WO2023033113A1 - 電気二重層キャパシタを介する電子伝導機能を有する電池 - Google Patents
電気二重層キャパシタを介する電子伝導機能を有する電池 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims description 17
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical group [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011532 electronic conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VTIIJXUACCWYHX-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;carboxylatooxy carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)OOC([O-])=O VTIIJXUACCWYHX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000036647 reaction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940045872 sodium percarbonate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- -1 hydrogen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Pb+2] HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=CSC=C21 GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001508 alkali metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001615 alkaline earth metal halide Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007323 disproportionation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QOSATHPSBFQAML-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen peroxide;hydrate Chemical compound O.OO QOSATHPSBFQAML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UETZVSHORCDDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);hexacyanide Chemical compound [Fe+2].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] UETZVSHORCDDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006276 transfer reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001763 zinc sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/08—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/08—Structural combinations, e.g. assembly or connection, of hybrid or EDL capacitors with other electric components, at least one hybrid or EDL capacitor being the main component
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/26—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/06—Electrodes for primary cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/06—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid
- H01M6/12—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid with flat electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/66—Current collectors
- H01G11/70—Current collectors characterised by their structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0002—Aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0014—Alkaline electrolytes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a battery in which an electromotive force is generated by ion conduction in an electrolytic solution, in which electrons are transferred from the cathode electrode to the anode electrode via an electric double layer formed between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, which are electronic conductors placed in close proximity to each other. It relates to a battery with conductivity.
- the activation of the electrode reaction includes the configuration of the electrode.
- PEDOT poly(3,4 - ethylenedioxythiophene )
- nickel mesh is used as the anode to prevent loss due to disproportionation reaction
- CuHCF copper hexacyanoferrate
- Non-Patent Document 2 has also been proposed to use a Ni grid as a cathode electrode.However, these electrodes have problems in mass production, so the present inventors have proposed copper or Focusing on the catalytic function of the alloy, it has been proposed to simplify the electrode configuration and use a copper electrode instead of a carbon electrode as an air cathode cathode electrode of an air battery (Patent Document 1). It was discovered that when hydrogen peroxide is used in place of oxygen in the air, the electrical double layer formed at the interface between the copper or copper electrode and the electrolyte exhibits a unique function or performance.
- a separatorless battery having a power generation function can be formed (Patent Document 2), and when the cathode electrode side is locally contacted with the anode electrode side via a dipole, the dipole electric double layer forms a microcapacitor (capacitor in the nano-order region), and when a certain amount of charge is accumulated, it exhibits an electron conduction effect through the electric double layer, and a phenomenon occurs in which electrons flow from the cathode electrode side to the anode electrode side.
- the dipole electric double layer formed at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte resembles a structure in which a P-type semiconductor and an N-type semiconductor face each other across a depletion layer. A phenomenon of avalanche amplification is found when electrons flow into the depletion layer.
- Electron exchange is performed by the electron receiving reaction due to the oxidation reaction of the cathode and the electron transfer reaction for the reduction reaction at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte on the cathode side, and the ion conduction in the electrolyte from the cathode to the anode causes a current to That is, a battery using an electrolyte is an ion-conducting battery.
- a battery using an electrolyte is an ion-conducting battery.
- a copper plate is immersed in an aqueous solution of copper sulfate
- a zinc plate is immersed in an aqueous solution of zinc sulfate.
- the copper plate and the zinc plate are connected by an external circuit, and the following reactions are carried out.
- Zinc plate surface Zn(s) ⁇ Zn 2+ +2e ⁇ Copper plate surface: Cu 2+ +2e ⁇ ⁇ Cu(s) ⁇ 2)
- a lead-acid battery as shown in FIG. 9(b), in an aqueous sulfuric acid solution, Oxidation Reaction of Pb(s)+SO 4 2 ⁇ ⁇ PbSO 4 (s)+2e ⁇ on Metal Lead Electrode and PbO 2 (s)+4H + +SO 4 2 ⁇ +2e ⁇ ⁇ PbSO 4 (s)+2H on Lead Oxide Surface 2 O reduction reaction is performed, and charging/discharging is performed in the acidic electrolytic solution accompanied by movement of ions.
