WO2022230468A1 - リチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022230468A1 WO2022230468A1 PCT/JP2022/013657 JP2022013657W WO2022230468A1 WO 2022230468 A1 WO2022230468 A1 WO 2022230468A1 JP 2022013657 W JP2022013657 W JP 2022013657W WO 2022230468 A1 WO2022230468 A1 WO 2022230468A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- ion
- lithium
- secondary battery
- lithium secondary
- Prior art date
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 156
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 124
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to lithium secondary batteries.
- lithium-ion secondary batteries As a secondary battery for motor drive, it is required to have extremely high output characteristics and high energy compared to consumer lithium ion secondary batteries used in mobile phones and laptop computers. Therefore, lithium-ion secondary batteries, which have the highest theoretical energy among all practical batteries, have attracted attention and are being rapidly developed.
- lithium-ion secondary batteries which are currently in widespread use, use a combustible organic electrolyte as the electrolyte.
- a combustible organic electrolyte as the electrolyte.
- Such a liquid type lithium ion secondary battery requires stricter safety measures against liquid leakage, short circuit, overcharge, etc. than other batteries.
- a solid electrolyte is a material composed mainly of an ionic conductor capable of conducting ions in a solid. Therefore, in the all-solid lithium secondary battery, in principle, various problems due to the combustible organic electrolytic solution do not occur unlike the conventional liquid-type lithium ion secondary battery. In general, the use of a high-potential, large-capacity positive electrode material and a large-capacity negative electrode material can significantly improve the output density and energy density of the battery.
- the present inventors have diligently studied to solve the above problems.
- the solid electrolyte layer is on the negative electrode current collector side of the surface facing the negative electrode current collector, and the positive electrode active material layer is opposed to the negative electrode current collector.
- the ion conductive reaction suppression layer that has lithium ion conductivity and suppresses the reaction between the lithium metal and the solid electrolyte in the region where the The inventors have found that the above problems can be solved by providing an ion permeation suppressing layer, and have completed the present invention.
- one embodiment of the present invention has a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions is arranged on the surface of the positive electrode current collector, and a negative electrode current collector,
- the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery including a power generating element having a negative electrode in which lithium metal is sometimes deposited on the negative electrode current collector, and a solid electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and containing a solid electrolyte.
- lithium ions are added to at least part of the region where the positive electrode active material layer faces the negative electrode current collector, on the main surface of the solid electrolyte layer facing the negative electrode current collector.
- An ion conductive reaction suppression layer having conductivity and suppressing reaction between the lithium metal and the solid electrolyte is provided. It is characterized in that an ion permeation suppression layer that suppresses permeation is provided.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the overall structure of a stacked (internal parallel connection type) all-solid lithium secondary battery (stacked secondary battery) that is an embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a cell layer of a laminated secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. FIG. 2 corresponds to the configuration of an evaluation cell fabricated in Example 1, which will be described later.
- 1 is a perspective view of a stacked secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. It is the side view seen from the A direction shown in FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the appearance of a stacked secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a single cell layer of a stacked secondary battery according to another embodiment of the present invention;
- One embodiment of the present invention has a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions is arranged on the surface of the positive electrode current collector, and a negative electrode current collector.
- a power generating element having a negative electrode in which lithium metal is deposited on a negative electrode current collector, and a solid electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and containing a solid electrolyte, wherein the solid electrolyte layer is the negative electrode current collector.
- a lithium secondary battery wherein a conductive reaction suppression layer is provided, and an ion permeation suppression layer that suppresses permeation of lithium ions is provided on the main surface on the outer peripheral side of the ion conductive reaction suppression layer.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the overall structure of a stacked (internal parallel connection type) all-solid lithium secondary battery (hereinafter also simply referred to as a “stacked secondary battery”) that is an embodiment of the present invention. It is a sectional view.
- a laminated secondary battery 10a shown in FIG. 1 has a structure in which a substantially rectangular power generation element 21 in which charge/discharge reactions actually progress is sealed inside a laminate film 29 that is a battery exterior body.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of the laminated secondary battery during charging, so that the negative electrode active material layer 13 made of lithium metal exists between the negative electrode current collector 11′ and the solid electrolyte layer 17.
- a pressure member applies a restraining pressure to the stack secondary battery 10a in the stacking direction of the power generating elements 21 (not shown). Therefore, the volume of the power generation element 21 is kept constant.
- the power generation element 21 of the laminated secondary battery 10a of the present embodiment includes a negative electrode in which a negative electrode active material layer 13 containing lithium metal is arranged on both sides of a negative electrode current collector 11′, and a solid electrolyte layer. 17 and a positive electrode in which positive electrode active material layers 15 containing a lithium-transition metal composite oxide are arranged on both sides of the positive electrode current collector 11′′.
- a negative electrode active material is provided.
- a negative electrode, a solid electrolyte layer, and a positive electrode are laminated in this order such that the material layer 13 and the adjacent positive electrode active material layer 15 face each other with the solid electrolyte layer 17 interposed therebetween.
- the solid electrolyte layer, and the positive electrode constitute one single cell layer 19. Therefore, in the stacked secondary battery 10a shown in FIG. It can also be said that it has a configuration formed by
- a negative electrode current collector 25 and a positive electrode current collector 27 electrically connected to each electrode are attached to the negative electrode current collector 11 ′ and the positive electrode current collector 11 ′′, respectively. It has a structure in which it is sandwiched and led out of the laminate film 29.
- the negative electrode current collector plate 25 and the positive electrode current collector plate 27 are respectively connected to a negative electrode terminal lead and a positive electrode terminal lead (not shown) as necessary. ) to the negative electrode current collector 11′ and the positive electrode current collector 11′′ of each electrode by ultrasonic welding, resistance welding, or the like.
- lithium secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention has been described by taking a stacked (internal parallel connection type) all-solid lithium secondary battery as an example.
- the type of lithium secondary battery to which the present invention can be applied is not particularly limited, and the present invention can also be applied to a bipolar lithium secondary battery.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the cell layer 19 of the laminated secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the single cell layer 19 constituting the laminated secondary battery 10a according to the present embodiment is a positive electrode composed of a positive electrode current collector 11′′ and a positive electrode active material layer 15 disposed on the surface thereof.
- a solid electrolyte layer 17 containing a solid electrolyte is disposed on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer 15 opposite to the positive electrode current collector 11′′.
- a carbon black layer 18a containing carbon black nanoparticles is provided (in other words, having a size one size larger than that of the positive electrode active material layer 15 when the power generating element 21 is viewed from above). Since the carbon black constituting the carbon black layer 18a has lithium ion conductivity, the carbon black layer 18a can conduct lithium ions. Therefore, the provision of the carbon black layer 18a does not hinder the progress of the battery reaction.
- the carbon black layer 18a also has a function of suppressing the reaction between the lithium metal (negative electrode active material layer 13) deposited on the negative electrode current collector 11′ during charging and the solid electrolyte contained in the solid electrolyte layer 17. ing. Therefore, it can be said that the carbon black layer 18a functions as an ion conductive reaction suppression layer.
- the entire outer circumference of the above-described carbon black layer 18a is An alumina layer 18b containing nanoparticles of alumina (aluminum oxide) is provided.
