WO2022239754A1 - 硫化物固体電解質組成物、これを含む電極合材及び硫化物固体電解質組成物の製造方法 - Google Patents
硫化物固体電解質組成物、これを含む電極合材及び硫化物固体電解質組成物の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022239754A1 WO2022239754A1 PCT/JP2022/019746 JP2022019746W WO2022239754A1 WO 2022239754 A1 WO2022239754 A1 WO 2022239754A1 JP 2022019746 W JP2022019746 W JP 2022019746W WO 2022239754 A1 WO2022239754 A1 WO 2022239754A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- solid electrolyte
- sulfide solid
- sulfide
- lithium
- red phosphorus
- Prior art date
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- 239000002203 sulfidic glass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 318
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 196
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 137
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 87
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 73
- 230000019086 sulfide ion homeostasis Effects 0.000 abstract description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 30
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 23
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 49
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 46
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 42
- -1 lithium halide Chemical class 0.000 description 40
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 33
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 31
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 31
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 31
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Inorganic materials [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 29
- GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium sulfide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[S-2] GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 29
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 27
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 23
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 23
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 22
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- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 20
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 19
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 16
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 16
- CYQAYERJWZKYML-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus pentasulfide Chemical compound S1P(S2)(=S)SP3(=S)SP1(=S)SP2(=S)S3 CYQAYERJWZKYML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 14
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical group 0.000 description 14
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 13
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- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
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- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
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- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 10
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Inorganic materials [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 10
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 9
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 9
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 8
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
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- 239000002227 LISICON Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 238000004455 differential thermal analysis Methods 0.000 description 6
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- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 5
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- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- KWUQLGUXYUKOKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-ol;tantalum Chemical compound [Ta].CC(C)O.CC(C)O.CC(C)O.CC(C)O.CC(C)O KWUQLGUXYUKOKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZNZJJSYHZBXQSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-2,2-diamine Chemical compound CC(C)(N)N ZNZJJSYHZBXQSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000380 propiolactone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- AHKSSQDILPRNLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium(1+);sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Rb+].[Rb+] AHKSSQDILPRNLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHDSWONFYIAAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon sulfide Chemical compound S=[Si]=S KHDSWONFYIAAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052979 sodium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium sulfide (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-2] GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010532 solid phase synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZVTQDOIPKNCMAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidene(sulfanylideneboranylsulfanyl)borane Chemical compound S=BSB=S ZVTQDOIPKNCMAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VDNSGQQAZRMTCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Ge]=S VDNSGQQAZRMTCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenenickel Chemical compound [Ni]=S WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- OBSZRRSYVTXPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus Chemical compound P12P3P1P32 OBSZRRSYVTXPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WQYSXVGEZYESBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophosphoryl chloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)(Cl)=S WQYSXVGEZYESBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Sn]=S AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium disulfide Chemical compound S=[Ti]=S CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OWNZHTHZRZVKSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tribromo(sulfanylidene)-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound BrP(Br)(Br)=S OWNZHTHZRZVKSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;azanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[NH2-] BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000005591 trimellitate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/14—Sulfur, selenium, or tellurium compounds of phosphorus
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B17/00—Sulfur; Compounds thereof
- C01B17/22—Alkali metal sulfides or polysulfides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/003—Phosphorus
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/10—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances sulfides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
- C01P2006/63—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values a* (red-green axis)
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sulfide solid electrolyte composition, an electrode mixture containing the same, and a method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte composition.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a solid electrolyte secondary battery including a negative electrode having a layer of a composite of a polyalkylene oxide and an electrolyte salt
- Patent Document 2 discloses a conductive acrylic resin film or the like.
- a lithium battery is disclosed in which a lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte is mixed into a lithium ion conductive polymer electrolyte membrane comprising a solid polymer porous membrane and a lithium ion conductor.
- Patent Document 3 describes an ion-conductive sulfide-based crystallized glass containing lithium (Li), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) and having a predetermined X-ray diffraction peak, and lithium using this as a raw material.
- Solid electrolytes for secondary batteries have been disclosed, and Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 further disclose solid electrolytes containing Si and Ge. Since the electrolytes disclosed in these documents are all solid electrolytes, there is no safety concern regarding leakage of combustible liquids that serve as electrolytes. On the other hand, it is known that solid electrolytes are not nonflammable.
- Patent Document 4 describes solid electrolytes containing lithium, phosphorus, sulfur, germanium, boron, silicon, and the like. , a lithium-ion-conducting nonflammable solid electrolyte to which a flame retardant such as a silicone compound is added.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and provides a sulfide solid electrolyte composition having excellent flame retardancy, high ionic conductivity, and excellent hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an electrode mixture and a sulfide solid electrolyte composition containing the sulfide solid electrolyte composition.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte composition containing a sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus [1] A sulfide solid electrolyte composition containing a sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus. [2] The sulfide solid electrolyte composition according to [1] above, wherein the red phosphorus content is 0.1% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less based on the total amount of the composition. [3] The sulfide solid electrolyte composition according to the above [1] or [2], wherein the sulfide solid electrolyte has a thiolysicone region II type crystal structure.
- An electrode mixture comprising the sulfide solid electrolyte composition according to any one of [1] to [5] above and an electrode active material.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte composition having excellent flame retardancy, high ionic conductivity, and excellent hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance, an electrode mixture containing the same, and a sulfide solid electrolyte composition can provide a manufacturing method of
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a measuring device used for measuring instantaneous amounts of SO 2 and H 2 S generated in Examples.
- this embodiment An embodiment of the present invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “this embodiment”) will be described below.
- the upper and lower limits of the numerical ranges of "more than”, “less than”, and “to” are numerical values that can be arbitrarily combined, and the numerical values in the examples are used as the upper and lower numerical values. can also
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte to which no flame retardant is added is 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm, and the flame retardant is added to this to impart flame retardancy. It is shown that the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is 1.2 to 2.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S/cm, which is about 10 times lower. In this case, even though safety is improved by possessing flame retardancy, it cannot be said to contribute to practical use. Thus, it can be said that imparting flame retardancy to a solid electrolyte and suppressing a decrease in ionic conductivity to achieve excellent ionic conductivity are in a trade-off relationship.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte obtained using a sulfur-containing raw material such as lithium sulfide is attracting attention as a promising solid electrolyte because of its high ionic conductivity.
- a sulfur-containing raw material such as lithium sulfide
- a sulfide solid electrolyte may generate hydrogen sulfide in contact with the atmosphere during manufacturing and storage, during the process of manufacturing a lithium battery using the sulfide solid electrolyte, and during the use of a lithium battery. Even in that case, it is necessary to improve the suppression of the generation of hydrogen sulfide for a short period, or a medium to long period from the production of the sulfide solid electrolyte, from the standpoint of safety.
- the inventors of the present invention have investigated flame retardants that have been widely used in the past, and found that red phosphorus is extremely effective. It was also found that red phosphorus not only improves flame retardancy, but also exhibits the effect of suppressing the decrease in ionic conductivity. Such an effect is an effect that could not be obtained with a conventional technique using a flame retardant in a solid electrolyte disclosed in Patent Document 4, for example. Furthermore, it was found that the use of red phosphorus is also effective in suppressing the generation of hydrogen sulfide. Red phosphorus is known as one of the inorganic phosphorus-based flame retardants. This is an unrecognized event. Based on the above findings, the present inventors have arrived at the invention relating to a sulfide solid electrolyte composition using red phosphorus and a method for producing the same, which will be described below.
- solid electrolyte means an electrolyte that remains solid at 25°C under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the "sulfide solid electrolyte” contained in the composition of the present embodiment is a solid electrolyte that contains at least sulfur atoms and exhibits ionic conductivity due to metal atoms contained.
- Sulfide solid electrolyte includes both a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte having a crystal structure and an amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte.
- a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte is a solid electrolyte in which peaks derived from the solid electrolyte are observed in the X-ray diffraction pattern in powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement. It is a material that does not matter whether or not there is a peak derived from the raw material.
- the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte includes a crystal structure derived from the solid electrolyte, and even if part of the crystal structure is derived from the solid electrolyte, the entire crystal structure is derived from the solid electrolyte. It is a thing. If the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte has the X-ray diffraction pattern as described above, part of it contains an amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte (also referred to as a "glass component"). It is acceptable. Therefore, crystalline sulfide solid electrolytes include so-called glass ceramics obtained by heating an amorphous solid electrolyte (glass component) to a crystallization temperature or higher.
- the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte means a halo pattern in which no peaks other than peaks derived from the material are substantially observed in the X-ray diffraction pattern in powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement. This means that it does not matter whether or not there is a peak derived from the raw material of the solid electrolyte.
- XRD powder X-ray diffraction
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition according to the first form of the present embodiment is a sulfide solid electrolyte composition containing a sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus; is.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte is a solid electrolyte containing at least a sulfur atom, and preferably contains a phosphorus atom. is a difficult atomic species.
- the phosphorus atom easily forms a PS4 structure with the sulfur atom and has a high affinity with the sulfur atom, the stability of the sulfur atom in the sulfide solid electrolyte is improved and the generation of hydrogen sulfide is suppressed. It is considered to be a thing.
- red phosphorus has the property of being likely to react with oxygen and moisture in the atmosphere, and the red phosphorus contained in the sulfide solid electrolyte composition preferentially reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere compared to the sulfide solid electrolyte. , reacts easily with moisture. Then, by forming the condensed phosphoric acid so as to coat the surface of the sulfide solid electrolyte as a thin film by the reaction, contact between oxygen and moisture contained in the atmosphere and the sulfide solid electrolyte is blocked, resulting in As a result, it is considered that the generation of hydrogen sulfide can be suppressed.
- hydrogen sulfide is a combustible gas, it is a substance that promotes the combustion of solid electrolytes. Since it can be suppressed, the sulfide solid electrolyte is placed in an environment where it is more difficult to burn.
- a composition in which a sulfide solid electrolyte is combined with red phosphorus not only improves the inherent flame retardancy of red phosphorus, but also suppresses a decrease in ionic conductivity and suppresses the generation of hydrogen sulfide. It is thought that the composition could have simultaneously possessed three performances, ie, generation suppression performance.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition according to the second form of the present embodiment is Chromaticity a * in the L * a * b * color system defined by the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) is greater than 0.0, That's what it means.
- Chromaticity a * is an index of red-green color, and is positive, indicating a tendency to appear more red as it increases, and conversely, as negative, indicating a tendency to exhibit more green as it decreases. Therefore, the second form defines that the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment exhibits a red color.
- red phosphorus exists in the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment. is considered to exist as red phosphorus.
- the phosphorus atoms that constitute red phosphorus have a high affinity for sulfur atoms, as described above. Therefore, while maintaining the state as it is in the composition, red phosphorus bonds with the sulfur atoms constituting the sulfide solid electrolyte in a state close to some bonding state, thereby achieving the above-mentioned flame retardancy and suppression of hydrogen sulfide generation. It is considered that various effects such as performance and expression of high ionic conductivity are exhibited.
- red phosphorus is present while maintaining its state as it is, because red phosphorus does not dissolve in water, and the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment It can also be confirmed from the fact that insoluble red phosphorus precipitates as a solid when the solid electrolyte composition is added to water.
- the details of the hue exhibited by the sulfide solid electrolyte of the present embodiment will be described later in the examples, etc. It will have a brighter red color.
- various effects such as flame retardancy and hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance of the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment and high ionic conductivity, especially hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance, are improved. Therefore, a composition in which a sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus are mixed and has high chromaticity and even saturation has a better mixed state of both, and as a result, the various effects described above can be obtained. become excellent. As described above, there is a correlation between the chromaticity of the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment and various effects of the composition. Better performance.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition according to the third form of the present embodiment is
- the red phosphorus content is 0.1% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less based on the total amount of the composition. That's what it means.
- red phosphorus content is within the above range, it is possible to efficiently obtain excellent flame retardancy, high ionic conductivity, and excellent hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition according to the fourth form of the present embodiment is
- the sulfide solid electrolyte has a thiolysicone region II type crystal structure, That's what it means.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte is a solid electrolyte that contains at least a sulfur atom and exhibits ion conductivity due to the contained metal atoms.
- sulfur atoms more preferably lithium atoms, phosphorus atoms and It contains halogen atoms and has ionic conductivity attributable to lithium atoms.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte having a thiolysicone region II type crystal structure contains lithium atoms, phosphorus atoms and halogen atoms in addition to sulfur atoms, and is known for having high ionic conductivity among sulfide solid electrolytes. is.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition according to the fifth form of the present embodiment is The instantaneous amount of sulfur dioxide generated is less than 10 ml/min per 1 g of solid electrolyte, That's what it means.
- the instantaneous amount of sulfur dioxide generated when a sulfide solid electrolyte composition is burned serves as an index of the flame retardancy of the composition.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment has excellent flame retardancy. performance.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition according to the sixth form of the present embodiment is the sulfide solid electrolyte has a Li3PS4 crystal structure, That's what it means.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte is a solid electrolyte that contains at least a sulfur atom as described above and exhibits ionic conductivity due to the contained metal atoms. In addition to the sulfur atom, it preferably contains a lithium atom and a phosphorus atom. , and have ionic conductivity attributed to lithium atoms.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte having a Li3PS4 crystal structure contains lithium atoms and phosphorus atoms in addition to sulfur atoms. It is known for its high degree.
- a method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte composition according to the seventh aspect of the present embodiment includes: mixing a sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus; That's what it means.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment can be easily produced by the production method according to the seventh embodiment.
- the method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte composition according to the eighth aspect of the present embodiment is the seventh aspect,
- the sulfide solid electrolyte is amorphous, That's what it means.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte When a sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus are mixed, the sulfide solid electrolyte must be amorphous.
- the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus that is, each atom constituting the solid electrolyte is more fluid than the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte, each atom and red phosphorus It is considered that some correlation such as binding with red phosphorus is likely to occur, and the effect of using red phosphorus is improved.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition When used, for example, as an electrode mixture, which will be described later, it is usually used as a crystalline one.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte mixed with red phosphorus may be crystalline, or the sulfide solid electrolyte mixed with red phosphorus may be amorphous. It is preferable to use an amorphous material.