- Li(s) ⁇ Li + +e ⁇ oxidation reaction on the surface of lithium and reduction reaction of 2MnO2(s) + Li + +e ⁇ ⁇ LiMn 2 O 4 on the surface of manganese dioxide in lithium ion batteries also transfer Li ions. Charging and discharging are performed in the electrolytic solution with 4) On the hydrogen side of the hydrogen fuel cell, the oxidation reaction of 2H 2 (g) ⁇ 4H + +4e ⁇ takes place. It reacts with diffused hydrogen ions to form water.
- an anode electrode and a cathode electrode which are electronic conductors, are connected by an external circuit and opposed to each other via an electrolytic solution, which is an ionic conductor, so that an oxidation reaction of an active material at the anode electrode and a cathode electrode occur.
- an ion-conducting battery that generates power through a reduction reaction
- a plurality of protruding electrodes protruding in the direction of the anode electrode surface are provided on the cathode electrode surface at regular intervals along the surface direction, the protruding electrodes are brought close to the opposing anode electrode surface, and the tip of the protruding electrode of the cathode electrode and the anode electrode surface are arranged.
- a battery having electronic conductivity via an electric double layer capacitor characterized by forming an electric double layer capacitor between and conducting electrons from the tip of the projection of the cathode electrode to the surface of the anode electrode through the electric double layer capacitor be.
- the protrusions of the cathode electrode are brought close to the facing anode electrode surface, and an electric double layer capacitor (here, referred to as a microcapacitor) is formed between the tip of the protrusion electrode of the cathode electrode and the anode electrode surface (FIG. 1). ), but electrons are collected and stored on the cathode electrode side, resulting in an electronic conduction state.
- an electric double layer capacitor here, referred to as a microcapacitor
- the cathode electrode and the anode electrode are not electrically connected at first, but after a while, negatively charged electrons flow from the tip of the projection of the cathode electrode to the surface of the anode electrode, exhibiting electron conductivity. That is, it is thought that the electrons flowed intensively from the tip of the projection of the copper electrode to the portion close to the counter electrode aluminum electrode plate shown in FIG. )reference). After that, it is thought that the aluminum electrode collides with other atoms of the electrode and the electrolysis of the aluminum electrode progresses rapidly. It is presumed that a kind of avalanche amplification effect appears from the relationship with the increase in amount.
- the tunnel phenomenon is also considered, but the dipole electric double layer formed at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte resembles a structure in which a P-type semiconductor and an N-type semiconductor face each other with a depletion layer interposed therebetween. It is also presumed that this is due to a phenomenon in which electrons flow into the depletion layer and cause avalanche amplification. In short, it is found that in a battery based on ionic conduction, electronic conduction occurs and the internal resistance of the battery, which is governed by ionic conduction, drops sharply (Fig. 5).
- the electrolytic solution preferably contains a dipole compound typified by hydrogen peroxide, and the electric double layer capacitor formed from the tip of the cathode electrode to the surface of the anode electrode is preferably a dipole electric double layer.
- the cathode electrode is made of copper or an alloy thereof, since it has a catalytic function to accelerate the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
- the anode electrode is preferably composed of magnesium, aluminum, zinc, and alloys thereof, and secures an electrode potential with the cathode electrode. If the alkaline electrolyte contains hydrogen peroxide, the electric double layer becomes a dipole electric double layer, which is preferable because it tends to have a capacitor effect.
- the hydrogen peroxide is preferably supplied using hydrogen peroxide solution or sodium percarbonate.
- FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a microcapacitor of the present invention
- FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of an air battery to which the microcapacitor of the present invention is applied
- FIG. 1(A) is a perspective view of the structure of a copper electrode constituting a microcapacitor of the present invention
- FIG. 1(B) is a cross-sectional view of a combined state of a magnesium electrode and a copper electrode.
- 1 is a conceptual diagram of a battery in which many microcapacitors are formed
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the state of power generation when the microcapacitor of the present invention is applied to a magnesium air battery
- FIG. 1A is a perspective view of the structure of copper electrodes of a battery forming a normal electric double layer capacitor
- FIG. (a) is a perspective view of a copper cathode electrode with four projecting electrodes cut out from the copper electrode surface
- (b) is a cross-sectional view of an electrode configuration in which an aluminum anode electrode is sandwiched between the copper electrodes of (a) and combined.
- FIG. 7(a) shows a photograph (a) before use and a photograph (b) after use of an aluminum electrode plate used in combination with a copper electrode.
- (a) is a principle diagram of a Daniel battery
- (b) is a principle diagram of a lead-acid battery.
