasonic disperser
- the polymerizable monomer in the droplet is polymerized to obtain toner base particles (polymerization step).
- the polymerization initiator may be mixed when preparing the polymerizable monomer composition, or may be mixed into the polymerizable monomer composition immediately before forming droplets in the aqueous medium.
- It can also be added in a state of being dissolved in a polymerizable monomer or another solvent, if necessary, during granulation of droplets or after completion of granulation, that is, immediately before starting the polymerization reaction.
- solvent removal treatment may be performed as necessary to obtain a dispersion liquid of the toner base particles.
- the binder resin is obtained by an emulsion aggregation method, a suspension polymerization method, or the like
- conventionally known monomers can be used without particular limitations as the polymerizable monomer.
- the vinyl-based monomers listed in the section of the binder resin can be used.
- polymerization initiator a known polymerization initiator can be used without any particular limitation. Specific examples include the following.
- a method for adhering the polyvalent acid metal salt particles to the toner base particles is exemplified below.
- a method of obtaining polyvalent acid metal salt particles by reacting a metal compound as a metal source with polyvalent acid ions in an aqueous medium in which toner particles are dispersed, or a method of forming polyvalent acid metal salt particles on toner particles by a dry or wet method. can be attached by mechanical external force.
- a method of obtaining polyvalent acid metal salt particles by reacting a metal compound serving as a metal source and polyvalent acid ions in an aqueous medium in which toner base particles are dispersed. For example, by adding a compound containing a metal element and a polyvalent acid to a dispersion liquid of toner base particles and mixing them, the compound containing a metal element and the polyvalent acid are reacted to precipitate the reaction product, and at the same time, the dispersion is dispersed. By stirring the liquid, the liquid adheres to the toner base particles.
- a dry or wet method of adhering polyvalent metal salt particles to the surface of toner base particles by mechanical external force For example, FM mixer, Mechanohybrid (manufactured by Nippon Coke Kogyo Co., Ltd.), Super Mixer, Nobilta (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation), T.I. K.
- a high-speed stirrer such as a homomixer (manufactured by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.) that imparts a shearing force to the powder or aqueous medium is used.
- the polyvalent metal salt particles are adhered to the toner base particles while applying a force for pulverizing the polyvalent metal salt particles.
- a method of obtaining polyvalent acid metal salt particles by reacting a metal compound serving as a metal source and polyvalent acid ions in an aqueous medium in which toner base particles are dispersed is preferable.
- a method of obtaining polyvalent acid metal salt particles by reacting a metal compound serving as a metal source and polyvalent acid ions in an aqueous medium in which toner base particles are dispersed is preferable.
- the polyvalent acid metal salt particles generated in the aqueous medium adhere to the toner base particles before the growth of the polyvalent acid metal salt particles is completed, the previously prepared polyvalent acid metal salt particles are subjected to mechanical external force.
- the polyvalent acid metal salt particles are strongly adhered to the toner base particles as compared with the case where the polyvalent acid metal salt particles are adhered to the toner base particles.
- an organosilicon compound into an aqueous medium and react the organosilicon compound in the aqueous medium to obtain an organosilicon polymer when the metal compound and the polyvalent acid ion react.
- the metal compound, polyvalent acid and organosilicon compound used in the above method the metal compound, polyvalent acid and organosilicon compound described above can be used, respectively.
- the toner particles of the present invention have toner base particles and projections formed on the surfaces of the toner base particles, and the polyvalent acid metal salt particles are present on the surfaces of the projections.
- the convex portion is formed of an organosilicon polymer.
- the polyvalent metal salt particles are attached to the protrusions formed of the organosilicon compound, the protrusions of the organosilicon compound are formed on the toner base particles by a method such as ⁇ Method of Attaching the Organosilicon Compound> described below. form.
- the polyvalent acid metal salt particles can be adhered to the surfaces of the projections by, for example, forming the polyvalent acid metal salt particles in water.
- particles such as silica may be externally added to the toner base particles in a wet or dry process to form protrusions on the surface of the toner base particles, and then the surfaces of the protrusions may be formed by adhering polyvalent acid metal salt particles to the surface in water. It is possible to obtain a structure in which polyvalent metal salt particles are present in the In the case of dry external addition, it is preferable to re-disperse the externally added toner in water using a surfactant or an inorganic dispersant, if necessary, and then generate the polyvalent acid metal salt particles. .
- the method of attaching the organosilicon compound of the present invention is not particularly limited, and conventionally known methods can be used.
- the organic silicon compound is condensed in an aqueous medium in which the toner base particles are dispersed, and the organic silicon compound is adhered onto the toner base particles.
- a method of adhering by a strong external force can be mentioned.
- the toner base particles and the organosilicon compound can be strongly adhered to each other and can be uniformly adhered to the toner base particles.
- a method of adhering an organosilicon compound onto the toner base particles is preferred.
- step 1 When the organosilicon compound is attached onto the toner base particles by the above method, it is preferable to include a step (step 1) of dispersing the toner base particles in an aqueous medium to obtain a toner base particle dispersion.
- an organosilicon compound (or a hydrolyzate thereof) is mixed with the toner base particle dispersion liquid, and the organosilicon compound is subjected to a condensation reaction in the toner base particle dispersion liquid, thereby forming the organosilicon compound on the toner base particles.
- step 2 It is preferable to include a step of adhering (step 2).
- the method for obtaining the toner base particle dispersion includes a method using the toner base particle dispersion prepared in the aqueous medium as it is, and a method in which the dried toner base particles are put into the aqueous medium and mechanically processed.
- a dispersing method and the like can be mentioned.
- a dispersing aid may be used.
- dispersion stabilizers As the dispersion aid, known dispersion stabilizers, surfactants, and the like can be used. Specifically, the following dispersion stabilizers include tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, magnesium phosphate, zinc phosphate, aluminum phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, Inorganic dispersion stabilizers such as calcium metasilicate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, bentonite, silica, and alumina; organic dispersion stabilizers such as polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, methylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose, ethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium salts, and starch; mentioned.
- anionic surfactants such as the following alkyl sulfate ester salts, alkylbenzene sulfonates, and fatty acid salts
- nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers and polyoxypropylene alkyl ethers
- alkylamine salts such as quaternary ammonium salts.
- it preferably contains an inorganic dispersion stabilizer, and more preferably contains a phosphate-containing dispersion stabilizer such as tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, magnesium phosphate, zinc phosphate, and aluminum phosphate.
- the organosilicon compound may be added to the toner base particle dispersion as it is, or may be added to the toner base particle dispersion after hydrolysis. Above all, it is preferable to add after hydrolysis because the above condensation reaction can be easily controlled and the amount of the organosilicon compound remaining in the toner base particle dispersion can be reduced.
- the above hydrolysis is preferably carried out in an aqueous medium whose pH is adjusted using a known acid and base. It is known that the hydrolysis of organosilicon compounds is pH dependent, and the pH at which the above hydrolysis is performed is preferably changed as appropriate according to the type of the organosilicon compound. For example, when methyltriethoxysilane is used as the organosilicon compound, the aqueous medium preferably has a pH of 2.0 or more and 6.0 or less.
- Acids for adjusting the pH include, specifically, the following hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, hypochlorous acid, chlorous acid, chloric acid, perchloric acid, hypobromous acid, Bromous acid, bromic acid, perbromic acid, hypoiodous acid, iodous acid, iodic acid, periodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, inorganic acids such as boric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, gluconic acid , lactic acid, oxalic acid, and tartaric acid.
- the base for adjusting the pH include the following alkali metal hydroxides such as potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide, aqueous solutions thereof, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, and the like.
- alkali metal carbonates and their aqueous solutions potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, lithium sulfate and other alkali metal sulfates and their aqueous solutions, potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, lithium phosphate and other alkali metal phosphates and aqueous solutions thereof, hydroxides of alkaline earth metals such as calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, aqueous solutions thereof, ammonia, and amines such as triethylamine.
- alkali metal hydroxides such as potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide, aqueous solutions thereof, ammonia, and amines such as triethylamine.
- the condensation reaction in step 2 is preferably controlled by adjusting the pH of the toner base particle dispersion. It is known that the condensation reaction of organosilicon compounds is pH-dependent, and it is preferable to appropriately change the pH when carrying out the condensation reaction according to the type of the organosilicon compound. For example, when methyltriethoxysilane is used as the organosilicon compound, the aqueous medium preferably has a pH of 6.0 or more and 12.0 or less. As acids and bases for adjusting the pH, the acids and bases exemplified in the section on hydrolysis can be used.
- the condensation reaction in step 2 is preferably performed at a temperature of about 10°C or higher and 100°C or lower.
- ⁇ Area of conductive substance, coefficient of variation> As a method for evaluating the conductive substance on the surface of the toner, an evaluation method using a scanning electron microscope, which will be described later, is used, and the average value of the area of the conductive substance is 10000 nm2 or less, preferably 5000 nm2 or less. , 2000 nm 2 or less.
- the area of the conductive substance is the projected area of one lump of the conductive substance existing on the toner surface from the direction perpendicular to the toner surface.
- the conductive substance of the toner becomes discrete, and the toner tends to retain electric charge. This is because the chances of contact between the conductive material on the surface of the toner and the surrounding material are small, making it difficult for the charge of the toner to escape.
- the coefficient of variation that indicates the variation in the area of the conductive substance is 10.0 or less, preferably 7.0 or less, and more preferably 5.0 or less.
- the coefficient of variation of the area of the conductive substance is 10.0 or less
- the size of the conductive substance is less dispersed, so the amount of charge of the conductive substance, which tends to be charged, is less varied, and the toner particles is uniformly charged.
- the resistance of the toner does not change much depending on the strength of the electric field, so there are few restrictions on the development electric field and the transfer electric field.
- the resistance of the toner surface does not change so much that the charge amount of the injected toner does not change much.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- JSM-7800F manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- EDX Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
- mapping image of the metal element and the element contained in the polyvalent acid for example, when phosphoric acid is used as the polyvalent acid, the mapping image of phosphorus is compared, and the two match. Therefore, it can be confirmed that particles of a salt of a polyvalent acid and a Group 4 element metal are contained.
- weight average particle diameter (D4) and number average particle diameter (D1) of toner or the like are calculated as follows.
- a precision particle size distribution measuring device “Coulter Counter Multisizer 3" (registered trademark, manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.) using a pore electrical resistance method equipped with a 100 ⁇ m aperture tube is used.
- the attached dedicated software "Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 Version 3.51” (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.) is used to set the measurement conditions and analyze the measurement data. The measurement is performed with 25,000 effective measurement channels.
- the electrolytic aqueous solution used for the measurement can be one prepared by dissolving special grade sodium chloride in ion-exchanged water to a concentration of 1.0%, such as "ISOTON II” (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.). .
- the specific measurement method is as follows.
- the weight average particle size (D4) is the "average diameter” on the “analysis/volume statistics (arithmetic mean)” screen when graph/vol% is set using dedicated software.
- the number average particle size (D1) is the "average diameter” on the “analysis/number statistical value (arithmetic mean)” screen when graph/number % is set on the dedicated software.
- the (ON) button of the observation icon is pressed to apply an accelerating voltage and observe a backscattered electron image.
- the binarization process is performed to obtain a binarized image in which the conductive material is represented in white.
- the built-in function finds the average value of the areas of the white portions, which is used as the average value of the areas of the conductive material.
- the binarization process is performed to obtain a binarized image in which the conductive material is represented in white.
- the standard deviation of the area of the white portion is determined by the built-in function and divided by the average value of the area of the conductive material.
- the obtained value is defined as the coefficient of variation of the area of the conductive substance.
- ⁇ Toner production example> An example of manufacturing the toner used in this embodiment will be described.
- a toner having a normal charge polarity of negative is used.
- a polymerized toner produced by a polymerization method is used.
- the manufacturing method of the toner is described below.
- the manufacturing method of the toner of this embodiment is roughly as follows. Details of each step will be described later.
- the toner of this embodiment is a toner mother particle dispersion liquid in which toner mother particles, which are the nuclei of the toner, are dispersed mainly through preparation of an aqueous medium, preparation of a polymerizable monomer composition, granulation, and polymerization. Manufactured from the process of obtaining Then, it is produced mainly by a step of adjusting the material forming the surface layer of the toner and a step of uniting the mother particles and the surface layer material to form toner particles.
- the numerical values in each process are the manufacturing conditions of the toner A used in this example. All “parts” and “%” in the examples and comparative examples are based on mass unless otherwise specified.
- a calcium chloride aqueous solution prepared by dissolving 7.4 parts of calcium chloride (dihydrate) in 10.0 parts of ion-exchanged water was all put into a reaction vessel to prepare an aqueous medium containing a dispersion stabilizer. Furthermore, 1.0 mol/L of hydrochloric acid was added to the aqueous medium in the reaction vessel to adjust the pH to 6.0 to prepare an aqueous medium.
- the above materials were placed in an attritor (manufactured by Nippon Coke Kogyo Co., Ltd.), and further dispersed using zirconia particles with a diameter of 1.7 mm at 220 rpm for 5.0 hours to prepare a colorant dispersion in which the pigment was dispersed. .
- the above materials were kept at 65°C and uniformly dissolved and dispersed at 500 rpm using a stirring device to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition.
- the stirring device was changed to a stirrer equipped with a propeller stirring blade, and the mixture was stirred at 200 rpm while maintaining the temperature at 70°C for 5.0 hours to carry out polymerization.
- a polymerization reaction was carried out. Further, the temperature is raised to 98° C. and heated for 3.0 hours to remove residual monomers, and ion-exchanged water is added to adjust the concentration of toner base particles in the dispersion liquid to 30.0%.
- a toner mother particle dispersion liquid in which the mother particles are dispersed is obtained.
- the number average particle size (D1) of the toner base particles was 6.2 ⁇ m, and the weight average particle size (D4) was 6.9 ⁇ m.
- the pH of the resulting mixed solution was adjusted to 9.5, and after the temperature of the mixed solution was brought to 50° C., while mixing using a propeller stirring blade , held for 1.0 h.
- Toner A was obtained by drying the obtained powder in a constant temperature bath and classifying it with an air classifier. Toner A had a number average particle diameter (D1) of 6.2 ⁇ m, a weight average particle diameter (D4) of 6.9 ⁇ m, and a specific gravity of 1.0 g/cm 3 .
- TEM-EDX Transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that protrusions containing an organosilicon polymer were observed on the surfaces of the toner particles, and titanium was present on the surfaces of the protrusions. confirmed to exist.
- the convex height H was 60 nm.
- ions derived from titanium phosphate were detected by analyzing toner A by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS analysis).
- the titanium phosphate compound is a conductive substance, and is a reaction product of titanium lactate and phosphate ions derived from sodium phosphate or calcium phosphate derived from an aqueous medium.
- the average area of the titanium-existing regions of the protrusions containing the organosilicon polymer was 104 nm 2 and the coefficient of variation was 2.1.
- a toner having a conductive substance on the surface of the base is used, but the present invention is not limited to this. It suffices if there are discrete conductive substances on the surface, for example, magnetic toner containing a magnetic substance and the magnetic substance exposed on the surface, or toner in which a conductive external additive is externally added to an insulating toner base. etc. may be used.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of the developing roller used in this embodiment.
- the developing roller 31 has an elastic layer 31B (hereinafter referred to as a base layer) formed on the outer peripheral surface of a columnar or hollow cylindrical conductive base 31A.
- a surface layer 31c (hereinafter referred to as a surface layer) as the outermost layer covers the outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer 31B.
- a SUS metal core with a diameter of 6 mm was used for the substrate 31A.
- the base layer 31B is made of a silicone rubber composition.
- a liquid silicone rubber material mixed with carbon black was cured by vulcanization to form a silicone rubber elastic layer with a diameter of 10 mm on the outer circumference of the substrate.
- the surface layer 31c is made of a polyurethane resin composition.
- the polyurethane resin composition is a mixture of an isocyanate-terminated polyol (Mn: 3500), an amino compound (made from diethylenetriamine), carbon black (15% by mass relative to the polyurethane resin), and fine urethane resin particles for adjusting surface roughness. is.
- a surface layer having a film thickness of about 10 ⁇ m is formed on the periphery of the base layer.
- FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram of a device for measuring the volume resistivity of the developing roller 31.
- the developing roller 31 to be measured is placed in contact with a metal cylinder E (made of SUS) having a diameter of 30 mm so that the axial direction thereof is parallel.
- a load F of 4.9 N is applied to both longitudinal direction end portions of the substrate 31A of the developing roller 31, and the developing roller 31 and the metal cylinder E are brought into close contact with each other.
- a digital multimeter (80 series manufactured by FLUKE) is connected to both ends of the resistor R so that the voltage across the resistor R can be measured.
