Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
  • H01S5/062—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium by varying the potential of the electrodes
  • H01S5/06209—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium by varying the potential of the electrodes in single-section lasers
  • H01S5/06216—Pulse modulation or generation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
  • H01S5/068—Stabilisation of laser output parameters
  • H01S5/06804—Stabilisation of laser output parameters by monitoring an external parameter, e.g. temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
  • H05B45/32—Pulse-control circuits
  • H05B45/325—Pulse-width modulation [PWM]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/04—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping, e.g. by electron beams
  • H01S5/042—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor
  • H01S5/0428—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor for applying pulses to the laser
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
  • H01S5/0617—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium using memorised or pre-programmed laser characteristics
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
  • H01S5/068—Stabilisation of laser output parameters
  • H01S5/06808—Stabilisation of laser output parameters by monitoring the electrical laser parameters, e.g. voltage or current
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
  • H01S5/068—Stabilisation of laser output parameters
  • H01S5/0683—Stabilisation of laser output parameters by monitoring the optical output parameters
  • H01S5/06835—Stabilising during pulse modulation or generation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
  • H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
  • H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/40—Arrangement of two or more semiconductor lasers, not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30
  • H01S5/4018—Lasers electrically in series

Definitions

• This invention relates to the control of laser sources.
• the maximum drive current for maximum efficiency strongly depends on the junction temperature of a laser, such as a vertical -cavity surface-emitting laser, VCSEL.
• An earlier rollover (after a local maxima) of the optical output power as a function of the forward current can be expected at elevated junction temperatures, and such maximum efficiency is junction temperature dependent.
• the main goal of a laser illumination source is to ensure that a specific amount of light is emitted at the highest possible efficiency.
• a laser circuit comprising: a laser device; a current source adapted to provide a current to the laser device, wherein the current has an amplitude and a duty cycle; a controller for controlling the current source; and a sensor arrangement for monitoring a signal enabling a junction temperature of the laser device to be estimated, wherein the controller is adapted to:
• This laser circuit uses both the amplitude and duty cycle of a pulse width modulation laser drive current to enable operation at a high efficiency at different junction temperatures. By enabling operation at a high efficiency, not only is energy saved but also power dissipation problems are mitigated.
• An increase in temperature in particular results in the controller implementing a decrease in amplitude of the current to shift to the efficient operating point and an increase in duty cycle to maintain a similar average current.
• the average output power of a laser can be controlled by adapting a duty cycle of a PWM control signal or by adapting the drive current.
• Lowering the drive current to lower the power is not beneficial because the efficiency is impaired by the increased contribution of the lasing current, as explained above.
• Lowering the output power of a laser solely by controlling the duty-cycle of a PWM control signal is also not desirable as the drive current amplitude for maximum efficiency is temperature dependent.
• the invention thereby combines these two approaches to enable high efficiency operation as well as maintaining a desired output.
• the current source may comprise a switching element coupled in parallel with the laser device or in series with the laser device, wherein the switching element is arranged to control the duty cycle of the current to the laser device.
• This may function as a shunting switch or a series switch. Instead, the current source may itself generate a pulse width modulation output current.
• the controller is for example adapted to control the current amplitude and the duty-cycle of the pulse width modulation laser drive current achieve a desired efficiency and a desired optical output power.
• the desired optical output power may for example be constant.
• the controller is for example adapted to control the current amplitude and the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation laser drive current to operate at an amplitude corresponding to a maximum efficiency and to operate at a duty cycle to deliver the desired optical output power.
• the point of maximum efficiency may be estimate based on known characteristics of the laser device or the efficiency may be monitored to provide feedback control.
• the sensor arrangement may comprise a temperature sensor for measuring a case temperature of the laser device.
• the case temperature may be used to provide an estimate of the laser device junction temperature. This may for example use thermal information relating to the device and the device casing.
• the sensor arrangement may additionally or alternatively comprise an optical flux sensor for measuring an optical output power.
• the measured optical output power may be used in combination with data which characterizes the optical output power as a function of the junction temperature for the particular device. This characterization information could for example have been obtained during the manufacturing process of the laser device itself or during the assembly and factory calibration of the overall laser circuit.
• a current amplitude measurement device may also be provided for measuring a laser device current. This provides a feedback measurement of the drive current. The laser is driven with a current according to the setting of the current source, but measuring the current enables an error in the current setting to be detected.
• the controller may be further adapted to determine the output power of the laser and to set the amplitude and duty cycle of the laser drive current further in dependence on the output power.
• the laser device may comprise a vertical cavity surface emitting laser.
• the laser device may comprise one or more laser diodes.
• the laser circuit is for example a lighting circuit for delivering a constant light output power.