- the electrode mixture according to the tenth form of the present embodiment is including the sulfide solid electrolyte composition and an electrode active material, That's what it means.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment can be used for an electrode mixture. Since the electrode mixture of the present embodiment contains the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment, it has high ionic conductivity, exhibits excellent battery performance, and has excellent flame retardancy. And since it has hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance, it is also excellent in safety.
- the electrode mixture according to the eleventh form of the present embodiment is comprising a sulfide solid electrolyte, red phosphorus, and an electrode active material; That's what it means.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte and By taking the form of containing red phosphorus and an electrode active material, the sulfide solid electrolyte composition has excellent flame retardancy, high ionic conductivity, and excellent hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance. can get.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of this embodiment will be described in more detail.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment is a composition containing a sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte used in the composition of the present embodiment is a solid electrolyte that contains at least sulfur atoms and exhibits ionic conductivity due to the contained metal atoms. It is a solid electrolyte that preferably contains lithium atoms and phosphorus atoms, more preferably contains lithium atoms, phosphorus atoms and halogen atoms, and has ion conductivity attributable to lithium atoms.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte used in the composition of the present embodiment may be an amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte or a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte.
- amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte (amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte)
- the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte can be employed without particular limitation as long as it contains at least a sulfur atom and exhibits ionic conductivity due to the contained metal atoms.
- Li 2 SP 2 S 5 (Li 3 PS 4 ), a solid electrolyte composed of lithium sulfide and phosphorus sulfide and containing sulfur atoms, lithium atoms and phosphorus atoms; Li 2 SP 2 S 5 - from lithium sulfide, phosphorus sulfide and lithium halide, such as LiI, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -LiCl, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -LiBr , Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -LiI-LiBr; Solid electrolyte composed; further containing other elements such as oxygen element and silicon element, for example, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 —Li 2 O—LiI, Li 2 S—SiS 2 —P 2 S 5 —LiI and other solid electrolytes are preferred.
- the types of elements that constitute the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte can be confirmed, for example, by an ICP emission spectrometer.
- the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte has at least Li 2 SP 2 S 5, the molar ratio of Li 2 S and P 2 S 5 is 65 from the viewpoint of obtaining higher ionic conductivity. ⁇ 85:15-35 is preferred, 70-80:20-30 is more preferred, and 72-78:22-28 is even more preferred.
- the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte is, for example, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -LiI-LiBr
- the total content of lithium sulfide and diphosphorus pentasulfide is preferably 60 to 95 mol%. ⁇ 90 mol% is more preferred, and 70 to 85 mol% is even more preferred.
- the ratio of lithium bromide to the total of lithium bromide and lithium iodide is preferably 1 to 99 mol%, more preferably 20 to 90 mol%, further preferably 40 to 80 mol%, and 50 to 70 mol. % is particularly preferred.
- the compounding ratio (molar ratio) of these atoms is 1.0-1.8:1.0-2. 0: 0.1-0.8: 0.01-0.6 is preferred, 1.1-1.7: 1.2-1.8: 0.2-0.6: 0.05-0. 5 is more preferred, and 1.2-1.6:1.3-1.7:0.25-0.5:0.08-0.4 is even more preferred.
- the compounding ratio (molar ratio) of lithium atom, sulfur atom, phosphorus atom, bromine atom and iodine atom is 1.0 to 1.8:1.0 to 2.0: 0.1-0.8: 0.01-0.3: preferably 0.01-0.3, 1.1-1.7: 1.2-1.8: 0.2- 0.6: 0.02-0.25: 0.02-0.25 is more preferable, 1.2-1.6: 1.3-1.7: 0.25-0.5: 0.03 ⁇ 0.2:0.03 ⁇ 0.2 is more preferable, 1.35 ⁇ 1.45:1.4 ⁇ 1.7:0.3 ⁇ 0.45:0.04 ⁇ 0.18:0. 04 to 0.18 is more preferred.
- the shape of the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, but for example, it may be particulate.
- the average particle size (D 50 ) of the particulate amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte can be, for example, within the range of 0.01 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m and 0.1 to 200 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size (D 50 ) is the particle size that reaches 50% of the whole when the particle size distribution integrated curve is drawn, and the particle size is accumulated sequentially from the smallest particle size, and the volume distribution is , for example, the average particle size that can be measured using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer.
- the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte may be, for example, a so-called glass ceramic obtained by heating the above amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte to a crystallization temperature or higher, and a sulfide solid electrolyte having the following crystal structure: can be adopted.
- a crystal structure that a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte containing lithium atoms, sulfur atoms, phosphorus atoms and halogen atoms can have, Li 4-x Ge 1-x P x S 4 -based thiolysicone region II (thio- LISICON Region II) type crystal structure (see Kanno et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 148(7) A742-746 (2001)), Li 4-x Ge 1-x P x S 4 system thiolysicone region II (thio- LISICON Region II) type and similar crystal structures (see Solid State Ionics, 177 (2006), 2721-2725)).
- the “thiolysicone region II type crystal structure” is a Li 4-x Ge 1-x P x S 4 system thio-LISICON Region II type crystal structure, Li 4-x Ge 1-x P x S 4 -based thio-LISICON Region II type and similar crystal structures.
- the Li 4-x Ge 1-x P x S 4 -based thiolysicone region II Diffraction peaks of the (thio-LISICON Region II) type crystal
- the crystal structure of the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte also includes an aldirodite type crystal structure.
- Aldirodite - type crystal structures include, for example, a Li 7 PS 6 crystal structure ; Crystal structure represented by S 6 and Li 7+x P 1-y Si y S 6 (x is ⁇ 0.6 to 0.6, y is 0.1 to 0.6); Li 7-x-2y PS 6- Crystal structure represented by xy Cl x (0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.7, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.25x+0.5); Li 7-x PS 6-x Ha x (Ha is Cl or Br; crystal structures in which x is preferably from 0.2 to 1.8).
- the Li 3 PS 4 crystal structure, the thiolysicone region II type crystal structure, and the aldirodite type crystal structure are preferable as the crystal structure of the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the shape of the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, particulate.
- the average particle size (D 50 ) of the particulate crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte is similar to the average particle size (D 50 ) of the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte described above, for example, 0.01 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, 0 0.1 to 200 ⁇ m can be exemplified.
- Red phosphorus is a high-molecular-weight phosphorus atom, and although it is combustible, it is less combustible and less toxic than spontaneously combustible elemental phosphorus such as white phosphorus and yellow phosphorus. , is a highly safe and readily available raw material. As red phosphorus, it is possible to obtain untreated ones, and red phosphorus particles provided with a coating such as a thermosetting resin coating, a metal hydroxide coating, or a metal plating coating on the surface. It is preferable to use a material.
- the content of red phosphorus in the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment can be appropriately determined according to desired performance.
- the higher the content of red phosphorus the more likely it is that the generation of hydrogen sulfide can be suppressed
- the lower the content of red phosphorus the more likely that the decrease in ionic conductivity can be suppressed.
- flame retardancy tends to improve as the content of red phosphorus increases, although this is not remarkable compared to the suppression of generation of hydrogen sulfide.
- the content of red phosphorus should be determined in consideration of the desired properties, and may vary depending on the type of sulfide solid electrolyte.
- it may be selected from the range of 0.1% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less, preferably 0.3% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and still more preferably 1% by mass or more,
- the upper limit is preferably 45% by mass or less, more preferably 35% by mass or less, even more preferably 25% by mass or less, and even more preferably 15% by mass or less.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment has excellent flame retardancy and high ionic conductivity, as well as excellent hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance.
- the excellent flame retardancy, high ionic conductivity, and hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance are the effects obtained by the combination of the sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus. Red phosphorus is literally reddish phosphorus, and the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment is reddish.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment has lightness (L * ) and chromaticity (a * and b * ) in CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) defined in JIS Z8781-4:2013.
- CIE Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage
- chroma C *
- CIE Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage
- the lightness (L * ) is preferably 85.0 or less, more preferably 80.0 or less, still more preferably 70.0 or less, and the lower limit is Although there is no particular limitation, it is usually 50.0 or more.
- Chromaticity (a * ) is an index of red-green color as described above, and is positive.
- the chromaticity (a * ) of the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment is preferably greater than 0.0, more preferably 0.1 or more, still more preferably 5.0 or more, and even more preferably 10.0 or more. Although there is no particular upper limit, it is usually 20.0 or less.
- Chromaticity (b * ) is an index of yellow-blue, and is positive, indicating a tendency to exhibit more yellow as it becomes larger, and conversely negative, indicating a tendency to exhibit more blue as it becomes smaller.
- the chromaticity (b * ) of the sulfide solid electrolyte of the present embodiment is preferably more than 7.0, more preferably 8.0 or more, still more preferably 9.5 or more, and even more preferably 11.0 or more. Although there is no particular upper limit, it is usually 20.0 or less.
- the chroma (C * ) is an indicator of vividness represented by ((a * ) 2 +(b * ) 2 ) (1/2) from the chromaticity (a * and b * ).
- the chroma (C * ) of the sulfide solid electrolyte of the present embodiment is preferably 7.0 or higher, more preferably 9.0 or higher, still more preferably 11.0 or higher, and even more preferably 15.0 or higher. Although there is no particular upper limit, it is usually 25.0 or less.
- the chromaticity (a * and b * ) and chroma (C * ) of the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment containing red phosphorus are It becomes larger than the sulfide solid electrolyte that does not contain it.
- the hue of the sulfide solid electrolyte composition is such that the better the mixed state of the sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus, the chromaticity (a * ), The chroma (C * ) is large, and a brighter red color is exhibited. Therefore, regardless of the content of red phosphorus, it can be said that the higher the hue, particularly the chromaticity (a * ), and further the chroma (C * ), the higher the hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment has excellent flame retardancy.
- the instantaneous generation amount of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) of the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment is It is less than 10 ml/min, more 5 ml/min or less, 1 ml/min or less, or 0.5 ml/min or less per 1 g of solid electrolyte.
- the amount of instantaneously generated sulfur dioxide is an index showing the flame retardancy of the composition, which is measured by the method described in Examples, and the smaller the amount, the better the flame retardancy.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment has extremely excellent flame retardancy.
- the effect of using red phosphorus is that the stability of sulfur atoms is improved as described above, and the generation of hydrogen sulfide can be suppressed, so that the sulfide solid electrolyte composition can be burned more. It can be placed in a difficult environment. Therefore, the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment has flame retardancy because the instantaneous maximum generation amount of SO 2 is suppressed from the initial stage of use as long as red phosphorus is present.
- the red phosphorus-free sulfide solid electrolyte does not reduce the instantaneous maximum amount of SO 2 generated by red phosphorus, so when it starts burning, the maximum amount of SO 2 generated is reduced. It will continue to burn while maintaining it.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment generates less sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) than a sulfide solid electrolyte containing no red phosphorus.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment has high ionic conductivity. 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm or more, further 1.7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm or more, or 1.9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm or more.
- ionic conductivity is measured by the method described in Examples.
- the rate of change (rate of decrease) in ionic conductivity before and after containing red phosphorus cannot be generalized because it may vary depending on the crystal structure of the sulfide solid electrolyte, etc., but it is 60% or less, or even 50% % or less, 45% or less, 40% or less, 35% or less, or 30% or less.
- the rate of change (rate of decrease) is extremely small. It can be said that it is a composition that can achieve both performances that are in a trade-off relationship.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment has excellent hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance. /min, even less than 12 ml/min, less than 10 ml/min, less than 9.0 ml/min, less than 6.0 ml/min, less than 5.0 ml/min, less than 4.0 ml/min.
- the amount of instantaneous generation of hydrogen sulfide is an index showing the ability of the composition to suppress generation of hydrogen sulfide, which is measured by the method described in Examples, and the smaller the amount, the better the ability to suppress generation of hydrogen sulfide.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment has extremely excellent hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance.
- the effect of using red phosphorus is that the stability of sulfur atoms is improved as described above, and the generation of hydrogen sulfide can be suppressed, so that the sulfide solid electrolyte composition can be burned more. It can be placed in a difficult environment. Therefore, the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment has the ability to suppress hydrogen sulfide generation since the instantaneous maximum generation of H 2 S is suppressed from the initial stage of use as long as red phosphorus is present.
- red phosphorus-free materials do not reduce the instantaneous maximum generation of H 2 S due to red phosphorus. H 2 S will continue to be generated while maintaining the amount.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment generates less hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) than a sulfide solid electrolyte containing no red phosphorus.
- a method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment includes mixing a sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus. First, a method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte will be described.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte used in the sulfide solid electrolyte composition and the method for producing the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment is, for example, a compound containing at least a sulfur atom, preferably a sulfur atom, and at least one atom of a lithium atom and a phosphorus atom.
- compound containing a sulfur atom more preferably a compound containing at least one atom of a lithium atom, a phosphorus atom and a halogen atom, in addition to a sulfur atom, by mixing two or more raw materials selected from the compound.
- a compound containing at least a sulfur atom preferably a compound containing at least one atom of a sulfur atom, a lithium atom and a phosphorus atom, more preferably a sulfur atom, a lithium atom, a phosphorus atom and a halogen atom.
- Compounds containing at least one atom are included, and two or more compounds selected from these compounds can be employed.