- Alumina constituting the alumina layer 18b is a material that does not have lithium ion conductivity. Therefore, the alumina layer 18b functions as an ion permeation suppression layer that suppresses permeation of lithium ions.
- the outer peripheral edge of the lithium metal (negative electrode active material layer 13) deposited on the negative electrode current collector 11′ during charging is It is positioned inside the outer peripheral edge of the alumina layer 18b and outside the outer peripheral edge of the carbon black layer 18a.
- dendrites grow from the outer peripheral edge of the lithium metal (negative electrode active material layer 13) deposited on the negative electrode current collector 11′ during charging, and the dendrites and the solid electrolyte layer resulting therefrom grow. 17 and/or the positive electrode active material layer 15 is more effectively prevented from short-circuiting.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a laminated secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention. 4 is a side view seen from direction A shown in FIG. 3. FIG.
- the laminated secondary battery 100 includes a power generation element 21 sealed with the laminate film 29 shown in FIG. 1 and a power generation element sealed with the laminate film 29. 21, and bolts 300 and nuts 400 as fastening members.
- the fastening members (bolts 300 and nuts 400) have the function of fixing the metal plate 200 while sandwiching the power generating element 21 sealed with the laminate film 29.
- the metal plate 200 and the fastening members (bolts 300 and nuts 400) function as pressurizing members that pressurize (restrain) the power generating elements 21 in the stacking direction.
- the pressurizing member is not particularly limited as long as it is a member capable of pressurizing the power generating elements 21 in the stacking direction.
- the pressure member typically, a combination of a plate made of a rigid material such as the metal plate 200 and the fastening member described above is used.
- the fastening member not only the bolt 300 and the nut 400, but also a tension plate or the like that fixes the end portion of the metal plate 200 so as to restrain the power generation element 21 in the stacking direction may be used.
- the lower limit of the load applied to the power generating element 21 (constraining pressure in the stacking direction of the power generating element) is, for example, 0.1 MPa or more, preferably 1 MPa or more, more preferably 3 MPa or more, and even more preferably 5 MPa or more.
- the upper limit of the confining pressure in the stacking direction of the power generation elements is, for example, 100 MPa or less, preferably 70 MPa or less, more preferably 40 MPa or less, and still more preferably 10 MPa or less.
- the positive electrode current collector is a conductive member that functions as a flow path for electrons that are discharged from the positive electrode toward the external load or flow from the power source toward the positive electrode as the battery reaction (charge/discharge reaction) progresses. .
- the material that constitutes the positive electrode current collector There are no particular restrictions on the material that constitutes the positive electrode current collector.
- a constituent material of the positive electrode current collector for example, a metal or a conductive resin may be employed.
- the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited, but an example is 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
- a positive electrode that constitutes the lithium secondary battery according to the present embodiment has a positive electrode active material layer that contains a positive electrode active material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions.
- the positive electrode active material layer 15 is arranged on the surface of the positive electrode current collector 11 ′′ as shown in FIG. 1 .
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can release lithium ions during the charging process of the secondary battery and absorb lithium ions during the discharging process. In some cases, two or more positive electrode active materials may be used together.
- the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited. More preferably, it is in the range of 45 to 80% by mass.
- the positive electrode active material layer 15 preferably further contains a solid electrolyte.
- Solid electrolytes include sulfide solid electrolytes and oxide solid electrolytes.
- the solid electrolyte exhibits excellent lithium ion conductivity and can follow volume changes of the electrode active material due to charging and discharging.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte containing S element more preferably containing Li element, M element and S element, wherein M element is P, Si, Ge, Sn, Ti, Zr, Nb, Al, Sb, Br, Cl and I, more preferably a sulfide solid electrolyte containing S element, Li element and P element.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may have a Li 3 PS 4 skeleton, a Li 4 P 2 S 7 skeleton, or a Li 4 P 2 S 6 skeleton.
- sulfide solid electrolytes having a Li 3 PS 4 skeleton include LiI--Li 3 PS 4 , LiI--LiBr--Li 3 PS 4 and Li 3 PS 4 .
- examples of sulfide solid electrolytes having a Li 4 P 2 S 7 skeleton include Li—P—S based solid electrolytes called LPS.
- LGPS represented by Li (4-x) Ge (1-x) P x S 4 (where x satisfies 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) may be used. More specifically, for example, LPS (Li 2 SP 2 S 5 ), Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 3.2 P 0.96 S, Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4 , Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 , or Li 6 PS 5 X (where X is Cl, Br or I), and the like.
- Li 2 SP 2 S 5 means a sulfide solid electrolyte using a raw material composition containing Li 2 S and P 2 S 5 , and the same applies to other descriptions.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte has a high ionic conductivity and a low bulk modulus, so it can follow the volume change of the electrode active material due to charging and discharging, so LPS (Li 2 SP 2 S 5 ), Li 6 PS 5 X (wherein X is Cl, Br or I), Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 3.2 P 0.96 S and Li 3 PS 4 selected.
- the content of the solid electrolyte in the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but for example, it is preferably in the range of 1 to 70% by mass, more preferably in the range of 10 to 60% by mass. Preferably, it is more preferably in the range of 20 to 55% by mass.
- the positive electrode active material layer may further contain at least one of a conductive aid and a binder in addition to the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte.
- the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer varies depending on the intended configuration of the lithium secondary battery, it is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1000 ⁇ m, more preferably 40 to 100 ⁇ m.
- Solid electrolyte layer is usually a layer interposed between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode current collector at the time of complete discharge, and contains a solid electrolyte (usually as a main component). Since the specific form of the solid electrolyte contained in the solid electrolyte layer is the same as described above, detailed description is omitted here.
- the content of the solid electrolyte in the solid electrolyte layer is, for example, preferably in the range of 10 to 100% by mass, more preferably in the range of 50 to 100% by mass, relative to the total mass of the solid electrolyte layer. Preferably, it is more preferably in the range of 90 to 100% by mass.
- the solid electrolyte layer may further contain a binder in addition to the solid electrolyte described above.
- the thickness of the solid electrolyte layer varies depending on the intended configuration of the lithium secondary battery, it is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1000 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode current collector is a conductive member that functions as a flow path for electrons that are emitted from the negative electrode toward the power source or flow from an external load toward the negative electrode as the battery reaction (charge/discharge reaction) progresses. .
- the material that constitutes the negative electrode current collector There are no particular restrictions on the material that constitutes the negative electrode current collector.
- a constituent material of the negative electrode current collector for example, a metal or a conductive resin may be employed.
- the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited, but an example is 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present embodiment is a so-called lithium deposition type battery in which lithium metal is deposited on the negative electrode current collector during the charging process.
- the layer composed of lithium metal deposited on the negative electrode current collector during this charging process is the negative electrode active material layer of the lithium secondary battery according to the present embodiment. Therefore, the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer increases as the charging process progresses, and the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer decreases as the discharging process progresses.
- the negative electrode active material layer does not have to exist at the time of complete discharge, depending on the situation, a certain amount of the negative electrode active material layer made of lithium metal may be arranged at the time of complete discharge.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (lithium metal layer) at the time of full charge is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.1 to 1000 ⁇ m.