- the metal cylinder E is rotated at 30 rpm in an arbitrary direction (counterclockwise in this embodiment) so that the developing roller 31 is driven to rotate with respect to the metal cylinder E.
- the volume resistivity ⁇ d of the developing roller 31 can be calculated using the following equation (3).
- S represents the contact area (contact nip width ⁇ longitudinal width) of the developing roller 31 with respect to the metal cylinder E
- t represents the thickness from the substrate to the outermost surface (base layer+surface layer).
- ⁇ d ( ⁇ cm) R d ( ⁇ ) ⁇ S (cm 2 )/t (cm) Expression (3)
- FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram of a device for measuring the capacitance of the developing roller 31.
- the developing roller 31 to be measured is placed in contact with a metal cylinder E (made of SUS) having a diameter of 30 mm so that the axial direction thereof is parallel.
- a load F of 4.9 N is applied to both longitudinal direction end portions of the substrate 31A of the developing roller 31, and the developing roller 31 and the metal cylinder E are brought into close contact with each other.
- An LCZ meter (NF2345 manufactured by NF Circuit Design Block Co., Ltd.) is connected to the base 31A of the developing roller 31 and the metal cylinder E, and the measured capacitance is used as the capacitance of the developing roller 31.
- the metal cylinder E is rotated at 30 rpm in an arbitrary direction (counterclockwise in this embodiment), and the developing roller 31 is driven to rotate with respect to the metal cylinder E.
- the LCZ meter is set to the parallel equivalent circuit mode and the frequency is set to 10 kHz, and the capacitance C of the developing roller 31 is measured.
- the electrostatic capacitance CS per unit area can be calculated using the following formula (4).
- S in the formula (4) indicates the contact area (contact width ⁇ longitudinal width) of the developing roller 31 with respect to the metal cylinder E.
- CS (pF/cm 2 ) C (pF)/S (cm 2 ) Equation (4)
- the surface resistivity of the surface layer of the developing roller 31 can be measured as follows. First, 1 to 2 ml of surface layer paint is dripped onto a polyester sheet (Lumirror, manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.). This liquid is spread quickly with a film applicator (gap 125 ⁇ m, width 100 mm). Next, the sheet is air-dried for 30 minutes and then heat-cured. The heat-cured sheet is allowed to stand in an environment with a temperature of 23.5° C. and a relative humidity of 50% for 1 hour or more.
- an injection member or contact member that contacts the developing roller, and a voltage with a high absolute value on the normal charging polarity side with respect to the development voltage is applied to the injection member.
- an electric field hereinafter referred to as an injection electric field
- injection region a region where the injection member and the developing roller are adjacent to each other, and charges can be injected into the toner on the developing roller.
- the injection electric field becomes stronger as the voltage difference applied to the injection member and the developing roller (hereinafter referred to as injection voltage difference) is increased.
- the toner on the developing roller is triboelectrically charged when it contacts a member with a different work function than the toner.
- changes in the work function of the toner due to changes in durability, and changes in the work function of members due to surface contamination of the developing roller caused by contamination with foreign matter, etc. can change the charge amount of the toner, resulting in a large change in image quality. rice field.
- FIG. 8 shows the relationship between the injection voltage difference and the opposite polarity toner ratio on the developing roller in a configuration using a developing blade as an injection member.
- toner A the ratio of reverse polarity toner on the developing roller decreases as the injection voltage difference increases. This indicates that charge is injected into the toner on the developing roller by an injection member with an injection electric field.
- toner B as Comparative Example 1, which will be described later, even if the injection voltage difference is increased, the reverse polarity toner ratio on the developing roller does not change much. That is, toner charge injection is related to the characteristics of the toner, and toner A can be said to exhibit charge injection properties. Toner B can be said to be a toner that does not exhibit charge injection properties.
- the developing roller used in this measurement system has a volume resistivity of 9 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ cm, is driven at a surface speed of 200 mm/sec, and is measured at a temperature of 23° C. and a humidity of 50%.
- the toner on the developing roller is regulated at 0.3 mg/cm.
- a potential difference is formed between the surface of the developing roller, which is a rotatable rotating member, and the contact member, which is a developing blade that contacts the surface of the rotating member. making.
- the resistance values of the rotary member and the contact member are respectively 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ or less.
- the resistance value of the toner is calculated in an experimental system using a developing device, but the present invention is not limited to this. may be in contact with each other.
- Toner A used in Example 1 exhibited charge injection properties, and its resistance value was 8.3 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ when stopped and 5.0 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ when driven.
- the resistance value of toner B which does not exhibit charge injection properties, was 1.4 ⁇ 10 8 ⁇ during stop and 4.0 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ during driving.
- the toner on the developing roller When the toner on the developing roller is charged, the toner charge flows to the developing roller side due to the influence of the electric field in the regulation area, so the development current increases and the resistance value of the toner decreases.
- the toner B which does not exhibit charge injection properties, does not rub against other members when it is stopped, so it has no charge. On the other hand, it has an electric charge because it rubs against other members when it is driven. Therefore, the calculated resistance value of the toner is lower during driving than during stopping.
- toner A which exhibits charge injection properties, charge is injected into the toner by the electric field of the regulation region even when the toner is stopped, and the toner resistance value when stopped is lower than that of the toner B.
- FIG. As described above, the difference in the resistance value of the toner between when the toner is stopped and when it is driven is smaller for the toner exhibiting the charge injection property than for the toner not exhibiting the charge injection property.
- ⁇ Resistance value at stop is 10 5 to 10 8 ⁇ ⁇ Driving (200mm/sec) resistance value is 40% or more of stopping
- the charge injection toner should have a resistance value of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ or more. This is to suppress charge decay and establish processes such as transfer.
- the toner has a first resistance value of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ to It is 1.0 ⁇ 10 8 ⁇ .
- the second resistance measured with the rotating member rotated at 200 mm/s with respect to the contact member and with the toner sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member is the first resistance.
- a toner is used that is within the range of values and that is 40% or more of the first resistance value.
- ⁇ p is the volume resistivity of the outermost surface of the photosensitive drum 21 and ⁇ d is the volume resistivity of the developing roller 31 .
- Equation (5) indicates an appropriate relationship between the value of ⁇ p and the value of ⁇ d .
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing an equivalent circuit of a portion of the developing roller 31 consisting of a base layer and a surface layer.
- the base layer 31b and surface layer 31c of the developing roller 31 can each be represented by a parallel circuit of a resistor and a capacitor. Since the base layer 31b and the surface layer 31c of the developing roller 31 are laminated, an equivalent circuit of the developing roller 31 can be expressed by connecting each parallel circuit in series. However, since the base layer 31b of the developing roller 31 has high conductivity, the capacitor portion of the base layer can be almost ignored, and there is no problem even if it is replaced with a simple resistor. Therefore, in FIG. 11, the capacitor portion of the base layer 31b is omitted.
- charge leakage from the toner to the developing roller 31 will be considered by focusing on the charge path.
- the amount of charge leaked from the toner to the developing roller 31 in the developing area is determined by the amount of charge flowing into the developing roller 31 through the equivalent circuit shown in FIG.
- the charge inflow path of the developing roller 31 involves a path A through which charges leak through a resistor and a path B through which charges flow to charge a capacitor. Therefore, in order to suppress the amount of charge leakage to the developing roller 31, not only the resistance of the path A is increased to decrease the inflow amount of charge, but also the capacitance of the path B is decreased to fill the capacitor capacity. It is necessary to reduce the amount of charge.
- the volume resistivity of the surface layer 31c of the developing roller 31 is increased to decrease the amount of charge flowing through the path A, and the capacitance of the surface layer 31c of the developing roller 31 is decreased to decrease the amount of charge flowing through the path B. less. Thereby, it is possible to effectively suppress charge leakage to the developing roller 31 .
- volume resistivity, capacitance, and surface resistivity of the developing roller 31 of this embodiment will be described below.
- the volume resistivity of the developing roller 31 measured by the method described above is preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm or more.
- the modulus was 6.0 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm.
- the electrostatic capacity of the developing roller 31 measured by the above-described method is preferably 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 pF/cm 2 or less.
- the capacitance of 31 was 3.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 pF/cm 2 .
- the range of the surface resistivity of the surface layer 31c of the developing roller 31 measured by the method described above is preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ / ⁇ to 1 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ / ⁇ . , and 5.0 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ / ⁇ in this example.
- a potential difference between the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 and the surface potential of the developing roller 31 is required. obtained by the applied development voltage. That is, if the base layer 31b of the developing roller 31 is insulative, no surface potential can be obtained.
- the volume resistivity of the base layer 31b of the developing roller 31 is measured by the same measuring method as the measuring method of the volume resistivity of the developing roller 31 described with reference to FIG. That is, the volume resistivity of the base layer is obtained by the measuring method described with reference to FIG. In this example, the volume resistivity of the base layer 31b of the developing roller 31 was 5 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ cm.
- the desired control cannot be performed, and unexpected problems may occur.
- the opposite polarity toner on the developing roller 31 is developed on the non-exposed portion Vd on the photosensitive drum 21, which causes so-called image fogging.
- the opposite polarity toner on the photosensitive drum 21 is not transferred to the recording material P in the transfer process, causing transfer failure.
- image damage may occur due to contamination of the charging roller 23 in the configuration without a cleaning member as in this embodiment, or toner puncture may occur due to excessive waste toner even in the configuration with a cleaning member.
- Example 1 (Charge injection within development area) In Example 1, by using the photosensitive drum 21 as the injection member, the charge is injected into the developing region, thereby suppressing the occurrence of image defects such as image fogging.
- Toner charge amount change in development area As the developing roller 31 rotates, the toner uniformly formed into a thin layer on the developing roller 31 rushes into the developing area, which is the contact portion between the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 . The toner rolls in the developing area and rubs against the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 to cause triboelectrification of the toner. Further, when the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 in the developing region has a potential relationship such that the absolute value of the surface potential (developing voltage) of the developing roller 31 is higher on the normal charging polarity side of the toner, the electric field The toner is attracted to the developing roller 31 side by the force of .
- the toner receives by frictional charging in the developing area is predominantly due to the frictional charging between the toner and the photosensitive drum 21 .
- the toner since the electrification line of the toner is closer to the negative charging side than the photosensitive drum 21, the toner receives electrons from the photosensitive drum 21 due to triboelectrification in the developing area.
- the surface of the toner has a conductive portion, and the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 in the developing region is higher than the surface potential of the developing roller 31 toward the normal charging polarity of the toner, development is not possible.
- Injection charging of the toner from the photosensitive drum 21 also occurs within the region. This injection charging occurs when the electric charges present on the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 move to the surface of the toner due to the force of the electric field at the contact portion between the photosensitive drum 21 and the toner. Since the toner used in this embodiment is negatively charged, when the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 is higher than the surface potential of the developing roller 31 toward the negative polarity side, the electrons on the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 are transferred to the surface of the toner.
- the charge imparted to the toner by injection charging tends to depend on the surface layer resistance of the photosensitive drum 21 and the electric field strength in the development area, and is less affected by the amount of rubbing of the toner in the development area.
- the toner is charged from the photosensitive drum 21 in the developing area.
- the toner For example, when negatively charged toner is used, electrons on the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 move to the toner, increasing the charge amount of the toner. Due to the transfer of electrons from the photosensitive drum 21 to the toner, the surface potential of the negatively charged photosensitive drum 21 decreases when passing through the developing area. The larger the amount of decrease in surface potential, the larger the amount of charge applied from the photosensitive drum 21 to the toner.
- the photosensitive drum 21, which provides a sufficient amount of charge to the toner in the developing area is characterized by the amount of decrease in the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 when passing through the developing area. That is, when the developing roller 31 is brought into contact with the surface speed of the photosensitive drum 21 at a peripheral speed 40% faster than the surface speed of the photosensitive drum 21, the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 after passing through the developing region is 3.0% higher than that before passing through the developing region. % or more. For example, when the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 is ⁇ 600 V before passing through the developing region, the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 becomes ⁇ 582 V or less after passing through the developing region due to the above-described peripheral speed difference. applies.
- the surface potential change of the photosensitive drum 21 before and after passing through the developing area was measured using a process cartridge modified so that surface potential meters could be placed on the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 upstream and downstream of the developing area.
- the charging brush 22 and the charging roller 23 charge the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 before passing through the developing area to ⁇ 600 V, and the surface speed of the developing roller 31 is increased by 40% relative to the surface speed of the photosensitive drum 21. was brought into contact with the Then, the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 decreased to -564V after passing through the development area. That is, the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 decreased by 6% compared to before passing through the developing region.
- the amount of charge imparted from the photosensitive drum 21 to the toner is mainly divided into that due to triboelectrification and that due to injection electrification.
- the amount of triboelectric charge increases as the amount of rubbing between the photosensitive drum 21 and the toner in the developing area increases.
- the photosensitive drum 21 whose surface layer has a low electrical resistance is used, the dependence of the triboelectric charge amount on the development peripheral speed difference increases.
- the injected charge amount is hardly affected by the amount of friction between the photosensitive drum 21 and the toner, the injected charge amount hardly changes even if the development peripheral speed difference changes.
- the amount of charge leakage from the toner to the developing roller 31 depends on the time required for the toner to pass through the development area, and that the shorter the passage time, the smaller the amount of charge leakage. If the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 in the developing area has a potential relationship such that the absolute value of the surface potential of the developing roller 31 is higher on the normal charging polarity side of the toner, the toner develops due to the force of the electric field. It is attracted to the roller 31 side. Therefore, the faster the rotational speed of the developing roller 31, the shorter the time for one toner particle to pass through the developing area, and the less the amount of charge leakage.
- the surface speed of the developing roller 31 is increased relative to the surface speed of the photosensitive drum 21, thereby providing the development peripheral speed difference.
- the surface speed of the developing roller 31 is slowed relative to the surface speed of the photosensitive drum 21 to provide a developing peripheral speed difference, the same charge imparting effect can be obtained.
- the contact development method with the peripheral development speed difference is used, but it is not limited to this.
- Any photosensitive drum 21 may be used as an injection member capable of injecting electric charge into the toner on the developing roller 31.
- a contact developing method having no peripheral speed difference may be used.
- Example 2 the following toner C was used. Image fogging density was evaluated before and after using the cartridge using the same configuration as in Example 1 except for the toner.
- toner (Production example of toner particles C)
- a dispersion of toner base particles was prepared in the same manner as in the production example described in Example 1.
- the pH of the resulting dispersion was adjusted to 1.5 with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and after stirring for 1.0 hour, the dispersion was filtered and dried while washing with ion-exchanged water.
- the obtained powder was classified by an air classifier to obtain toner particles C.
- the number average particle diameter (D1) of toner particles C was 6.2 ⁇ m, and the weight average particle diameter (D4) was 6.7 ⁇ m.
- Example 2 When Toner C was observed in the same manner as in Example 1, it was confirmed that titanium was present on the toner surface.
- the average area of the titanium-existing regions was 1400 nm 2 and the coefficient of variation was 7.5.
- the height of the convex portion was 60 nm.
- toner C When the resistance value of toner C was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, it was 7.3 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ when stationary and 2.9 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ when driven. That is, the toner resistance value during driving is 40% of the toner resistance value during rest, and the toner exhibits charge injection properties.
- Image fogging density was evaluated before and after using the cartridge using the same configuration as in Example 1 except for the toner.
- Toner B obtained by omitting the step of attaching a polyvalent metal salt to Toner A of Example 1 was used. At this time, no conductive substance was present on the surface of the toner B, and the resistance value of the toner B was 1.4 ⁇ 10 8 ⁇ when stopped and 4.0 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ when driven. That is, the toner volume resistivity during driving is 29% of the toner volume resistivity during stop.
- Image fogging density was evaluated before and after using the cartridge using the same configuration as in Example 1 except for the photosensitive drum.
- a photosensitive drum A was used in which the fifth layer (charge injection layer) was omitted from the photosensitive drums 21 of Examples 1 and 2.
- Table 2 shows the results of the image fogging density before and after using the cartridge in the configurations of Examples 1 and 2, Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- the image fog density was measured in the non-image area with a reflection densitometer manufactured by Tokyo Denshoku Co., Ltd. A difference between the density of the non-image portion and the reference density (hereinafter referred to as image fogging density) of 4% was taken as the allowable value, and below the allowable value was evaluated as OK, while exceeding the allowable value was evaluated as NG.
- the image fog density is stable before and after the cartridge is used, and does not exceed the allowable value.
- Comparative Example 1 the image fogging density after using the cartridge was NG.
- no conductive substance exists on the surface of the toner B, and charge is imparted to the toner by triboelectrification with members such as the developing blade 35 and the photosensitive drum 21 .