- lithium sulfide examples include lithium sulfide; lithium halides such as lithium fluoride, lithium chloride, lithium bromide and lithium iodide; halogenated compounds such as sodium iodide, sodium fluoride, sodium chloride and sodium bromide; alkali metal halides such as sodium; phosphorus sulfides such as diphosphorus trisulfide ( P2S3 ) and phosphorus pentasulfide ( P2S5 ); various phosphorus fluorides ( PF3 , PF5 ), various phosphorus chlorides ( Phosphorus halides such as PCl 3 , PCl 5 , P 2 Cl 4 ), various phosphorus bromides (PBr 3 , PBr 5 ), various phosphorus iodides ( PI 3 , P 2 I 4 ); ), thiophosphoryl chloride (PSCl 3 ), thiophosphoryl bromide (PSBr 3 ), thiophosphoryl iod
- Compounds that can be used as raw materials other than the above include, for example, compounds containing at least one atom selected from the above four types of atoms and containing atoms other than the four types of atoms, more specifically lithium oxide, Lithium compounds such as lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate; alkali metal sulfides such as sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide, rubidium sulfide, and cesium sulfide; silicon sulfide, germanium sulfide, boron sulfide, gallium sulfide, tin sulfide (SnS, SnS2 ), sulfide metal sulfides such as aluminum and zinc sulfide; phosphoric acid compounds such as sodium phosphate and lithium phosphate; aluminum halides, silicon halides, germanium halides, arsenic halides, selenium halides, tin halides, antimony halides, metal halides
- halogen atoms chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms are preferable, and bromine and iodine atoms are more preferable, from the viewpoint of obtaining a sulfide solid electrolyte having high ion conductivity more easily.
- these atoms may be used singly or in combination. That is, taking lithium halide as an example, lithium bromide may be used alone, lithium iodide may be used alone, or lithium bromide and lithium iodide may be used in combination. .
- compounds that can be used as raw materials include, among the above , lithium sulfide ; F 2 ), chlorine (Cl 2 ), bromine (Br 2 ), and iodine (I 2 ); lithium halides such as lithium fluoride, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, and lithium iodide; Phosphorus pentasulfide is preferable among phosphorus, chlorine (Cl 2 ), bromine (Br 2 ), and iodine (I 2 ) are preferable among simple halogens, and lithium chloride, lithium bromide, and lithium iodide are preferable among lithium halides. preferable.
- Combinations of compounds that can be used as raw materials include, for example, combinations of lithium sulfide and diphosphorus pentasulfide, combinations of lithium sulfide, diphosphorus pentasulfide and lithium halides, and combinations of lithium sulfide, diphosphorus pentasulfide and simple halogens.
- Lithium halides are preferably lithium bromide, lithium iodide and lithium chloride, more preferably lithium bromide and lithium iodide
- simple halogens are preferably chlorine, bromine and iodine, more preferably bromine and iodine.
- the lithium sulfide is preferably particles.
- the average particle size (D 50 ) of the lithium sulfide particles is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 2000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 30 ⁇ m or more and 1500 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 50 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less.
- those having the same average particle size as the lithium sulfide particles are preferable, that is, those having the same average particle size as the lithium sulfide particles. preferable.
- the ratio of lithium sulfide to the total of lithium sulfide and diphosphorus pentasulfide is determined from the viewpoint of obtaining higher chemical stability, and the PS 4 fraction. From the viewpoint of obtaining improved high ionic conductivity, it is preferably 60 mol% or more, more preferably 65 mol% or more, and still more preferably 68 mol% or more, and the upper limit is preferably 80 mol% or less, more preferably 78 mol% or less. More preferably, it is 76 mol % or less.
- the content of lithium sulfide and diphosphorus pentasulfide with respect to the total of these is preferably 60 mol% or more, more preferably is 65 mol % or more, more preferably 70 mol % or more, and the upper limit is preferably 100 mol % or less, more preferably 90 mol % or less, and still more preferably 80 mol % or less.
- the total of lithium bromide and lithium iodide is preferably 1 mol% or more, more preferably 20 mol% or more, still more preferably 40 mol% or more, and even more preferably 50 mol% or more, and the upper limit is preferably 99 mol% or less, more preferably 90 mol%. Below, more preferably 80 mol % or less, still more preferably 70 mol % or less.
- the total number of moles of lithium sulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide excluding the same number of moles of lithium sulfide as the number of moles of the halogen simple substance is preferably in the range of 60 to 90%, more preferably in the range of 65 to 85%.
- the content of elemental halogen with respect to the total amount of lithium sulfide, phosphorus pentasulfide, and elemental halogen is 1 to 50 mol%. is preferred, 2 to 40 mol% is more preferred, 3 to 25 mol% is still more preferred, and 3 to 15 mol% is even more preferred.
- the content of elemental halogen ( ⁇ mol%) and the content of lithium halide ( ⁇ mol%) relative to the total amount are as follows: It preferably satisfies the formula (1), more preferably satisfies the following formula (2), further preferably satisfies the following formula (3), and even more preferably satisfies the following formula (4). 2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ + ⁇ 100 (1) 4 ⁇ 2 ⁇ + ⁇ 80 (2) 6 ⁇ 2 ⁇ + ⁇ 50 (3) 6 ⁇ 2 ⁇ + ⁇ 30 (4)
- Mixing of raw materials can be performed, for example, using a mixer. Moreover, it can also be carried out using a stirrer, a pulverizer, or the like. This is because the raw materials can be mixed even when a stirrer is used, and the raw materials are pulverized when a pulverizer is used, but mixing also occurs at the same time. That is, it can be said that the sulfide solid electrolyte used in the present embodiment can be prepared by subjecting the raw materials to stirring, mixing, pulverization, or a combination thereof.
- the stirrer and mixer include, for example, a mechanical stirring mixer that is equipped with stirring blades in the reaction vessel and capable of stirring (mixing by stirring, which can also be referred to as stirring and mixing).
- mechanical stirring mixers include high-speed stirring mixers and double-arm mixers.
- the high-speed stirring mixer includes a vertical shaft rotary mixer, a horizontal shaft rotary mixer, and the like, and either type of mixer may be used.
- the shape of the stirring impeller used in the mechanical stirring mixer includes blade type, arm type, anchor type, paddle type, full zone type, ribbon type, multi-blade type, double arm type, shovel type, twin blade type, Flat blade type, C type blade type, etc., and from the viewpoint of promoting the reaction of raw materials more efficiently, shovel type, flat blade type, C type blade type, anchor type, paddle type, full zone type, etc. are preferable. Anchor type, paddle type and full zone type are more preferred.
- the rotation speed of the stirring blades may be appropriately adjusted according to the volume and temperature of the fluid in the reaction vessel, the shape of the stirring blades, etc., and is not particularly limited, but is usually 5 rpm or more and 400 rpm or less. 10 rpm or more and 300 rpm or less is preferable, 15 rpm or more and 250 rpm or less is more preferable, and 20 rpm or more and 200 rpm or less is still more preferable from the viewpoint of promoting the reaction of the raw materials more efficiently.
- the temperature conditions for mixing using a mixer are not particularly limited, and are usually -30 to 120°C, preferably -10 to 100°C, more preferably 0 to 80°C, and still more preferably 10 to 60°C. is.
- the mixing time is usually 0.1 to 500 hours, preferably 1 to 450 hours, more preferably 10 to 425 hours, still more preferably 20 to 400 hours, from the viewpoint of making the dispersion state of the raw materials more uniform and promoting the reaction. hours, more preferably 40 to 375 hours.
- a method of performing mixing accompanied by pulverization using a pulverizer is a method that has been conventionally employed as a solid-phase method (mechanical milling method).
- a medium-type pulverizer using a pulverizing medium can be used.
- Media-type pulverizers are broadly classified into container-driven pulverizers and medium-agitation pulverizers. Examples of the container-driven pulverizer include a stirring tank, a pulverizing tank, or a combination of these, such as a ball mill and a bead mill.
- medium agitating pulverizers include impact pulverizers such as cutter mills, hammer mills and pin mills; tower type pulverizers such as tower mills; stirring tank type pulverizers such as attritors, aquamizers and sand grinders; circulation tank-type pulverizers such as pearl mills; circulation tube-type pulverizers; annular-type pulverizers such as coball mills; continuous dynamic pulverizers; Among them, ball mills and bead mills exemplified as container-driven pulverizers are preferred, and planetary-type pulverizers are particularly preferred, in view of the ease of adjusting the particle size of the resulting sulfide.
- impact pulverizers such as cutter mills, hammer mills and pin mills
- tower type pulverizers such as tower mills
- stirring tank type pulverizers such as attritors, aquamizers and sand grinders
- pulverizers can be appropriately selected according to the desired scale, etc.
- container-driven pulverizers such as ball mills and bead mills can be used.
- other types of pulverizers may be used.
- wet pulverizers capable of wet pulverization.
- wet pulverizers include wet bead mills, wet ball mills, wet vibration mills, and the like.
- a wet bead mill used as a is preferred.
- dry pulverizers such as dry medium pulverizers such as dry bead mills, dry ball mills and dry vibration mills, and dry non-medium pulverizers such as jet mills.
- a flow-type pulverizer that is capable of circulating and operating as necessary.
- a pulverizer that circulates between a pulverizer (pulverization mixer) for pulverizing slurry and a temperature holding tank (reaction vessel).
- the size of the beads and balls used in the ball mill and bead mill may be appropriately selected according to the desired particle size, throughput, etc.
- the diameter of the beads is usually 0.05 mm ⁇ or more, preferably 0.1 mm ⁇ or more, It is more preferably 0.3 mm ⁇ or more, and the upper limit is usually 5.0 mm ⁇ or less, preferably 3.0 mm ⁇ or less, and more preferably 2.0 mm ⁇ or less.
- the diameter of the ball is usually 2.0 mm ⁇ or more, preferably 2.5 mm ⁇ or more, more preferably 3.0 mm ⁇ or more, and the upper limit is usually 20.0 mm ⁇ or less, preferably 15.0 mm ⁇ or less, more preferably 10.0 mm ⁇ or less.
- Materials include, for example, metals such as stainless steel, chrome steel and tungsten carbide; ceramics such as zirconia and silicon nitride; and minerals such as agate.
- the number of rotations varies depending on the scale of the treatment and cannot be generalized. It is usually 1,000 rpm or less, preferably 900 rpm or less, more preferably 800 rpm or less, still more preferably 700 rpm or less.
- the pulverization time varies depending on the scale of the treatment and cannot be generalized. hours, and the upper limit is usually 100 hours or less, preferably 72 hours or less, more preferably 48 hours or less, and even more preferably 36 hours or less.
- the size and material of the medium (beads, balls) to be used, the number of rotations of the rotor, time, etc., it is possible to perform mixing, stirring, pulverization, or a combination of any of these treatments.
- the particle size of the sulfide can be adjusted.
- solvent In the above mixing, a solvent can be added to and mixed with the above raw materials.
- the solvent various solvents that are widely called organic solvents can be used.
- solvent it is possible to widely employ solvents that have been conventionally used in the production of solid electrolytes.
- hydrocarbon solvents such as aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, alicyclic hydrocarbon solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents Solvents can be mentioned.
- Aliphatic hydrocarbons include, for example, hexane, pentane, 2-ethylhexane, heptane, octane, decane, undecane, dodecane, and tridecane
- alicyclic hydrocarbons include cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and the like.
- aromatic hydrocarbon solvents include benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, ethylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, trifluoromethylbenzene, nitrobenzene and the like.
- solvents containing atoms other than carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms such as heteroatoms such as nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, and halogen atoms, are also included.
- a solvent has the property of easily forming a complex with a compound containing a lithium atom, a phosphorus atom, a sulfur atom and a halogen atom, which is preferably used as a raw material (hereinafter, such a solvent is referred to as a "complexing agent ”, and has the property of allowing halogen atoms to be easily retained within the structure of the sulfide solid electrolyte, and is useful in that higher ionic conductivity can be obtained.
- Preferred examples of such a complexing agent include, for example, ether solvents, ester solvents, alcohol solvents, aldehyde solvents, and ketone solvents containing an oxygen atom as a heteroatom.
- Ether solvents include, for example, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, dimethoxymethane, dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), triethylene oxide glycol dimethyl ether (triglyme), and aliphatic ethers such as diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol; Alicyclic ethers such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, dimethoxytetrahydrofuran, cyclopentyl methyl ether, dioxane; heterocyclic ethers such as furan, benzofuran, benzopyran; methylphenyl ether (anisole), ethylphenyl ether, dibenzyl Aromatic ethers such as ether and diphenyl ether are preferred.
- ester solvents include methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate; methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, dimethyl oxalate, diethyl oxalate, dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, succinic acid; Aliphatic esters such as dimethyl and diethyl succinate; Alicyclic esters such as methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate, ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate, and dimethyl cyclohexanedicarboxylate; methyl pyridinecarboxylate, methyl pyrimidinecarboxylate, acetolactone, propiolactone, butyrolactone , valerolactone; and aromatic esters such as methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, but
- Alcohol solvents such as ethanol and butanol; aldehyde solvents such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and dimethylformamide; and ketone solvents such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone are also preferred.
- the solvent that functions as a complexing agent preferably includes a solvent containing a nitrogen atom as a heteroatom.
- a solvent containing a nitrogen atom such as an amino group, an amide group, a nitro group, or a nitrile group is preferred, and among these, a solvent containing an amino group is preferred.
- solvents having an amino group include aliphatic amines such as ethylenediamine, diaminopropane, dimethylethylenediamine, diethylethylenediamine, dimethyldiaminopropane, tetramethyldiaminomethane, tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), and tetramethyldiaminopropane (TMPDA); Alicyclic amines such as cyclopropanediamine, cyclohexanediamine, bisaminomethylcyclohexane; heterocyclic amines such as isophoronediamine, piperazine, dipiperidylpropane, dimethylpiperazine; Aromatic amines such as dimethylnaphthalenediamine, dimethylphenylenediamine, tetramethylphenylenediamine and tetramethylnaphthalenediamine are preferred. Nitrile solvents such as acetonitrile and acrylonitrile; solvents containing nitrogen atom
- Preferred solvents containing halogen atoms as heteroatoms include dichloromethane, chlorobenzene, trifluoromethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, bromobenzene and the like.
- Preferred examples of solvents containing sulfur atoms include dimethyl sulfoxide and carbon disulfide.
- the amount of solvent used is preferably 100 mL or more, more preferably 200 mL or more, still more preferably 250 mL or more, and even more preferably 300 mL or more, relative to 1 kg of the total amount of raw materials. It is 3000 mL or less, more preferably 2500 mL or less, still more preferably 2000 mL or less, and even more preferably 1550 mL or less. When the amount of the solvent used is within the above range, the raw materials can be efficiently reacted.