- an ion conductive reaction suppression layer In the lithium secondary battery according to the present embodiment, at least part of the region where the positive electrode active material layer faces the negative electrode current collector, on the main surface of the solid electrolyte layer facing the negative electrode current collector, is provided with an ion conductive reaction suppression.
- This ion conductive reaction suppression layer is a layer that has lithium ion conductivity and suppresses the reaction between lithium metal (negative electrode active material layer) and the solid electrolyte.
- a material "has lithium ion conductivity” means that the lithium ion conductivity of the material at 25° C. is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm] or more.
- a material "does not have lithium ion conductivity” means that the lithium ion conductivity of the material at 25° C. is less than 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm].
- the constituent material of the ion conductive reaction suppression layer is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm] or more, preferably 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm] or more, more preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm] or more, still more preferably 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm] or more, especially It is preferably 3.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm] or more.
- the constituent material of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer there are no particular restrictions on the constituent material of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer, and various materials capable of exhibiting the above-described functions can be employed.
- the constituent material of the ion-conductive reaction-suppressing layer nanoparticles having lithium-ion conductivity (in this specification, nanoparticles as constituent materials of the ion-conductive reaction-suppressing layer are simply referred to as "first nanoparticles.” Also called).
- first nanoparticles in the ion-conductive reaction-suppressing layer, it is possible to provide a lithium secondary battery in which the function of the ion-conductive reaction-suppressing layer is particularly excellent.
- nanoparticle means a particle having an average particle size on the scale of nanometers (nm).
- average particle size is the particle size measured by observing the cross section of the layer containing the nanoparticles with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (any two points on the contour line of the observed particles 50% cumulative diameter (D50) for the maximum distance among the distances between
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- D50 cumulative diameter
- the average particle size of the first nanoparticles is preferably 500 nm or less, more preferably 300 nm or less, even more preferably 150 nm or less, particularly preferably 100 nm or less, and most preferably 60 nm or less.
- the average particle size of the first nanoparticles is 60 nm or less, a lithium secondary battery having a particularly excellent dendrite growth inhibitory effect can be provided.
- the lower limit of the average particle size of the first nanoparticles is not particularly limited, it is usually 10 nm or more, preferably 20 nm or more.
- Such first nanoparticles are, for example, the group consisting of carbon, gold, platinum, palladium, silicon, silver, aluminum, bismuth, tin and zinc, from the viewpoint of particularly excellent function as an ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer. It preferably contains one or two or more elements selected from, more preferably one or two or more of these elements alone or in alloys. Moreover, the first nanoparticles preferably contain carbon, and more preferably consist of a simple substance of carbon. Examples of such a material composed of simple carbon include acetylene black, Vulcan (registered trademark), Black Pearl (registered trademark), carbon nanofiber, Ketjenblack (registered trademark), carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon nano balloon, and fullerene. When the ion conductive reaction suppression layer contains such nanoparticles, the layer may further contain a binder.
- the technique for forming the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer containing the first nanoparticles as described above on the surface of the solid electrolyte layer facing the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited.
- a method can be employed in which a slurry in which a binder is dispersed is applied to the surface of the solid electrolyte layer on the side of the negative electrode current collector, and the solvent is dried.
- the ion conductive reaction suppression layer may be formed by forming a continuous layer containing any of the above-described materials by a technique such as sputtering instead of the nanoparticle form.
- the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer may be composed of other constituent materials.
- Other constituent materials include, for example, lithium halides (lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI)), Li—MO (M is one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Au, Al, Sn and Zn) from the group consisting of composite metal oxides represented by and Li-Ba-TiO 3 composite oxides One or two or more lithium-containing compounds are selected.
- Both of these materials are more stable than solid electrolytes with respect to reductive decomposition upon contact with lithium metal. That is, the solid electrolyte constituting the solid electrolyte layer tends to be reductively decomposed by contact with lithium metal, and the lithium-containing compound as a constituent material of the ion conductive reaction suppression layer is reductively decomposed by contact with lithium metal. The latter tendency is smaller when compared with the tendency to receive Therefore, the lithium-containing compound can also function as an ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer.
- the method of forming such an ion-conducting reaction suppression layer containing a lithium-containing compound is not particularly limited, but for example, a continuous layer containing the above-described lithium-containing compound is formed by a method such as sputtering, and the ion-conducting reaction is prevented. It can be a suppression layer.
- the average thickness of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer there is no particular limitation on the average thickness of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer, as long as it is arranged with a thickness that enables the above-described functions to be exhibited.
- the average thickness of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer is too large, it increases the internal resistance, which causes a decrease in charge-discharge efficiency.
- the average thickness of the ion conductive reaction suppression layer is preferably smaller than the average thickness of the solid electrolyte layer. Further, if the average thickness of the ion-conductive reaction-suppressing layer is too small, the reaction-suppressing effect of providing the ion-conductive reaction-suppressing layer may not be sufficiently obtained.
- the average thickness of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer is preferably 300 nm to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 500 nm to 15 ⁇ m when the layer is the layer containing the first nanoparticles. , more preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the thickness is preferably 0.5 to 20 nm.
- the "average thickness" of the ion-conductive reaction-suppressing layer is the arithmetic mean of the thicknesses of the ion-conductive reaction-suppressing layer that constitutes the lithium secondary battery, measured at several to ten-odd locations. shall mean a value calculated as a value.
- the solid electrolyte layer has an ion permeation suppression layer on the outer peripheral side of the above-described ion conductive reaction suppression layer on the main surface facing the negative electrode current collector. It is also characterized by the provision of This ion permeation suppression layer is a layer that suppresses permeation of lithium ions. Therefore, by providing the ion permeation suppressing layer, it is possible to prevent the growth of dendrites through the outer peripheral portion of the ion conductive reaction suppressing layer and the short circuit resulting therefrom.
- the constituent material of the ion permeation suppression layer is preferably a material that does not have lithium ion conductivity. In the lithium secondary battery according to the present embodiment, the lithium ion conductivity at 25° C.
- the lithium ion conductivity of the constituent material of the ion permeation suppressing layer is a value within these ranges, the effect of suppressing the permeation of lithium ions is particularly high.
- the lithium ion conductivity of the constituent material of the ion conductive reaction suppression layer (25 ° C. ) is preferably 10 times or more, more preferably 100 times or more, even more preferably 300 times or more, the lithium ion conductivity (25 ° C.) of the constituent material of the ion permeation suppression layer, and 500 It is particularly preferable that it is at least double.
- the lithium ion conductivity of each material differs to this extent, it can be said that the material exhibits preferable lithium ion conductivity as a constituent material of each layer.
- nanoparticles having no lithium ion conductivity in this specification, nanoparticles as a constituent material of the ion permeation suppressing layer are also simply referred to as "second nanoparticles" ).
- second nanoparticles By including the second nanoparticles in the ion permeation suppressing layer, it is possible to provide a lithium secondary battery that is particularly excellent in the function of the ion permeation suppressing layer.