- the surface of the toner changes, and the work function of the toner changes.
- the amount of charge imparted to the toner by triboelectrification was insufficient, the amount of charge on the toner decreased, and the ratio of reverse polarity toner increased, resulting in an NG image fogging density after the cartridge was used.
- Example 3 The image forming apparatus in Example 3 will be explained. Here, the description of the parts common to the first embodiment is omitted.
- the third embodiment is characterized in that it is possible to regulate the toner layer in the regulation area and simultaneously charge injection into the toner by using the conductive developing blade 35 and the developing roller 31 having a predetermined volume resistivity. do.
- a SUS plate is used as the developing blade 35 .
- the absolute value of the voltage applied to the developing blade 35 is set to be high on the toner normal charging polarity side with respect to the developing roller 31, and the injection voltage difference is set to -100V.
- Such a configuration in which charges are injected in front of the developing region is effective in stabilizing the toner charge amount on the developing roller 31 regardless of the developing method.
- the contact development method in which the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 are brought into contact with each other is used in the first embodiment, the third embodiment is not limited to this.
- a so-called jumping development method in which the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 face each other in a non-contact manner and an AC voltage is applied to the developing roller 31 for development is also effective.
- the volume resistivity of the injection member as in Example 1, which injects the charge from the surface of the pre-charged member into the toner is 1 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm or less.
- the volume resistivity of the member that injects charge into the toner by directly applying a voltage is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm or more.
- the injection member is not limited to this.
- the volume resistivity ⁇ i of the injection member and the volume resistivity ⁇ d of the developing roller 31 only need to satisfy the relationship of formula (5).
- the member may be provided independently.
- the injection member is not limited to the above structure, and may be a supply roller that supplies toner to the developing roller 31 as long as it has a function of injecting electric charge into the toner by coming into contact with the developing roller 31 .
- Example 4 Using the same configuration as in Example 3 except for the surface layer of the developing roller 31, the image fogging density was evaluated before and after the cartridge was used.
- a silicone-based surfactant (trade name: TFS4446, manufactured by Momentive Performance Materials, Inc.) was added to the surface layer coating liquid for forming the polyurethane composition used in Example 3 to the polyurethane resin.
- a surface layer coating liquid was prepared by adding 3 parts by mass. Then, this surface layer coating liquid was applied to the outer circumference of the base layer made of silicone rubber, and air-dried at 23° C. for 30 minutes. Then, it was dried in a hot air circulating dryer set at 160° C.
- the developing roller 31 used in this embodiment had a volume resistivity of 6.0 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm and a capacitance of 3.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 pF/cm 2 .
- the surface resistivity of the surface layer of the developing roller 31 used in this example was 2 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- Example 5 Using the same configuration as in Example 3 except for the surface layer of the developing roller 31, the image fogging density was evaluated before and after the cartridge was used.
- 3 parts by mass of a fluorine-based surfactant (trade name: Megafac F444, manufactured by DIC Corporation) was added to the surface layer coating liquid for forming the polyurethane composition used in Example 3 with respect to the polyurethane resin. % added was prepared. Then, this surface layer coating liquid was applied to the outer circumference of the base layer made of silicone rubber, and air-dried at 23° C. for 30 minutes. Then, it was dried in a hot air circulating dryer set at 160° C. for 1 hour to form a surface layer having a film thickness of 10 ⁇ m.
- a fluorine-based surfactant trade name: Megafac F444, manufactured by DIC Corporation
- the developing roller 31 used in this embodiment had a volume resistivity of 6.0 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm and an electrostatic capacity of 3.9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 pF/cm 2 .
- the surface resistivity of the surface layer of the developing roller 31 used in this example was 1 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- Example 6> Using the same configuration as in Example 4 except for the developing blade 35, the image fog density was evaluated before and after the cartridge was used.
- the developing blade 35 made of silicone rubber in which 20 parts by mass of carbon black is added to silicone rubber is used.
- the volume resistivity of the developing blade 35 used in this embodiment was 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm.
- Image fogging density was evaluated before and after using the cartridge using the same configuration as in Example 3 except for the toner.
- the resistance value of Toner B used in Comparative Example 3 is 1.4 ⁇ 10 8 ⁇ when stopped and 4.0 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ when driven.
- Table 3 shows the results of image fog densities before and after using the cartridge in the configurations of Examples 3 to 6 and Comparative Example 3.
- Example 6 In the configurations of Examples 3 to 6, the image fog density is stable before and after the cartridge is used, and does not exceed the allowable value. Specifically, the image fogging density was lower in Examples 4 and 5 than in Example 3, and the results were good. Furthermore, Example 6 had a lower image fogging density and a better result.
- the work function of the developing roller 31 used in Examples 3-6 was evaluated by the following method. Two types of developing rollers 31 were selected from among the developing rollers 31 used in Examples 3 to 6, and electric charge was measured using an electrometer (Model 6514 system electrometer) while rubbing the two types of developing rollers 31 . At that time, relative evaluation of the work function was performed depending on which developing roller 31 was negatively charged or which was positively charged. As a result, the developing roller 31 used in Examples 4 and 5 was more likely to be negatively charged and had a higher work function than the developing roller 31 used in Example 3. Also, the developing rollers 31 used in Examples 4 and 5 had the same work function.
- the work function of the developing blade 35 used in Examples 3 to 6 was also evaluated in a similar manner. As a result, the developing blade 35 made of silicone rubber used in Example 6 was more likely to be negatively charged and had a higher work function than the SUS plate used in Examples 3 to 5.
- the difference in work function between the toner and the developing roller 31 or between the toner and the regulating member there is a method of using resin to which the above-described charge control agent is added for the developing roller 31 or the regulating member.
- the work function of the toner may be brought close to the work function of the developing roller 31 or the developing blade 35 by using an external additive or the like.
- Comparative Example 3 the image fogging density after using the cartridge was NG.
- Comparative Example 3 no conductive material was present on the toner surface, and the charge was imparted to the toner by triboelectrification.
- the surface of the toner changes, and the work function of the toner changes.
- the amount of charge imparted to the toner by triboelectrification was insufficient, the amount of charge on the toner decreased, and the ratio of reverse polarity toner increased, resulting in an NG image fogging density after the cartridge was used.
- Example 7 In Example 7, the following image forming apparatus 160 was used.
- 12A and 12B are schematic diagrams showing the configuration of an image forming apparatus 160 according to the seventh embodiment.
- Example 7 the same process cartridge 20 as in Example 3 was evaluated using an image forming apparatus 160 different from that in Example 3.
- the image forming apparatus 160 is a monochrome printer that forms an image on the recording material P based on image information input from an external device, like the image forming apparatus 1 .
- the image forming apparatus 160 has an image forming section 10 that forms a toner image on the recording material P, as shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B.
- a feeding unit 60 that feeds the recording material P to the image forming unit 10
- a fixing unit 70 that fixes the toner image formed by the image forming unit 10 onto the recording material P
- a discharge roller pair 80 . ing.
- Example 7 voltage was applied to the developing blade 35 included in the process cartridge 20 shown in FIG.
- Example 8 In Example 8, the following image forming apparatus 161 was used.
- FIGS. 12A and 12B are schematic diagrams showing the configuration of an image forming apparatus 161 according to the eighth embodiment.
- the image forming apparatus 161 differs from the image forming apparatus 160 of FIGS. 12A and 12B in the insertion position of the process cartridge, and the position of the scanner unit 11 is also changed accordingly.
- Example 8 the same process cartridge 20 as in Example 7 was evaluated using the image forming apparatus 161 .
- the voltage applied to the developing blade 35 was also set to ⁇ 200 V with respect to the developing roller 31 as in the seventh embodiment.
- toner B was used in the process cartridge 20 of Example 7, and the image forming apparatus 160 of Example 7 was evaluated.
- Comparative Example 5 is given to explain the effects of Examples 7 and 8 in more detail.
- toner B was used in the process cartridge 20 of Example 8, and the image forming apparatus 161 of Example 8 was evaluated.
- Table 4 shows the results of the image fog density before and after using the cartridge in the configurations of Examples 7 and 8, Comparative Examples 4 and 5.
- the image fog density is stable before and after the cartridge is used, and does not exceed the allowable value. Specifically, the image fog density was lower in Example 8 than in Example 7, and the result was good.
- the image forming operation was stopped during printing of a solid white image in an environment of a temperature of 23.0° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.
- the developing roller 31 was removed from the developing device 30, and the charge amount of the toner on the developing roller 31 after passing through a contact area (hereinafter referred to as a blade nip) between the developing blade 35 and the developing roller 31 was measured.
- Toner charge amount was measured by calculating the average charge amount using an East Part Analyzer manufactured by Hosokawa Micron.
- Q 1 is the average charge amount when voltage is applied to the developing blade 35 with the injection voltage difference set to 0 V with respect to the development roller 31, and the average charge amount is the average charge amount when the voltage is applied with the injection voltage difference set to -200 V.
- Q2 the injection charge ratio ⁇ Q of the toner charge amount when passing through the blade nip was obtained from the following formula (6).
- ⁇ Q (Q 2 ⁇ Q 1 )/Q 2 Equation (6)
- Example 7 ⁇ Q was 5.1%, and in Example 8, ⁇ Q was 13.1%.
- Example 8 the injection charging ratio of the toner charge amount was higher than in Example 7.
- the toner is supplied from above the developing roller 31 in the direction of gravity as in the seventh embodiment, the toner is supplied by its own weight. Therefore, the toner tends to stay in the area N before passing through the blade nip shown in FIG. 12B, and the chances of triboelectrification increase due to the contact between the toner particles and the surrounding members. Since the toner, which has been triboelectrically charged to some extent, is charged by the injection from the electric field of the developing blade 35, there is little room for charging the toner by injection.
- Example 7 in which the toner itself is easily injected and charged, the image fogging density does not exceed the allowable range even after the cartridge is used.
- the toner when the toner is supplied from below the developing roller 31 in the direction of gravity as in the eighth embodiment, the toner is not supplied by its own weight but is supplied by the toner agitating mechanism 34. Therefore, the toner passes through the blade nip shown in FIG. 13B. Toner is less likely to stagnate in pre-N. Since the toner is less likely to stay, there is less opportunity for triboelectrification between toner particles, and the amount of opposite polarity toner is also less, resulting in less variation in toner charge.
- the ratio of the injection electric charge is increased, the variation of the electric charge of the toner due to the triboelectrification is less likely to occur, and the opposite polarity toner is also reduced. Furthermore, this tendency does not change even with the toner whose surface has changed with the use of the cartridge. Therefore, in the configuration of Example 8, the image fogging density was also reduced and improved.
- the configuration of this embodiment has the following features.
- the developing device 30 has a developer, a developing roller 31 capable of transporting the developer, and a contact member that contacts the surface of the developing roller 31 .
- a developing blade 35 may be used as the contact member.
- the volume resistivity of the developing blade 35 is 10 14 ⁇ cm or less.
- the developer is in a state in which a potential difference is formed between the surface of the rotatable rotating member and the contact member that contacts the surface of the rotating member. is 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ or less, the following conditions are satisfied.
- the first resistance value measured in the state where the rotating member is stopped and the developer is sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member is 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ to 1.0 ⁇ 10. 8 ⁇ .
- the second resistance value measured is the first resistance value.
- the second resistance value is 40% or more of the first resistance value.
- the volume resistivity of the developing roller 31 is 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm or more.
- the electrostatic capacitance per unit area of the developing roller 31 is 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 pF/cm 2 or less.
- the outermost surface of the developer has a conductive material with a volume resistance of 1 ⁇ 10 11 ⁇ cm or less.
- the conductive substance has an average area value of 10 nm 2 or more and 10000 nm 2 or less and an area variation coefficient of 10.0 or less in a backscattered electron image taken using a scanning electron microscope.
- the developing device 30 may be a developing cartridge detachable from the image forming apparatus 1 .
- the process cartridge 20 is attachable to and detachable from the image forming apparatus 1 for forming an image on the recording material P.
- the process cartridge 20 has a rotatable photosensitive drum 21 , developer, and a developing roller 31 that supplies the developer to the photosensitive drum 21 .
- the volume resistivity of the photosensitive drum 21 is 10 14 ⁇ cm or less.
- the developer is in a state in which a potential difference is formed between the surface of the rotatable rotating member and the contact member that contacts the surface of the rotating member. satisfies the following conditions when the resistance values of are each 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ or less.
- the first resistance value measured in the state where the rotating member is stopped and the developer is sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member is 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ to 1.0 ⁇ 10. 8 ⁇ .
- the second resistance value measured is the first resistance value.
- the second resistance value is 40% or more of the first resistance value.
- the developing roller 31 may be configured to develop the developer by coming into contact with the photosensitive drum 21 .
- the image forming apparatus 1 having a charging roller 23 that charges the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 and a charging voltage applying section that applies a charging voltage to the charging roller 23 has a configuration that satisfies the following.
- the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 after passing through the developing region is equal to that before passing through the developing region. It is controlled so that it is reduced by 3% or more.
- Toner charge amount change in development nip As the developing roller 31 rotates, the toner uniformly formed into a thin layer on the developing roller 31 rushes into the developing nip where the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 contact each other. The toner rolls in the developing nip and rubs against the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 to cause triboelectrification of the toner. Further, when the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 in the developing nip has a potential relationship such that the absolute value of the surface potential (developing voltage) of the developing roller 31 is larger on the normal charging polarity side of the toner, the electric field The toner is attracted to the developing roller 31 side by the force of .
- the amount of charge that the toner receives due to triboelectrification in the developing nip is predominantly due to the triboelectrification between the toner and the photosensitive drum 21 .
- the toner since the electrification line of the toner is closer to the negative charging side than the photosensitive drum 21, the toner receives electrons from the photosensitive drum 21 due to triboelectrification in the developing nip.
- injection charging of the toner from the photosensitive drum 21 occurs when the volume resistivity of the photosensitive drum satisfies the expression (7). ⁇ p ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm Expression (7)
- Whether the toner exhibits charge injection properties can be determined by measuring the volume resistivity of the toner, which will be described later.
- This injection charging occurs when the electric charges present on the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 move to the surface of the toner due to the force of the electric field at the contact portion between the photosensitive drum 21 and the toner.
- the toner exhibiting the charge injection property is negatively charged, when the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 has a larger absolute value toward the negative charge polarity side than the surface potential of the developing roller 31, the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 is increased. Electrons are injected into the toner surface, increasing the amount of charge on the toner.
- the charge imparting property to the toner by injection charging tends to depend on the resistivity of the outermost layer of the photosensitive drum 21, the resistivity of the toner, and the electric field strength of the developing nip, and is not easily affected by the amount of rubbing of the toner in the developing nip. is known.
- the change in the charge amount of the toner in the developing nip is determined by the balance between the amount of charge imparted from the photosensitive drum 21 to the toner and the amount of charge leaked from the toner to the developing roller 31 . If the charge amount is larger than the charge leakage amount, the toner charge amount increases in the development nip, and if the charge amount is smaller than the charge leakage amount, the toner charge amount decreases.
- the amount of charge imparted from the photosensitive drum 21 to the toner is mainly divided into that due to triboelectrification and that due to injection electrification.
- the triboelectric charge amount increases as the amount of rubbing between the photosensitive drum 21 and the toner in the developing nip increases.
- the photosensitive drum 21 whose surface layer has a low electrical resistance is used, the dependence of the triboelectric charge amount on the development peripheral speed difference increases.
- the amount of injected charge is not easily affected by the amount of rubbing between the photosensitive drum 21 and the toner, the amount of injected charge hardly changes even if the peripheral speed difference for development changes.
- the amount of charge leakage from the toner to the developing roller 31 depends on the time required for the toner to pass through the development nip, and that the shorter the passage time, the smaller the amount of charge leakage.
- the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 has a potential relationship with respect to the surface potential of the developing roller 31 such that the absolute value is larger on the side of the normal charging polarity of the toner, the toner will be dislodged by the force of the electric field. It is attracted to the developing roller 31 side. Therefore, the faster the surface speed of the developing roller 31, the shorter the time it takes for a single toner particle to pass through the developing nip, and the less the amount of charge leakage.
- Means for forming a latent image on the photosensitive drum 21 by forming a plurality of minute halftone dots in exposed and non-exposed areas using a dither matrix in the exposure process when outputting a halftone image in the electrophotographic process. is often used. Therefore, even in the halftone output portion, the toner has a chance to come into contact with the non-exposed portion of the photosensitive drum 21, and the change in the charge amount of the toner in the developing nip affects not only the non-image forming portion but also the halftone output portion. Occur.
- the inventors focused on saturating the charge amount of the toner in the developing nip.
- the photosensitive drum 21 whose surface layer has a low electrical resistance is used, the dependence of the amount of charge applied on the development peripheral speed difference increases.