- a Mg or Al anode electrode plate and a Cu cathode electrode plate are immersed in an alkaline electrolyte containing hydrogen peroxide and arranged opposite to each other.
- part of the copper electrode 10 is cut into a triangular shape and raised at a right angle to the electrode surface to form an acute triangular protruding electrode 11 having a height of 5 to 15 mm.
- the tip is made to face the magnesium electrode surface so as to be in soft contact.
- a spacing interposed by at least one molecular dipole is preferred.
- the protruding electrodes are preferably formed at intervals of 150 mm to 200 mm so that electrons flow in from the surrounding cathode electrode regions.
- Electromotive force in the configuration of anode electrode/alkaline electrolyte containing hydrogen peroxide/cathode electrode the reaction of the metal-air battery is as follows.
- the oxidation reaction on the anode side is 4/3Al ⁇ 4/3Al 3+ +4e ⁇ , or 2Mg ⁇ 2Mg 2+ +4e ⁇
- the reduction reaction on the cathode side becomes O 2 +H 2 O+4e ⁇ ⁇ 4OH ⁇ .
- hydrogen peroxide is added to the electrolytic solution in order to promote the reduction reaction on the cathode side of the metal-air battery, thereby improving the cause of the inferior ionization rate of the positive electrode on the cathode side compared to the negative electrode on the anode side.
- metallic copper is Cu+H 2 O 2 ⁇ Cu 2+ +OH+OH ⁇ and Cu + OH ⁇ Cu + OH - and partly dissolves in hydrogen peroxide, Cu 2+ +HO 2 ⁇ ⁇ Cu+2HO 2 and the HO 2 group accelerates the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide through the Haber u. Willstatter chain (Non-Patent Document 3).
- the electric double layer formed on the surface of the cathode electrode contains hydrogen peroxide and is formed by its dipole function, so it has an ion-permeable separator function. Therefore, even if the anode electrode of the counter electrode comes into contact with the cathode electrode, a short circuit does not occur. It has a double-layer capacitor structure (Fig. 1), and many microcapacitors are scattered on the surface of the electrode. The power generation capacity is 30% to twice as much as that of the same electrode structure without function.
- sodium percarbonate is used to supply part or all of the hydrogen peroxide to the aqueous electrolytic solution.
- a neutral or alkaline aqueous solution containing 0.5 to 2.0 mol of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal halide salt, particularly sodium chloride, and several percent to ten and several percent of hydrogen peroxide water (volume %) or sodium percarbonate (% by weight) is preferably added.
- the anode electrode may use magnesium or its alloy instead of aluminum.
- a decomposition voltage necessary to decompose hydrogen peroxide or its decomposed hydroxy radical is applied between the copper cathode electrode and the hydrogen peroxide.
- a magnesium/aluminum/zinc alloy electrode of MAZ61 or MAZ31 can be used as the magnesium alloy electrode.
- the anode electrode and the cathode electrode are alternately arranged to face each other with a constant interval intervening spacers, and an electric double layer capacitor is formed at the contact portion between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode using an aqueous electrolyte solution containing hydrogen peroxide.
- the spacer is made of the same metallic copper or copper alloy as that of the cathode electrode, and has punctiform projections spaced apart at regular intervals on the surface of the counter electrode (FIG. 3).
- a microcapacitor is constructed by opposing a cathode electrode and an anode electrode with a dipole having a dipole efficiency of 2.0 e.su ⁇ 10 ⁇ 15 or more, for example, a distance of nm order of one molecule of hydrogen peroxide.
- a triangular electrode is protruded from the surface of the cathode electrode so that electrons flow from the cathode electrode to the anode electrode in a concentrated manner.
- a battery with a microcapacitor conceptually shown in FIG. 1 was constructed using the copper electrodes shown in FIG. A top-opening cuboid plastic container with a capacity of 3000 ml is used.
- FIG. 2 a large number of triangular projections 11 with a height of 50 to 100 mm are cut vertically and horizontally on a copper cathode electrode plate 10 having a thickness of 1 mm and a size of 100 mm by 100 mm (FIG. 3A).
- both end copper plates 10 have projections 11 facing inward and copper electrodes 10 stuck back-to-back in the middle protrude in both directions.
- a microcapacitor can be formed on the surface of the copper cathode electrode, as shown in FIG.
- a copper cathode electrode plate 10 having a thickness of 1 mm and a length and width of 100 ⁇ 100 mm is provided with a spacer S formed by cutting the copper electrode plate into a T shape and bending the ends.