- the average particle size of the second nanoparticles is preferably 500 nm or less, more preferably 300 nm or less, still more preferably 150 nm or less, still more preferably 100 nm or less, and particularly preferably 70 nm or less, Most preferably, it is 40 nm or less. In particular, when the average particle size of the second nanoparticles is 40 nm or less, it is possible to provide a lithium secondary battery that is particularly effective in suppressing the growth of dendrites. Although the lower limit of the average particle size of the second nanoparticles is not particularly limited, it is usually 10 nm or more, preferably 20 nm or more.
- the second nanoparticles preferably contain a metal oxide or nitride.
- metal oxides or nitrides include metal oxides or nitrides such as aluminum, silicon, magnesium, calcium, potassium, tin, sodium, boron, titanium, lead, zirconium and yttrium.
- the second nanoparticles preferably contain oxides of these metals, and more preferably contain oxides of aluminum (aluminum oxide; alumina) or oxides of silicon (silicon oxide; silica). , and alumina.
- the layer may further contain a binder.
- the method of forming the ion permeation suppressing layer containing the second nanoparticles as described above on the outer peripheral side of the ion conductive reaction suppressing layer in the surface of the solid electrolyte layer on the negative electrode current collector side is not particularly limited. , a slurry in which the nanoparticles and, if necessary, a binder are dispersed in an appropriate solvent is applied to the outer peripheral side of the ion conductive reaction suppression layer of the surface of the solid electrolyte layer on the negative electrode current collector side, and the solvent is dried. method can be adopted.
- the ion permeation suppressing layer may be formed by forming a continuous layer containing any of the above-described materials by a technique such as sputtering instead of the nanoparticle form.
- the ion permeation suppressing layer may be composed of an inorganic powder such as SBNa-based glass frit, a resin material, or a rubber material.
- resin materials and rubber materials have elasticity, for example, even if internal stress occurs in the region where the ion permeation suppression layer is formed, the ion permeation suppression layer stretches without breaking, thereby effectively preventing the occurrence of a short circuit. can be effectively prevented.
- the constituent material of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer and the constituent material of the ion-permeation suppressing layer coexist at a concentration of 1% by volume or more.
- the presence or absence of the mixed layer 18c is determined by observing the cross section of the power generation element in the lithium secondary battery in the stacking direction using SEM/EDX, and the carbon black layer and the alumina layer each contain 1% by volume or more of the constituent materials. If there is an included region, the region can be identified as a mixed layer.
- lithium ions passing through the solid electrolyte layer 17 and the carbon black layer 18a from the positive electrode side are deposited as metallic lithium to form the negative electrode active material layer 13. becomes.
- the outer peripheral edge of the negative electrode active material layer 13 made of metallic lithium may protrude up to the portion where the alumina layer (ion permeation suppressing layer) 18b exists due to the effect of the constraint pressure applied in the stacking direction of the battery.
- the metallic lithium located in the portion where the alumina layer (ion permeation suppressing layer) 18b exists cannot move to the positive electrode side as lithium ions during the discharge process.
- this metallic lithium becomes dead lithium and remains in the negative electrode active material layer 13 as it is, and as a result, the charging/discharging efficiency is lowered.
- the laminated secondary battery 10a having the configuration shown in FIG. It is also possible to reduce the generation of lithium and the resulting decrease in charge/discharge efficiency.
- the concentration of the constituent material of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer and the concentration of the constituent material of the ion permeation-suppressing layer in the mixed layer 18c may both be 1% by volume or more, preferably 5% by volume or more. It is more preferably 10% by volume or more, and still more preferably 15% by volume or more.
- the upper limit of the concentration of each constituent material in the mixed layer 18c is not particularly limited, and usually both are 50% by volume or less.
- a mixed layer 18c is provided as a separate layer from the carbon black layer 18a and the alumina layer 18b. and the concentration of the constituent material of the alumina layer (ion permeation suppressing layer) 18b preferably change with a gradient.
- the concentration of each constituent material "changes with a gradient" means that the concentration of one of the constituent materials increases from one of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer and the ion-permeation-suppressing layer to the other. This means that there exists a region where the density of the other decreases with the density of the other. Preferably, there is a region in which the concentration of the constituent material of the ion-permeation-suppressing layer increases and the concentration of the constituent material of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer decreases from the ion-conductive reaction-suppressing layer toward the ion-permeation-suppressing layer.
- the amount of metallic lithium deposited near the interface between the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer and the ion-permeation-suppressing layer during the charging process can be gradually reduced toward the outer peripheral edge of the battery. Therefore, it is possible to more effectively suppress the generation of dead lithium and the resulting decrease in charge/discharge efficiency.
- the width of the mixed layer is 0.5 mm or more, or the ratio of the area of the mixed layer to the area of the ion-conductive reaction-suppressing layer when the power generating element is viewed from above (mixed layer area ratio) is 1% or more. is preferably With such a configuration, it is also possible to more effectively suppress the generation of dead lithium and the resulting decrease in charge/discharge efficiency.
- the width of the mixed layer is preferably 0.7 mm or more, more preferably 1.0 mm or more, still more preferably 1.5 mm or more, and particularly preferably 2.0 mm or more.
- the mixed layer area ratio is preferably 1.2% or more, more preferably 1.4% or more, still more preferably 1.8% or more, and particularly preferably 2.1% or more. , and most preferably at least 2.4%.
- the outer peripheral edge of the mixed layer when the power generating element is viewed in plan is preferably located outside the outer peripheral edge of the positive electrode active material layer.
- At least one (preferably both) of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer and the ion-permeation-suppressing layer is a polymer having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 30° C. or less and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 100, 000 or more polymer, a polymer having a benzene ring and/or a polymer having a functional group having an active hydrogen are preferably included.
- Tg glass transition temperature
- Mw weight average molecular weight
- a polymer having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 30° C. or less has high flexibility and the polymer molecules tend to spread due to the confining pressure, which contributes to the manifestation of the above effects.
- a polymer having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 100,000 or more has a long molecular chain and causes entanglement, which contributes to the expression of the above effects.
- a polymer having benzene rings causes cross-linking due to ⁇ - ⁇ interaction between benzene rings between molecules, which contributes to the expression of the above effects.
- a polymer having a functional group having an active hydrogen causes cross-linking between the highly polar functional groups due to an intermolecular force, thereby contributing to the expression of the above effects.
- polystyrene terephthalate polyethylene terephthalate
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- polyethylene polypropylene
- polymethylpentene polybutene
- polyethernitrile polytetrafluoro Ethylene
- polyacrylonitrile polyimide
- polyamide polyethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
- polyvinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer and its hydrogen
- additives styrene/isoprene/styrene block copolymers and hydrogenated products thereof
- styrene-butadiene rubber SBR
- acrylic resin styrene-butadiene resin
- a styrene-butadiene copolymer obtained by copolymerizing a third monomer having a functional group having an active hydrogen with respect to styrene and butadiene is particularly preferable.
- these materials are not particularly limited.
- techniques for adjusting the glass transition temperature (Tg) and weight average molecular weight (Mw) of polymers having various compositions are widely known.
- the functional group having an active hydrogen includes a hydroxy group, a carboxyl group, a phenol group, a thiol group, an amino group and the like.
- the amount of the above-described various polymers added is, for example, about 1 to 20% by mass, preferably 3 to 10% by mass, based on 100% by mass of the first nanoparticles or the second nanoparticles.