- the charge amount of the toner in the development nip if the toner can be given a charge equal to or greater than the upper limit of the charge amount that the toner can be charged (referred to as the saturated charge amount), the charge amount of the toner in the development nip will be the development circumferential speed difference.
- the charge amount is determined to be saturated regardless of the As a result, the charge amount of the toner becomes constant even if the development peripheral speed difference changes, so it is thought that the occurrence of banding can be suppressed.
- ⁇ p is the volume resistivity of the outermost surface of the photosensitive drum 21 and ⁇ d is the volume resistivity of the developing roller 31 .
- Equation (8) indicates an appropriate relationship between the values of ⁇ p and ⁇ d.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing an equivalent circuit of a portion of the developing roller 31 consisting of a base layer and a surface layer.
- the base layer 31b and surface layer 31c of the developing roller 31 can each be represented by a parallel circuit of a resistor and a capacitor. Since the base layer 31b and the surface layer 31c of the developing roller 31 are laminated, an equivalent circuit of the developing roller 31 can be expressed by connecting each parallel circuit in series. However, since the base layer 31b of the developing roller 31 has high conductivity, the capacitor portion of the base layer can be almost ignored, and there is no problem even if it is replaced with a simple resistor. Therefore, in FIG. 11, the capacitor portion of the base layer 31b is omitted.
- charge leakage from the toner to the developing roller 31 will be considered by focusing on the charge path.
- the amount of charge leaked from the toner to the developing roller 31 at the developing nip is determined by the amount of charge flowing into the developing roller 31 through the equivalent circuit shown in FIG.
- the charge inflow path of the developing roller 31 involves a path A through which charges leak through a resistor and a path B through which charges flow to charge a capacitor. Therefore, in order to suppress the amount of charge leakage to the developing roller 31, not only the resistance of the path A is increased to decrease the inflow amount of charge, but also the capacitance of the path B is decreased to fill the capacitor capacity. It is necessary to reduce the amount of charge.
- the volume resistivity of the surface layer 31c of the developing roller 31 is increased to decrease the amount of charge flowing through the path A, and the capacitance of the surface layer 31c of the developing roller 31 is decreased to decrease the amount of charge flowing through the path B. less. Thereby, it is possible to effectively suppress charge leakage to the developing roller 31 .
- volume resistivity, capacitance, and surface resistivity of the developing roller 31 of this embodiment will be described below.
- the volume resistivity of the developing roller 31 measured by the method described above is preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm or more.
- the modulus was 6.0 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm.
- the electrostatic capacity of the developing roller 31 measured by the above-described method is preferably 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 pF/cm 2 or less.
- the capacitance of 31 was 3.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 pF/cm 2 .
- the range of the surface resistivity of the surface layer 31c of the developing roller 31 measured by the method described above is preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ / ⁇ to 1 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ / ⁇ . , and 5.0 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ / ⁇ in this example.
- a potential difference between the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 and the surface potential of the developing roller 31 is required. obtained by the applied development voltage. That is, if the base layer 31b of the developing roller 31 is insulative, no surface potential can be obtained.
- the volume resistivity of the base layer 31b of the developing roller 31 is measured by the same measuring method as the measuring method of the volume resistivity of the developing roller 31 described with reference to FIG. That is, the volume resistivity of the base layer is obtained by the measuring method described with reference to FIG. In this example, the volume resistivity of the base layer 31b of the developing roller 31 was 5 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ cm.
- toner having a normal charging polarity of negative is used.
- a polymerized toner produced by a polymerization method is used.
- the manufacturing method of the toner of this embodiment is roughly as follows. Details of each step will be described later.
- the toner of this embodiment is produced mainly by adjusting an aqueous medium, adjusting a polymerizable monomer composition, and granulating them together. Then, a step of obtaining a toner base particle dispersion in which the toner base particles that form the core of the toner are dispersed through a polymerization step, a step of adjusting a material mainly forming the surface layer of the toner, and a step of combining the base particles and the surface layer material. It is manufactured from the process of making it into a toner. Further, in the manufacturing examples of the toner in the other examples, the numerical values in each step are the manufacturing conditions of the toner 1 used in the present example 1, unless otherwise specified. All "parts" and “%” in the examples are based on mass unless otherwise specified.
- a calcium chloride aqueous solution prepared by dissolving 7.4 parts of calcium chloride (dihydrate) in 10.0 parts of ion-exchanged water is put into the reactor all at once. Then, an aqueous medium containing a dispersion stabilizer was prepared. Furthermore, 1.0 mol/L of hydrochloric acid was added to the aqueous medium in the reaction vessel to adjust the pH to 6.0 to prepare an aqueous medium.
- the above materials were placed in an attritor (manufactured by Nippon Coke Kogyo Co., Ltd.), and further dispersed using zirconia particles with a diameter of 1.7 mm at 220 rpm for 5.0 hours to prepare a colorant dispersion in which the pigment was dispersed. .
- the above materials were kept at 65°C and uniformly dissolved and dispersed at 500 rpm using a stirring device to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition.
- the stirring device was changed to a stirrer equipped with a propeller stirring blade, and the mixture was stirred at 200 rpm while maintaining the temperature at 70°C for 5.0 hours to carry out polymerization.
- a polymerization reaction was carried out. Further, the temperature is raised to 98° C. and heated for 3.0 hours to remove residual monomers, and ion-exchanged water is added to adjust the concentration of toner base particles in the dispersion liquid to 30.0%.
- a toner mother particle dispersion liquid in which the mother particles are dispersed is obtained.
- the number average particle size (D1) of the toner base particles was 6.2 ⁇ m, and the weight average particle size (D4) was 6.9 ⁇ m.
- Toner 1 (Manufacturing example of Toner 1) The following samples were weighed in a reaction vessel and mixed using a propeller stirring blade to obtain a mixed solution. ⁇ Toner base particle dispersion liquid 500.0 parts ⁇ Organosilicon compound liquid 10.0 parts
- Toner 1 was obtained by drying the obtained powder in a constant temperature bath and classifying it with an air classifier.
- the number average particle diameter (D1) of Toner 1 was 6.2 ⁇ m, and the weight average particle diameter (D4) was 6.9 ⁇ m.
- a non-magnetic one-component developer is used as an example in this embodiment, a one-component developer containing a magnetic component may also be used.
- a two-component developer composed of a non-magnetic toner and a magnetic carrier may be used as the developer.
- a developer having magnetism for example, a cylindrical developing sleeve having a magnet arranged inside is used as the developer carrier.
- the experimental system in FIG. 9 shows a method of measuring the toner resistance value.
- a digital multimeter (80 series manufactured by FLUKE) is connected to both ends of the resistance value R, and the voltage value across the resistor R can be measured.
- the volume resistivity of the developing roller used in this measurement system is 9 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ cm, the developing roller is driven at a surface speed of 200 mm/sec, and is measured at a temperature of 23° C. and a humidity of 50%.
- the toner on the developing roller is regulated at 0.3 mg/cm.
- a potential difference is formed between the surface of the developing roller, which is a rotatable rotating member, and the contact member, which is a developing blade that contacts the surface of the rotating member. making.
- the resistance values of the rotary member and the contact member are respectively 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ or less.
- a current (hereinafter referred to as development current) flows from the developing blade through the toner layer formed on the developing roller to the developing roller.
- the toner resistance value is calculated in an experimental system using a developing device, but the present invention is not limited to this. A configuration in which they are in contact with each other is also possible.
- the toner on the developing roller When the toner on the developing roller is negatively charged, the toner charge flows to the developing roller side due to the influence of the electric field in the regulation area, so the development current increases and the toner resistance value decreases.
- the toner in the case of toner that does not exhibit charge injection properties, the toner is not charged even if an electric field is applied when the toner is stationary.
- the developing blade and the developing roller rub against each other during driving, they are electrified by triboelectrification. Therefore, the calculated toner resistance value is lower during driving than during static.
- the toner exhibiting the charge injection property
- the electric charge is injected into the toner by the electric field of the regulation area even when the toner is stationary, and the development current becomes large, so the calculated toner resistance value becomes low.
- the change in the toner resistance value between the static state and the driving state becomes small.
- the inventors of the present invention have investigated the relationship between the toner resistance value and the presence or absence of change in the charge amount of the toner when an electric field is applied when the toner is stationary. .
- ⁇ Toner resistance value at rest is 1.0 ⁇ 10 8 ⁇ or less
- ⁇ Toner resistance value at driving (200 mm/sec) is at least 40% of toner resistance value at rest
- the toner suitable for image formation preferably has a static toner resistance value of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ or more. This is for the purpose of suppressing the charge attenuation of the toner and establishing processes such as transfer.
- the toner has a first resistance value of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ to It is 1.0 ⁇ 10 8 ⁇ .
- the second resistance measured with the rotating member rotated at 200 mm/s with respect to the contact member and with the toner sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member is the first resistance.
- a toner is used that is within the range of values and that is 40% or more of the first resistance value.
- the toner resistance value of Toner 1 used in this embodiment was 1.4 ⁇ 10 8 ⁇ when stationary and 4.0 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ when driven. That is, the toner resistance value at the time of driving is 29% of the toner resistance value at the time of rest, and the toner is difficult to exhibit charge injection properties, and charge is imparted mainly by triboelectrification.
- the toner is charged from the photosensitive drum 21 at the development nip.
- the toner is charged from the photosensitive drum 21 at the development nip.
- the toner moves to the toner, increasing the charge amount of the toner.
- the absolute value of the surface potential of the negatively charged photosensitive drum 21 decreases when passing through the development nip. The larger the amount of decrease in surface potential, the larger the amount of charge applied from the photosensitive drum 21 to the toner.
- the photosensitive drum 21 capable of supplying a sufficient amount of charge to the toner in the developing nip and suppressing the occurrence of banding is characterized by the amount of decrease in the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 when passing through the developing nip. I found out. That is, when the developing roller 31 is brought into contact with the photosensitive drum 21 at a surface speed that is 40% faster, the absolute value of the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 after passing through the developing nip is 3% or more of that before passing through the developing nip. A decreasing characteristic was observed.
- the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 is ⁇ 600 V before passing through the developing nip
- the surface potential after passing through the developing nip becomes ⁇ 582 V or less due to the difference in peripheral speed of development described above.
- the drum 21 applies.
- the change in surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 before and after passing through the developing nip is measured using a process cartridge modified so that surface potential meters can be arranged on the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 upstream and downstream of the developing nip. went.
- the charging roller 23 charges the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 to ⁇ 600 V before passing through the development nip. Then, when the developing roller 31 was brought into contact with the photosensitive drum 21 at a surface speed 40% faster, the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 after passing through the developing nip decreased to -564V. That is, the absolute value of the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 decreased by 6% compared to before passing through the development nip.
- the same evaluation was performed by changing the photosensitive drum 21 to a photosensitive drum 21 having no charge injection layer 21f and having the charge transport layer 21e as the outermost surface.
- the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 after passing through the developing nip decreased to -594V
- the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 before passing through the developing nip was -600V. That is, the absolute value of the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 decreased by 1% from that before passing through the development nip. It can be seen that almost no potential drop occurs in the photosensitive drum 21 that does not have the charge injection layer 21f. Therefore, the photosensitive drum 21 having a small decrease in surface potential is not suitable as the photosensitive drum 21 capable of supplying a sufficient amount of charge to the toner at the development nip and suppressing the occurrence of banding.
- the image forming operation was stopped during printing of a solid white image in an environment of a temperature of 23.0° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.
- the developing roller 31 was removed from the developing device 30, and the charge amount of the toner on the developing roller 31 was measured before passing through the developing nip and after passing through the developing nip.
- Example 2-1 In Example 2-1, the photosensitive drum 21 was changed from that in Example 1. FIG.
- a photosensitive drum 22 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the content of the conductive particles 1 in the charge injection layer 21f was changed to 20% by mass.
- the volume resistivity of the charge injection layer 21f of the photosensitive drum was 1.0 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm.
- the surface of the photosensitive drum 22 was charged to ⁇ 600 V by the charging roller 23, and the developing roller 31 was brought into contact with the photosensitive drum 22 at a surface speed 40% higher.
- the surface potential of the photosensitive drum at 100°C decreased to -582V. That is, the absolute value of the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 decreased by 3% from that before passing through the development nip.
- Example 3-1 In Example 3-1, the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 are changed from those in Example 1. FIG.
- a photosensitive drum 23 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the content of the conductive particles 1 was changed to 70% by mass in the production of the photosensitive drum 21 .
- the volume resistivity of the charge injection layer 21f of the photosensitive drum 23 was 1.0 ⁇ 10 10 ⁇ cm.
- a developing roller 32 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the content of carbon black in the surface layer was changed to 17 mass % with respect to the polyurethane resin in the production of the developing roller 31 .
- the developing roller 32 had a volume resistivity of 3.5 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm and a capacitance of 3.9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 pF/cm 2 .
- the photosensitive drum was charged to ⁇ 600 V by the charging roller, and the developing roller was brought into contact with the photosensitive drum at a surface speed 40% higher. dropped to -522V. That is, the absolute value of the surface potential of the photosensitive drum decreased by 13% from that before passing through the developing nip.
- a developing roller was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the content of carbon black in the surface layer was changed to 20% by mass with respect to the polyurethane resin.
- the developing roller 33 had a volume resistivity of 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ cm and a capacitance of 4.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 pF/cm 2 .
- Table 5 shows the results of Example 1, Example 2-1, Example 3-1, and Comparative Example 1-1.
- Example 1 banding can be suppressed by satisfying the relationship of expression (8) between ⁇ p and ⁇ d.
- the slope of the change in ⁇ Q becomes gentle in the region where the peripheral development speed difference is about 20% or more.
- ⁇ Q is almost constant in the region where the development peripheral speed difference is about 40% or more, and the toner charge amount change due to the fluctuation of the development peripheral speed difference is suppressed. Therefore, in order to obtain the effect of suppressing banding in the embodiment 1, it is preferable to have a configuration in which there is a peripheral development speed difference, more preferably the peripheral development speed difference is 20% or more, and further the development peripheral speed difference is 40% or more.
- the peripheral development speed difference is 20% or more
- the development peripheral speed difference is 40% or more.
- the development peripheral speed difference is set to 40%, and ⁇ Q is in a region where it is difficult to change due to the development peripheral speed difference. It is considered that it is hard to change and the banding can be suppressed.
- the surface speed of the developing roller 31 is increased relative to the surface speed of the photosensitive drum 21 to provide a difference in peripheral speed of development.
- the development peripheral speed difference may be provided by slowing the speed.
- Example 2-1 and 3-1 the respective values of ⁇ p and ⁇ d are different from those in Example 1, but the relationship between ⁇ p and ⁇ d satisfies Expression (8). It is believed that this made ⁇ Q less dependent on the peripheral development speed difference as in Example 1, thereby suppressing banding.
- Example 4-1 In Example 4-1, the toner was changed from Example 1 as follows. Further, during image formation, a voltage whose absolute value is 200 V greater than that of the developing roller 31 is applied to the developing blade 35 by the developing blade power supply E4 on the negative polarity side. In this embodiment, the potential difference ⁇ Vbl of the developing blade 35 with respect to the developing roller 31 is -200V.
- the area of the conductive substance is the projected area of one lump of the conductive substance existing on the toner surface from the direction perpendicular to the toner surface.
- the conductive substance of the toner becomes discrete, and it becomes easy to retain the charges injected. This is because the chances of contact between the conductive material on the surface of the toner and the surrounding material are small, making it difficult for the charge of the toner to escape.
- the coefficient of variation of the area of the conductive substance obtained by the method described later is 10.0 or less, preferably 7.0 or less, and more preferably 5.0 or less.
- the coefficient of variation of the area of the conductive substance is 10.0 or less, the variation in the size of the reactants is reduced. As a result, variations in the charge amount of the reactant, which tends to have an electric charge, are reduced, so that the toner particles are uniformly charged.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- JSM-7800F manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- EDX Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
- mapping image of the metal element and the element contained in the polyvalent acid for example, when phosphoric acid is used as the polyvalent acid, the mapping image of phosphorus is compared, and the two match. Therefore, it can be confirmed that particles of a salt of a polyvalent acid and a Group 4 element metal are contained.
- the average value of the area of the conductive material is calculated as follows.
- the coefficient of variation of the area of the conductive material is calculated as follows.
- the backscattered electron image is read into the image processing analysis device LUZEX AP (manufactured by Nireco Corporation) and displayed in monochrome.
- the binarization process is performed to obtain a binarized image in which the conductive substance is represented in white.
- the standard deviation of the area of the white portion is determined by the built-in function and divided by the average value of the area of the conductive material. The obtained value is defined as the coefficient of variation of the area of the conductive substance.