- a Mg anode electrode plate 20 having a thickness of 2 mm and a size of 100 ⁇ 100 mm is sandwiched between the cathode electrode plates with spacers S interposed therebetween.
- Three copper cathode electrode plates 10 are alternately sandwiched between two Mg anode electrode plates 20 with spacers S interposed therebetween (see FIG. 6B). Using this combination of electrodes does not form a microcapacitor.
- the performance of the electrode configuration of FIGS. 3A and B and the electrode configuration of FIGS. 6A and B were compared to compare the performance with and without the microcapacitor formed on the surface of the copper cathode electrode. Since the conditions were the same except for the electrode configuration, the point that the hydrogen peroxide fuel cell reaction in alkaline electrolyzed water was accompanied by the magnesium air cell reaction was the same.
- the configuration of the present invention is epoch-making because it can provide a novel and useful configuration for a hydrogen peroxide fuel cell of a one-compartment structure.
- the electronic conductivity developed through the electric double layer capacitor (microcapacitor) in the present invention is a surprising phenomenon in batteries operating by ionic conduction.
- Figures 8(a) and (b) show the results.
- the aluminum plate in FIG. 8(a) is 1.5 mm thick and 15 cm square, and is used in combination with the copper electrodes with four protrusions (see FIG. 7(a)) as shown in FIG. 7(b). .
- An electric double-layer microcapacitor is formed between the tip of the copper electrode projection and the aluminum electrode plate, and electrons are collected on the cathode side. , and electrons flow toward the anode electrode. This is called the electronic conductivity of the ion-conducting battery.
- Such a phenomenon is surprising in a battery that uses an electrolytic solution that mainly conducts ions.
- FIG. As shown in FIG. is opened, and a powdery rough electrode surface is formed around it. Based on this assumption, a phenomenon (electron conduction) occurs in which electrons discharge from the protrusions on the copper electrode side to the aluminum electrode surface, and the electrons that reach the aluminum electrode collide with the surrounding metal atoms and are excited one after another. It is presumed that an avalanche effect is exhibited.