- the mixing is performed using a solvent, it may include drying the resulting fluid (usually a slurry) after the mixing.
- a complexing agent is used as a solvent, the complexing agent is removed from the complex containing the complexing agent.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte is obtained by removing the agent and the solvent, or by removing the solvent when a solvent other than the complexing agent is used. The resulting sulfide solid electrolyte exhibits ionic conductivity due to lithium atoms.
- Drying can be performed on the fluid obtained by mixing at a temperature depending on the type of solvent. For example, it can be carried out at a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point of the complexing agent. In addition, it is usually dried under reduced pressure using a vacuum pump or the like at about 5 to 100°C, preferably 10 to 85°C, more preferably 15 to 70°C, and even more preferably about room temperature (23°C) (for example, about ⁇ 5°C at room temperature). (Vacuum drying) to volatilize the complexing agent and optionally used solvent.
- Drying can be performed by filtering the fluid using a glass filter or the like, solid-liquid separation by decantation, or solid-liquid separation using a centrifugal separator or the like.
- a solvent other than a complexing agent is used, a sulfide solid electrolyte can be obtained by solid-liquid separation.
- a complexing agent is used as a solvent, after performing solid-liquid separation, drying under the above temperature conditions may be performed to remove the complexing agent incorporated in the complex.
- a fluid in solid-liquid separation, a fluid is transferred to a container, and after sulfide (or a complex (which can also be referred to as a precursor of a sulfide solid electrolyte) if a complexing agent is included) is precipitated, the supernatant is It is easy to perform decantation to remove the complexing agent and solvent, and filtration using a glass filter having a pore size of about 10 to 200 ⁇ m, preferably 20 to 150 ⁇ m.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte obtained by performing the above mixing is basically an amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte (glass component) unless mixing is performed by pulverizing using a pulverizer to the extent that it crystallizes, for example. .
- the sulfide solid electrolyte obtained by the above mixing may be an amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte (glass component) or a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte. can be selected.
- an amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte can be easily obtained when the stirrer or mixer is used, and a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte can be easily obtained when a pulverizer is used.
- the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte or the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte obtained by the above mixing is heated to obtain a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may be amorphous or crystalline, but amorphous is preferred. This is because, as described above, the effect of using red phosphorus, that is, the effect of improving flame retardancy and high ionic conductivity, and further improving the performance of suppressing the generation of hydrogen sulfide, is likely to be obtained.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte in order to adjust the particle size of the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte powder, for example, as a result of the treatment such as pulverization described later, an amorphous component (glass component) is formed on the surface. Formed crystalline sulfide solid electrolytes may also be included. Therefore, the sulfide solid electrolyte containing an amorphous component includes an amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte and a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte having an amorphous component formed on its surface. Also included are electrolytes.
- the production of the sulfide solid electrolyte may further include heating.
- an amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte (glass component) is obtained by the above mixing, a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte is obtained by heating, and a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte is obtained.
- a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte with improved crystallinity can be obtained.
- a complexing agent When a complexing agent is used as a solvent during mixing, a complex containing the complexing agent is formed. , a sulfide solid electrolyte is obtained, which can be amorphous or crystalline depending on the heating conditions. In the stage of producing the sulfide solid electrolyte, it is preferable to keep the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte even when heating. This is because, as described above, it is preferable to use an amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte in mixing with red phosphorus, which will be described later.
- the heating temperature is determined according to the structure of the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte obtained by heating the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte is subjected to differential thermal analysis (DTA) using a differential thermal analysis apparatus (DTA apparatus) under a temperature rising condition of 10 ° C./min, and the lowest temperature side
- DTA differential thermal analysis
- the temperature is preferably 5°C or less, more preferably 10°C or less, and still more preferably 20°C or less, and the lower limit is not particularly limited.
- the peak top temperature of the exothermic peak observed on the lowest temperature side may be about ⁇ 40° C. or higher.
- the heating temperature for obtaining the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte depends on the structure of the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte to be obtained, and cannot be generally defined, but is usually preferably 135° C. or less. 130° C. or lower is more preferable, and 125° C. or lower is even more preferable.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, it is preferably 90° C. or higher, more preferably 100° C. or higher, and still more preferably 105° C. or higher.
- the heating temperature may be determined according to the structure of the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte. It is preferable that the heating temperature is higher than the above heating temperature for obtaining a solid solid electrolyte. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is performed under temperature conditions, and the temperature of the peak top of the exothermic peak observed on the lowest temperature side is preferably 5 ° C. or higher, more preferably 10 ° C. or higher, and still more preferably 20 ° C. or higher. The temperature may be within the range, and the upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be about 40°C or less.
- DTA Differential thermal analysis
- the heating temperature for obtaining a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte varies depending on the composition and structure of the obtained crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte, and cannot be generally defined, but is usually preferably 130° C. or higher. , more preferably 135° C. or higher, more preferably 140° C. or higher, and although the upper limit is not particularly limited, it is preferably 600° C. or lower, more preferably 550° C. or lower, and still more preferably 500° C. or lower.
- the heating time is not particularly limited as long as the desired amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte or crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte can be obtained. More preferably, it is 30 minutes or more, and even more preferably 1 hour or more.
- the upper limit of the heating time is not particularly limited, but is preferably 24 hours or less, more preferably 10 hours or less, still more preferably 5 hours or less, and even more preferably 3 hours or less.
- the heating is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere (for example, a nitrogen atmosphere or an argon atmosphere) or a reduced pressure atmosphere (especially in a vacuum). This is because deterioration (for example, oxidation) of the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte can be prevented.
- the heating method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method using a hot plate, a vacuum heating device, an argon gas atmosphere furnace, and a firing furnace.
- a horizontal dryer having a heating means and a feed mechanism, a horizontal vibrating fluidized dryer, or the like may be used, and the drying may be selected according to the amount of heat to be processed.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus may be mixed by, for example, the same method as for mixing the raw materials in the production of the sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the equipment exemplified as the agitator, mixer, and pulverizer that can be used for mixing the raw materials may be appropriately selected and used in consideration of the production volume and the like. Moreover, if it is a laboratory level, you may mix using a mortar etc.
- the mixed state of the sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus it is preferable to use a stirrer, a mixer, or a pulverizer, and it is more preferable to use a pulverizer.
- a stirrer By using a pulverizer, the mixed state is improved, so that the effect of using red phosphorus, especially the effect of improving flame retardancy and hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance, is more likely to be obtained, and in particular, hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance is improved.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may be amorphous or crystalline, but preferably amorphous. .
- red phosphorus By mixing the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus, the effect of using red phosphorus, that is, the effect of improving flame retardancy and high ionic conductivity, and further improving the performance of suppressing hydrogen sulfide generation can be obtained. Because it is easy to be stolen.
- Various conditions for mixing with red phosphorus for example, when using a mechanical mixer, the rotation speed of the stirring blade, temperature conditions, and when using a crusher such as a ball mill or bead mill, the size of beads and balls, rotation speed, and pulverization Conditions such as time are not particularly limited, and may be appropriately determined from the conditions described for mixing the raw materials.
- the method for producing the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment may further include heating.
- the object to be heated is the mixture containing the sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus obtained by mixing with the red phosphorus, preferably the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus. A mixture.
- the heating of the mixture containing the sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus may be performed by the same heating method as in the production of the sulfide solid electrolyte.
- Equipment used for heating, temperature conditions for heating, various conditions such as time, etc. may be appropriately selected from those described as the heating method in the production of the sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the electrode mixture of the present embodiment contains the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment and an electrode active material. Further, the electrode mixture of the present embodiment contains the sulfide solid electrolyte, red phosphorus, and electrode active material.
- the electrode active material used in the electrode mixture of the present embodiment is a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material, depending on whether the electrode mixture is used for a positive electrode or a negative electrode.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition used in the electrode mixture of the present embodiment is preferably used as a positive electrode in combination with a positive electrode active material. That is, the positive electrode active material is preferable as the electrode active material contained in the electrode mixture of the present embodiment.
- positive electrode active material in relation to the negative electrode active material, atoms employed as atoms that exhibit ionic conductivity, preferably lithium atoms, as long as they can promote the battery chemical reaction accompanied by movement of lithium ions.
- positive electrode active materials capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions include oxide-based positive electrode active materials and sulfide-based positive electrode active materials.
- sulfide-based positive electrode active materials include titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), molybdenum sulfide (MoS 2 ), iron sulfide (FeS, FeS 2 ), copper sulfide (CuS), nickel sulfide (Ni 3 S 2 ), and the like.
- Niobium selenide (NbSe 3 ) or the like can also be used in addition to the positive electrode active material described above.
- a positive electrode active material can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of multiple types.
- an atom employed as an atom that expresses ionic conductivity preferably a metal capable of forming an alloy with a lithium atom, an oxide thereof, an alloy of the metal and a lithium atom, etc., preferably a lithium atom
- a metal capable of forming an alloy with a lithium atom, an oxide thereof, an alloy of the metal and a lithium atom, etc. preferably a lithium atom
- Any substance can be used without particular limitation as long as it can promote the battery chemical reaction accompanied by the movement of lithium ions caused by .
- the negative electrode active material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions any known negative electrode active material in the field of batteries can be employed without limitation.
- Examples of such a negative electrode active material include metal lithium, metal indium, metal aluminum, metal silicon, metal tin, and other metals capable of forming an alloy with metal lithium or metal lithium; oxides of these metals; An alloy with metallic lithium and the like can be mentioned.
- the electrode active material used in this embodiment may have a coating layer on which the surface is coated.
- Materials for forming the coating layer include ionic conductors such as nitrides and oxides of atoms, preferably lithium atoms, which exhibit ionic conductivity in a sulfide solid electrolyte, or composites thereof.
- lithium nitride (Li 3 N) a conductor having a lysicone crystal structure such as Li 4-2x Zn x GeO 4 having a main structure of Li 4 GeO 4 , and a Li 3 PO 4 type skeleton conductors having a thiolysicone-type crystal structure such as Li 4-x Ge 1-x P x S 4 , conductors having a perovskite-type crystal structure such as La 2/3-x Li 3x TiO 3 , LiTi 2 Conductors having a NASICON-type crystal structure such as (PO 4 ) 3 are included.
- Li 3 N lithium nitride
- a conductor having a lysicone crystal structure such as Li 4-2x Zn x GeO 4 having a main structure of Li 4 GeO 4
- a Li 3 PO 4 type skeleton conductors having a thiolysicone-type crystal structure such as Li 4-x Ge 1-x P x S 4
- Lithium titanates such as Li y Ti 3-y O 4 (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 3 ) and Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ( LTO); Lithium metal oxide, also Li2O - B2O3 - P2O5 system, Li2O - B2O3 - ZnO system , Li2O - Al2O3 - SiO2 - P2O5 - TiO 2 -based oxide-based conductors, and the like.
- An electrode active material having a coating layer is obtained, for example, by depositing a solution containing various elements constituting the material forming the coating layer on the surface of the electrode active material, and then heating the electrode active material after deposition to preferably 200° C. or more and 400° C. or less. It is obtained by firing with
- the solution containing various elements for example, a solution containing alkoxides of various metals such as lithium ethoxide, titanium isopropoxide, niobium isopropoxide, and tantalum isopropoxide may be used.
- alcoholic solvents such as ethanol and butanol
- aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane, heptane and octane
- aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene, toluene and xylene
- the above adhesion may be performed by immersion, spray coating, or the like.
- the firing temperature is preferably 200° C. or higher and 400° C. or lower, more preferably 250 or higher and 390° C. or lower, from the viewpoint of improving production efficiency and battery performance, and the firing time is usually about 1 minute to 10 hours. Yes, preferably 10 minutes to 4 hours.
- the coverage of the coating layer is preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, still more preferably 100%, based on the surface area of the electrode active material, that is, the entire surface is preferably covered.
- the thickness of the coating layer is preferably 1 nm or more, more preferably 2 nm or more, and the upper limit is preferably 30 nm or less, more preferably 25 nm or less.
- the thickness of the coating layer can be measured by cross-sectional observation with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the coverage rate is obtained from the thickness of the coating layer, the elemental analysis value, and the BET surface area. can be calculated.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the electrode mixture of the present embodiment includes the sulfide solid electrolyte, red phosphorus, and electrode active material, as well as other components such as a conductive material and a binder.
- a conductive material from the viewpoint of improving battery performance by improving electronic conductivity, artificial graphite, graphite carbon fiber, resin baked carbon, pyrolytic vapor growth carbon, coke, mesocarbon microbeads, furfuryl alcohol resin baked carbon , polyacene, pitch-based carbon fiber, vapor-grown carbon fiber, natural graphite, and non-graphitizable carbon.
- the binder is not particularly limited as long as it can impart functions such as binding properties and flexibility.
- examples include fluorine-based polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride, butylene rubber, and styrene-butadiene rubber.
- Various resins such as thermoplastic elastomers, acrylic resins, acrylic polyol resins, polyvinyl acetal resins, polyvinyl butyral resins, and silicone resins are exemplified.
- the compounding ratio (mass ratio) between the electrode active material and the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte composition in the electrode mixture of the present embodiment is preferably 99.9% in consideration of improving battery performance and manufacturing efficiency. 5:0.5 to 40:60, more preferably 99:1 to 50:50, still more preferably 98:2 to 60:40.
- the content of the conductive material in the electrode mixture is not particularly limited. It is at least 1.5% by mass, more preferably at least 1.5% by mass, and the upper limit is preferably 10% by mass or less, preferably 8% by mass or less, and more preferably 5% by mass or less.
- the content of the binder in the electrode mixture is not particularly limited, but considering the improvement of battery performance and production efficiency, it is preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably. is 3% by mass or more, more preferably 5% by mass or more, and the upper limit is preferably 20% by mass or less, preferably 15% by mass or less, and further preferably 10% by mass or less.