- a toner base particle dispersion liquid was obtained in the same manner as in the production example described in Example 1.
- the pH of the resulting mixed solution was adjusted to 9.5, the temperature of the mixed solution was adjusted to 50° C., and then the mixture was mixed using a propeller stirring blade. , held for 1.0 h.
- the pH of the resulting mixed solution was adjusted to 9.5 using a 1.0 mol/L NaOH aqueous solution and held for 4.0 hours. After lowering the temperature to 25° C., the pH was adjusted to 1.5 with 1.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and after stirring for 1.0 hour, the solution was filtered while washing with ion-exchanged water.
- Toner 2 was obtained by drying the obtained powder in a constant temperature bath and classifying it with an air classifier.
- the number average particle diameter (D1) of Toner 2 was 6.2 ⁇ m, and the weight average particle diameter (D4) was 6.9 ⁇ m.
- Toner 2 was observed by the method described above, protrusions containing the organosilicon polymer were observed on the surface of the toner, and it was confirmed that titanium was present on the surfaces of the protrusions.
- the average area of the titanium-existing regions was 104 nm 2 and the coefficient of variation was 2.1.
- the height of the convex portion was 60 nm.
- titanium phosphate compound is a reaction product of titanium lactate and phosphate ions derived from sodium phosphate or calcium phosphate derived from an aqueous medium.
- the toner resistance value of toner 2 was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, it was 8.3 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ when stationary and 5.0 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ when driven. That is, the toner resistance value at the time of driving is 60% of the toner resistance value at the time of rest, and the toner exhibits a charge injection property capable of imparting charge by injection charging.
- Example 5-1 In Example 5-1, the toner was changed as follows from Example 4-1.
- toner (Production example of toner particles A) A toner base particle dispersion liquid was obtained in the same manner as in the production example described in Example 1. The pH of the resulting dispersion was adjusted to 1.5 with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and after stirring for 1.0 hour, the dispersion was filtered and dried while washing with ion-exchanged water. The obtained powder was classified by an air classifier to obtain toner particles A.
- the number average particle diameter (D1) of toner particles A was 6.2 ⁇ m, and the weight average particle diameter (D4) was 6.7 ⁇ m.
- Toner 3 (Manufacturing example of Toner 3) ⁇ Toner particles A 100.0 parts ⁇ Silicon dioxide (number average particle diameter 102 nm) 2.0 parts
- Example 4-1 When toner 3 was observed in the same manner as in Example 4-1, it was confirmed that titanium was present on the toner surface.
- the average area of the titanium-existing regions was 1400 nm 2 and the coefficient of variation was 7.5.
- the height of the convex portion was 60 nm.
- the toner resistance value of Toner 3 was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, it was 7.3 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ when stationary and 2.9 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ when driven. That is, the toner resistance value during driving is 40% of the toner resistance value during rest, and the toner exhibits a charge injection property capable of imparting charge by injection charging.
- Table 6 shows the results of Examples 4-1 and 5-1.
- Example 4-1 and 5-1 the effect of suppressing banding is further improved over Example 1. This is presumably because the use of the toner exhibiting the charge injection property increased the amount of charge imparted by injection charging when the charge was imparted from the photosensitive drum 21 to the toner in the development nip.
- the charge imparted by injection charging occurs when the charge present on the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 moves to the toner surface by the force of the electric field at the contact portion between the photosensitive drum 21 and the toner, so the peripheral speed difference in development is almost 0%. It is characterized in that charge can be applied even in the region of . As shown in the evaluation of the dependency of ⁇ Q on the peripheral development speed difference in FIG.
- Example 6-1 In Example 6-1, the process control conditions were changed as follows from Example 4-1.
- the photosensitive drum 21 rotates at a surface speed of 40 mm/s, and the developing roller 31 rotates at a surface speed higher than that of the photosensitive drum 21 by 1%.
- the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 come into contact with each other with a surface speed difference of 0.4 mm/s.
- the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 is charged to ⁇ 500 V by the charging roller 23 . Since the development voltage applied to the development roller 31 is -400V, the back contrast Vback of the potential difference between the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 and the development roller 31 in the non-exposed portion Vd before passing through the development nip is 100V. Further, the developing blade 35 is applied with the same voltage as that of the developing roller 31 . Therefore, the potential difference ⁇ Vbl of the developing blade 35 with respect to the developing roller 31 is 0V.
- Example 7-1 In Example 7-1, the process control conditions were changed as follows from Example 6-1. That is, the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 is charged to ⁇ 700 V by the charging roller 23 during image formation. Since the development voltage applied to the development roller 31 is -400V, the back contrast Vback of the potential difference between the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 and the development roller 31 in the non-exposed portion Vd before passing through the development nip is 300V.
- Example 8-1 In Example 8-1, the process control conditions were changed as follows from Example 6-1. That is, during image formation, a voltage having a negative absolute value of 200 V greater than that of the developing roller 31 was applied to the developing blade 35 . Therefore, the potential difference ⁇ Vbl of the developing blade 35 with respect to the developing roller 31 is -200V.
- Table 7 shows the evaluation results of banding in Examples 6-1, 7-1, and 8-1.
- Example 6-1 The photosensitive drum 21, the developing roller 31, and the toner used in Example 6-1 are the same as in Example 4-1. became visible. This is probably because the process control conditions changed in Example 6-1 decreased ⁇ Q at the development nip, and a situation occurred in which the charge amount of the toner did not easily reach the saturation charge amount. The following factors are conceivable for the decrease in ⁇ Q.
- the first is that the surface speed of the developing roller 31 has become slow. As a result, the time required for one toner particle to pass through the developing nip becomes longer, and the amount of charge leaked from the toner to the developing roller 31 increases.
- the second is that Vback has become small.
- the toner 2 is a toner exhibiting injection chargeability, when a negative potential difference is provided to the developing blade 35 with respect to the developing roller 31, a contact portion (referred to as a regulation nip) between the developing blade 35 and the developing roller 31 is formed. Injection charging of toner also occurs at . If the toner is injected and charged at the regulating nip and has a large amount of charge, the toner charge amount can be increased to the saturation charge amount with a slight ⁇ Q at the development nip.
- Example 6-1 when ⁇ Vbl is 0, the toner is not injected and charged at the regulation nip, so the charge amount of the toner before entering the development nip is small. necessary. It is considered that the banding evaluation of Example 6-1 was slightly worse than that of Example 4-1 due to the combination of the above three requirements. However, as described above, even at the banding level of Example 6-1, there is no problem on the image.
- Example 7-1 banding is improved by increasing Vback compared to Example 6-1. This is probably because the amount of charge injected into the toner at the development nip increased due to the increase in Vback, which made it easier for the toner to reach the saturation charge amount.
- the embodiment 8-1 differs from the embodiment 6-1 in that the developing blade 35 is provided with a negative potential difference with respect to the developing roller 31 . This results in better banding. This is because the toner was injected and charged at the regulation nip, and the charge amount of the toner before entering the development nip increased, and the charge amount injected into the toner at the development nip was able to raise the charge amount of the toner to the saturation charge amount at least. it is conceivable that.
- the image forming apparatus described in this embodiment is characterized by having the following configuration.
- the control unit 150 controls to form a potential difference between the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 so as to generate an electrostatic force that moves the developer charged to the normal polarity from the photosensitive drum 21 to the developing roller 31 .
- the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 is controlled so that its absolute value is larger than that of the developing roller 31 .
- ⁇ p is the volume resistivity of the surface layer of the photosensitive drum 21
- ⁇ d is the volume resistivity of the developing roller 31
- ⁇ p ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm and log 10 ⁇ d>0.05log 10 ⁇ p+6 are satisfied.
- the exposure unit 11 forms an image forming area by exposing the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 to form an electrostatic latent image.
- the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 other than the image forming area is defined as a non-image forming area.
- a potential difference is formed between the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 so as to generate an electrostatic force that moves the developer charged to the normal polarity from the photosensitive drum 21 to the developing roller 31 .
- the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 is controlled so that its absolute value is larger than that of the developing roller 31 .
- the electrostatic capacitance per unit area of the developing roller 31 is 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 pF/cm 2 or less.
