WO2023010971A1 - 一种废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法 - Google Patents
一种废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
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- the invention relates to the field of lithium iron phosphate batteries, in particular to a comprehensive utilization method of waste lithium iron phosphate batteries.
- Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) material has the characteristics of high safety, high environmental protection, low price, and long life. for 8 years. With the continuous growth of new energy vehicles, there will be an explosive wave of power battery decommissioning in the next few years. If a large number of eliminated batteries are not properly disposed of, it will cause serious environmental pollution and energy waste. How to dispose of waste batteries is a concern of people. major issues. At present, there are mainly the following types of recycling and treatment processes for waste lithium iron phosphate materials:
- Fire recovery is mainly carried out through combustion. It will calcine and adjust the carbon and organic matter existing in the battery at high temperature, so as to recover the remaining metals and oxides.
- This method mainly includes two procedures, one is to crush the battery, and the other is to perform high-temperature calcination. The former needs to meet different battery properties and methods, while the latter is calcined in a muffle furnace. This method is widely used and can recycle various types of used batteries, but it consumes a lot of energy and cannot fully recycle metal materials, so it cannot be used in large-scale recycling of used batteries.
- wet recovery technology firstly, the positive electrode material of the battery, lithium iron phosphate, is obtained from the recovered lithium iron phosphate battery, and then crushed to prepare a suitable sample. Then dissolve the sample with alkaline solution and filter to obtain filtrate and filter residue. The filter residue is leached with a mixture of H 2 SO 4 and H 2 O 2 to obtain a leaching solution, and the pH value of the leaching solution is adjusted, and then treated in different ways to obtain iron oxide and Li 2 CO 3 .
- the iron phosphate recovered by this method has high impurity content and is difficult to use as a battery material. And its production cost is high, and it is difficult to obtain economic benefits.
- the purpose of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a method for comprehensive utilization of waste lithium iron phosphate batteries.
- the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: a comprehensive utilization method of waste lithium iron phosphate battery, which is characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
- the reagent A is water or an organic solvent A, and the organic solvent A is at least one of N-methylpyrrolidone, acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide;
- the reagent B is an acid-containing aqueous solution A or an organic solvent B, the concentration of hydrogen ions in the acid-containing aqueous solution A is 0.01 to 1 mol/L, and the organic solvent B is N-methylpyrrolidone, acetonitrile and dimethyl at least one of sulfoxides;
- the reagent C is an acid-containing aqueous solution B; the concentration of hydrogen ions in the acid-containing aqueous solution B is 1.1-5 mol/L;
- the reagent E is a reagent that can form a precipitate with lithium ions.
- the step of discharging the waste lithium iron phosphate battery is also included.
- the discharge treatment includes: using conductive solution, conductive powder or conductive lines to contact the positive and negative electrodes of the battery to connect the external circuit of the battery to release the battery's electric energy; or to squeeze the battery, puncture, inject water or inject an aqueous solution A method of reacting active materials inside a battery.
- the maximum particle size of the battery disassembled material obtained after the battery is disassembled or crushed is 0.1mm-1000mm.
- the function of the reagent A is to separate the electrolyte from the disassembled materials of the battery, the solid A is a solid and a diaphragm without an electrolyte, and the liquid A is a solution containing an electrolyte.
- Reagent B The function of reagent B is to separate the adhering positive and negative materials from solid A.
- Reagent B can be acid-containing aqueous solution A or an organic solvent; the concentration of acid-containing aqueous solution A should not be too high, otherwise it will corrode the set.
- the acid-containing aqueous solution A can be controlled at a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.01 to 1mol/L, and the acid in the acid-containing aqueous solution A can be common inorganic acids and organic acids that can electrolyze hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions, preferably It is at least one of phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid and citric acid, and the organic solvent can be an organic solvent that can make the binder dissolve, preferably N-methylpyrrolidone, acetonitrile and dimethyl At least one of the sulfoxides, the obtained solid B is positive and negative electrode current collectors, positive and negative electrode mixed materials and separators; liquid B is a solution containing the binder used in battery materials.
- Sieving the solid B and controlling the sieve size can separate the positive and negative electrode mixed materials (solid C).
- the reagent C is an acid-containing aqueous solution B, and the concentration of hydrogen ions in the acid-containing aqueous solution B is 1.1 to 5 mol/L.