- the electrode mixture of the present embodiment exhibits high battery performance because the sulfide solid electrolyte composition contained in the electrode mixture has high ion conductivity. It is preferably used for forming a layer and an electrolyte layer, and is particularly preferably used for a positive electrode layer and a negative electrode layer. These layers can be manufactured by known methods. In addition, since the sulfide solid electrolyte composition contained in the electrode mixture has excellent flame retardancy and hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance, it is easy to produce an all-solid lithium battery, and an efficient all-solid It enables the fabrication of lithium batteries.
- the all-solid lithium battery using the electrode mixture of the present embodiment preferably uses a current collector in addition to the positive electrode layer, the negative electrode layer, and the electrolyte layer, and the current collector is also a known one.
- a layer coated with Au or the like can be used, such as Au, Pt, Al, Ti, or Cu, which reacts with the solid electrolyte.
- the electrode composite material of the present embodiment can be produced by mixing the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment and an electrode active material. Further, the electrode composite material of the present embodiment can also be produced by mixing the sulfide solid electrolyte, red phosphorus, and electrode active material. At the time of mixing, a method using an apparatus such as a pulverizer, a stirrer, or the like, which has been described as a method for mechanically treating the precursor for mechanical treatment, is preferred.
- the agitator, and the like those described as devices that can be used in the above mechanical treatment can be preferably used.
- a tumbling mill, a ball mill, and a bead mill are more preferred, and the stirrer is preferably a high-speed stirring mixer, more preferably a high-speed swirling thin-film stirrer.
- a stirring tank-type pulverizer is preferable, and a tumbling mill is particularly preferable.
- SO 2 sulfur dioxide
- H 2 S hydrogen sulfide
- the amount of SO 2 and H 2 S generated was monitored every 15 seconds by a gas detector installed downstream, and the instantaneous maximum amount was detected.
- the amount of SO 2 and H 2 S generated per 1 g of solid electrolyte was calculated from the detected gas fraction, flow rate, and amount of solid electrolyte, and was taken as the instantaneous maximum amount of SO 2 and H 2 S generated. Based on these instantaneous maximum generation amounts, the following flame retardancy and hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance were evaluated.
- H 2 S instantaneous generation amount is less than 7.5 ml/g-solid electrolyte/min
- B H 2 S instantaneous generation amount is 7.5 ml/g-solid electrolyte/min or more and 10.0 ml/g-solid electrolyte Less than /min
- the amount of instantaneous C:H 2 S generated was 10.0 ml/g-solid electrolyte/min or more, but there was no practical problem because no combustion gas (SO 2 ) was generated.
- D The amount of H 2 S instantaneously generated was 10.0 ml/g-solid electrolyte/min or more, and combustion gas (SO 2 ) was generated, which caused a practical problem.
- Example 2 In Example 1, the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus were mixed, and the resulting mixture was heated at 160° C. for 2 hours under vacuum to crystallize.
- the instantaneous generation amount of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) was measured and the flame retardancy was evaluated, and the instantaneous generation amount of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) was evaluated based on the above methods. Measurement and evaluation of suppression of hydrogen sulfide generation were performed. These measurement results and evaluation results are shown in Table 1. Further, the ionic conductivity of the obtained crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte composition was measured according to the following method. Table 1 shows the measurement results.
- a circular pellet having a diameter of 10 mm (cross-sectional area S: 0.785 cm 2 ) and a height (L) of 0.1 to 0.3 cm was molded from the obtained crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte to obtain a sample. Electrode terminals were taken from the top and bottom of the sample, and measurement was performed at 25° C. by the AC impedance method (frequency range: 5 MHz to 0.5 Hz, amplitude: 10 mV) to obtain a Cole-Cole plot.
- Example 3 In Example 1, in the mixture of the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus, 0.8 g of the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte and 0.2 g of red phosphorus (red phosphorus content: 20 mass% ) to obtain a mixture in the same manner as in Example 1. The resulting mixture was then heated at 160° C. for 2 hours under vacuum to crystallize. For the resulting crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte composition, the instantaneous generation amount of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) was measured and the flame retardancy was evaluated, and the instantaneous generation amount of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) was evaluated based on the above methods. Measurement and evaluation of suppression of hydrogen sulfide generation were performed. These measurement results and evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 A mixture was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte obtained in Example 1 was mixed with red phosphorus instead of the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte. Obtained. Next, for the resulting mixture (crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte composition), based on the above methods, the amount of instantaneously generated sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) was measured and flame retardancy was evaluated, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) The amount of instantaneous generation was measured, the suppression of hydrogen sulfide generation was evaluated, and the ionic conductivity was measured. These measurement results and evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte was mixed with red phosphorus so that the content of red phosphorus was as shown in Table 1. was obtained as a sulfide solid electrolyte composition.
- the instantaneous generation amount of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) was measured and the flame retardancy was evaluated, and the instantaneous generation amount of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) was evaluated based on the above methods. Measurement and evaluation of suppression of hydrogen sulfide generation were performed. These measurement results and evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Examples 3-9 Mixtures of Comparative Examples 3 to 9 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that substitute agents a to h were used in place of red phosphorus.
- SO 2 sulfur dioxide
- H 2 S hydrogen sulfide
- Substituents a to h listed in Table 2 used in this comparative example are as follows.
- - Alternative agent a triphenyl phosphate (TPP)
- Alternative agent b Phenoxyphosphazene compound ("SPS-100 (trade name)", manufactured by Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.)
- Substituent c 1,3-phenylene bis (di-2,6-xylenyl phosphate) (“PX-200 (trade name)”, manufactured by Daihachi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)
- ⁇ Alternative agent d ethylenebistetrabromophthalimide (“BT-93W (trade name)”, manufactured by Albemarle Japan Co., Ltd.)
- Substituent e a mixture of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione and 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (mass ratio 1: 1) (melamine cyanurate
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment has excellent flame retardancy and high ionic conductivity, as well as excellent hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance. rice field.
- those described in Comparative Examples 1 and 2 correspond to the sulfide solid electrolytes themselves contained in the sulfide solid electrolyte compositions of Examples 1 and 2, respectively. and inferior in terms of hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance.
- the compositions of Comparative Examples 3 to 9, in which red phosphorus was replaced with other flame retardants in Example 1, were inferior in flame retardancy despite the use of flame retardants. It was confirmed that the hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance was also inferior.
- the maximum instantaneous generation amount of hydrogen sulfide ">10" in the evaluation of the hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance is "D" evaluation is an example of "C” evaluation (e.g., Example 1 and It is the same notation as the maximum instantaneous generation amount in 2).
- the reason why the maximum instantaneous amount generated is the same is that it exceeded the measurement limit of the measuring device, but the situation when used after that is completely different between the "C” rated one and the "D" rated one. Therefore, it is considered that more hydrogen sulfide is generated in the comparative example evaluated as "D” than in the comparative example evaluated as "C".
- the sulfide solid electrolyte compositions of Examples 2 and 3 were obtained by mixing the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte of Comparative Example 2 (a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte having a thiolysicone region II type crystal structure) and red phosphorus. It is a composition that The ionic conductivities of the compositions of these examples are 2.8 and 2.3 mS/cm, respectively, and the ionic conductivity of the crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte of Comparative Example 2 is lower than 3.9 mS/cm. However, it can be said that it has a high ionic conductivity, unlike the above-mentioned patent document 4, which is about 10 times lower. In addition, it was confirmed that the decrease in ionic conductivity was suppressed as the amount of red phosphorus used was smaller, since the composition of Example 3 had lower ionic conductivity than the composition of Example 2.
- Example 8 Lithium sulfide and Diphosphorus pentasulfide was reacted at room temperature to prepare Li 3 PS 4.3THF , and dried at 80° C. to remove tetrahydrofuran to prepare amorphous Li 3 PS 4 .
- 0.9 g of the obtained amorphous Li 3 PS 4 and 0.1 g of red phosphorus (red phosphorus content: 10% by mass) were mixed in a mortar to form a mixture (sulfide solid electrolyte composition).
- Example 8 the sulfide solid electrolyte was replaced with amorphous Li3PS4 in Example 1 , but as in Example 1, the flame retardancy was excellent, and the hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance was improved. was also found to be excellent. Therefore, regardless of the type of sulfide solid electrolyte, the composition containing the sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus has excellent flame retardancy and hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance. On the other hand, Comparative Example 10, in which red phosphorus was not used in Example 8, was inferior in both flame retardancy and hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance.
- Example 9 Using 0.95 g of an amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, an amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte and 0.05 g of red phosphorus (red phosphorus content: 5% by mass) were placed in a 45 cc alumina pot. Weighed to 42.3 g of 5 mm ⁇ zirconia balls were added as media and the lid was closed. Mixing was carried out for 3 hours at 600 rpm using a small ball mill desktop stand ("AV-1 (model number)", manufactured by Asahi Rika Seisakusho Co., Ltd.). The resulting mixture was heated at 160° C. for 2 hours under vacuum to crystallize.
- AV-1 model number
- the instantaneous generation amount of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and the instantaneous generation amount of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) of the obtained crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte composition were 0 ml/g/min and 8.5 ml/g/min, respectively. minutes. Moreover, when the ionic conductivity was measured, it was 3.2 mS/cm. These measurement results and evaluation results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 10 The procedure of Example 9 was repeated except that the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte was 0.90 g, red phosphorus was 0.10 g (red phosphorus content: 10% by mass), and heating for crystallization was not performed.
- the instantaneous generation amount of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and the instantaneous generation amount of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) of the obtained powder (sulfide solid electrolyte composition) were 0 ml/g/min and 7.0 ml/g/min, respectively. Met.
- Example 9 the sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus were mixed using a pulverizer (ball mill) instead of a mortar.
- a pulverizer ball mill
- Example 10 was superior in hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance.
- Example 9 which contained a small amount of red phosphorus, was superior to Example 1 in suppressing hydrogen sulfide generation.
- the mixing of the sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus is better with a pulverizer (ball mill) than with a mortar. Also, even if the amount is less, it is considered that a more excellent effect can be obtained.
- the lightness (L * ) and chromaticity (a * and b * ) of Examples 2 and 10 and Comparative Example 1 were measured .
- the chromaticity (a * ) indicating the degree of redness was negative, that is, the color tended to be green.
- the color of the sulfide solid electrolyte composition differs depending on the presence or absence of red phosphorus.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment exhibits a red color due to the presence of red phosphorus. It was confirmed that
- Example 10 when the amorphous sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus were mixed (hand-mixed) using a mortar (Example 2), and when a pulverizer (ball mill) was used in the mixing (Example 10), even if the content of red phosphorus is the same, Example 10 clearly exhibits a more reddish color and has a brighter saturation. It was found that those in better condition exhibited more red color and more vivid color saturation. Further, when comparing the hydrogen sulfide generation suppressing performances of Example 2 and Example 10, it was found that Example 10 was superior in that the amount of instantaneous generation of hydrogen sulfide was smaller.
- the excellent mixing state of the sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus facilitates the formation of a condensed phosphoric acid film on the surface of the sulfide solid electrolyte as in paragraph 0019.
- the mixed state of the sulfide solid electrolyte and red phosphorus is excellent, the generation of hydrogen sulfide can be suppressed while reducing the amount of red phosphorus added, so that the ionic conductivity can be easily improved.
- the color is more red and the saturation is brighter (the chromaticity (a * and b * ) is larger, and the saturation (C * ) is larger).
- the better the state of the mixture of the sulfide solid electrolyte and the red phosphorus the better the flame retardancy and the better the hydrogen sulfide generation suppression performance. confirmed.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte composition of the present embodiment is suitably used for batteries, particularly for batteries used in information-related devices such as personal computers, video cameras, and mobile phones, and communication devices.