- the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer and/or the ion-permeation-suppressing layer contain a polymer having a functional group having an active hydrogen, by further including a compound capable of reacting with the functional group having an active hydrogen, the above-mentioned The effect can be expressed more remarkably.
- the functional groups having active hydrogen in the polymer are cross-linked by chemical bonding via a compound capable of reacting with the functional group having active hydrogen by heat treatment during cell fabrication.
- an epoxy compound, an isocyanate compound, etc. are mentioned as a compound which can react with the functional group which has an active hydrogen.
- the material constituting the current collectors (25, 27) is not particularly limited, and known highly conductive materials conventionally used as current collectors for secondary batteries can be used. Although not shown, the current collectors (11'', 11') and the current collector plates (27, 25) may be electrically connected via a positive lead or a negative lead.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing the appearance of a stacked secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the flat laminated secondary battery 50 has a rectangular flat shape, and from both sides thereof, a positive electrode tab 58 and a negative electrode tab 59 for extracting electric power are pulled out.
- the power generation element 57 is wrapped by the battery outer body (laminate film 52) of the laminated secondary battery 50, and the periphery thereof is heat-sealed. sealed in place.
- the power generation element 57 corresponds to the power generation element 21 of the above-described stacked secondary battery 10a shown in FIG.
- the power generation element 57 includes a plurality of unit cell layers (single cells) 19 each composed of a positive electrode (positive electrode current collector 11′′ and positive electrode active material layer 15), a solid electrolyte layer 17, and a negative electrode (negative electrode current collector 11′). It is laminated.
- the solid electrolyte layer may further contain a conventionally known liquid electrolyte (electrolytic solution).
- the amount of the liquid electrolyte (electrolyte solution) that can be contained in the solid electrolyte layer is not particularly limited, but the amount is such that the shape of the solid electrolyte layer formed by the solid electrolyte is maintained and the liquid electrolyte (electrolyte solution) does not leak.
- liquid electrolyte a solution in which a conventionally known lithium salt is dissolved in a conventionally known organic solvent is used.
- the liquid electrolyte (electrolytic solution) may further contain additives other than the organic solvent and the lithium salt. These additives may be used alone or in combination of two or more. In addition, when the additive is used in the electrolytic solution, the amount used can be appropriately adjusted.
- Example 1 [Preparation of cell for evaluation] First, LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 as a positive electrode active material, acetylene black as a conductive aid, and a sulfide solid electrolyte (LPS (Li 2 SP 2 S 5 )), They were weighed so as to have a mass ratio of 70:5:25, mixed in an agate mortar in a glove box, and then further mixed and stirred in a planetary ball mill.
- LPS Li 2 SP 2 S 5
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- Mw weight average molecular weight
- a positive electrode active material slurry was prepared by adding as a solvent.
- the positive electrode active material slurry prepared above is applied to the surface of a stainless steel (SUS) foil as a positive electrode current collector and dried to form a positive electrode active material layer (thickness: 50 ⁇ m) to produce a positive electrode. did.
- the positive electrode active material layer of the positive electrode prepared above and the solid electrolyte layer prepared in the same manner are superimposed so that they face each other, and then bonded together by hydrostatic pressing (700 MPa, 25° C., 1 minute) to form a solid.
- the stainless steel foil on the electrolyte layer side was peeled off to obtain a laminate of positive electrode current collector/positive electrode active material layer/solid electrolyte layer.
- carbon black nanoparticles were prepared as a constituent material of the ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer. 10 parts by mass of the same styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as above was added to 100 parts by mass of the carbon black nanoparticles, and mesitylene was added as a solvent to prepare a carbon black nanoparticle slurry. Next, the carbon black nanoparticle slurry prepared above is applied to the surface of a stainless steel foil as a support, dried, and a carbon black layer (thickness 5 ⁇ m) as an ion-conducting reaction suppression layer on the surface of the stainless steel foil. was made.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- the outer circumference size of the carbon black layer was set to be one size larger than the region where the positive electrode active material layer faces the negative electrode current collector as shown in FIG. Further, when the average particle diameter (D50) of the carbon black nanoparticles contained in the carbon black layer thus produced was measured by SEM observation of the cross section of the carbon black layer, it was 150 nm.
- alumina nanoparticles were prepared as a constituent material of the ion permeation suppression layer.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- mesitylene was added as a solvent to prepare an alumina nanoparticle slurry.
- the alumina nanoparticle slurry prepared above was applied to the surface of a stainless steel foil as a support and dried to form an alumina layer (5 ⁇ m thick) as an ion permeation suppressing layer on the surface of the stainless steel foil.
- the size of the outer circumference of the alumina layer (ion permeation suppressing layer) was the same as that of the solid electrolyte layer, as shown in FIG. Further, when the average particle diameter (D50) of the alumina nanoparticles contained in the alumina layer thus produced was measured by SEM observation of the cross section of the alumina layer, it was 40 nm.
- a stainless steel foil having the same size as the carbon black layer prepared above is placed at the center of the exposed surface of the solid electrolyte layer in the laminate of positive electrode current collector/positive electrode active material layer/solid electrolyte layer prepared above.
- Masking treatment was performed by Thereafter, the solid electrolyte layer masked at the center and the alumina layer (ion permeation suppressing layer) prepared above are superimposed so as to face each other, and then bonded together by hydrostatic pressing (700 MPa, 25° C., 1 minute). After peeling off the stainless steel foil on the alumina layer side, the stainless steel foil masking the solid electrolyte layer was also peeled off to form an alumina layer on the outer periphery of the surface of the solid electrolyte layer.
- Example 2 The evaluation cell of this example ( A lithium deposition type all-solid lithium secondary battery) was produced.
- the average particle diameter (D50) of the carbon black nanoparticles contained in the carbon black layer of the thus-produced evaluation cell was measured by SEM observation of the cross section of the carbon black layer and found to be 60 nm. .
- a positive electrode lead and a negative electrode lead were connected to the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector of the evaluation cell prepared above, respectively, and the pressure was increased to 2 [mA/cm 2 ] or 3 [mA/cm 2 ] inside a thermostat at 60°C. cm 2 ] from SOC 0%, and the presence or absence of a short circuit in the evaluation cell within 30 minutes was examined. It was determined that a short circuit had occurred when the voltage of the evaluation cell dropped during the charging process.
- Example 2 in which the average particle size of the nanoparticles (first nanoparticles) as the constituent material of the ion conductive reaction suppression layer is 60 nm, compared with Example 1 in which the average particle size is 150 nm. It is also found that dendrite formation was suppressed even by current treatment at a higher current density.
- each of the carbon black nanoparticle slurry and alumina nanoparticle slurry used in Example 2 described above was used to have the same size as the carbon black layer and alumina layer of Example 2 described above using a die coater. were coated at the same time. Then, it was dried after a predetermined period of time to produce an integrated coated body having a mixed layer with a width of 2 mm between the carbon black layer and the alumina layer. Regarding the width of the mixed portion, the cross section of the prepared evaluation cell in the stacking direction was observed using SEM/EDX. was taken as the width of the mixing section. Also, the ratio of the area of the mixed portion to the area of the carbon black layer in the integrated coated body was 4.8%.