- the control unit 150 controls the first charge immediately before the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 passes through the developing unit where the photosensitive drum 21 and the developing roller 31 are in contact with each other. is controlled as follows.
- the first surface potential is controlled so that its absolute value is 3% or more higher than the second surface potential formed in the second region immediately after the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 passes through the developing portion.
- the surface speed of the photosensitive drum 21 and the surface speed of the developing roller 31 are controlled to be different.
- the resistance values of the rotating member and the contact member are each 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ .
- the developer satisfies the following conditions. i) a first resistance value of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ to 1.0 measured in a state where the rotating member is stopped and developer is sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member; ⁇ 10 8 ⁇ . ii) With the rotating member rotated at 200 mm/s with respect to the contact member, and with the developer sandwiched between the rotating member and the contact member, the measured second resistance value Within the range of 1 resistance value, the second resistance value is 40% or more of the first resistance value.
- the control unit 150 performs control so that the regulation voltage applied to the developing blade 35 has a larger absolute value than the surface potential of the developing roller 31 toward the normal charging side of the developer.
- the conductive substance has an average area value of 10000 nm2 or less in a backscattered electron image of the developer taken using a scanning electron microscope, and the coefficient of variation of the area of the conductive substance is , 10.0 or less.
- a plurality of image forming modes with different surface speeds of the developing roller 31 may be provided.
- the mode in which the surface speed of the developing roller 31 is slow increases the potential difference (back contrast) formed between the surface potential of the photosensitive drum 21 and the surface potential of the developing roller 31 in the developing section.
- the above effects can be enhanced.
- by increasing the potential difference formed between the developing blade 25 and the developing roller 31 in the mode in which the surface speed of the developing roller 31 is low the above effect can be enhanced.
- Reference Signs List 1 image forming apparatus 20 process cartridge 21 photosensitive drum 30 developing device 31 developing roller 35 developing blade
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Dry Development In Electrophotography (AREA)
Abstract
Description
前記画像形成装置の外部において、回転可能な回転部材の表面と前記回転部材の表面に当接する当接部材との間に電位差が形成される状態において、前記回転部材と前記当接部材と、の抵抗値がそれぞれ1.0×104Ω以下であって、
i)前記回転部材が停止している状態、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第1の抵抗値が1.0×105Ω~1.0×108Ωである、
ii)前記回転部材を前記当接部材に対して200mm/sで回転させた状態で、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値の範囲内、かつ、前記第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値に比べて40%以上となる。
前記画像形成装置の外部において、回転可能な回転部材の表面と前記回転部材の表面に当接する当接部材との間に電位差が形成される状態において、前記回転部材と前記当接部材と、の抵抗値がそれぞれ1.0×104Ω以下であって、
i)前記回転部材が停止している状態、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第1の抵抗値が1.0×105Ω~1.0×108Ωである、
ii)前記回転部材を前記当接部材に対して200mm/sで回転させた状態で、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値の範囲内、かつ、前記第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値に比べて40%以上となる。
前記画像形成装置の外部において、回転可能な回転部材の表面と前記回転部材の表面に当接する当接部材との間に電位差が形成される状態において、前記回転部材と前記当接部材と、の抵抗値がそれぞれ1.0×104Ω以下であって、
i)前記回転部材が停止している状態、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第1の抵抗値が1.0×105Ω~1.0×108Ωである、
ii)前記回転部材を前記当接部材に対して200mm/sで回転させた状態で、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値の範囲内、かつ、前記第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値に比べて40%以上となる。
ρp≦1.0×1014Ω・cm、
log10ρd>0.05log10ρp+6
を満たすことを特徴とする。
図1A、図1Bは、実施例1に係る画像形成装置1の構成を示す概略図である。画像形成装置1は、外部機器から入力される画像情報に基づいて記録材に画像を形成するモノクロプリンターである。記録材には、普通紙及び厚紙等の紙、オーバーヘッドプロジェクタ用シート等のプラスチックフィルム、封筒やインデックス紙等の特殊形状のシート、並びに布等の、材質の異なる様々なシート材が含まれる。
図2は、本実施例の画像形成装置1の要部の制御態様を示す概略ブロック図である。画像形成装置1には、制御部150が設けられている。制御部150は、演算処理を行う中心的素子である演算制御手段としてのCPU151、記憶手段としてのROMやRAMなどのメモリ(記憶素子)152、制御部150に接続された各種要素との間の信号の授受を制御する入出力部(図示せず)などを有する。RAMには、センサの検知結果、演算結果などが格納され、ROMには制御プログラム、予め求められたデータテーブルなどが格納されている。
以下に、本実施例で用いる感光ドラム21の詳細を説明する。
ρp=ρs×t・・・式(1)
本発明に係る電子写真感光体において、支持体は導電性を有する導電性支持体であることが好ましい。また、支持体の形状としては、円筒状、ベルト状、シート状などが挙げられる。中でも、円筒状支持体であることが好ましい。また、支持体の表面に、陽極酸化などの電気化学的な処理、ブラスト処理、切削処理などを施してもよい。支持体の材質としては、金属、樹脂、ガラスなどが好ましい。金属としては、アルミニウム、鉄、ニッケル、銅、金、ステンレス、これらの合金などが挙げられる。中でも、アルミニウムを用いたアルミニウム製支持体であることが好ましい。また、樹脂やガラスには、導電性材料を混合または被覆するなどの処理によって、導電性を付与することが好ましい。
本発明に係る電子写真感光体において、支持体の上に、導電層を設けてもよい。導電層を設けることで、支持体表面の傷や凹凸を隠蔽することや、支持体表面における光の反射を制御することができる。導電層は、導電性粒子と、樹脂と、を含有することが好ましい。導電性粒子の材質としては、金属酸化物、金属、カーボンブラックなどが挙げられる。
本発明に係る電子写真感光体において、支持体または導電層の上に、下引き層を設けてもよい。下引き層を設けることで、層間の接着機能が高まり、電荷注入阻止機能を付与することができる。
電子写真感光体の感光層は、主に、(1)積層型感光層と、(2)単層型感光層とに分類される。(1)積層型感光層は、電荷発生物質を含有する電荷発生層と、電荷輸送物質を含有する電荷輸送層と、を有する感光層である。(2)単層型感光層は、電荷発生物質と電荷輸送物質を共に含有する感光層である。
積層型感光層は、電荷発生層と、電荷輸送層と、を有する。
電荷発生層は、電荷発生物質と、樹脂と、を含有することが好ましい。
電荷輸送層は、電荷輸送物質と、樹脂と、を含有することが好ましい。
単層型感光層は、電荷発生物質、電荷輸送物質、樹脂及び溶剤を含有する感光層用塗布液を調製し、この塗膜を下引き層上に形成し、乾燥させることで形成することができる。電荷発生物質、電荷輸送物質、樹脂としては、上記「(1)積層型感光層」における材料の例示と同様である。
保護層は、重合性官能基を有する化合物の重合物及び樹脂を含有してもよい。
まず、メスシリンダー中のメチルエチルケトン(MEK)に感光ドラム全体を付けて超音波を照射し、樹脂層を剥がし、その後、感光ドラムの基体を取り出した。次に、MEKに溶解しない不溶分(感光層および導電性粒子を含有する保護層)を濾過し、真空乾燥機で乾固した。さらに、得られた固体をテトラヒドロフラン(THF)/メチラールの体積比1:1の混合溶媒に懸濁し、不溶分を濾過後、濾物を回収して真空乾燥機で乾固した。この操作により、導電性粒子と保護層の樹脂とを得た。さらに濾物を電気炉で500℃に加熱して、固体が導電性粒子のみとなるようにして、導電性粒子を回収した。導電性粒子は測定に必要量確保するため、複数本の感光ドラムに同様の処理を施した。
感光体から5mm四方のサンプル片を1つ切り出し、超音波ウルトラミクロトーム(Leica社、UC7)により、切削速度0.6mm/sで200nm厚に切削し、薄片サンプルを作製した。この薄片サンプルを、EDS分析装置(エネルギー分散型X線分析装置)を接続した走査透過型電子顕微鏡(JEOL社、JEM2800)のSTEMモードにて、50万倍から120万倍の拡大倍率で観察を行った。
粒子表面から測定粒子の最大径の5%内部におけるニオブ原子とチタン原子との濃度比率=(粒子表面から測定粒子の最大径の5%内部におけるニオブ原子濃度(原子%))/(粒子表面から測定粒子の最大径の5%内部におけるチタン原子濃度(原子%))
粒子中心部におけるニオブ原子とチタン原子との濃度比率=(粒子中心部におけるニオブ原子濃度(原子%))/(粒子中心部におけるチタン原子濃度(原子%))
(粒子表面から測定粒子の最大径の5%内部におけるニオブ原子とチタン原子との濃度比率)/(粒子中心部におけるニオブ原子とチタン原子との濃度比率)
次に、感光体から5mm四方のサンプル片を4つ切り出し、FIB-SEMのSlice&Viewで保護層の2μm×2μm×2μmの3次元化を行った。FIB-SEMのSlice&Viewのコントラストの違いから、保護層の全体積に占める、導電性粒子の含有量を算出した。Slice&Viewの条件は以下のようにした。
分析用試料加工:FIB法
加工及び観察装置:SII/Zeiss製NVision40
スライス間隔:10nm
観察条件:
加速電圧:1.0kV
試料傾斜:54°
WD:5mm
検出器:BSE検出器
アパーチャー:60μm、high current
ABC:ON
画像解像度:1.25nm/pixel
本発明の体積抵抗率の測定には、pA(ピコアンペアーメーター)を使用した。先ず、PETフィルム上に電極間距離(D)180μm、長さ(L)5.9cmの図4のようなくし型金電極を蒸着により作製し、その上に、厚さ(T1)2μmの保護層を設ける。次に、温度23℃/湿度50%RHの環境下にて、くし型電極間に100Vの直流電圧(V)を印加したときの直流電圧(I)を測定し、下記式(2)によって体積抵抗率(温度23℃/湿度50%RH)を得た。
体積抵抗率ρp(Ω・cm)=V(V)×T1(cm)×L(cm)/{I(A)×D(cm)} 式(2)
ρp=ρs×t 式(1)
(tは電荷注入層の厚さ)
(酸化チタン製造例)
本発明に係る導電性粒子であるアナターゼ形酸化チタン粒子は公知の硫酸法で製造することができる。即ち、硫酸チタン、硫酸チタニルを含む溶液を加熱して加水分解させ含水二酸化チタンスラリーを作製し、該二酸化チタンスラリーを脱水焼成して得られる。
本発明の酸化チタン粒子は、アナターゼ化度が90~100%が好ましく、下記方法により、アナターゼ化度がほぼ100%の酸化チタン粒子を作製することができる。
アナターゼ化度(%)=100/(1+1.265×IR/IA)
(導電性粒子1の製造)
<ニオブ原子含有酸化チタン粒子1の製造例>
100gの酸化チタン粒子1を水に分散させて、1Lの水懸濁液として60℃に加温した。これに、五塩化ニオブ(NbCl5)3gを11.4モル/L塩酸100mLに溶解させたニオブ溶液と、チタンとして33.7gを含む硫酸チタン溶液600mLとを混合したチタンニオブ酸液(液中のニオブとチタンの質量比が1.0/33.7となる)と10.7モル/L水酸化ナトリウム水溶液とを懸濁液のpHが2~3となるように3時間かけて同時に滴下(並行添加)した。滴下終了後、懸濁液をろ過、洗浄し、110℃で8時間乾燥した。この乾燥物を大気雰囲気中、800℃にて1時間の加熱処理(焼成処理)を行い、ニオブ原子が表面近傍に偏在した、ニオブ原子含有酸化チタン粒子1を得た。表1にニオブ原子含有酸化チタン粒子1の物性を示す。
・ニオブ含有酸化チタン粒子1 100.0部
・表面処理剤1(下記式(S-1))(商品名:KBM-3033、信越化学工業(株)製) 3.0部
直径24mm、長さ257.5mmのアルミニウムシリンダー(JIS-A3003、アルミニウム合金)を支持体(導電性支持体)とした。
次に、以下の材料を用意した。
・金属酸化物粒子としての酸素欠損型酸化スズ(SnO2)で被覆されている酸化チタン(TiO2)粒子(体積平均粒径230nm)214部
・結着材料としてのフェノール樹脂(フェノール樹脂のモノマー/オリゴマー)(商品名:プライオーフェンJ-325、大日本インキ化学工業(株)製、樹脂固形分:60質量%)132部
・溶剤としての1-メトキシ-2-プロパノール98部
次に、以下の材料を用意した。
・下記式(E-1)で示される電子輸送物質3.11部
・ブロックイソシアネート(商品名:デュラネートSBB-70P、旭化成ケミカルズ(株)製)6.49部
・スチレン-アクリル樹脂(商品名:UC-3920、東亞合成製)0.4部
・シリカスラリー(製品名:IPA-ST-UP、日産化学工業製、固形分濃度:15質量%、粘度:9mPa・s)1.8部
使用測定機:理学電気(株)製、X線回折装置RINT-TTRII
X線管球:Cu
管電圧:50KV
管電流:300mA
スキャン方法:2θ/θスキャン
スキャン速度:4.0°/min
サンプリング間隔:0.02°
スタート角度(2θ):5.0°
ストップ角度(2θ):40.0°
アタッチメント:標準試料ホルダー
フィルター:不使用
インシデントモノクロ:使用
カウンターモノクロメーター:不使用
発散スリット:開放
発散縦制限スリット:10.00mm
散乱スリット:開放
受光スリット:開放
平板モノクロメーター:使用
カウンター:シンチレーションカウンター
次に、以下の材料を用意した。
・下記式(C-1)で示される電荷輸送物質(正孔輸送性物質)6部
・下記式(C-2)で示される電荷輸送物質(正孔輸送性物質)3部
・下記式(C-3)で示される電荷輸送物質(正孔輸送性物質)1部
・ポリカーボネート(商品名:ユーピロンZ400、三菱エンジニアリングプラスチックス(株)製)10部
・下記式(C-4)と下記式(C-5)の共重合ユニットを有するポリカーボネート樹脂(x/y=0.95/0.05:粘度平均分子量=20000)0.02部
次に、以下の材料を用意した。
・結着樹脂として下記構造式(O-1)で示される化合物100.0部
・導電性粒子1として上記の表面処理したニオブ含有酸化チタン粒子66.7部
<導電性物質>
本実施例のトナーの最表面には、体積抵抗1×1011Ω・cm以下の導電性物質を有することを特徴とする。
本発明のトナーは、トナー粒子の表面に、多価酸金属塩粒子が存在しており、該多価酸金属塩粒子が、多価酸と第4族元素の金属との塩の粒子である。
R-SiO3/2
(上記式中、Rはアルキル基、アルケニル基、アシル基、アリール基またはメタクリロキシアルキル基を示す。)
R-Si-(Ra)3
(上記式中、Raは、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、又はアルコキシ基を示し、Rは、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アリール基、アシル基又はメタクリロキシアルキル基を示す。)
本発明のトナーは、結着樹脂を含有する。
本発明のトナーは着色剤を含有してもよい。上記着色剤としては、特段の制限なく従来公知のブラック、イエロー、マゼンタ、及びシアンの各色及び他の色の顔料及び染料、磁性体などを用いることができる。
本発明のトナーはワックスを含有してもよい。上記ワックスとしては特段の制限なく従来公知のワックスを用いることができる。具体的には、ベヘン酸ベヘニル、ステアリン酸ステアリル、パルミチン酸パルミチルなどの1価アルコールとモノカルボン酸とのエステル類;セバシン酸ジベヘニルなどの2価カルボン酸とモノアルコールのエステル類;エチレングリコールジステアレート、ヘキサンジオールジベヘネートなどの2価アルコールとモノカルボン酸とのエステル類;グリセリントリベヘネートなどの3価アルコールとモノカルボン酸とのエステル類;ペンタエリスリトールテトラステアレート、ペンタエリスリトールテトラパルミテートなどの4価アルコールとモノカルボン酸とのエステル類;ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサステアレート、ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサパルミテートなどの6価アルコールとモノカルボン酸とのエステル類;ポリグリセリンベヘネートなどの多官能アルコールとモノカルボン酸とのエステル類;カルナバワックス、ライスワックスなどの天然エステルワックス類;パラフィンワックス、マイクロクリスタリンワックス、ペトロラタムなどの石油系炭化水素ワックス及びその誘導体;フィッシャートロプシュ法による炭化水素ワックス及びその誘導体;ポリエチレンワックス、ポリプロピレンワックスなどのポリオレフィン系炭化水素ワックス及びその誘導体;高級脂肪族アルコール;ステアリン酸、パルミチン酸などの脂肪酸;酸アミドワックスなどが挙げられる。
本発明のトナーは多価酸金属塩粒子によるグラディエント力発現や帯電制御を阻害しない範囲で荷電制御剤を含有してもよい。上記荷電制御剤としては、特段の制限なく公知の荷電制御剤を用いることができる。
トナー粒子が、有機ケイ素重合体を表面に有する場合、外部添加剤がない場合においても、優れた流動性などの特性を示す。しかし、更なる改善を目的として、外部添加剤を含有してもよい。
トナー母粒子(多価酸金属塩粒子を付着させる前のトナー粒子を「トナー母粒子」ともいう)の製造方法は、特に限定されることはなく、懸濁重合法、溶解懸濁法、乳化凝集法、粉砕法などを用いることができる。
トナー母粒子に多価酸金属塩粒子を付着させる方法を以下に例示する。トナー粒子が分散した水系媒体中で、金属源となる金属化合物と多価酸イオンを反応させて多価酸金属塩粒子を得る方法や、乾式あるいは湿式でトナー粒子上に多価酸金属塩粒子を機械的な外力によって付着させる方法が挙げられる。
例えば、トナー母粒子の分散液に、金属元素を含む化合物と多価酸を添加し、混合することで、金属元素を含む化合物と多価酸を反応させ、反応物を析出させると同時に、分散液を撹拌しておくことで、トナー母粒子に付着させる。
例えば、FMミキサ、メカノハイブリッド(日本コークス工業株式会社製)、スーパーミキサー、ノビルタ(ホソカワミクロン社製)、T.K.ホモミクサー(特殊機化工業株式会社製)など、粉体や水系媒体にせん断力を与える高速撹拌機を用いる。多価酸金属塩粒子を解砕させる力を加えながら、該多価酸金属塩粒子をトナー母粒子に付着させる。
トナー母粒子に有機ケイ素化合物を付着させる方法を以下に例示する。
トナー表面の導電性物質の評価方法として、後述する走査型電子顕微鏡を用いた評価方法を用いており、導電性物質の面積の平均値は10000nm2以下であり、5000nm2以下であることが好ましく、2000nm2以下であることがより好ましい。ここでいう導電性物質の面積とは、トナー表面に存在する導電性物質の一つの塊に対する、トナー表面垂直方向からの投影面積である。
トナーなどの表面は、以下のように観察する。
トナーなどの重量平均粒径(D4)及び個数平均粒径(D1)は、以下のようにして算出する。
次に、導電性物質の面積の平均値と変動係数の算出方法について説明する。