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Abstract
Description
[1]硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、を含有する硫化物固体電解質組成物。
[2]前記赤リンの含有量が、組成物全量基準で、0.1質量%以上45質量%以下である上記[1]に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物。
[3]前記硫化物固体電解質が、チオリシコンリージョンII型結晶構造を有する上記[1]又は[2]に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物。
[4]二酸化硫黄の瞬間発生量が固体電解質1gあたり10ml/分未満である上記[3]に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物。
[5]前記硫化物固体電解質が、Li3PS4結晶構造を有する上記[1]又は[2]に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物。
[6]硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、を混合することを含む、硫化物固体電解質組成物の製造方法。
[7]前記硫化物固体電解質が非晶性である、上記[6]に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物の製造方法。
[8]前記混合することにより得られる混合物を加熱することを含む、上記[6]又は[7]に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物の製造方法。
[9]上記[1]~[5]のいずれか1に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物と、電極活物質と、を含む電極合材。
本発明者らは、上記の課題を解決するべく鋭意検討した結果、下記の事項を見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
既述のように、特許文献1~3、非特許文献等に開示されるように、電解液を固体電解質層に換えた電池の開発が行われているが、固体電解質は不燃性を有するものとはいえない。そのため、更に安全性を向上させるべく、特許文献4に開示されるように、シリコーン化合物等の難燃剤を添加した、リチウムイオン伝導性の不燃性固体電解質が提案されている。しかしながら、難燃性の付与のために用いられる難燃剤が、イオン伝導度を低減させる一因となっていることが分かってきた。例えば、特許文献4の実施例でも、難燃剤を付与していない固体電解質のイオン伝導度が2×10-3S/cmであるところ、これに難燃剤を添加して難燃性を付与した固体電解質のイオン伝導度が1.2~2.2×10-4S/cmと、イオン伝導度が10倍程度低下することが示されている。これでは、難燃性を有することで安全性が向上したとはいえ、実用に資するものとはいえないものである。このように、固体電解質への難燃性の付与と、イオン伝導度の低下の抑制し、優れたイオン伝導度を有するものとすることとは、二律背反の関係にあるといえる。
さらに、赤リンを用いたところ、硫化水素の発生の抑制にも有効であることが判明した。赤リンは無機リン系難燃剤の一つとして知られているが、既述のイオン伝導度の低下を抑制する効果、さらには硫化水素の発生を抑制する効果を発現することは、従来は全く認知されていなかった事象である。
本発明者らは、以上の知見に基づき、以下説明する、赤リンを用いた硫化物固体電解質組成物、及びその製造方法に関する発明に至った。
上記結晶性及び非晶性の区別は、本実施形態において、硫化物固体電解質、改質硫化物固体電解質のいずれにも適用される。
本実施形態の第一の形態に係る硫化物固体電解質組成物は、
硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、を含有する硫化物固体電解質組成物、
である。
かくして、硫化物固体電解質に赤リンを組み合わせた組成物は、赤リンの元来有する難燃性の向上に加えて、イオン伝導度の低減を抑制し、かつ硫化水素の発生を抑制する硫化水素発生抑制性能という、三つの性能を同時に有する組成物になり得たものと考えられる。
CIE(国際照明委員会)で規定されるL*a*b*表色系における色度a*が0.0超である、
というものである。
本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物において、赤リンがそのままの状態を保持しながら存在していることについては、赤リンが水に溶けないという性状を有しており、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物を水に加えると、不溶の赤リンが固体として沈殿することからも、確認できる。
よって、硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとを混合した組成物であって、色度、更には彩度が高いものは、両者の混合状態がより優れるものであり、その結果、上記の各種効果に優れるものとなる。このように、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物の色度と、当該組成物が有する各種効果と、は相関関係があり、色度が高くなることで、各種効果、中でも硫化水素発生抑制性能が向上する。
前記赤リンの含有量が、組成物全量基準で、0.1質量%以上45質量%以下である、
というものである。
前記硫化物固体電解質が、チオリシコンリージョンII型結晶構造を有する、
というものである。
これを赤リンと組み合わせることにより、難燃性に加えて、チオリシコンリージョンII型結晶構造を有する硫化物固体電解質が元来有する高いイオン伝導度の低下を抑制し、より高いイオン伝導度を有するものとすることができ、また硫化水素の発生の抑制も可能となる。
二酸化硫黄の瞬間発生量が固体電解質1gあたり10ml/分未満である、
というものである。
硫化物固体電解質が、Li3PS4結晶構造を有する、
というものである。
これを赤リンと組み合わせることにより、難燃性に加えて、Li3PS4結晶構造を有する硫化物固体電解質が元来有する高いイオン伝導度の低下を抑制し、より高いイオン伝導度を有するものとすることができ、また硫化水素の発生の抑制も可能となる。
硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、を混合することを含む、
というものである。
前記硫化物固体電解質が非晶性である、
というものである。
前記混合することにより得られる混合物を加熱することを含む、
というものである。
前記硫化物固体電解質組成物と、電極活物質と、を含む、
というものである。
硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、電極活物質と、を含む、
というものである。
上記第十の形態に係る電極合材のように、予め硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとによる硫化物固体電解質組成物としなくても、第十一の形態のように、硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、電極活物質と、を含むという形態をとることで、前記硫化物固体電解質組成物が有する、優れた難燃性及び高いイオン伝導度、さらに優れた硫化水素発生抑制性能という効果が得られる。
本実施形態の組成物において用いられる硫化物固体電解質は、既述のように、少なくとも硫黄原子を含み、かつ含まれる金属原子に起因するイオン伝導度を発現する固体電解質であり、硫黄原子の他、好ましくはリチウム原子、リン原子を含み、より好ましくはリチウム原子、リン原子及びハロゲン原子を含み、リチウム原子に起因するイオン伝導度を有する固体電解質である。
本実施形態の組成物において用いられる硫化物固体電解質としては、非晶性硫化物固体電解質であってもよいし、結晶性硫化物固体電解質であってもよい。
非晶性硫化物固体電解質としては、少なくとも硫黄原子を含み、含まれる金属原子に起因するイオン伝導度を発現するものであれば特に制限なく採用することができ、代表的なものとしては、例えば、Li2S-P2S5(Li3PS4)等の硫化リチウムと硫化リンとから構成される、硫黄原子、リチウム原子及びリン原子を含む固体電解質;Li2S-P2S5-LiI、Li2S-P2S5-LiCl、Li2S-P2S5-LiBr、Li2S-P2S5-LiI-LiBr等の、硫化リチウムと硫化リンとハロゲン化リチウムとから構成される固体電解質;更に酸素元素、珪素元素等の他の元素を含む、例えば、Li2S-P2S5-Li2O-LiI、Li2S-SiS2-P2S5-LiI等の固体電解質が好ましく挙げられる。より高いイオン伝導度を得る観点から、Li2S-P2S5-LiI、Li2S-P2S5-LiCl、Li2S-P2S5-LiBr、Li2S-P2S5-LiI-LiBr等の、硫化リチウムと硫化リンとハロゲン化リチウムとから構成される固体電解質が好ましい。
非晶性硫化物固体電解質を構成する元素の種類は、例えば、ICP発光分光分析装置により確認することができる。
非晶性硫化物固体電解質が、例えば、Li2S-P2S5-LiI-LiBrである場合、硫化リチウム及び五硫化二燐の含有量の合計は、60~95モル%が好ましく、65~90モル%がより好ましく、70~85モル%が更に好ましい。また、臭化リチウムとヨウ化リチウムとの合計に対する臭化リチウムの割合は、1~99モル%が好ましく、20~90モル%がより好ましく、40~80モル%が更に好ましく、50~70モル%が特に好ましい。
また、ハロゲン原子として、臭素及びヨウ素を併用する場合、リチウム原子、硫黄原子、リン原子、臭素原子、及びヨウ素原子の配合比(モル比)は、1.0~1.8:1.0~2.0:0.1~0.8:0.01~0.3:0.01~0.3が好ましく、1.1~1.7:1.2~1.8:0.2~0.6:0.02~0.25:0.02~0.25がより好ましく、1.2~1.6:1.3~1.7:0.25~0.5:0.03~0.2:0.03~0.2がより好ましく、1.35~1.45:1.4~1.7:0.3~0.45:0.04~0.18:0.04~0.18が更に好ましい。リチウム原子、硫黄原子、リン原子及びハロゲン原子の配合比(モル比)を上記範囲内とすることにより、後述するチオリシコンリージョンII型結晶構造を有する、より高いイオン伝導度の固体電解質が得られやすくなる。
本明細書において、平均粒径(D50)は、粒子径分布積算曲線を描いた時に粒子径の最も小さい粒子から順次積算して全体の50%に達するところの粒子径であり、体積分布は、例えば、レーザー回折/散乱式粒子径分布測定装置を用いて測定することができる平均粒径のことである。
結晶性硫化物固体電解質としては、例えば上記の非晶性硫化物固体電解質を結晶化温度以上に加熱して得られる、いわゆるガラスセラミックスであってもよく、以下の結晶構造を有する硫化物固体電解質を採用し得る。
リチウム原子、硫黄原子及びリン原子を含む結晶性硫化物固体電解質が有し得る結晶構造としては、Li3PS4結晶構造、Li4P2S6結晶構造、Li7PS6結晶構造、Li7P3S11結晶構造、2θ=20.2°近傍及び23.6°近傍にピークを有する結晶構造(例えば、特開2013-16423号公報)等が挙げられる。
赤リンは、リン原子が高分子量化したものであり、発火性を有するものの、例えば白リン、黄リン等の自然発火性を有する単体リンに比べて発火性は低く、また毒性も低いことから、安全性の高く、また入手しやすい原料である。
赤リンとしては、未処理のもの、また赤リン粒子の表面に熱硬化性樹脂被膜、金属水酸化物被膜、金属メッキ被膜等の被膜を設けたものを入手することができるが、未処理のものを用いることが好ましい。
このように、赤リンの含有量は、所望の性状を考慮して決定すべきであり、また硫化物固体電解質の種類によってもかわり得るため、一概に決定することはできないが、組成物全量基準で、通常0.1質量%以上45質量%以下の範囲から選定すればよく、好ましくは0.3質量%以上、より好ましくは0.5質量%以上、更に好ましくは1質量%以上であり、上限として好ましくは45質量%以下、より好ましくは35質量%以下、更に好ましくは25質量%以下、より更に好ましくは15質量%以下である。赤リンの含有量が上記範囲内であると、赤リンの使用効果、すなわち、優れた難燃性及び高いイオン伝導度、さらに優れた硫化水素発生抑制性能が効率的に得られやすくなる。
(L*a*b*表色系における明度(L*)、色度(a*及びb*))
既述のように本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は、優れた難燃性及び高いイオン伝導度を有し、さらに優れた硫化水素発生抑制性能を有するものである。そして、優れた難燃性、高いイオン伝導度、硫化水素発生抑制性能は、硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとの組合せにより得られる効果である。赤リンは文字通り、赤色を呈したリンであり、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は赤色を呈するものである。具体的には、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は、JIS Z8781-4:2013に規定されるCIE(国際照明委員会)における明度(L*)、色度(a*及びb*)、並びに彩度(C*)(これらをあわせて「色相」とも称し得る。)が、好ましくは以下の数値を有するものである。
色度(a*)は、既述のように赤色-緑色の指標となるものであり、プラスであり、大きくなるほどより赤色を呈する傾向を示す。本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物の色度(a*)は、好ましくは0.0超、より好ましくは0.1以上、更に好ましくは5.0以上、より更に好ましくは10.0以上であり、上限としては特に制限はないが、通常20.0以下である。
色度(b*)は、黄色-青色の指標となるものであり、プラスであり、大きくなるほどより黄色を呈する傾向を示し、逆にマイナスであり、小さくなるほどより青色を呈する傾向を示す。本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質の色度(b*)は、好ましくは7.0超、より好ましくは8.0以上、更に好ましくは9.5以上、より更に好ましくは11.0以上であり、上限としては特に制限はないが、通常20.0以下である。
また、彩度(C*)は、上記色度(a*及びb*)より、((a*)2+(b*)2)(1/2)で示される、鮮やかさの指標となるものであり、大きくなるほどより鮮やかになる傾向を示す。本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質の彩度(C*)は、好ましくは7.0以上、より好ましくは9.0以上、更に好ましくは11.0以上、より更に好ましくは15.0以上であり、上限としては特に制限はないが、通常25.0以下である。
他方、明度、色度及び彩度(色相)と、本実施形態の組成物が有する上記の各種効果のうち、難燃性及び硫化水素発生抑制性能等、特に硫化水素発生抑制性能と、には相関関係があり、色度及び彩度が上記の好ましい範囲内となり、大きくなる、すなわち赤色をより呈するものとなるにつれて、特に硫化水素発生抑制性能の向上効果がみられる。この場合、硫化物固体電解質組成物の色相は、赤リンが同じ含有量であっても、硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとの混合状態が良好なものほど、色度(a*)、更には彩度(C*)が大きく、より鮮やかな赤色を呈するものとなる。そのため、赤リンの含有量によらず、色相、とりわけ色度(a*)が大きいもの、更には彩度(C*)が大きいものであるほど、特に硫化水素発生抑制性能が向上するといえる。
本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は優れた難燃性を有するものであり、具体的には、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物の二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量は、固体電解質1gあたり、10ml/分未満、さらに5ml/分以下、1ml/分以下、0.5ml/分以下である。二酸化硫黄の瞬間発生量は、実施例に記載される方法により測定される、組成物の難燃性を示す指標であり、少ないほど難燃性に優れることを示す。このように、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は、極めて優れた難燃性を有するものである。
ここで、赤リンを用いることの効果は、既述のように硫黄原子の安定性を向上させることで、硫化水素の発生を抑制することができるため、硫化物固体電解質組成物をより燃焼しにくい環境下におくことができる、ことが挙げられる。よって、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は、赤リンが存在する限り、使用する初期からSO2の瞬間最大発生量が抑制されるため、難燃性を有するものとなる。他方、比較例で示されるように、赤リンを含有しないもの(硫化物固体電解質)は、赤リンによるSO2の瞬間最大発生量の低減が図られないため、燃焼しだすと当該最大発生量を維持したまま燃焼を続けることとなる。このように、赤リンを含有しない硫化物固体電解質に比べて、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は二酸化硫黄(SO2)の発生量は少ないものとなる。
本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は高いイオン伝導度を有するものであり、具体的には、イオン伝導度は、硫化物固体電解質の有する結晶構造等に応じて変わり得るため一概にはいえないが、1.5×10-3S/cm以上、さらには1.7×10-3S/cm以上、1.9×10-3S/cm以上である。ここで、本明細書において、イオン伝導度は実施例に記載される方法により測定されるものである。