- the integrated coated body produced above was placed on the exposed surface of the solid electrolyte layer of the laminate of positive electrode current collector/positive electrode active material layer/solid electrolyte layer produced in Example 2 described above.
- a stainless steel foil as a negative electrode current collector is arranged so as to cover the integrated coated body arranged above, and the evaluation cell (lithium deposition type all-solid lithium secondary battery) of this example is formed. made.
- the evaluation cell lithium deposition type all-solid lithium secondary battery
- Example 4 The evaluation cell of this example (lithium deposition type all-solid lithium A secondary battery) was produced.
- the width of the mixed layer in the integrated coated body was 1 mm, and the ratio of the area of the mixed portion to the area of the carbon black layer was 2.4%.
- Example 5 The evaluation cell of this example (lithium deposition type all-solid lithium A secondary battery) was produced.
- the width of the mixed layer in the integrated coated body was 0.5 mm, and the ratio of the area of the mixed portion to the area of the carbon black layer was 1.2%.
- Example 6 An evaluation cell (lithium deposition type all-solid lithium secondary battery) of this example was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 described above, except that the area of the electrode and the area of the carbon black layer were increased.
- the width of the mixed layer in the integrated coated body was 0.5 mm, and the ratio of the area of the mixed portion to the area of the carbon black layer was 0.6%.
- Example 7 The evaluation cell of this example (lithium deposition type all-solid lithium A secondary battery) was produced.
- the width of the mixed layer in the integrated coated body was 0.3 mm, and the ratio of the area of the mixed portion to the area of the carbon black layer was 0.7%.
- Example 8 An evaluation cell (lithium deposition type all-solid lithium secondary battery) of this example was produced in the same manner as in Example 7 described above, except that the area of the electrode and the area of the carbon black layer were reduced.
- the width of the mixed layer in the integrated coated body was 0.3 mm, and the ratio of the area of the mixed portion to the area of the carbon black layer was 1.4%.
- Example 9 An evaluation cell (lithium deposition type all-solid lithium secondary battery) of this example was produced in the same manner as in Example 7 described above, except that the area of the electrode and the area of the carbon black layer were reduced.
- the width of the mixed layer in the integrated coated body was 0.3 mm, and the ratio of the area of the mixed portion to the area of the carbon black layer was 1.0%.
- evaluation of evaluation cell evaluation of initial charge/discharge efficiency
- a positive electrode lead and a negative electrode lead were connected to the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector of the evaluation cells prepared in Examples 2 to 9 above, respectively, and the initial charge-discharge efficiency was measured in a constant temperature bath at 60 ° C. was measured.
- the constant current/constant voltage (CCCV) mode is set to 3.0 V at 0.2 C. was charged up to 4.3V.
- the battery was discharged from 4.3 V to 3.0 V at 0.2 C in a constant current/constant voltage (CCCV) mode.
- charge capacity battery capacity during charge
- discharge capacity battery capacity during discharge
- An evaluation cell (lithium precipitation type all-solid lithium secondary battery) of this comparative example was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 4 except for the above.
- the SBR used in this comparative example had a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 0° C. and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 500,000.
- Example 10 In Example 2 described above, SBR was not added when preparing the carbon black nanoparticle slurry when forming the carbon black layer, and the composition of SBR used when preparing the alumina nanoparticle slurry when forming the alumina layer was styrene: Butadiene:4-vinylbenzoic acid was changed to 60:35:5 (molar ratio), and the amount of SBR added was changed to 5% by mass. In addition, an amount of epoxy resin capable of reacting in equimolar amounts with functional groups having active hydrogen contained in the SBR was further added to the slurry. An evaluation cell (lithium precipitation type all-solid lithium secondary battery) of this example was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except for these matters.
- Example 11 In Example 1 described above, SBR was not added when preparing the carbon black nanoparticle slurry for forming the carbon black layer, and the composition of SBR used when preparing the alumina nanoparticle slurry for forming the alumina layer was styrene: Butadiene:4-vinylbenzoic acid was changed to 60:35:5 (molar ratio), and the amount of SBR added was changed to 5% by mass. In addition, an amount of epoxy resin capable of reacting in equimolar amounts with functional groups having active hydrogen contained in the SBR was further added to the slurry. An evaluation cell (lithium deposition type all-solid lithium secondary battery) of this example was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for these matters.
- Example 12 Except that the epoxy resin was not added to the alumina nanoparticle slurry and the isostatic pressing conditions for forming the alumina layer were changed to 700 MPa, 25 ° C., 1 minute, by the same method as in Example 10, An evaluation cell (lithium precipitation type all-solid lithium secondary battery) of this example was produced.
- the acrylic copolymer used in this example had a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 40° C. and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 530,000.
- the acrylic copolymer used in this example had a glass transition temperature (Tg) of ⁇ 50° C. and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 50,000.
- the alumina layer is a polymer having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 30 ° C. or less, a polymer having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 100,000 or more, a polymer having a benzene ring, or
- Tg glass transition temperature
- Mw weight average molecular weight
- a polymer having a benzene ring or
- the polymer contains a polymer having a functional group having an active hydrogen and further contains a compound capable of reacting with the functional group having an active hydrogen
- the above effects can be significantly improved.
- the alumina layer contains the above-mentioned predetermined polymer, when the carbon black layer (ion-conducting reaction-suppressing layer) does not exist (Comparative Example 5), the effect of suppressing dendrite growth cannot be obtained at all. rice field.