- the electrode configurations of FIGS. 3 and 6 are for the case of using magnesium for the anode electrode, and this seems to be the reason why the amount of power generation increases when the copper electrode does not have projections.
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- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
例えば、1)ダニエル電池では図9(a)に示すように、硫酸銅の水溶液に銅板を、硫
酸亜鉛の水溶液に亜鉛板を浸漬し、溶液間でイオンの移動が可能な半透膜を介して対向させ、銅板と亜鉛板とを外部回路で接続し、以下の反応を行わせる。
亜鉛板表面:Zn(s)→Zn2++2e-
銅板表面:Cu2++2e- →Cu(s)↓
2)鉛蓄電池では図9(b)に示すように、硫酸水溶液中で、
金属鉛電極でのPb(s)+SO4 2-→PbSO4(s)+2e-の酸化反応と
酸化鉛表面でのPbO2(s)+4H++SO4 2-+2e-→PbSO4(s)+2H
2Oの還元反応とを行わせ、イオンの移動を伴って酸性電解液中で充放電がおこなわれる。3)リチウムイオン電池でもリチウム表面でのLi(s)→Li++e-の酸化反応と二
酸化マンガン表面での2MnO2(s)+Li++e-→LiMn2O4の還元反応とでLiイオンの移動を伴って電解液中で充放電がおこなわれる。
4)水素燃料電池で水素側でも、2H2(g)→4H++4e-の酸化反応が行われる一
方、空気側では空気中の酸素が水素側から移動してきた電子と反応して還元され、拡散した水素イオンと反応して水を形成する。
このように、電解液を使用する各種電池では、電子はアノード側から外部回路を通ってカソード側に移動するが、活物質又はイオンはカソード電極からアノード電極に電解液を介して移動し、一対の電極間の電極電位差により起電力Eを発生させる。したがって、電解
液はイオン伝導体であるので、エネルギーの移動はイオン伝導となる。そのため、イオン伝導度は電池の内部抵抗Rを支配する。そこで、出力電圧Vを大きくするには内部抵抗を小さくする必要があるが、イオン伝導を行うイオンの移動度に支配されるため、限界がある。
前記カソード電極面に面方向に沿って一定間隔でアノード電極面方向に突出する複数の突起電極を設け、該突起電極を対向するアノード電極面に近接させ、カソード電極の突起電極先端とアノード電極面との間に電気二重層キャパシタを形成し、カソード電極の突起先端からアノード電極面に電気二重層キャパシタを介して電子伝導させることを特徴とする電気二重層キャパシタを介する電子伝導性を有する電池にある。
の原子に衝突して急激にアルミ電極の電解が進むものと思われ、穴の周囲にはアルミ電極表面に粉を吹いたように凸凹状態が認められ、図5に示す電流量の増加との関係から一種のアバランシェ増幅効果が表れるものと推測される。
かかる電子伝導性が現れる原因は図1に示すように、カソード電極の突起先端とアノード電極との間に形成される電気二重層キャパシタが形成されることに起因するものであると思われるが、カソード電極側からアノード電極側に電子が流れる現象(電子伝導)は不可思議である。電子伝導の原因は種々考えられる。一つは、カソード電極側に集電された電子が電界の上昇とともにアノード電極側表面に形成される金属イオン等のプラス電荷に向けて流れることが挙げられる。その他、トンネル現象も考えられるが、電極と電解液の界面に形成される双極子電気二重層はP型半導体とN型半導体とが空乏層を介して対向している構造に似ており、その空乏層に電子が流れ込んでアバランシェ増幅を起こす現象によることも推測される。要するに、イオン伝導による電池において、電子伝導が発現し、イオン伝導に支配される電池の内部抵抗が急激に下がることが見出される(図5)。
アノード側の酸化反応を4/3Al→4/3Al3+ +4e-と、
又は2Mg→2Mg2++4e-
他方、カソード側の還元反応をO2+H2O+4e-→4OH- となる。
本発明では、金属空気電池のカソード側の還元反応を促進するために、電解液に過酸化水素を添加し、アノード側負極に比べてカソード側正極のイオン化進行速度が劣る原因を改善した。
すなわち、金属銅はCu+H2O2→Cu2++OH+OH-及び
Cu+OH→Cu+OH-と一部過酸化水素に溶けるが、
Cu2++HO2 -→Cu+2HO2と、HO2基がHaber u. Willstatter連鎖によって過酸化水素の分解を促進するからであると思われる(非特許文献3)。
(-)Mg/NaCl+H2O2/Cu(+)の電池構成をとることにより、銅カソード電極との間に過酸化水素又はそれが分解したヒドロキシラジカルを分解するに必要な分解電圧を与える。マグネシウム合金電極としてMAZ61又はMAZ31のマグネシウム/アル
ミ/亜鉛の合金電極が使用できる。
化水素の1分子のnmオーダーの間隔をもってカソード電極とアノード電極を対向させることにより、構成されるが、カソード電極からアノード電極局部に電子が集中して流れるように、カソード電極面から三角形状の電極を突出させる。
容量3000mlの上方開放型直方体プラスチック容器を用いる。図2では、1mm厚み、縦横100×100mmの銅カソード電極板10に上下左右に150mmないし200mm間隔で多数の三角形の50ないし100mmの高さの突起11を切り立て(図3A)、図3Bに示すように、両端銅板10は突起11を内向きに、真ん中は背中合わせに張り合わせた銅電極10で両方向に突出させ、2mm厚み、縦横100×100mmのマグネシウムアノード電極板20を挟み込んで組み合わせる。