また、赤リンを含有させる前後におけるイオン伝導度の変化率(低下率)は、硫化物固体電解質の有する結晶構造等に応じて変わり得るため一概にはいえないが、60%以下、さらには50%以下、45%以下、40%以下、35%以下、30%以下である。このように、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は、難燃性を用いたとしても、変化率(低下率)は極めて小さく、難燃性の付与と、イオン伝導度の低下の抑制という二律背反の関係にある性能を両立し得る組成物であるといえる。
また、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は優れた硫化水素発生抑制性能を有するものであり、具体的には、硫化水素(H2S)の瞬間発生量は、固体電解質1gあたり、15ml/分未満、さらに12ml/分未満、10ml/分未満、9.0ml/分未満、6.0ml/分未満、5.0ml/分未満、4.0ml/分未満である。硫化水素の瞬間発生量は、実施例に記載される方法により測定される、組成物の硫化水素の発生抑制性能を示す指標であり、少ないほど硫化水素の発生抑制性能に優れることを示す。このように、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は、極めて優れた硫化水素の発生抑制性能を有するものである。
ここで、赤リンを用いることの効果は、既述のように硫黄原子の安定性を向上させることで、硫化水素の発生を抑制することができるため、硫化物固体電解質組成物をより燃焼しにくい環境下におくことができる、ことが挙げられる。よって、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は、赤リンが存在する限り、使用する初期からH2Sの瞬間最大発生量が抑制されるため、硫化水素発生抑制性能を有するものとなる。他方、比較例で示されるように、赤リンを含有しないもの(硫化物固体電解質)は、赤リンによるH2Sの瞬間最大発生量の低減が図られないため、使用する初期から当該最大発生量を維持したままH2Sが発生し続けることとなる。このように、赤リンを含有しない硫化物固体電解質に比べて、本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物は硫化水素(H2S)の発生量は少ないものとなる。
本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物の製造方法は、硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、を混合することを含む、というものである。
まず、硫化物固体電解質の製造方法について説明する。
本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物及びその製造方法で用いられる硫化物固体電解質は、例えば、少なくとも硫黄原子を含む化合物、好ましくは硫黄原子の他、リチウム原子及びリン原子の少なくとも一の原子を含む化合物、より好ましくは硫黄原子の他、リチウム原子、リン原子及びハロゲン原子の少なくとも一の原子を含む化合物から選ばれる二種以上の原料を混合することを含む、製造方法により得られる。
原料としては、既述のように少なくとも硫黄原子を含む化合物、好ましくは硫黄原子、リチウム原子及びリン原子の少なくとも一の原子を含む化合物、より好ましくは硫黄原子、リチウム原子、リン原子及びハロゲン原子の少なくとも一の原子を含む化合物が挙げられ、これらの化合物から選ばれる二種以上の化合物を採用し得る。
このような化合物としては、例えば、硫化リチウム;フッ化リチウム、塩化リチウム、臭化リチウム、ヨウ化リチウム等のハロゲン化リチウム;ヨウ化ナトリウム、フッ化ナトリウム、塩化ナトリウム、臭化ナトリウム等のハロゲン化ナトリウムなどのハロゲン化アルカリ金属;三硫化二リン(P2S3)、五硫化二リン(P2S5)等の硫化リン;各種フッ化リン(PF3、PF5)、各種塩化リン(PCl3、PCl5、P2Cl4)、各種臭化リン(PBr3、PBr5)、各種ヨウ化リン(PI3、P2I4)等のハロゲン化リン;フッ化チオホスホリル(PSF3)、塩化チオホスホリル(PSCl3)、臭化チオホスホリル(PSBr3)、ヨウ化チオホスホリル(PSI3)、二塩化フッ化チオホスホリル(PSCl2F)、二臭化フッ化チオホスホリル(PSBr2F)等のハロゲン化チオホスホリル;などの上記四種の原子から選ばれる少なくとも二種の原子からなる原料、フッ素(F2)、塩素(Cl2)、臭素(Br2)、ヨウ素(I2)等のハロゲン単体、好ましくは臭素(Br2)、ヨウ素(I2)が代表的に挙げられる。
また、同様の観点から、原料に用い得る化合物としては、上記の中でも、硫化リチウム;三硫化二リン(P2S3)、五硫化二リン(P2S5)等の硫化リン;フッ素(F2)、塩素(Cl2)、臭素(Br2)、ヨウ素(I2)等のハロゲン単体;フッ化リチウム、塩化リチウム、臭化リチウム、ヨウ化リチウム等のハロゲン化リチウム;が好ましく、硫化リンの中でも五硫化二リンが好ましく、ハロゲン単体の中でも塩素(Cl2)、臭素(Br2)、ヨウ素(I2)が好ましく、ハロゲン化リチウムの中でも塩化リチウム、臭化リチウム、ヨウ化リチウムが好ましい。
硫化リチウム粒子の平均粒径(D50)は、10μm以上2000μm以下であることが好ましく、30μm以上1500μm以下であることがより好ましく、50μm以上1000μm以下であることがさらに好ましい。また、上記の原料として例示したもののうち固体の原料については、上記硫化リチウム粒子と同じ程度の平均粒径を有するものが好ましい、すなわち上記硫化リチウム粒子の平均粒径と同じ範囲内にあるものが好ましい。
2≦2α+β≦100…(1)
4≦2α+β≦80 …(2)
6≦2α+β≦50 …(3)
6≦2α+β≦30 …(4)
原料を混合は、例えば混合機を用いて行うことができる。また、撹拌機、粉砕機等を用いて行うこともできる。
撹拌機を用いても原料の混合は起こり得るし、粉砕機を用いると原料の粉砕が生じることとなるが、同時に混合も生じるからである。すなわち、本実施形態で用いられる硫化物固体電解質は、原料を、撹拌、混合、粉砕、又はこれらのいずれかを組合せた処理により行うことができる、ともいえる。
媒体式粉砕機は、容器駆動式粉砕機、媒体撹拌式粉砕機に大別される。容器駆動式粉砕機としては、撹拌槽、粉砕槽、あるいはこれらを組合せたボールミル、ビーズミル等が挙げられる。また、媒体撹拌式粉砕機としては、カッターミル、ハンマーミル、ピンミル等の衝撃式粉砕機;タワーミルなどの塔型粉砕機;アトライター、アクアマイザー、サンドグラインダー等の撹拌槽型粉砕機;ビスコミル、パールミル等の流通槽型粉砕機;流通管型粉砕機;コボールミル等のアニュラー型粉砕機;連続式のダイナミック型粉砕機;一軸又は多軸混練機などの各種粉砕機が挙げられる。中でも、得られる硫化物の粒径の調整のしやすさ等を考慮すると、容器駆動式粉砕機として例示したボールミル、ビーズミルが好ましく、中でも遊星型のものが好ましい。
湿式粉砕機としては、湿式ビーズミル、湿式ボールミル、湿式振動ミル等が代表的に挙げられ、粉砕操作の条件を自由に調整でき、より小さい粒径のものに対応しやすい点で、ビーズを粉砕メディアとして用いる湿式ビーズミルが好ましい。また、乾式ビーズミル、乾式ボールミル、乾式振動ミル等の乾式媒体式粉砕機、ジェットミル等の乾式非媒体粉砕機等の乾式粉砕機を用いることもできる。
また、材質としては、例えば、ステンレス、クローム鋼、タングステンカーバイド等の金属;ジルコニア、窒化ケイ素等のセラミックス;メノウ等の鉱物が挙げられる。
また、この場合の粉砕時間としては、その処理する規模に応じてかわるため一概にはいえないが、通常0.5時間以上、好ましくは1時間以上、より好ましくは5時間以上、更に好ましくは10時間以上であり、上限としては通常100時間以下、好ましくは72時間以下、より好ましくは48時間以下、更に好ましくは36時間以下である。
上記の混合にあたり、上記の原料に、溶媒を加えて混合することができる。溶媒としては、広く有機溶媒と称される各種溶媒等を用いることができる。
アセトニトリル、アクリロニトリル等のニトリル溶媒;ジメチルホルムアミド、ニトロベンゼン等の窒素原子を含む溶媒も好ましく挙げられる。
また、硫黄原子を含む溶媒としては、ジメチルスルホキシド、二硫化炭素等が好ましく挙げられる。
溶媒を用いて混合を行った場合は、混合を行った後、混合により得られた流体(通常、スラリー)を乾燥することを含んでもよい。溶媒として錯化剤を用いた場合は、錯化剤を含む錯体から当該錯化剤を除去することにより、錯化剤と溶媒とを併用した場合は、錯化剤を含む錯体から当該錯化剤を除去し、かつ溶媒を除去することにより、また錯化剤以外の溶媒を用いた場合は当該溶媒を除去することにより、硫化物固体電解質が得られる。得られた硫化物固体電解質は、リチウム原子に起因するイオン伝導度を発現するものである。
また、通常5~100℃、好ましくは10~85℃、より好ましくは15~70℃、より更に好ましくは室温(23℃)程度(例えば室温±5℃程度)で真空ポンプ等を用いて減圧乾燥(真空乾燥)して、錯化剤及び必要に応じて用いられる溶媒を揮発させて行うことができる。
固液分離は、具体的には、流体を容器に移し、硫化物(あるいは錯化剤を含む場合は錯体(硫化物固体電解質の前駆体とも称し得るものである。)が沈殿した後に、上澄みとなる錯化剤、溶媒を除去するデカンテーション、また例えばポアサイズが10~200μm程度、好ましくは20~150μmのガラスフィルターを用いたろ過が容易である。
上記混合を行って得られる硫化物固体電解質は、例えば結晶化する程度に粉砕機を用いて粉砕による混合を行わない限り、基本的には非晶性の硫化物固体電解質(ガラス成分)となる。
硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとの混合において、硫化物固体電解質は非晶性であっても、結晶性であってもよいが、非晶性の方が好ましい。既述のように、赤リンの使用効果、すなわち難燃性及び高いイオン伝導度を向上させ、さらに硫化水素発生抑制性能を向上させるという効果が得られやすいからである。
硫化物固体電解質の製造にあたり、さらに加熱することを含んでもよい。上記混合することにより非晶性の硫化物固体電解質(ガラス成分)が得られた場合は、加熱することにより結晶性の硫化物固体電解質が得られ、また結晶性の硫化物固体電解質が得られた場合は、より結晶化度を向上させた結晶性の硫化物固体電解質が得られる。
硫化物固体電解質を製造する段階においては、加熱をする場合であっても、非晶性の硫化物固体電解質に留まるようにすることが好ましい。既述のように、後述する赤リンとの混合において、非晶性の硫化物固体電解質を用いることが好ましいからである。
加熱の方法は、特に制限されるものではないが、例えば、ホットプレート、真空加熱装置、アルゴンガス雰囲気炉、焼成炉を用いる方法等を挙げることができる。また、工業的には、加熱手段と送り機構を有する横型乾燥機、横型振動流動乾燥機等を用いることもでき、加熱する処理量に応じて選択すればよい。
本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物の製造方法において、硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとの混合は、例えば上記の硫化物固体電解質の製造における原料の混合と同様の方法により行えばよい。具体的には、上記原料の混合において用い得る撹拌機、混合機、粉砕機として例示した機器から、製造量等を考慮して、適宜選択して用いればよい。また、実験室レベルであれば、乳鉢等を用いて混合してもよい。
硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとの混合状態を向上させる観点から、撹拌機、混合機、粉砕機を用いることが好ましく、粉砕機を用いることがより好ましい。粉砕機を用いることで、混合状態が向上するため、赤リンの使用効果、中でも難燃性及び硫化水素発生抑制性能の向上効果が得られやすくなり、特に硫化水素発生抑制性能が向上する。
本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物の製造方法は、さらに加熱することを含んでもよい。加熱することを含む場合、加熱の対象は、上記赤リンとの混合により得られる、硫化物固体電解質及び赤リンを含む混合物であり、好ましくは非晶性の硫化物固体電解質及び赤リンを含む混合物である。
本実施形態の製造方法においては、加熱することにより結晶化させることが好ましい。後述する電極合材に使用しやすくなるからである。
本実施形態の電極合材は、上記の本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物と、電極活物質と、を含むものである。また、本実施形態の電極合材は、上記の硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、電極活物質と、を含むものである。
本実施形態の電極合材において用いられる電極活物質は、電極合材が正極、負極のいずれに用いられるかに応じて、各々正極活物質、負極活物質が採用される。本実施形態の電極合材に用いられる硫化物固体電解質組成物は、電池性能の向上の観点から、正極活物質と組み合わせて正極として用いられることが好ましい。すなわち本実施形態の電極合材に含まれる電極活物質としては、正極活物質が好ましい。
硫化物系正極活物質としては、硫化チタン(TiS2)、硫化モリブデン(MoS2)、硫化鉄(FeS、FeS2)、硫化銅(CuS)、硫化ニッケル(Ni3S2)等が挙げられる。
また、上記正極活物質の他、セレン化ニオブ(NbSe3)等も使用可能である。
正極活物質は、一種単独で、又は複数種を組み合わせて用いることが可能である。
このような負極活物質としては、例えば、金属リチウム、金属インジウム、金属アルミ、金属ケイ素、金属スズ等の金属リチウム又は金属リチウムと合金を形成し得る金属、これら金属の酸化物、またこれら金属と金属リチウムとの合金等が挙げられる。
被覆層を形成する材料としては、硫化物固体電解質においてイオン伝導度を発現する原子、好ましくはリチウム原子の窒化物、酸化物、又はこれらの複合物等のイオン伝導体が挙げられる。具体的には、窒化リチウム(Li3N)、Li4GeO4を主構造とする、例えばLi4-2xZnxGeO4等のリシコン型結晶構造を有する伝導体、Li3PO4型の骨格構造を有する例えばLi4-xGe1-xPxS4等のチオリシコン型結晶構造を有する伝導体、La2/3-xLi3xTiO3等のペロブスカイト型結晶構造を有する伝導体、LiTi2(PO4)3等のNASICON型結晶構造を有する伝導体等が挙げられる。
また、LiyTi3-yO4(0<y<3)、Li4Ti5O12(LTO)等のチタン酸リチウム、LiNbO3、LiTaO3等の周期表の第5族に属する金属の金属酸リチウム、またLi2O-B2O3-P2O5系、Li2O-B2O3-ZnO系、Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2-P2O5-TiO2系等の酸化物系の伝導体等が挙げられる。
ここで、各種元素を含む溶液としては、例えばリチウムエトキシド、チタンイソプロポキシド、ニオブイソプロポキシド、タンタルイソプロポキシド等の各種金属のアルコキシドを含む溶液を用いればよい。この場合、溶媒としては、エタノール、ブタノール等のアルコール系溶媒、ヘキサン、ヘプタン、オクタン等の脂肪族炭化水素溶媒;ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素溶媒等を用いればよい。
また、上記の付着は、浸漬、スプレーコーティング等により行えばよい。
被覆層の厚さは、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)による断面観察により、被覆層の厚さを測定することができ、被覆率は、被覆層の厚さと、元素分析値、BET表面積と、から算出することができる。
本実施形態の電極合材は、上記の硫化物固体電解質組成物、電極活物質の他、また硫化物固体電解質、赤リン及び電極活物質の他、例えば導電材、結着剤等のその他成分を含んでもよい。
導電材としては、電子伝導性の向上により電池性能を向上させる観点から、人造黒鉛、黒鉛炭素繊維、樹脂焼成炭素、熱分解気相成長炭素、コークス、メソカーボンマイクロビーズ、フルフリルアルコール樹脂焼成炭素、ポリアセン、ピッチ系炭素繊維、気相成長炭素繊維、天然黒鉛、難黒鉛化性炭素等の炭素系材料が挙げられる。
結着剤としては、結着性、柔軟性等の機能を付与し得るものであれば特に制限はなく、例えば、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン等のフッ素系ポリマー、ブチレンゴム、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム等の熱可塑性エラストマー、アクリル樹脂、アクリルポリオール樹脂、ポロビニルアセタール樹脂、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂、シリコーン樹脂等の各種樹脂が例示される。
また、結着剤を含有する場合、電極合材中の結着剤の含有量は特に制限はないが、電池性能を向上させ、かつ製造効率を考慮すると、好ましくは1質量%以上、より好ましくは3質量%以上、更に好ましくは5質量%以上であり、上限として好ましくは20質量%以下、好ましくは15質量%以下、更に好ましくは10質量%以下である。
本実施形態の電極合材は、上記の本実施形態の硫化物固体電解質組成物と、電極活物質と、を混合して製造することができる。また、本実施形態の電極合材は、上記の硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、電極活物質と、を混合して製造することもできる。
混合に際しては、上記の機械的処理用前駆体を機械的処理する方法として説明した、粉砕機、撹拌機等の装置を用いた方法が好ましい。
また、電極合材の作製において、導電材、結着剤を用いる場合を考慮すると、撹拌槽型粉砕機が好ましく、中でも転動ミルが好ましい。