- the negative electrode material, iron phosphate and Lithium solution is separated, and the acid in the acid-containing aqueous solution B can be the common inorganic acid and organic acid that can electrolyze hydrogen ions in the aqueous solution, preferably phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid and lemon
- the obtained solid D is a negative electrode material
- the liquid C is a solution containing iron phosphate and lithium.
- the lithium-containing solution is all expressed as a solution containing lithium ions.
- the solubility of iron phosphate in liquid C (iron phosphate and lithium-containing solution) is reduced, solid iron phosphate is precipitated, solid-liquid separation, and the obtained solid is iron phosphate, thereby realizing the recovery of iron phosphate, and liquid D is a lithium-containing solution;
- the method for reducing the solubility of iron phosphate in the liquid C comprises adding a reagent D comprising reagent a and reagent b, the reagent a being sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid and citric acid
- the reagent b is at least one of ammonia water, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorate, potassium permanganate, manganese dioxide and trimanganese tetraoxide.
- the reagent D can be an acid, or a mixture of an acid and an oxidizing agent, or can be adjusted to a suitable pH by adding ammonia water after adding the acid. After mixing the liquid D (lithium-containing solution) with the reagent E that can form a precipitate with lithium ions, separate the solid from the liquid and take the solid to obtain lithium salt precipitation, thereby realizing the recycling of lithium.
- the reagent E that can form a precipitate with lithium ions can be at least one of carbonate, oxalate, soluble hydroxide, phosphate, fluoride and ammonia; further, the reagent E that can form a precipitate with lithium ions can be sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, Ammonium carbonate, sodium oxalate, potassium oxalate, ammonium oxalate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia, trisodium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, and ammonium fluoride at least one.
- the beneficial effect of the present invention is that: the present invention provides a comprehensive utilization method of waste lithium iron phosphate battery, the present invention uses waste and old lithium iron phosphate material as raw material, fully utilizes phosphorus, iron, lithium three elements and compounds in lithium iron phosphate properties, through the process steps of the present invention, all three elements of phosphorus, iron and lithium can be produced into valuable products.
- the invention has the advantages of simple process, strong controllability of preparation conditions, low energy consumption cost, high product value and great economic benefits, and is an ideal comprehensive utilization method of waste lithium iron phosphate materials.
- the material after the disintegration of the battery was mixed with 15L N-methylpyrrolidone and separated from solid and liquid to obtain 8.3kg of solid without electrolyte, 0.2kg of diaphragm and a solution containing electrolyte;
- the method described in the present embodiment can obtain the yield of lithium as 98%, and the calculation formula of the yield of lithium is: the amount of substance of lithium in lithium carbonate/the amount of substance of lithium in the waste lithium iron phosphate material ⁇ 100 %.
- the isolated ferric phosphate solid can be directly used in industrial production as a precursor.
- the material after the disintegration of the battery was mixed with 30 kg of water and separated from solid and liquid to obtain 8.3 kg of solid without electrolyte, 0.2 kg of diaphragm and 31.5 kg of solution containing electrolyte;
- the method described in the present embodiment can obtain the yield of lithium as 95%, and the calculation formula of the yield of lithium is: the amount of substance of lithium in lithium carbonate/the amount of substance of lithium in the waste lithium iron phosphate material ⁇ 100 %.
- the isolated ferric phosphate solid can be directly used in industrial production as a precursor.