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Abstract
Description
正極集電体は、電池反応(充放電反応)の進行に伴って正極から外部負荷に向かって放出され、または電源から正極に向かって流入する電子の流路として機能する導電性の部材である。正極集電体を構成する材料に特に制限はない。正極集電体の構成材料としては、例えば、金属や、導電性を有する樹脂が採用されうる。
本形態に係るリチウム二次電池を構成する正極は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵放出可能な正極活物質を含有する正極活物質層を有する。正極活物質層15は、図1に示すように正極集電体11”の表面に配置されたものである。
正極活物質層は、正極活物質および固体電解質に加えて、導電助剤およびバインダの少なくとも1つをさらに含有していてもよい。
固体電解質層は、完全放電時には通常、正極活物質層と負極集電体との間に介在する層であり、固体電解質を(通常は主成分として)含有する。固体電解質層に含有される固体電解質の具体的な形態については上述したものと同様であるため、ここでは詳細な説明を省略する。
負極集電体は、電池反応(充放電反応)の進行に伴って負極から電源に向かって放出され、または外部負荷から負極に向かって流入する電子の流路として機能する導電性の部材である。負極集電体を構成する材料に特に制限はない。負極集電体の構成材料としては、例えば、金属や、導電性を有する樹脂が採用されうる。負極集電体の厚さについて特に制限はないが、一例としては10~100μmである。
本形態に係るリチウム二次電池は、充電過程において負極集電体上にリチウム金属を析出させる、いわゆるリチウム析出型のものである。この充電過程において負極集電体上に析出するリチウム金属からなる層が、本形態に係るリチウム二次電池の負極活物質層である。したがって、充電過程の進行に伴って負極活物質層の厚さは大きくなり、放電過程の進行に伴って負極活物質層の厚さは小さくなる。完全放電時には負極活物質層は存在していなくともよいが、場合によってはある程度のリチウム金属からなる負極活物質層を完全放電時において配置しておいてもよい。また、完全充電時における負極活物質層(リチウム金属層)の厚さは特に制限されないが、通常は0.1~1000μmである。
本形態に係るリチウム二次電池においては、固体電解質層が負極集電体と対向する主面の、正極活物質層が負極集電体と対向する領域の少なくとも一部に、イオン伝導性反応抑制層が設けられている点に1つの特徴がある。このイオン伝導性反応抑制層は、リチウムイオン伝導性を有しリチウム金属(負極活物質層)と固体電解質との反応を抑制する層である。このため、イオン伝導性反応抑制層を設けることによって、電池反応の進行を妨げることなく、リチウム金属(負極活物質層)と固体電解質とが反応することに起因する固体電解質の劣化や電池容量の低下を防止することができる。
本形態に係るリチウム二次電池においては、図2に示すように、固体電解質層が負極集電体と対向する主面の上述したイオン伝導性反応抑制層よりも外周側に、イオン透過抑制層が設けられている点にも特徴がある。このイオン透過抑制層は、リチウムイオンの透過を抑制する層である。このため、イオン透過抑制層を設けることによって、イオン伝導性反応抑制層の外周部を介したデンドライトの成長やこれに起因する短絡を防止することができる。
電池外装体としては、公知の金属缶ケースを用いることができるほか、図1に示すように発電要素を覆うことができる、アルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルム29を用いた袋状のケースが用いられうる。図5は、本発明の一実施形態に係る積層型二次電池の外観を表した斜視図である。図5に示すように、扁平な積層型二次電池50では、長方形状の扁平な形状を有しており、その両側部からは電力を取り出すための正極タブ58、負極タブ59が引き出されている。発電要素57は、積層型二次電池50の電池外装体(ラミネートフィルム52)によって包まれ、その周囲は熱融着されており、発電要素57は、正極タブ58および負極タブ59を外部に引き出した状態で密封されている。ここで、発電要素57は、先に説明した図1に示す積層型二次電池10aの発電要素21に相当するものである。発電要素57は、正極(正極集電体11”および正極活物質層15)、固体電解質層17、並びに負極(負極集電体11’)で構成される単電池層(単セル)19が複数積層されたものである。
[評価用セルの作製]
まず、正極活物質としてのLiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2、導電助剤としてのアセチレンブラック、および硫化物固体電解質(LPS(Li2S-P2S5))を、70:5:25の質量比となるように秤量し、グローブボックス内でメノウ乳鉢で混合した後、遊星ボールミルでさらに混合撹拌した。得られた混合粉体100質量部に対してスチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)(スチレン:ブタジエン=60:40(モル比)、重量平均分子量(Mw)500,000)を2質量部加え、メシチレンを溶媒として加えて正極活物質スラリーを調製した。次いで、上記で調製した正極活物質スラリーを正極集電体としてのステンレス(SUS)箔の表面に塗工し、乾燥することにより正極活物質層(厚さ50μm)を形成して、正極を作製した。
イオン伝導性反応抑制層の構成材料としてのカーボンブラックのナノ粒子として、粒子径がより小さいものを用いたこと以外は、上述した実施例1と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。なお、このようにして作製された評価用セルのカーボンブラック層に含まれるカーボンブラックのナノ粒子の平均粒子径(D50)を当該カーボンブラック層の断面のSEM観察により測定したところ、60nmであった。
イオン伝導性反応抑制層(カーボンブラック層)およびイオン透過抑制層(アルミナ層)をいずれも形成しなかったこと以外は、上述した実施例1と同様の手法により、本比較例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。
イオン透過抑制層(アルミナ層)を形成しなかったこと以外は、上述した実施例1と同様の手法により、本比較例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。
イオン透過抑制層(アルミナ層)を形成しなかったこと以外は、上述した実施例2と同様の手法により、本比較例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。
イオン伝導性反応抑制層(カーボンブラック層)を形成しなかったこと以外は、上述した実施例1と同様の手法により、本比較例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。
上記で作製した評価用セルの正極集電体および負極集電体のそれぞれに正極リードおよび負極リードを接続し、60℃の恒温槽の内部において、2[mA/cm2]または3[mA/cm2]の電流密度でSOC0%から充電処理を施し、30分以内における評価用セルの短絡の有無を調べた。なお、充電処理の途中に評価用セルの電圧が低下したときに、短絡が発生したと判断した。また、短絡が発生したと判断された評価用セルについては、解体してセルの内部を観察したところ、いずれもリチウム金属によるデンドライトの発生が確認された。結果を下記の表1に示す。表1に示す評価結果のうち、短絡が生じなかったものについては「〇」で示し、短絡が生じたものについては「×」で示す。
まず、上述した実施例2で用いたカーボンブラックナノ粒子スラリーおよびアルミナナノ粒子スラリーのそれぞれを、上述した実施例2のカーボンブラック層およびアルミナ層と同じサイズとなるようにダイ塗工機を使用して同時に塗工した。その後、所定時間後に乾燥させて、カーボンブラック層とアルミナ層との間に幅2mmの混合層を有する一体化塗工体を作製した。なお、混合部の幅について、作製した評価用セルの積層方向の断面をSEM/EDXを用いて観察し、カーボンブラック層およびアルミナ層のそれぞれの構成材料がともに1体積%以上含まれる領域の幅を混合部の幅とした。また、一体化塗工体におけるカーボンブラック層の面積に対する混合部の面積の割合は、4.8%であった。
一体化塗工体を作製する際の塗工から乾燥までの時間を短くしたこと以外は、上述した実施例3と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。なお、一体化塗工体における混合層の幅は1mmであり、カーボンブラック層の面積に対する混合部の面積の割合は、2.4%であった。
一体化塗工体を作製する際の塗工から乾燥までの時間を短くしたこと以外は、上述した実施例3と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。なお、一体化塗工体における混合層の幅は0.5mmであり、カーボンブラック層の面積に対する混合部の面積の割合は、1.2%であった。
電極の面積およびカーボンブラック層の面積を大きくしたこと以外は、上述した実施例5と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。なお、一体化塗工体における混合層の幅は0.5mmであり、カーボンブラック層の面積に対する混合部の面積の割合は、0.6%であった。
一体化塗工体を作製する際の塗工から乾燥までの時間を短くしたこと以外は、上述した実施例3と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。なお、一体化塗工体における混合層の幅は0.3mmであり、カーボンブラック層の面積に対する混合部の面積の割合は、0.7%であった。
電極の面積およびカーボンブラック層の面積を小さくしたこと以外は、上述した実施例7と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。なお、一体化塗工体における混合層の幅は0.3mmであり、カーボンブラック層の面積に対する混合部の面積の割合は、1.4%であった。