非晶質硫化物固体電解質(Li2S-P2S5-LiBr-LiI、Li:P:S:Br:I=3.5:1:4:0.25:0.25)0.9gと、赤リン0.1g(赤リン含有量:10質量%)と、を乳鉢にいれて混合して混合物(硫化物固体電解質組成物)を得た。得られた混合物について、以下の方法に基づき、二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量の測定及び難燃性の評価、並びに硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量の測定及び硫化水素発生抑制の評価を行った。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第1表に示す。
また、上記非晶質硫化物固体電解質について、減圧下で160℃で2時間の加熱を行い、結晶性硫化物固体電解質を得た。得られた結晶性固体電解質について、XRD測定を行ったところ、結晶性固体電解質のX線回折スペクトルでは主に2θ=20.2°、23.6°に結晶化ピークが検出され、チオリシコンリージョンII型結晶構造を有するもの(単に「R-II」とも称する。)であることが確認された。イオン伝導度を測定したところ、3.9×10-3(S/cm)であった。
図1に示される測定装置を用いて、SO2及びH2Sの瞬間最大発生量の測定を行った。
硫化物固体電解質として10mg相当になるように実施例で得られた組成物及び比較例で得られた混合物(試料)を容器内に入れた。フローメーターで1L/分の流量に管理しながら窒素を流通させながら、管状炉を用いて約10℃/分の昇温速度で300℃まで昇温し、温度が安定した後、フローメーターで1L/分の流量に管理しながら露点-60℃のドライエアーに切り替えて供給した。ドライエアーに切り替えした直後に下流に設置したガス検知器によりSO2及びH2Sの発生量を15秒おきにモニタし、瞬間最大発生量を検知した。検知されたガス分率、流量及び固体電解質量から固体電解質1g当たりの発生量を算出し、SO2及びH2Sの瞬間最大発生量とした。これらの瞬間最大発生量により、以下の難燃性及び硫化水素発生抑制性能の評価を行った。
上記方法により測定されたSO2瞬間発生量に基づき、以下の基準により評価した。SO2瞬間発生量が小さいほど、難燃性に優れており、A~C評価であれば合格である。
A:SO2瞬間発生量が、1.0ml/g-固体電解質/分未満
B:SO2瞬間発生量が、1.0ml/g-固体電解質/分以上7.5ml/g-固体電解質/分未満
C:SO2瞬間発生量が、7.5ml/g-固体電解質/分以上10.0ml/g-固体電解質/分未満
D:SO2瞬間発生量が、10.0ml/g-固体電解質/分以上
上記方法により測定されたH2S瞬間発生量に基づき、以下の基準により評価した。H2S瞬間発生量が小さいほど、硫化水素発生抑制の効果に優れており、A~C評価であれば合格である。なお、C評価及びD評価における10.0ml/g-固体電解質/分超は、測定装置の測定限界を超えていたが、C評価の場合はその後の実用に際して問題がなかったことから、硫化水素の発生量はより小さいものと判断し、合格の評価と扱った。
A:H2S瞬間発生量が、7.5ml/g-固体電解質/分未満
B:H2S瞬間発生量が、7.5ml/g-固体電解質/分以上10.0ml/g-固体電解質/分未満
C:H2S瞬間発生量が、10.0ml/g-固体電解質/分以上であったが、燃焼ガス(SO2)が発生しなかったため、実用上問題がなかった。
D:H2S瞬間発生量が、10.0ml/g-固体電解質/分以上であり、燃焼ガス(SO2)が発生したため、実用上問題が発生した。
実施例1において、非晶性の硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとの混合を行い、得られた混合物を160℃で2時間、真空下において加熱を行い、結晶化させた。得られた結晶性の硫化物固体電解質組成物について、上記方法に基づき、二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量の測定及び難燃性の評価、並びに硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量の測定及び硫化水素発生抑制の評価を行った。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第1表に示す。
また、得られた結晶性の硫化物固体電解質組成物について、以下の方法に基づきイオン伝導度を測定した。測定結果を第1表に示す。
得られた結晶性硫化物固体電解質から、直径10mm(断面積S:0.785cm2)、高さ(L)0.1~0.3cmの円形ペレットを成形して試料とした。その試料の上下から電極端子を取り、25℃において交流インピーダンス法により測定し(周波数範囲:5MHz~0.5Hz、振幅:10mV)、Cole-Coleプロットを得た。高周波側領域に観測される円弧の右端付近で、-Z’’(Ω)が最小となる点での実数部Z’(Ω)を電解質のバルク抵抗R(Ω)とし、以下式に従い、イオン伝導度σ(S/cm)を計算した。
R=ρ(L/S)
σ=1/ρ
実施例1において、非晶性の硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとの混合において、非晶性の硫化物固体電解質を0.8gとし、赤リンを0.2g(赤リン含有量:20質量%)とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして混合物を得た。
次いで、得られた混合物を、160℃で2時間、真空下において加熱を行い、結晶化させた。得られた結晶性の硫化物固体電解質組成物について、上記方法に基づき、二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量の測定及び難燃性の評価、並びに硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量の測定及び硫化水素発生抑制の評価を行った。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第1表に示す。
実施例1において、非晶性の硫化物固体電解質にかえて、実施例1において得られた結晶性の硫化物固体電解質を、赤リンと混合した以外は、実施例1と同様にして混合物を得た。
次いで、得られた混合物(結晶性の硫化物固体電解質組成物)について、上記方法に基づき、二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量の測定及び難燃性の評価、硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量の測定及び硫化水素発生抑制の評価、並びにイオン伝導度の測定を行った。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第1表に示す。
実施例4において、赤リンの含有量が第1表に示される含有量となるように、結晶性の硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとを混合した以外は、実施例4と同様にして結晶性の硫化物固体電解質組成物を得た。得られた結晶性の硫化物固体電解質組成物について、上記方法に基づき、二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量の測定及び難燃性の評価、並びに硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量の測定及び硫化水素発生抑制の評価を行った。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第1表に示す。
実施例1で得られた非晶性の硫化物固体電解質について、上記方法に基づき、二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量の測定及び難燃性の評価、並びに硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量の測定及び硫化水素発生抑制の評価を行った。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第2表に示す。
実施例1で得られた結晶性の硫化物固体電解質について、上記方法に基づき、二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量の測定及び難燃性の評価、硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量の測定及び硫化水素発生抑制の評価、並びにイオン伝導度の測定を行った。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第2表に示す。
実施例1において、赤リンの代わりに代替剤a~hを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして、比較例3~9の混合物を得た。得られた混合物について、上記方法に基づき、二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量の測定及び難燃性の評価、硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量の測定及び硫化水素発生抑制の評価、並びにイオン伝導度の測定を行った。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第2表に示す。
・代替剤a:トリフェニルホスフェート(TPP)
・代替剤b:フェノキシホスファゼン化合物(「SPS-100(商品名)」、大塚化学社製)
・代替剤c:1,3-フェニレンビス(ジ-2,6-キシレニルホスフェート)(「PX-200(商品名)」、大八化学工業社製)
・代替剤d:エチレンビステトラブロモフタルイミド(「BT-93W(商品名)」、アルベマール日本社製)
・代替剤e:1,3,5-トリアジン-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-トリオン及び1,3,5-トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミンの混合物(質量比1:1)(メラミンシアヌレート)(「Melapur MC25(商品名)」、BASFジャパン製)
・代替剤f:メラミン
・代替剤g:ホスフィン酸金属塩系難燃剤(「OP1230(商品名)」、クラリアントケミカルズ社製)
・代替剤h:メラミン系難燃剤(「FP2050(商品名)」、ADEKA社製)
一方、比較例1及び2に記載されるものは、各々実施例1及び2の硫化物固体電解質組成物に含まれる硫化物固体電解質自体に該当するが、赤リンを含まないため、難燃性及び硫化水素発生抑制性能の点で劣るものとなった。また、比較例3~9の組成物は、実施例1において赤リンを他の難燃剤にかえたものであるが、難燃剤を用いているにもかかわらず難燃性に劣っており、また硫化水素発生抑制性能も劣るものであることが確認された。ここで、比較例において、硫化水素発生抑制性能の評価が「D」評価のものにおける、硫化水素の最大瞬間発生量「>10」は、「C」評価である例(例えば、実施例1及び2)の最大瞬間発生量と同じ表記となっている。最大瞬間発生量を同じ表記としているのは、測定装置の測定限界を超えたためであるが、「C」評価のものと「D」評価のものとでは、その後に使用した際の状況が全く異なるため、「D」評価となる比較例のものは、明らかに「C」評価のものよりも硫化水素が多く発生しているものと考えられる。
文献(J.Am.Chem.Soc.2013,135,975-978、“Anomalous High Ionic Conductivity of Nanoporous β-Li3PS4”)に記載の方法に基づき、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)中で、硫化リチウムと五硫化二リンとを、室温において反応させて、Li3PS4・3THFを調製し、80℃で乾燥させてテトラヒドロフランを除去し、非晶性Li3PS4を調製した。得られた非晶性Li3PS4を0.9gと、赤リン0.1g(赤リン含有量:10質量%)と、を乳鉢にいれて混合して混合物(硫化物固体電解質組成物)を得た。
得られた混合物について、以下の方法に基づき、二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量の測定及び難燃性の評価、並びに硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量の測定及び硫化水素発生抑制の評価を行った。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第3表に示す。
実施例8で得られた非晶性Li3PS4について、以下の方法に基づき、二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量の測定及び難燃性の評価、並びに硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量の測定及び硫化水素発生抑制の評価を行った。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第3表に示す。
一方、比較例10は、実施例8において赤リンを使用しなかったものであるが、難燃性及び硫化水素発生抑制性能のいずれも劣るものであった。
実施例1と同様にして用意した非晶質硫化物固体電解質0.95gを用い、非晶質硫化物固体電解質と赤リン0.05g(赤リン含有量:5質量%)を45ccのアルミナポットに秤量した。メディアとして5mmφのジルコニアボール42.3gを加えて蓋をした。小型ボールミル卓上架台(「AV-1(型番)」、株式会社アサヒ理化製作所製)を用いて600rpmで3時間混合した。得られた混合物を160℃で2時間、真空下において加熱を行い、結晶化させた。得られた結晶性の硫化物固体電解質組成物の二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量及び硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量は、それぞれ0ml/g/分及び及び8.5ml/g/分であった。また、イオン伝導度を測定したところ、3.2mS/cmであった。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第4表に示す。
非晶質硫化物固体電解質0.90gとし、赤リン0.10g(赤リン含有量:10質量%)とし、結晶化のための加熱を行わなかった以外は実施例9と同様に実施した。得られた粉末(硫化物固体電解質組成物)の二酸化硫黄(SO2)の瞬間発生量及び硫化水素(H2S)瞬間発生量は、それぞれ0ml/g/分及び7.0ml/g/分であった。これらの測定結果及び評価結果を第4表に示す。
硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとの混合は、乳鉢よりも粉砕機(ボールミル)を用いた方が、両者の混合状態はより良好なものとなるため、赤リンの含有量が同じであっても、またより少ないものであっても、より優れた効果が得られるものと考えられる。
実施例2及び10、並びに比較例1の硫化物固体電解質組成物について、分光色差計(「SE6000(型番)」、日本電色工業株式会社製)を用いてJIS Z8781-4:2013に規定されるCIE(国際照明委員会)における明度(L*)、色度(a*及びb*)の測定を行った。その測定結果及び彩度(C*)を第5表に示す。なお、明度(L*)、色度(a*及びb*)の測定の測定にあたっては、5回の測定を行い、その平均値を採用した。
以上の結果から、赤リンの含有量の多少によらず、より赤色を呈しており、彩度が鮮やかな(色度(a*及びb*)がより大きく、彩度(C*)が大きい)もの、すなわち硫化物固体電解質と赤リンとの混合の状態がより優れたものであるほど、優れた難燃性を有し、またより優れた硫化水素発生抑制性能を有していることが確認された。
Claims (11)
- 硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、を含有する硫化物固体電解質組成物。
- CIE(国際照明委員会)で規定されるL*a*b*表色系における色度a*が0.0超である請求項1に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物。
- 前記赤リンの含有量が、組成物全量基準で、0.1質量%以上45質量%以下である請求項1又は2に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物。
- 前記硫化物固体電解質が、チオリシコンリージョンII型結晶構造を有する請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物。
- 二酸化硫黄の瞬間発生量が、固体電解質1gあたり10ml/分未満である請求項4に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物。
- 前記硫化物固体電解質が、Li3PS4結晶構造を有する請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物。
- 硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、を混合することを含む、硫化物固体電解質組成物の製造方法。
- 前記硫化物固体電解質が非晶性である、請求項7に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物の製造方法。
- 前記混合することにより得られる混合物を加熱することを含む、請求項7又は8に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物の製造方法。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の硫化物固体電解質組成物と、電極活物質と、を含む電極合材。
- 硫化物固体電解質と、赤リンと、電極活物質と、を含む電極合材。
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