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,包括如下步骤:将废旧磷酸铁锂电池拆解或破碎,得到电池解体后的物料;将所述电池解体后的物料与试剂A混合后固液分离,得到固体A和液体A;将所述固体A和试剂B混合后固液分离,得到固体B和液体B;将固体B过筛,得固体C;将固体C与试剂C混合后固液分离,得到固体D和液体C;使液体C中磷酸铁的溶解度降低,析出固体,固液分离取液体,得液体D;将液体D与试剂E混合后固液分离取固体,即得锂盐。本发明工艺简单,制备条件可控性强,能耗成本低,所得产品价值高,具有较大的经济效益,是一种理想的废旧磷酸铁锂材料的综合利用方法。
Description
本发明涉及磷酸铁锂电池领域,具体涉及一种废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法。
磷酸铁锂(LiFePO
4)材料具有高安全、高环保、低价格、长寿命等特点,是一种优秀的锂离子动力电池材料,公交、大巴车等客车以磷酸铁锂电池为主,寿命约为8年。新能源汽车的持续增长,未来几年必将出现爆发式的动力电池退役潮,大量淘汰的电池若得不到正确处理,会带来严重的环境污染及能源浪费,如何处理废旧电池是人们关心的重大问题。目前关于废旧磷酸铁锂材料回收处理工艺主要有以下几种:
1.火法回收,主要是通过燃烧进行的,它会在高温状态下煅烧调电池内部存在的碳、有机物等,从而将剩下的金属和氧化物回收。这种方法主要包括两个程序,一是将电池粉碎,二是进行高温煅烧。前者需要满足不同的电池属性和方法,后者则是将其放入马弗炉中煅烧。这种方法的应用较为广泛,针对各种类型的废旧电池都可以进行回收,但是能源消耗较大,对金属材料无法充分回收,不能应用在大规模的废旧电池收回中。
2.湿法回收技术:首先通过回收的磷酸铁锂电池得到电池的正极材料——磷酸铁锂,进行粉碎制备合适的试样。然后用碱溶液溶解样品,过滤,得滤液和滤渣。滤渣用H
2SO
4和H
2O
2混合液浸出,得到浸出液,调节浸出液的pH值,再进行不同方法的处理,可得到氧化铁和Li
2CO
3。但是这种方法回收的磷酸铁杂质含量高,难作为电池材料使用。且其生产成本高,较难取得经济效益。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术存在的不足之处而提供一种废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明采取的技术方案为:一种废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
将废旧磷酸铁锂电池拆解或破碎,得到电池解体后的物料;
将所述电池解体后的物料与试剂A混合后固液分离,得到固体A和液体A;
将所述固体A和试剂B混合后固液分离,得到固体B和液体B;
将固体B过筛,得固体C;
将固体C与试剂C混合后固液分离,得到固体D和液体C;
使液体C中磷酸铁的溶解度降低,析出固体,固液分离取液体,得液体D;
将液体D与试剂E混合后固液分离取固体,即得锂盐;
其中,所述试剂A为水或有机溶剂A,所述有机溶剂A为N-甲基吡咯烷酮、乙腈和二甲基亚砜中的至少一种;
所述试剂B为含酸的水溶液A或有机溶剂B,所述含酸的水溶液A中氢离子浓度为0.01~1mol/L,所述有机溶剂B为N-甲基吡咯烷酮、乙腈和二甲基亚砜中的至少一种;
所述试剂C为含酸的水溶液B;所述含酸的水溶液B中氢离子浓度为1.1~5mol/L;
所述试剂E为可与锂离子形成沉淀的试剂。
优选地,所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池拆解或破碎之前还包括将废旧磷酸铁锂电池进行放电处理的步骤。更进一步地,所述放电处理包括:采用导电溶液、导电粉末或导电线路接触电池的正负极连通电池外部电路使电池电能释放;或对电池进行挤压,穿刺,注入水或注入水溶液的方式使电池内部活性物质反应的方法。
所述电池拆解或破碎后得到的电池解体后的物料中最大粒度尺寸为0.1mm-1000mm。
试剂A的作用是将电池解体后的物料中的电解液分离出,固体A为无电解液的固体和隔膜,液体A为含电解液的溶液。为了除去固体A中的隔膜,优选在将所述固体A和试剂B混合的步骤之前还包括对固体A进行浮选的步骤。
试剂B的作用是将固体A中粘附的正负极材料分离出,试剂B可以为含酸的水溶液A,也可以为有机溶剂;含酸的水溶液A的浓度不能过高,否则会腐蚀集流体,含酸的水溶液A可控制在氢离子浓度为0.01~1mol/L,含酸的水溶液A中的酸可以为本领域常见的可以在水溶液中电解出氢离子的无机酸和有机酸,优选为磷酸、氢氟酸、盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸和柠檬酸中的至少一种,有机溶剂可以为可使粘结剂溶解的有机溶剂,优选为N-甲基吡咯烷酮、乙腈和二甲基亚砜中的至少一种,得到的固体B为正负极集流体、正负极混合材料和隔膜;液体B为包含电池材料中使用的粘结剂的溶液。
将固体B过筛通过控制筛孔尺寸可以分离得到正负极混合材料(固体C)。