• the invention also provides a method of controlling a laser device, comprising: estimating a junction temperature of the laser device; setting an amplitude of a pulse width modulation laser drive current in dependence on the junction temperature; setting a duty cycle of the pulse width modulation laser drive current in dependence of a required power for the laser device, and delivering the laser driver current to the laser device.
• the method may comprise controlling setting the current amplitude and the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation laser drive current to achieve a desired efficiency and a desired optical output power.
• the method may then comprise setting the current amplitude and the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation laser drive current to operate at an amplitude corresponding to a maximum efficiency and to operate at a duty cycle to deliver the desired optical output power.
• the invention also provides a computer program comprising computer program code means which is adapted, when said program is run on a computer, to implement the method defined above.
• Fig. 1 shows the output power as a function of forward current as measured for a particular VCSEL
• Fig. 2 shows an example of a PWM drive current with a variable current amplitude and duty cycle for different junction temperatures
• Fig. 3 shows a simplified block diagram of a laser circuit.
• the invention provides a laser circuit having a current source for delivering current to a laser device.
• a pulse width modulation laser drive current is used, and the amplitude and duty cycle of the laser drive current is set in dependence on an estimated junction temperature. In this way, efficiency may be kept high for different operating temperatures and a desired optical output power.
• the invention may be applied to any laser which exhibits a different function of output power versus drive current at different junction temperatures. This applies to lasers and laser diodes. By way of example only, the invention will be explained using measurements taken for a vertical cavity surface emitting laser, VCSEL.
• Figure 1 shows the optical output power (y-axis) as a function of forward current (x-axis) as measured for a particular VCSEL.
• Plot 10 represents the optical output power as a function of forward current at a case temperature of 20°C
• plot 20 shows the output power of the VCSEL as a function of forward current at a case temperature of 60°C.
• the actual junction temperature can be determined by: h - Pdiss R th,(j-c) + T c where 7 ⁇ is the junction temperature of the VCSEL; P diss , the dissipated power; R t h ( j-c), the thermal resistance between junction and case; T c is the case temperature.
• Figure 1 is instead based only on measurement of the case temperature.
• VCSELs have a maximum efficiency of operation which is dependent on the junction temperature.
• the drop in efficiency beyond a particular drive current is related to the carrier concentration in the junction, which is itself junction temperature dependent.
• the efficiency of the peak has been found to be strongly related to the junction temperature.
• a laser lighting application typically requires a constant predetermined average optical output power. With this constraint, a highest efficiency can be achieved by maximizing the forward current such that the portion of lasing current is small compared to the forward current, while not exceeding the reduced efficiency operation due to a high current density within the junction.
• this maximum forward current can be expected to be slightly beyond the linear proportional slope (of output power vs. input current), hence where the slope starts to reduce slightly.
• a point of (estimated) maximum efficiency may be determined based on a measurement or estimation of junction temperature.
• the desired average output power can then be obtained by setting the duty cycle of the PWM control signal.
• the case temperature and thereby indirectly also the junction temperature may vary, hence even for a given application, it is desirable to adapt the control of the laser device in dependence on temperature.
• Figure 2 shows an example of a PWM drive current with a variable current amplitude and duty cycle, to maximize efficiency of the VCSEL output power at two different junction temperatures.
• Plot 30 is for a junction temperature of 25°C and plot 40 is for a junction temperature of 60°C.
• the current amplitude is reduced but the duty cycle ratio is increased.
• the current amplitude is reduced because the linear part of the plot of Figure 1 ends at a lower drive current.
• the duty cycle is increased to maintain a desired optical output power.
• the use of the control signal as explained above results in circuit operation with a high current amplitude and low duty cycle at low case temperatures, or at initial start up. As the system heats up, the duty cycle will increase while the current amplitude decreases. However, the average optical output power remains constant.
• an increased temperature will give rise to a reduction in efficiency, and this can result in increased semiconductor heating.
• a thermal runaway situation may arise in some situations. Protection for thermal runaway may thus be used as part of the laser control technique.
• the increased heating can be for example determined from the determined or estimated junction temperature, explained below.
• FIG. 3 shows a simplified block diagram of a laser circuit 100, comprising a laser device 102, in this case represented as a series connection of laser diodes D1 to Dn, and a current source 104 for delivering current to the laser device.
• a controller 106 controls a current amplitude I dc and a duty cycle of a pulse width modulation laser drive current delivered by the current source 104 to the laser device.
• a PWM signal "PWM” is generated which implements this duty cycle.
• the PWM signal is applied to a switching element 108 so that when the switching element is turned on, the current bypasses the laser device. However, there is minimal loss introduced by this current path.
• the switching element is a transistor, more preferably a Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor, MOSFET. Note that the switching element may instead be formed as a series switch between the current source and the laser device.
• the controller may be considered to be part of a current source circuit of the current source 104.