導電性物質の面積の平均値を算出するに当たり、SEM画像(反射電子像)は上記JSM-7800Fを用いる。以下に観察条件を記載する。
得られた反射電子像を、画像処理解析装置LUZEX AP(株式会社ニレコ製)に読み込み、モノクロ表示にする。
上記反射電子像を、画像処理解析装置LUZEX AP(株式会社ニレコ製)に読み込み、モノクロ表示にする。
本実施例で用いるトナーの製造例を説明する。本実施例では、正規の帯電極性が負極性のトナーを用いている。トナーは一例として重合法により生成された重合トナーを採用している。
「水系媒体の調製」
イオン交換水390.0部を入れた反応容器に、リン酸ナトリウム(12水和物)11.2部を投入しリン酸ナトリウム水溶液を調製し、窒素パージしながら65℃で1.0時間保温した。リン酸ナトリウム水溶液を撹拌装置(商品名:T.K.ホモミクサー、特殊機化工業株式会社製)を用いて、12,000rpmにて撹拌する。撹拌しながら、イオン交換水10.0部に7.4部の塩化カルシウム(2水和物)を溶解した塩化カルシウム水溶液を反応容器に一括投入し、分散安定剤を含む水系媒体を調製した。さらに、反応容器内の水系媒体に1.0mol/Lの塩酸を投入し、pHを6.0に調整し、水系媒体を調製した。
・スチレン 60.0部
・C.I.ピグメントブルー15:3 6.3部
・スチレン 10.0部
・アクリル酸n-ブチル 30.0部
・ポリエステル樹脂 5.0部
(テレフタル酸と、ビスフェノールAのプロピレンオキサイド2モル付加物との縮重合物、重量平均分子量Mw=10,000、酸価:8.2mgKOH/g)
・パラフィンワックス(商品名:HNP9、日本精蝋社製、融点:76℃) 6.0部
水系媒体の温度を70℃、撹拌装置の回転数を12,000rpmに保ちながら、水系媒体中に重合性単量体組成物を投入し、重合開始剤であるt-ブチルパーオキシピバレート8.0部を添加した。そのまま撹拌装置にて12,000rpmを維持しつつ10分間造粒した。
撹拌装置からプロペラ撹拌翼を備えた撹拌機に変更し、200rpmで撹拌しながら70℃を保持して5.0時間重合を行い、さらに85℃に昇温して2.0時間加熱することで重合反応を行った。さらに、98℃に昇温して3.0時間加熱することで残留モノマーを除去し、イオン交換水を加えて分散液中のトナー母粒子濃度が30.0%になるように調整し、トナー母粒子が分散したトナー母粒子分散液を得た。
・イオン交換水 70.0部
・メチルトリエトキシシラン 30.0部
反応容器内に下記サンプルを秤量し、プロペラ撹拌翼を用いて混合し混合液を得た。
・トナー母粒子分散液 500.0部
・有機ケイ素化合物液 35.0部
・チタンラクテート44%水溶液(商品名:TC-310、マツモトファインケミカル社製) 3.2部(チタンラクテートとして1.4部相当)
・有機ケイ素化合物液 10.0部
次に、本実施例で用いる現像ローラ31の詳細を説明する。
本実施例で用いる現像ローラの概略図を図5に示す。現像ローラ31は円柱状または中空円筒状の導電性の基体31Aの外周面に弾性層31B(以下、基層と記す)が形成されている。また、最表層として表面層31c(以下、表層と記す)が弾性層31Bの外周面を被覆している。
図6を用いて、現像ローラ31の体積抵抗率の測定方法を説明する。図6は現像ローラ31の体積抵抗率測定装置の概念図である。測定準備として、測定対象の現像ローラ31を直径30mmの金属円筒E(SUS製)と軸方向が平行になるよう当接配置する。そして、現像ローラ31の基体31Aの長手方向両側端部それぞれに4.9Nの荷重Fをかけ、現像ローラ31と金属円筒Eを密着させる。
ρd(Ω・cm)=Rd(Ω)×S(cm2)/t(cm)・・・式(3)
図7を用いて、現像ローラ31の単位面積当たりの静電容量の測定方法を説明する。図7は、現像ローラ31の静電容量測定装置の概念図である。測定準備として、測定対象の現像ローラ31を直径30mmの金属円筒E(SUS製)と軸方向が平行になるよう当接配置する。そして、現像ローラ31の基体31Aの長手方向両側端部それぞれに4.9Nの荷重Fをかけ、現像ローラ31と金属円筒Eを密着させる。
CS(pF/cm2)=C(pF)/S(cm2)・・・式(4)
現像ローラ31の表層の表面抵抗率は、次のようにして測定することができる。まず、ポリエステルシート(ルミラー、東レ株式会社製)上に表層塗料を1~2ml垂らす。この液をフィルムアプリケータ(隙間125μm、幅100mm)にて速やかに伸ばす。次いで、上記シートを30分風乾した後に加熱硬化する。加熱硬化したシートを温度23.5℃、相対湿度50%の環境に1時間以上静置する。その後、同環境にて抵抗測定器(ハイレスタ UP MCP-HT450 株式会社三菱化学アナリテック社製)を用いて、測定モード:表面抵抗率、プローブタイプ:URS、印加電圧:250V、測定時間:30秒で測定する。
次に、本発明の特徴であるトナーへの電荷注入に関わる要件について説明する。
注入部材を用いて注入電界を生じさせるだけでは電荷注入性を示さない。図8は、注入部材として現像ブレードを用いた構成で、注入電圧差と現像ローラ上の逆極性トナー率との関係を示したものである。トナーAは注入電圧差を大きくするにしたがって、現像ローラ上の逆極性トナー率が減少する。これは、注入電界がある注入部材によって現像ローラ上のトナーに電荷が注入されることを示している。一方で、後述する比較例1としてのトナーBは注入電圧差を大きくしても現像ローラ上の逆極性トナー率はあまり変わらない。すなわち、トナー電荷注入にはトナーの特徴が関わり、トナーAは電荷注入性を示すトナーといえる。またトナーBは電荷注入性を示さないトナーといえる。
・停止時の抵抗値が105~108Ω
・駆動時(200mm/sec)の抵抗値は停止時の40%以上
本発明者らが鋭意検討した結果、感光ドラム21の最表層の体積抵抗率と現像ローラ31の体積抵抗率が、下記式(5)の関係を満たすとき、現像ローラ31への電荷漏洩を著しく抑制できることを見出した。
log10ρd>0.05log10ρp+6・・・式(5)
現像領域にてトナーから現像ローラ31への電荷漏洩量を抑制するためには、現像ローラ31の体積抵抗率に加えて、静電容量を制御することも必要である。
上述の通り、電子写真方式を用いた画像形成装置1においては、正規帯電極性に帯電したトナーを、各画像形成プロセスにおいて電界で制御することによって、記録材Pに画像を形成する。
実施例1では、注入部材として感光ドラム21を使用することにより、現像領域内で電荷注入させ、画像カブリなどの画像弊害の発生を抑制する。
現像ローラ31上に均一に薄層化されているトナーは、現像ローラ31の回転に伴って感光ドラム21と現像ローラ31の当接部である現像領域に突入する。トナーは現像領域内で転動し、感光ドラム21および現像ローラ31と摺擦されてトナーに対する摩擦帯電が起こる。また、現像領域内において感光ドラム21の表面電位が現像ローラ31の表面電位(現像電圧)に対して、トナーの正規帯電極性側に絶対値が高くなるような電位関係がある場合には、電界の力によりトナーは現像ローラ31側に引き付けられる。これにより、トナーは現像ローラ31の動きに追従しやすくなるため、現像ローラ31よりも感光ドラム21と摺擦される量が大きくなる。したがって、現像領域内においてトナーが摩擦帯電により受け取る電荷量は、トナーと感光ドラム21間の摩擦帯電によるものが支配的となる。本実施例において、トナーの帯電列は感光ドラム21よりもネガ帯電側にあるため、現像領域内での摩擦帯電によりトナーは感光ドラム21から電子を受け取る関係となる。
本発明の感光ドラム21では、現像領域において感光ドラム21からトナーへ電荷付与が行われる。例えば、負帯電性のトナーを用いる場合は、感光ドラム21表面の電子がトナーへと移動し、トナーの電荷量を上昇させる。感光ドラム21からトナーへの電子移動により、負極性に帯電していた感光ドラム21の表面電位は現像領域通過時に低下する。この表面電位低下量が大きいほど、感光ドラム21からトナーへ与えられた電荷量が多いことを示している。
現像領域における電荷付与量および電荷漏洩量はそれぞれ現像周速差によって変化する。
(トナー粒子Cの製造例)
実施例1に記載の製造例と同様にしてトナー母粒子の分散液を調整した。得られた分散液のpHを1mol/Lの塩酸で1.5に調整して1.0時間撹拌後、イオン交換水で洗浄しながら、ろ過、乾燥した。得られた粉体を風力式分級機で分級して、トナー粒子Cを得た。
・トナー粒子C 100.0部
・二酸化ケイ素(個数平均粒径102nm) 2.0部
・疎水性シリカ微粒子 2.0部
・ルチル型酸化チタン(個数平均粒径33nm、体積抵抗率1.8×108Ω・m) 6.0部
実施例1と実施例2の効果をより詳しく説明するために、比較例1を挙げる。
実施例1と実施例2の効果をより詳しく説明するために、比較例2を挙げる。
<比較例1と比較例2に対する実施例1と実施例2の優位な点>
比較例1と比較例2に対する実施例1と実施例2の優位な点について説明する。
実施例3では、導電性の現像ブレード35と、所定の体積抵抗率をもつ現像ローラ31を用いることにより、規制領域においてトナーの層規制と同時にトナーへの電荷注入を可能としていることを特徴とする。なお、本実施例では現像ブレード35としてSUS板を用いている。
現像ローラ31の表層以外は、実施例3と同じ構成を用いてカートリッジ使用前後の画像カブリ濃度評価を行った。本実施例では、実施例3で用いたポリウレタン組成物を形成するための表層塗工液にシリコーン系界面活性剤(商品名:TFS4446、モメンティブ・パフォーマンス・マテリアルズ社製)をポリウレタン樹脂に対して3質量部%添加した表層塗工液を調整した。そして、本表層塗工液をシリコーンゴムからなる基層の外周に塗工し、23℃で30分間風乾した。次いで160℃に設定した熱風循環乾燥機中で1時間乾燥し、膜厚10μmの表層を形成した。本実施例で用いる現像ローラ31の体積抵抗率は6.0×106Ω・cmであり、静電容量は3.8×10-2pF/cm2であった。また、本実施例で用いる現像ローラ31の表層の表面抵抗率は2×109Ω/□であった。
現像ローラ31の表層以外は、実施例3と同じ構成を用いてカートリッジ使用前後の画像カブリ濃度評価を行った。本実施例では、実施例3で用いたポリウレタン組成物を形成するための表層塗工液にフッ素系界面活性剤(商品名:メガファックF444、DIC社製)をポリウレタン樹脂に対して3質量部%添加した表層塗工液を調整した。そして、本表層塗工液をシリコーンゴムからなる基層の外周に塗工し、23℃で30分間風乾した。次いで160℃に設定した熱風循環乾燥機中で1時間乾燥し、膜厚10μmの表層を形成した。本実施例で用いる現像ローラ31の体積抵抗率は6.0×106Ω・cmであり、静電容量は3.9×10-2pF/cm2であった。また、本実施例で用いる現像ローラ31の表層の表面抵抗率は1×109Ω/□であった。
現像ブレード35以外は、実施例4と同じ構成を用いてカートリッジ使用前後の画像カブリ濃度評価を行った。本実施例では、シリコーンゴムにカーボンブラック20質量部添加したシリコーンゴムからなる現像ブレード35を用いた。本実施例で用いる現像ブレード35の体積抵抗率は1.0×106Ω・cmであった。
実施例3~6の効果をより詳しく説明するために、比較例3を挙げる。
<比較例3に対する実施例3~6の優位な点>
比較例3に対する実施例3~6の優位な点について説明する。
実施例7では、以下の画像形成装置160を用いた。
実施例8では、以下の画像形成装置161を用いた。
実施例7と実施例8の効果をより詳しく説明するために、比較例4を挙げる。
実施例7と実施例8の効果をより詳しく説明するために、比較例5を挙げる。
<比較例4と比較例5に対する実施例7と実施例8の優位な点>
比較例4と比較例5に対する実施例7と実施例8の優位な点について説明する。
実施例7よりも実施例8で画像カブリ濃度がより良好であった原因を探るため、以下のようにして現像ローラ31上のトナー帯電量測定を行った。
δQ=(Q2-Q1)/Q2・・・式(6)
本発明では、表面層の電気抵抗が低い感光ドラム21を用いる構成においても、現像周速差の変動に起因するトナー帯電量ムラの発生を抑制し、バンディングの発生を抑制する。以下に、この課題解決のメカニズムを説明する。
現像ローラ31上に均一に薄層化されているトナーは、現像ローラ31の回転に伴って感光ドラム21と現像ローラ31とが当接する現像ニップに突入する。トナーは現像ニップ内で転動し、感光ドラム21および現像ローラ31と摺擦されてトナーに対する摩擦帯電が起こる。また、現像ニップ内において感光ドラム21の表面電位が現像ローラ31の表面電位(現像電圧)に対して、トナーの正規帯電極性側に絶対値が大きくなるような電位関係がある場合には、電界の力によりトナーは現像ローラ31側に引き付けられる。これにより、トナーは現像ローラ31の動きに追従しやすくなるため、現像ローラ31よりも感光ドラム21と摺擦される量が大きくなる。したがって、現像ニップ内においてトナーが摩擦帯電により受け取る電荷量は、トナーと感光ドラム21との間の摩擦帯電によるものが支配的となる。本実施例において、トナーの帯電列は感光ドラム21よりもネガ帯電側にあるため、現像ニップ内での摩擦帯電によりトナーは感光ドラム21から電子を受け取る関係となる。
ρp≦1.0×1014Ω・cm・・・式(7)
現像ニップにおける電荷付与量および電荷漏洩量は、それぞれ現像周速差によって変化する。
本発明者らが鋭意検討した結果(表7の結果を図示している図19参照)、感光ドラム21の最表層の体積抵抗率と現像ローラ31の体積抵抗率が、下記式(8)の関係を満たすとき、バンディングの発生を著しく抑制できることを見出した。
log10ρd>0.05log10ρp+6・・・式(8)
現像ニップにてトナーから現像ローラ31への電荷漏洩量を抑制するためには、現像ローラ31の体積抵抗率に加えて、静電容量を制御することも必要である。
次に、本実施例で用いるトナーの詳細を説明する。本実施例では、上述のように正規の帯電極性が負極性のトナーを用いている。トナーは一例として重合法により生成された重合トナーを採用している。
「水系媒体の調製」
イオン交換水390.0部を入れた反応容器に、リン酸ナトリウム(12水和物)11.2部を投入しリン酸ナトリウム水溶液を調製し、窒素パージしながら65℃で1.0時間保温した。リン酸ナトリウム水溶液を撹拌装置(商品名:T.K.ホモミクサー、特殊機化工業株式会社製)を用いて、12,000rpmにて撹拌する。撹拌しながら、イオン交換水10.0部に7.4部の塩化カルシウム(2水和物)を溶解した塩化カルシウム水溶液を反応容器に一括投入する。そして、分散安定剤を含む水系媒体を調製した。さらに、反応容器内の水系媒体に1.0mol/Lの塩酸を投入し、pHを6.0に調整し、水系媒体を調製した。
・スチレン 60.0部
・C.I.ピグメントブルー15:3 6.3部
・スチレン 10.0部
・アクリル酸n-ブチル 30.0部
・ポリエステル樹脂 5.0部
(テレフタル酸と、ビスフェノールAのプロピレンオキサイド2モル付加物との縮重合物、重量平均分子量Mw=10,000、酸価:8.2mgKOH/g)
・パラフィンワックス(商品名:HNP9、日本精蝋社製、融点:76℃) 6.0部
水系媒体の温度を70℃、撹拌装置の回転数を12,000rpmに保ちながら、水系媒体中に重合性単量体組成物を投入し、重合開始剤であるt-ブチルパーオキシピバレート8.0部を添加した。そのまま撹拌装置にて12,000rpmを維持しつつ10分間造粒した。
撹拌装置からプロペラ撹拌翼を備えた撹拌機に変更し、200rpmで撹拌しながら70℃を保持して5.0時間重合を行い、さらに85℃に昇温して2.0時間加熱することで重合反応を行った。さらに、98℃に昇温して3.0時間加熱することで残留モノマーを除去し、イオン交換水を加えて分散液中のトナー母粒子濃度が30.0%になるように調整し、トナー母粒子が分散したトナー母粒子分散液を得た。
・イオン交換水 70.0部
・メチルトリエトキシシラン 30.0部
反応容器内に下記サンプルを秤量し、プロペラ撹拌翼を用いて混合し混合液を得た。
・トナー母粒子分散液 500.0部
・有機ケイ素化合物液 10.0部
図9の実験系において、トナー抵抗値を測定することにより、トナーが電荷注入性を示すかを判別できる。
・静止時のトナー抵抗値が1.0×108Ω以下
・駆動時(200mm/sec)のトナー抵抗値は静止時のトナー抵抗値の40%以上
本発明の感光ドラム21では、現像ニップにおいて感光ドラム21からトナーへ電荷付与が行われる。例えば、負帯電性のトナーを用いる場合は、感光ドラム21の表面の電子がトナーへと移動し、トナーの帯電量を増加させる。感光ドラム21からトナーへの電子移動により、負極性に帯電していた感光ドラム21の表面電位の絶対値は現像ニップ通過時に低下する。この表面電位低下量が大きいほど、感光ドラム21からトナーへ与えられた電荷量が多いことを示している。
バンディング評価は温度23.0℃、相対湿度50%の環境下でハーフトーン画像を出力し、画像中にバンディングが確認されるかによって評価した。評価結果については、以下の3段階に分けてランク付けをした。
×:濃淡差の大きいバンディングが多数確認される
〇:濃淡差がわずかなバンディングが確認されるが画像上問題無い
◎:バンディングが確認されない
現像ニップ通過時におけるトナー帯電量変化の現像周速差依存性を評価するために、以下のようにして現像ローラ31上のトナー帯電量測定を行った。
ΔQ=Q2-Q1・・・式(9)
実施例2-1では、実施例1に対して感光ドラム21を変更した。
実施例3-1では、実施例1に対して感光ドラム21と現像ローラ31を変更した。
比較例1では、実施例1に対して現像ローラ31を変更した。
実施例4-1では実施例1に対して下記のとおりトナーを変更した。また、画像形成中において、現像ブレード電源E4によって現像ブレード35には現像ローラ31に対して負極性側に絶対値が200V大きい電圧が印加されるようにした。本実施例において、現像ローラ31に対する現像ブレード35の電位差ΔVblは-200Vである。
トナー表面の導電性物質の評価方法として、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いた評価方法を用いており、導電性物質の面積の平均値は10000nm2以下であり、5000nm2以下であることが好ましく、2000nm2以下であることがより好ましい。ここでいう導電性物質の面積とは、トナー表面に存在する導電性物質の一つの塊に対する、トナー表面垂直方向からの投影面積である。
トナーなどの表面は、以下のように観察する。
次に、導電性物質の面積の平均値と変動係数の算出方法について説明する。
導電性物質の面積の平均値を算出するに当たり、SEM画像(反射電子像)は上記JSM-7800Fを用いる。以下に観察条件を記載する。
得られた反射電子像を、画像処理解析装置LUZEX AP(株式会社ニレコ製)に読み込み、モノクロ表示にする。平均化処理を行った後に、二値化処理を行い、導電性物質が白色で表された二値化画像を得る。その後、内蔵された機能によって白色部分の面積の平均値を求め、導電性物質の面積の平均値とする。
実施例1に記載の製造例と同様にしてトナー母粒子分散液を得た。
・トナー母粒子分散液 500.0部
・有機ケイ素化合物液 35.0部
・チタンラクテート44%水溶液(商品名:TC-310、マツモトファインケミカル社製) 3.2部(チタンラクテートとして1.4部相当)
・有機ケイ素化合物液 10.0部
実施例5-1では実施例4-1に対して下記のとおりトナーを変更した。
(トナー粒子Aの製造例)
実施例1に記載の製造例と同様にしてトナー母粒子分散液を得た。得られた分散液のpHを1mol/Lの塩酸で1.5に調整して1.0時間撹拌後、イオン交換水で洗浄しながら、ろ過、乾燥した。得られた粉体を風力式分級機で分級して、トナー粒子Aを得た。
・トナー粒子A 100.0部
・二酸化ケイ素(個数平均粒径102nm) 2.0部
・疎水性シリカ微粒子 2.0部
・ルチル型酸化チタン(個数平均粒径33nm、体積抵抗率1.8×108Ω・m) 6.0部
実施例6-1では実施例4-1に対して下記のとおりプロセス制御条件を変更した。
実施例7-1では実施例6-1に対して下記のとおりプロセス制御条件を変更した。すなわち、画像形成中、感光ドラム21の表面は帯電ローラ23によって-700Vに帯電する。現像ローラ31に印加する現像電圧は-400Vであるため、現像ニップ通過前の非露光部Vdの感光ドラム21の表面と現像ローラ31の電位差のバックコントラストVbackは300Vである。
実施例8-1では実施例6-1に対して下記のとおりプロセス制御条件を変更した。すなわち、画像形成中において、現像ブレード35には現像ローラ31に対して負極性側に絶対値が200V大きい電圧が印加されるようにした。したがって、現像ローラ31に対する現像ブレード35の電位差ΔVblは-200Vである。
i)回転部材が停止している状態、かつ、回転部材と当接部材との間に現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第1の抵抗値が1.0×105Ω~1.0×108Ωである。
ii)回転部材を当接部材に対して200mm/sで回転させた状態で、かつ、回転部材と当接部材との間に現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第2の抵抗値が第1の抵抗値の範囲内、かつ、第2の抵抗値が第1の抵抗値に比べて40%以上となる。
20 プロセスカートリッジ
21 感光ドラム
30 現像装置
31 現像ローラ
35 現像ブレード
Claims (36)
- 記録材に画像形成する画像形成装置に用いられる現像装置であって、
現像剤と、
前記現像剤を搬送可能な現像剤担持体と、
前記現像剤担持体の表面に接触する接触部材と、を有し、
前記接触部材の体積抵抗率が1014Ω・cm以下であり、
前記現像剤は、以下の条件を満たすことを特徴とする現像装置、
前記画像形成装置の外部において、回転可能な回転部材の表面と前記回転部材の表面に当接する当接部材との間に電位差が形成される状態において、前記回転部材と前記当接部材と、の抵抗値がそれぞれ1.0×104Ω以下であって、
i)前記回転部材が停止している状態、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第1の抵抗値が1.0×105Ω~1.0×108Ωである、
ii)前記回転部材を前記当接部材に対して200mm/sで回転させた状態で、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値の範囲内、かつ、前記第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値に比べて40%以上となる。 - 前記現像剤担持体の体積抵抗率が1.0×106Ω・cm以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の現像装置。
- 前記現像剤担持体の単位面積当たりの静電容量が4×10-2pF/cm2以下であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の現像装置。
- 前記現像剤の最表面には、体積抵抗1×1011Ω・cm以下の導電性物質を有することを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の現像装置。
- 前記導電性物質は、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて撮影された反射電子像において、面積の平均値が10nm2以上10000nm2以下であり、前記面積の変動係数が10.0以下であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の現像装置。
- 前記接触部材は、前記現像剤担持体の表面に担持された前記現像剤を規制する現像剤規制部材であることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の現像装置。
- 前記現像剤の正規極性は負極性であり、前記現像剤担持体と前記接触部材のうち少なくともいずれかが、シリコーン成分或いはフッ素成分のうちいずれかを含有することを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の現像装置。