试剂C为含酸的水溶液B,所述含酸的水溶液B中氢离子浓度为1.1~5mol/L,在该氢离子浓度下可以将正负极混合材料中的负极材料、含磷酸铁和含锂溶液分离,含酸的水溶液B中的酸可以为本领域常见的可以在水溶液中电解出氢离子的无机酸和有机酸,优选为磷酸、氢氟酸、盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸和柠檬酸中的至少一种,得到的固体D为负极材料,液体 C为含磷酸铁和含锂溶液,本发明中含锂溶液均表示为含锂离子的溶液。
使液体C(含磷酸铁和含锂溶液)中磷酸铁的溶解度降低,析出固体磷酸铁,固液分离,得到的固体即为磷酸铁,从而实现磷酸铁的回收,液体D为含锂溶液;所述使液体C中磷酸铁的溶解度降低的方法包括加入试剂D,所述试剂D包含试剂a和试剂b,所述试剂a为硫酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、磷酸、硝酸、醋酸和柠檬酸中的至少一种,所述试剂b为氨水、双氧水、氯酸钠、高锰酸钾、二氧化锰和四氧化三锰中的至少一种。试剂D可以为酸,也可以为酸和氧化剂的混合物,也可以是在加入酸后,通过加入氨水调节至合适pH。将液体D(含锂溶液)与可与锂离子形成沉淀的试剂E混合后,固液分离取固体,即可以得到锂盐沉淀,从而实现锂的回收利用,所述可与锂离子形成沉淀的试剂E可以为碳酸盐、草酸盐、可溶性氢氧化物、磷酸盐、氟盐和氨水中的至少一种;进一步地,可与锂离子形成沉淀的试剂E可以为碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸铵、草酸钠、草酸钾、草酸铵、碳酸氢钠、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氨水、磷酸三钠、磷酸三钾、磷酸铵、氟化钠、氟化钾和氟化铵中的至少一种。
本发明的有益效果在于:本发明提供了一种废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,本发明以废旧磷酸铁锂材料为原料,充分利用磷酸铁锂中磷、铁、锂三种元素及化合物的性质,通过本发明的工艺步骤,使磷、铁、锂三种元素全部生成有价值的产品。本发明工艺简单,制备条件可控性强,能耗成本低,所得产品价值高,具有较大的经济效益,是一种理想的废旧磷酸铁锂材料的综合利用方法。
为更好地说明本发明的目的、技术方案和优点,下面将结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1
本发明所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法的一种实施例,包括如下步骤:
采用导电线路接触电池的正负极连通电池外部电路将10kg废旧磷酸铁锂电池进行放电处理;
将10kg放电处理后的废旧磷酸铁锂电池破碎,破碎后的物料中最大粒度尺寸为500mm,得到10kg电池解体后的物料;
将所述电池解体后的物料与15L N-甲基吡咯烷酮混合后固液分离,得到8.3kg无电解液的固体、0.2kg隔膜和含电解液的溶液;
电池解体后的物料进行浮选,去除隔膜,得8.3kg无电解液的固体;
将所述8.3kg无电解液的固体与15L N-甲基吡咯烷酮混合,搅拌30min后,进行固液分离,得包含电池材料中使用的粘结剂的溶液和8.3kg正负极集流体和正负极混合材料;
将正负极集流体和正负极混合材料过筛,得7kg正负极混合材料;
将7kg正负极混合材料与5L 2mol/L的盐酸溶液混合均匀,搅拌反应1h后固液分离,得5L液体为含锂溶液和磷酸铁,2.8kg固体为负极材料;
在5L含锂溶液和磷酸铁中加入1.5L 1.5mol/L盐酸和质量浓度为30%双氧水的混合物,盐酸和双氧水的体积比为1:2,搅拌,析出固体,反应完全后,固液分离,即得3.9kg固体为磷酸铁,液体为含锂溶液;
在含锂溶液中加入1.6kg碳酸钠,得1kg碳酸锂。
经计算,本实施例所述方法可获得锂的收率为98%,锂的收率的计算公式为:碳酸锂中锂的物质的量/废旧磷酸铁锂材料中锂的物质的量×100%。分离得到的磷酸铁固体可作为前驱体直接用于工业生产。
实施例2
本发明所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法的一种实施例,包括如下步骤:
采用导电线路接触电池的正负极连通电池外部电路将10kg废旧磷酸铁锂电池进行放电处理;
将10kg放电处理后的废旧磷酸铁锂电池破碎,破碎后的物料中最大粒度尺寸为500mm,得到10kg电池解体后的物料;
将所述电池解体后的物料与30kg水混合后固液分离,得到8.3kg无电解液的固体、0.2kg隔膜和31.5kg含电解液的溶液;
电池解体后的物料进行浮选,去除隔膜,得无电解液的固体8.3kg;
将所述8.3kg无电解液的固体与20L 0.02mol/L的盐酸溶液混合均匀,搅拌反应30min后,进行固液分离,得20L包含电池材料中使用的粘结剂的溶液和8.3kg正负极集流体和正负极混合材料;
将正负极集流体和正负极混合材料过筛,得7kg正负极混合材料;
将7kg正负极混合材料与5L 2mol/L盐酸溶液混合均匀,搅拌反应1h后固液分离,得5L液体为含锂溶液和磷酸铁,2.8kg固体为负极材料;