• a sensor arrangement is used to provide a signal which enables determination or estimation of the junction temperature of the laser device 102.
• the sensor arrangement comprises a thermistor temperature sensor 110 which measures a case temperature of the laser device. This provides an indirect measurement of the junction temperature based sensing the temperature T hS of the heat sink.
• the sensor arrangement may comprise an optical flux sensor, shown in Figure 3 as photodiode 112, which generates a signal I PD representing the optical output flux.
• the thermal properties (power and heat sink properties) of the system may in this case be used as parameters stored in a register of the controller such that the junction temperature can be estimated by computation within the controller, from the measured optical output power and from these stored parameters.
• the measured optical output power may be used in combination with data which characterizes the optical output power as a function of junction temperature for the particular device.
• This characterization information could for example have been obtained during the manufacturing process of the laser device itself or during the assembly and factory calibration of the overall laser circuit.
• junction temperature measurement is thus by an open-loop sensing system.
• the use of a photodiode generating a detector current IPD however means that efficiency can be optimized with a feedback loop.
• the efficiency can be derived from the measured optical output power and the drive conditions (current and voltage) which determine the electrical input power.
• the forward voltage of a LED or laser is a given parameter so that only the current amplitude needs to be controlled. If the optical power is measured by means of a photo detector, the drive current does not necessarily need to be measured as optical output power can be measured. If a closed loop current controller is used, the current level can be set without the need to actually measure it.
• the drive current is based on the control of the current source 104.
• a current amplitude measurement device may also be provided for measuring the laser device current. In the example shown, this is a current sense resistor 114, and the voltage across the current sense resistor is indicative of the current Lense.
• the controller 106 estimates a junction temperature of the laser device and sets the amplitude and duty cycle of the laser drive current in dependence on the junction temperature. The controller 106 is thereby able to implement a maximum efficiency VCSEL drive scheme. As explained above, current sensing is not necessarily required if the optical output power is measured.
• the temperature estimation is needed, i.e. the temperature sensor and/or optical output sensor.
• the current drive conditions may be assumed to be known based on the current setting I dC provided to the current sensor and the duty cycle.
• Information about the flux output as a function of temperature i.e. the information of Figure 1 is used by the controller, and this information may come from a factory calibration or from component datasheets. However, additional current sensing feedback may also be provided.
• a self-learning cycle may be used during a factory calibration.
• the controller knows the behavior of the laser component over various temperatures. This will also compensate for differences in the cooling interface quality.
• a self-learning process may be used over the lifetime of the laser device in order to adapt to the aging effect of the semiconductor. This may for example use the sensed values to compare them against the expected values for the lasing threshold and lasing efficiency rollover.
• a self-learning process involves the use of a computer program having the ability to follow ageing trends and apply feedback or feedforward control signals to adapt the duty-cycle or current amplitude without scanning for the optimal efficiency operating point continuously or at each start-up/power-up.
• the invention may be applied to any type of laser not only VCSELs, and including laser diodes.
• the invention is of particular interest for low frequency operation.
• the operating frequency is for example in the range of 10 Hz to 100kHz, typically in the range of 1kHz to 20kHz.
• the duty cycle may vary from 0.1 to 0.9, typically in the range of 0.5 to 0.9.
• the invention may be used in laser-based lighting systems but also in other laser systems such as industrial laser based heating systems.
• controllers can be implemented in numerous ways, with software and/or hardware, to perform the various functions required.
• a processor is one example of a controller which employs one or more microprocessors that may be programmed using software (e.g., microcode) to perform the required functions.
• a controller may however be implemented with or without employing a processor, and also may be implemented as a combination of dedicated hardware to perform some functions and a processor (e.g., one or more programmed microprocessors and associated circuitry) to perform other functions.
• controller components that may be employed in various embodiments of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, conventional microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
• ASICs application specific integrated circuits
• FPGAs field-programmable gate arrays
• a processor or controller may be associated with one or more storage media such as volatile and non-volatile computer memory such as RAM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
• the storage media may be encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more processors and/or controllers, perform the required functions.
• Various storage media may be fixed within a processor or controller or may be transportable, such that the one or more programs stored thereon can be loaded into a processor or controller.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Semiconductor Lasers (AREA)
• Arrangement Of Elements, Cooling, Sealing, Or The Like Of Lighting Devices (AREA)
• Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)

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• 2022
  • 2022-05-30 WO PCT/EP2022/064574 patent/WO2022253740A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2022-05-30 US US18/565,135 patent/US20240266800A1/en active Pending
  • 2022-05-30 CN CN202280039432.6A patent/CN117413440A/zh active Pending
  • 2022-05-30 JP JP2023574277A patent/JP2024521349A/ja active Pending
  • 2022-05-30 EP EP22734133.6A patent/EP4348779A1/en active Pending

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