- 前記現像剤が収容される収容部を有し、
前記現像剤担持体が停止している状態において、前記収容部の底面から前記収容部に収容されている前記現像剤の最上面が前記現像剤担持体の表面の最上部よりも低いことを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の現像装置。 - 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の現像装置は、前記画像形成装置に着脱可能な現像カートリッジであることを特徴とする。
- 記録材に画像形成する画像形成装置に着脱可能なプロセスカートリッジであって、
回転可能な像担持体と、
現像剤と、
前記像担持体に前記現像剤を供給する現像剤担持体と、を有し、
前記像担持体の体積抵抗率が1014Ω・cm以下であり、
前記現像剤は、以下の条件を満たすことを特徴とするプロセスカートリッジ、
前記画像形成装置の外部において、回転可能な回転部材の表面と前記回転部材の表面に当接する当接部材との間に電位差が形成される状態において、前記回転部材と前記当接部材と、の抵抗値がそれぞれ1.0×104Ω以下であって、
i)前記回転部材が停止している状態、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第1の抵抗値が1.0×105Ω~1.0×108Ωである、
ii)前記回転部材を前記当接部材に対して200mm/sで回転させた状態で、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値の範囲内、かつ、前記第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値に比べて40%以上となる。 - 前記現像剤担持体の体積抵抗率が1.0×106Ω・cm以上であることを特徴とする請求項10に記載のプロセスカートリッジ。
- 前記現像剤担持体の単位面積当たりの静電容量が4×10-2pF/cm2以下であることを特徴とする請求項10または11に記載のプロセスカートリッジ。
- 前記現像剤の最表面には、体積抵抗1×1011Ω・cm以下の導電性物質を有することを特徴とする請求項10~12のいずれか1項に記載のプロセスカートリッジ。
- 前記導電性物質は、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて撮影された反射電子像において、面積の平均値が10nm2以上10000nm2以下であり、前記面積の変動係数が10.0以下であることを特徴とする請求項13に記載のプロセスカートリッジ。
- 前記現像剤担持体の表面に接触する接触部材を有し、
前記現像剤の正規極性は負極性であり、前記現像剤担持体と前記接触部材のうち少なくともいずれかが、シリコーン成分或いはフッ素成分のうちいずれかを含有することを特徴とする請求項10~14のいずれか1項に記載のプロセスカートリッジ。 - 前記現像剤が収容される収容部を有し、
前記現像剤担持体が停止している状態において、前記収容部の底面から前記収容部に収容されている前記現像剤の最上面が前記現像剤担持体の表面の最上部よりも低いことを特徴とする請求項10~15のいずれか1項に記載のプロセスカートリッジ。 - 回転可能な像担持体と、
現像剤と、
前記像担持体に前記現像剤を供給する現像剤担持体と、を有し、
前記像担持体の体積抵抗率が1014Ω・cm以下であり、
前記現像剤は、以下の条件を満たすことを特徴とする画像形成装置、
前記画像形成装置の外部において、回転可能な回転部材の表面と前記回転部材の表面に当接する当接部材との間に電位差が形成される状態において、前記回転部材と前記当接部材と、の抵抗値がそれぞれ1.0×104Ω以下であって、
i)前記回転部材が停止している状態、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第1の抵抗値が1.0×105Ω~1.0×108Ωである、
ii)前記回転部材を前記当接部材に対して200mm/sで回転させた状態で、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値の範囲内、かつ、前記第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値に比べて40%以上となる。 - 前記現像剤担持体の体積抵抗率が1.0×106Ω・cm以上であることを特徴とする請求項17に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記現像剤担持体の単位面積当たりの静電容量が4×10-2pF/cm2以下であることを特徴とする請求項17または18に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記現像剤の最表面には、体積抵抗1×1011Ω・cm以下の導電性物質を有することを特徴とする請求項17~19のいずれか1項に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記導電性物質は、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて撮影された反射電子像において、面積の平均値が10nm2以上10000nm2以下であり、前記面積の変動係数が10.0以下であることを特徴とする請求項20に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記現像剤担持体の表面に接触する接触部材を有し、
前記現像剤の正規極性は負極性であり、前記現像剤担持体と前記接触部材のうち少なくともいずれかが、シリコーン成分或いはフッ素成分のうちいずれかを含有することを特徴とする請求項17~21のいずれか1項に記載の画像形成装置。 - 前記現像剤が収容される収容部を有し、
前記現像剤担持体が停止している状態において、前記収容部の底面から前記収容部に収容されている前記現像剤の最上面が前記現像剤担持体の表面の最上部よりも低いことを特徴とする請求項17~22のいずれか1項に記載の画像成形装置。 - 前記現像剤担持体は前記像担持体と接触することで前記現像剤を現像させることを特徴とする請求項17~23のいずれか1項に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記像担持体の表面を帯電する帯電部材と、
前記帯電部材に帯電電圧を印加する帯電電圧印加部と、を有し、
前記像担持体の表面を帯電させて、前記現像剤担持体を前記像担持体に対して40%速い表面速度で当接させたとき、現像領域を通過した後における前記像担持体の表面電位が、前記現像領域を通過する前に対して3%以上低下することを特徴とする請求項24に記載の画像形成装置。 - 回転可能な像担持体であって、基材と表面に表層を有する像担持体と、
前記像担持体の表面を帯電する帯電部材と、
前記像担持体の表面に正規極性に帯電する現像剤を供給する現像剤担持体と、
前記帯電部材に帯電電圧を印加する帯電電圧印加部と、
前記現像剤担持体に現像電圧を印加する現像電圧印加部と、
前記帯電電圧印加部と前記現像電圧印加部と、を制御する制御部と、を有し、
前記制御部は、前記正規極性に帯電した前記現像剤が前記像担持体から前記現像剤担持体に移動する静電気力が発生するように前記像担持体と前記現像剤担持体の間に電位差を形成するように制御し、
前記像担持体の前記表層の体積抵抗率をρp、前記現像剤担持体の体積抵抗率をρdとした場合に、
ρp≦1.0×1014Ω・cm、
log10ρd>0.05log10ρp+6
を満たすことを特徴とする画像形成装置。 - 画像形成動作において、前記像担持体の表面を露光して静電潜像を形成することで画像形成領域を形成する露光ユニットを有し、
前記帯電部材によって前記像担持体の表面を帯電することが出来る領域の内、前記画像形成領域以外の前記像担持体の表面を非画像形成領域とすると、
前記制御部は、前記非画像形成領域において、前記正規極性に帯電した前記現像剤が前記像担持体から前記現像剤担持体に移動する静電気力が発生するように前記像担持体と前記現像剤担持体の間に電位差を形成し、前記像担持体の表面電位は前記現像剤担持体の表面電位よりも絶対値が大きくなるように制御することを特徴とする請求項26に記載の画像形成装置。 - 前記現像剤担持体の単位面積当たりの静電容量が4.0×10-2pF/cm2以下であることを特徴とする請求項26または27に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記制御部は、前記像担持体が回転し前記像担持体の表面を前記帯電部材によって帯電している状態で、前記像担持体と前記現像剤担持体とが接触する現像部を前記像担持体の表面が通過する直前の第1の領域に形成された第1の表面電位は、前記現像部を前記像担持体の表面が通過した直後の第2の領域に形成された第2の表面電位よりも絶対値が3%以上大きくなるように制御することを特徴とする請求項26~28のいずれか1項に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記画像形成動作において、前記像担持体の表面速度と前記現像剤担持体の表面速度が異なることを特徴とする請求項27に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記現像剤は、以下の条件を満たすことを特徴とする請求項26~30のいずれか1項に記載の画像形成装置、
前記画像形成装置の外部において、回転可能な回転部材の表面と前記回転部材の表面に当接する当接部材との間に電位差が形成される状態において、前記回転部材と前記当接部材と、の抵抗値がそれぞれ1.0×104Ω以下であって、
i)前記回転部材が停止している状態、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第1の抵抗値が1.0×105Ω~1.0×108Ωである、
ii)前記回転部材を前記当接部材に対して200mm/sで回転させた状態で、かつ、前記回転部材と前記当接部材との間に前記現像剤を挟んだ状態において、測定した第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値の範囲内、かつ、前記第2の抵抗値が前記第1の抵抗値に比べて40%以上となる。 - 前記現像剤担持体の表面速度が異なる複数の画像形成モードを有し、前記現像剤担持体の表面速度が小さいモードのほうが前記像担持体の表面電位と前記現像剤担持体の表面電位の差をより大きくすること特徴とする請求項26~31のいずれか1項に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記現像剤担持体の表面に担持された前記現像剤を規制する導電性の規制部材と、
前記規制部材に規制電圧を印加する規制電圧印加部を有し、
前記制御部は、前記規制部材に印加する前記規制電圧の方が前記現像剤担持体の表面電位より現像剤の正規帯電側に絶対値が大きくなるように制御することを特徴とする請求項26~31のいずれか1項に記載の画像形成装置。 - 前記現像剤担持体の表面速度が異なる複数の画像形成モードがある場合、前記現像剤担持体の表面速度が小さいモードのほうが前記規制部材と前記現像剤担持体の電位差をより大きくすることを特徴とする請求項33に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記現像剤の最表面には、体積抵抗率が1×1011Ω・cm以下の導電性物質を有することを特徴とする請求項26~34のいずれか1項に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記導電性物質は、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて撮影された前記現像剤の反射電子像において、
前記導電性物質の面積の平均値が、10000nm2以下であり、
前記導電性物質の面積の変動係数が、10.0以下であることを特徴とする請求項35に記載の画像形成装置。
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2023552849A JPWO2023058573A1 (ja) | 2021-10-07 | 2022-09-30 |
Applications Claiming Priority (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2021-165722 | 2021-10-07 | ||
JP2021-165723 | 2021-10-07 | ||
JP2021165723 | 2021-10-07 | ||
JP2021165722 | 2021-10-07 | ||
JP2022-124673 | 2022-08-04 | ||
JP2022124673 | 2022-08-04 | ||
JP2022-125410 | 2022-08-05 | ||
JP2022125410 | 2022-08-05 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2023058573A1 true WO2023058573A1 (ja) | 2023-04-13 |
Family
ID=85803437
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2022/036703 WO2023058573A1 (ja) | 2021-10-07 | 2022-09-30 | 現像装置、プロセスカートリッジ、画像形成装置 |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPWO2023058573A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2023058573A1 (ja) |
Citations (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH10115979A (ja) * | 1996-08-19 | 1998-05-06 | Bridgestone Corp | 現像ローラ及び現像装置 |
JPH1165281A (ja) * | 1997-06-13 | 1999-03-05 | Canon Inc | 電子写真装置、画像形成方法及びプロセスカートリッジ |
JP2000267391A (ja) * | 1999-03-15 | 2000-09-29 | Canon Inc | 画像形成方法 |
JP2006058745A (ja) | 2004-08-23 | 2006-03-02 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 現像装置及びこれを用いた画像形成装置 |
JP2006178161A (ja) * | 2004-12-22 | 2006-07-06 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 現像装置及びこれを用いた画像形成装置 |
JP2009169112A (ja) * | 2008-01-16 | 2009-07-30 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 画像形成装置 |
JP2019078881A (ja) | 2017-10-24 | 2019-05-23 | キヤノン株式会社 | 画像形成装置 |
JP2021021792A (ja) * | 2019-07-25 | 2021-02-18 | キヤノン株式会社 | トナー |
JP2021081688A (ja) * | 2019-11-22 | 2021-05-27 | キヤノン株式会社 | 画像形成装置 |
JP2021165723A (ja) | 2020-04-08 | 2021-10-14 | 株式会社アイシン | 物体検出装置、および物体検出システム |
JP2021165722A (ja) | 2020-04-08 | 2021-10-14 | 太平洋セメント株式会社 | セメント質硬化体の表面における白華の発生可能性の評価方法 |
JP2022124673A (ja) | 2021-02-16 | 2022-08-26 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | Dc-dcコンバータおよび車両 |
JP2022125410A (ja) | 2021-02-17 | 2022-08-29 | 株式会社ユニバーサルエンターテインメント | 遊技機 |
-
2022
- 2022-09-30 WO PCT/JP2022/036703 patent/WO2023058573A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2022-09-30 JP JP2023552849A patent/JPWO2023058573A1/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH10115979A (ja) * | 1996-08-19 | 1998-05-06 | Bridgestone Corp | 現像ローラ及び現像装置 |
JPH1165281A (ja) * | 1997-06-13 | 1999-03-05 | Canon Inc | 電子写真装置、画像形成方法及びプロセスカートリッジ |
JP2000267391A (ja) * | 1999-03-15 | 2000-09-29 | Canon Inc | 画像形成方法 |
JP2006058745A (ja) | 2004-08-23 | 2006-03-02 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 現像装置及びこれを用いた画像形成装置 |
JP2006178161A (ja) * | 2004-12-22 | 2006-07-06 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 現像装置及びこれを用いた画像形成装置 |
JP2009169112A (ja) * | 2008-01-16 | 2009-07-30 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 画像形成装置 |
JP2019078881A (ja) | 2017-10-24 | 2019-05-23 | キヤノン株式会社 | 画像形成装置 |
JP2021021792A (ja) * | 2019-07-25 | 2021-02-18 | キヤノン株式会社 | トナー |
JP2021081688A (ja) * | 2019-11-22 | 2021-05-27 | キヤノン株式会社 | 画像形成装置 |
JP2021165723A (ja) | 2020-04-08 | 2021-10-14 | 株式会社アイシン | 物体検出装置、および物体検出システム |
JP2021165722A (ja) | 2020-04-08 | 2021-10-14 | 太平洋セメント株式会社 | セメント質硬化体の表面における白華の発生可能性の評価方法 |
JP2022124673A (ja) | 2021-02-16 | 2022-08-26 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | Dc-dcコンバータおよび車両 |
JP2022125410A (ja) | 2021-02-17 | 2022-08-29 | 株式会社ユニバーサルエンターテインメント | 遊技機 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
KAGAKU BINRAN KISOHEN: "Chemical Handbook", 2004, THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPWO2023058573A1 (ja) | 2023-04-13 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN110083025B (zh) | 调色剂 | |
JP2019211774A (ja) | 画像形成装置及び画像形成方法 | |
JP7328048B2 (ja) | トナー | |
US11314178B2 (en) | Toner | |
JP7336293B2 (ja) | トナー | |
EP3770683A1 (en) | Toner | |
US11573499B2 (en) | Process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus | |
JP7261086B2 (ja) | プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置 | |
WO2023058573A1 (ja) | 現像装置、プロセスカートリッジ、画像形成装置 | |
CN115963711A (zh) | 电子照相感光构件、处理盒和电子照相设备 | |
JP4107186B2 (ja) | 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ、画像形成装置及び画像形成方法 | |
JP2021021941A (ja) | プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置 | |
JP2023058019A (ja) | 画像形成装置、画像形成方法およびプロセスカートリッジ | |
JP7500673B2 (ja) | 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置 | |
WO2023058570A1 (ja) | 画像形成装置 | |
JP2021006837A (ja) | 画像形成装置 | |
JP7328026B2 (ja) | 画像形成装置 | |
JP7427550B2 (ja) | プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置 | |
JP2019211547A (ja) | プロセスカートリッジ | |
US11822286B2 (en) | Process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus | |
JP2023057033A (ja) | プロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真装置 | |
US20230408937A1 (en) | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus | |
JP7494030B2 (ja) | プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置 | |
JP2023056470A (ja) | 画像形成装置 | |
JP2023057025A (ja) | プロセスカートリッジ |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 22878442 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2023552849 Country of ref document: JP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2022878442 Country of ref document: EP |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2022878442 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20240507 |