在5L含锂溶液和磷酸铁中加入1L的1.5mol/L盐酸,通过滴加0.3L质量浓度为25%的氨水,搅拌,析出固体,反应完全后,固液分离,即得4kg固体为磷酸铁,液体为含锂溶液;
在含锂溶液中加入1.6kg碳酸钠,得1kg碳酸锂。
经计算,本实施例所述方法可获得锂的收率为95%,锂的收率的计算公式为:碳酸锂中锂的物质的量/废旧磷酸铁锂材料中锂的物质的量×100%。分离得到的磷酸铁固体可作为前驱体直接用于工业生产。最后所应当说明的是,以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对本发明保护范围的限制,尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明作了详细说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本发明技术方案的实质和范围。
Claims (10)
- 一种废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:将废旧磷酸铁锂电池拆解或破碎,得到电池解体后的物料;将所述电池解体后的物料与试剂A混合后固液分离,得到固体A和液体A;将所述固体A和试剂B混合后固液分离,得到固体B和液体B;将固体B过筛,得固体C;将固体C与试剂C混合后固液分离,得到固体D和液体C;使液体C中磷酸铁的溶解度降低,析出固体,固液分离取液体,得液体D;将液体D与试剂E混合后固液分离取固体,即得锂盐;其中,所述试剂A为水或有机溶剂A,所述有机溶剂A为N-甲基吡咯烷酮、乙腈和二甲基亚砜中的至少一种;所述试剂B为含酸的水溶液A或有机溶剂B,所述含酸的水溶液A中氢离子浓度为0.01~1mol/L,所述有机溶剂B为N-甲基吡咯烷酮、乙腈和二甲基亚砜中的至少一种;所述试剂C为含酸的水溶液B;所述含酸的水溶液B中氢离子浓度为1.1~5mol/L;所述试剂E为可与锂离子形成沉淀的试剂。
- 如权利要求1所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,其特征在于,所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池拆解或破碎之前还包括将废旧磷酸铁锂电池进行放电处理的步骤。
- 如权利要求2所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,其特征在于,所述放电处理包括:采用导电溶液、导电粉末或导电线路接触电池的正负极连通电池外部电路;或对电池进行挤压,穿刺,注入水或注入水溶液。
- 如权利要求1所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,其特征在于,所述电池拆解或破碎后得到的电池解体后的物料中最大粒度尺寸为0.1mm-1000mm。
- 如权利要求1所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,其特征在于,在将所述固体A和试剂B混合的步骤之前还包括对固体A进行浮选的步骤。
- 如权利要求1所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,其特征在于,所述含酸的水溶液A包含磷酸、氢氟酸、盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸和柠檬酸中的至少一种;所述含酸的水溶液B包含硫酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、磷酸、硝酸、醋酸和柠檬酸中的至少一种。
- 如权利要求6所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,其特征在于,所述含酸的水溶液A和所述含酸的水溶液B还包含双氧水。
- 如权利要求1所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,其特征在于,所述使液体C中磷酸铁的溶解度降低的方法包括加入试剂D,所述试剂D包含试剂a和试剂b,所述试剂a为硫酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、磷酸、硝酸、醋酸和柠檬酸中的至少一种,所述试剂b为氨水、双氧水、氯酸钠、高锰酸钾、二氧化锰和四氧化三锰中的至少一种。
- 如权利要求1所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,其特征在于,所述试剂E为碳酸盐、草酸盐、可溶性氢氧化物、磷酸盐、氟盐和氨水中的至少一种。
- 如权利要求1所述废旧磷酸铁锂电池的综合利用方法,其特征在于,所述试剂E为碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸铵、草酸钠、草酸钾、草酸铵、碳酸氢钠、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氨水、磷酸三钠、磷酸三钾、磷酸铵、氟化钠、氟化钾和氟化铵中的至少一种。
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