この組み合わせ電極を使うと、図1に示すように、銅カソード電極の表面にマイクロキャパシタを形成することができる。
他方、図6(A)に示すように、1mm厚み、縦横100×100mmの銅カソード電極板10に銅電極板をT字形に切り出し、端部を折り曲げて形成したスペーサSを取り付ける。このカソード電極板でスペーサSを介して2mm厚みの縦横100×100mmのMgアノード電極板20の両側を挟みつける。3枚の銅カソード電極板10で、2枚のMgアノード電極板20はスペーサSを介して交互に挟みつける(図6(B)参照)。この組み合わせ電極を使うとマイクロキャパシタは形成しない。
好ましくは1.5モル/l以上2モル/lの電解液を調整し、これに過炭酸ナトリウム50~100gと30%過酸化水素水50mlを加える。
電池反応は一定時間過ぎると、過酸化水素が消費され、電球が減少するので、2~3時間ごとに10mlの30%過酸化水素水を添加する。
電極構成以外は同じ条件としたので、アルカリ電解水における過酸化水素燃料電池反応に、マグネシウム空気電池反応が伴うものである点は同じである。したがって、以下の反応式に基づき、
過酸化水素がH2O2+2H2O+2e-→2H2O+2OH-に分解する一方、カソード電極側でH2O2+2OH-→O2+2H2O+2e-の酸化反応を起こすだけでなく、ア
ルカリ性電解液での金属酸化反応がMg→Mg2++2e-となり、カソード側での酸素
を還元してイオン化する反応がO2+2H2O+4e-→4OH-と典型的な金属空気電池反応が起こる。但し、過酸化水素燃料電池及び金属空気電池反応では酸素ガスは発生すると理解できるが、上記構成では酸素ガスだけでなく、水素ガスも発生する。ということは、非特許文献3(水渡英二著、物理化学の進歩(1936)、10(3):154~165頁)に示唆されるように、銅カソード電極表面で触媒機能が働き、過酸化水素の分解又はヒドロキシイオンの分解が起こり、発電反応に繋がっていると思われる。
2H2O2→4・OH→H2+O2+4e-
4OH-→H2+O2+4e-
マイクロキャパシタに伴う集電放電効果が電池の発電量に大きな影響を与えることがわかる。そのため、本発明の構成は1コンパートメント構造の過酸化水素燃料電池として新規で有用な構成を提供することができるので、画期的である。
本発明における電気二重層キャパシタ(マイクロキャパシタ)を介して発現する電子伝導性はイオン導電で動作する電池において驚くべき現象である。図8(a)と(b)はその結果を示す。図8(a)のアルミ板は厚さ1.5mm、15cm平方であって、4本の突起付き銅電極(図7(a)参照)と組み合わせて図7(b)となし、使用される。銅電極の突起先端とアルミ電極板との間には電気二重層のマイクロキャパシタが形成され、カソード側に電子が集電され、一定の電荷が溜まると、アノード側との電子伝導性を示すようになり、電子がアノード電極側に流れるようになる。これをイオン伝導電池の電子伝導性という。イオン伝導を主とする電解液を用いる電池においてはこのような現象は驚くべきことであって、図8(b)に示すように、銅電極側の突起に対向するアルミ電極には4つの穴が開き、その周囲には粉を吹いたような荒れた電極面が形成されることになる。これから推測するに、銅電極側の突起からアルミ電極面に対し、電子が放電する現象(電子伝導)が起き、そのアルミ電極に到達した電子が周囲の金属原子に衝突して次々励起していくアバランシェ効果を発揮するものと推察される。図3と図6の電極構成はアノード電極にマグネシウムを用いた場合であるが、銅電極に突起が有るなしで発電量が増える原因はここにあるように思える。
Claims (5)
- 電子伝導体であるアノード電極とカソード電極とを外部回路で接続するとともに、イオン伝導体である電解液を介して対向させ、活物質のアノード電極での酸化反応とカソード電極での還元反応により発電するイオン伝導電池において、
前記カソード電極面に面方向に沿って一定間隔でアノード電極面方向に突出する複数の突起電極を設け、該突起電極を対向するアノード電極面に近接させ、カソード電極の突起電極先端とアノード電極面との間に電気二重層キャパシタを形成し、カソード電極の突起先端からアノード電極面に電気二重層キャパシタを介して電子伝導させることを特徴とする電気二重層キャパシタを介する電子伝導性を有する電池。 - 前記カソード電極先端からマイナス電荷の電子が前記アノード電極表面に形成されるプラス荷電の金属イオンに流れる電子伝導性を有する請求項1記載の電池。
- 前記電解液が双極子化合物を含み、カソード電極先端からアノード電極面に形成される電気二重層キャパシタが双極子電気二重層である請求項1記載の電池。
- カソード電極が銅又はその合金からなる一方、アノード電極がマグネシウム、アルミニウム及び亜鉛並びにその合金から選ばれ、アルカリ性電解液が過酸化水素を含む請求項1記載の電池。
- 前記電解液が2.0e.s.u.×10-15以上の双極子能率を有する双極子化合物を含み、
双極子電気二重層を電極との界面に形成する水溶性電解液であって、カソード電極とアノード電極との間に少なくとも1分子の双極子が挟持されて形成され、カソード電極からアノード電極への電子伝導効果を付与する機能を有するマイクロキャパシタを備える請求項1記載の電池。
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CN202280061063.0A CN117957678A (zh) | 2021-09-01 | 2022-09-01 | 具有经由双电层电容器的电子传导功能的电池 |
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