電極の面積およびカーボンブラック層の面積を小さくしたこと以外は、上述した実施例7と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。なお、一体化塗工体における混合層の幅は0.3mmであり、カーボンブラック層の面積に対する混合部の面積の割合は、1.0%であった。
上記の実施例2~実施例9で作製した評価用セルの正極集電体および負極集電体のそれぞれに正極リードおよび負極リードを接続し、60℃の恒温槽の内部において、初回充放電効率の測定を行った。具体的には、充放電試験機を使用して、充電過程(負極集電体上へリチウム金属が析出する)では、定電流・定電圧(CCCV)モードとし、0.2Cにて3.0Vから4.3Vまで充電した。その後、放電過程(負極集電体上のリチウム金属が溶解する)では、定電流・定電圧(CCCV)モードとし、0.2Cにて4.3Vから3.0Vまで放電した。ここで、評価用セルの充放電処理の際に、充電容量(充電時の電池容量)および放電容量(放電時の電池容量)をそれぞれ測定した。そして、1サイクル目の充電時の電池容量に対する放電時の電池容量の割合として、初回充放電効率を算出した。結果を下記の表2に示す。
上述した比較例4において、アルミナ層を形成する際のアルミナナノ粒子スラリーの調製時に用いるSBRの組成をスチレン:ブタジエン:4-ビニル安息香酸=60:35:5(モル比)に変更し、当該SBRの添加量を5質量%に変更した。また、当該SBRに含まれる活性水素を有する官能基と等モルで反応しうる量のエポキシ樹脂をさらにスラリーに添加した。そして、アルミナ層を形成する際の静水圧プレスの条件を700MPa、150℃、1分間に変更した。これらのこと以外は比較例4と同様の手法により、本比較例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。なお、本比較例において用いられたSBRのガラス転移温度(Tg)は0℃であり、重量平均分子量(Mw)は500,000であった。
上述した実施例2において、カーボンブラック層を形成する際のカーボンブラックナノ粒子スラリーの調製時にSBRを添加せず、アルミナ層を形成する際のアルミナナノ粒子スラリーの調製時に用いるSBRの組成をスチレン:ブタジエン:4-ビニル安息香酸=60:35:5(モル比)に変更し、当該SBRの添加量を5質量%に変更した。また、当該SBRに含まれる活性水素を有する官能基と等モルで反応しうる量のエポキシ樹脂をさらにスラリーに添加した。これらのこと以外は実施例2と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。
上述した実施例1において、カーボンブラック層を形成する際のカーボンブラックナノ粒子スラリーの調製時にSBRを添加せず、アルミナ層を形成する際のアルミナナノ粒子スラリーの調製時に用いるSBRの組成をスチレン:ブタジエン:4-ビニル安息香酸=60:35:5(モル比)に変更し、当該SBRの添加量を5質量%に変更した。また、当該SBRに含まれる活性水素を有する官能基と等モルで反応しうる量のエポキシ樹脂をさらにスラリーに添加した。これらのこと以外は実施例1と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。
アルミナナノ粒子スラリーにエポキシ樹脂を添加せず、アルミナ層を形成する際の静水圧プレスの条件を700MPa、25℃、1分間に変更したこと以外は、上述した実施例10と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。
アルミナナノ粒子スラリーの調製時に添加したSBRを、アクリル酸ブチル:メタクリル酸メチル=95:5(モル比)のアクリル系共重合体に変更したこと以外は、上述した実施例12と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。なお、本実施例において用いられたアクリル系共重合体のガラス転移温度(Tg)は40℃であり、重量平均分子量(Mw)は530,000であった。
アルミナナノ粒子スラリーの調製時に添加したSBRを、アクリル酸ブチル:メタクリル酸メチル=30:70(モル比)のアクリル系共重合体に変更したこと以外は、上述した実施例12と同様の手法により、本実施例の評価用セル(リチウム析出型の全固体リチウム二次電池)を作製した。なお、本実施例において用いられたアクリル系共重合体のガラス転移温度(Tg)は-50℃であり、重量平均分子量(Mw)は50,000であった。
上記と同様の手法により、評価用セルの短絡の有無を調べた。ただし、評価条件については、2[mA/cm2]、3[mA/cm2]または5[mA/cm2]の電流密度で30分以内、あるいは5[mA/cm2]の電流密度で60分以内の4つを用いた。結果を下記の表3に示す。
Claims (15)
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵放出可能な正極活物質を含有する正極活物質層が正極集電体の表面に配置されてなる正極と、
負極集電体を有し、充電時に前記負極集電体上にリチウム金属が析出する負極と、
前記正極および前記負極の間に介在し、固体電解質を含有する固体電解質層と、
を有する発電要素を備え、
前記固体電解質層が前記負極集電体と対向する主面の、前記正極活物質層が前記負極集電体と対向する領域の少なくとも一部に、リチウムイオン伝導性を有し前記リチウム金属と前記固体電解質との反応を抑制するイオン伝導性反応抑制層が設けられており、
前記主面の前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層よりも外周側に、リチウムイオンの透過を抑制するイオン透過抑制層が設けられている、リチウム二次電池。 - 前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層の構成材料のリチウムイオン伝導度が、前記イオン透過抑制層の構成材料のリチウムイオン伝導度の100倍以上である、請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記イオン透過抑制層の構成材料の25℃におけるリチウムイオン伝導度が、1×10-5[S/cm]未満である、請求項1または2に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層が、リチウムイオン伝導性を有する第1のナノ粒子を含み、前記イオン透過抑制層が、リチウムイオン伝導性を有しない第2のナノ粒子を含む、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記第1のナノ粒子の平均粒子径が60nm以下であり、前記第2のナノ粒子の平均粒子径が40nm以下である、請求項4に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記第1のナノ粒子が、炭素、金、白金、パラジウム、ケイ素、銀、アルミニウム、ビスマス、スズおよび亜鉛からなる群から選択される1種または2種以上の元素を含む、請求項4または5に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記第2のナノ粒子が、金属の酸化物または窒化物を含む、請求項4~6のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層が前記領域の全体を含む領域に設けられており、前記イオン透過抑制層が前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層の外周の全体に設けられている、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記発電要素を平面視した際に、前記充電時に析出したリチウム金属の外周端が前記イオン透過抑制層の外周端より内側に位置し、かつ、前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層の外周端より外側に位置する、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層と前記イオン透過抑制層との界面に、前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層の構成材料と前記イオン透過抑制層の構成材料とがともに1体積%以上の濃度で共存する混合層が存在する、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記混合層において、前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層の構成材料の濃度および前記イオン透過抑制層の構成材料の濃度が勾配をもって変化している、請求項10に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記混合層の幅が0.5mm以上であるか、または、前記発電要素を平面視した際の前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層の面積に対する前記混合層の面積の割合が1%以上である、請求項10または11に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記発電要素を平面視した際に、前記混合層の外周端が、前記正極活物質層の外周端よりも外側に位置している、請求項10~12のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層および前記イオン透過抑制層の少なくとも一方が、ガラス転移温度(Tg)が30℃以下のポリマー、重量平均分子量(Mw)が100,000以上のポリマー、ベンゼン環を有するポリマーおよび/または活性水素を有する官能基を有するポリマーを含む、請求項1~13のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記イオン伝導性反応抑制層および前記イオン透過抑制層の少なくとも一方が、前記活性水素を有する官能基を有するポリマーおよび活性水素を有する官能基と反応しうる化合物を含む、請求項14に記載のリチウム二次電池。
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