WO2022224884A1 - 鉛蓄電池 - Google Patents
鉛蓄電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022224884A1 WO2022224884A1 PCT/JP2022/017666 JP2022017666W WO2022224884A1 WO 2022224884 A1 WO2022224884 A1 WO 2022224884A1 JP 2022017666 W JP2022017666 W JP 2022017666W WO 2022224884 A1 WO2022224884 A1 WO 2022224884A1
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- separator
- negative electrode
- lead
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- electrode plate
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
- H01M10/12—Construction or manufacture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to lead-acid batteries.
- a lead-acid battery is used in a variety of applications, including automotive and industrial applications.
- a lead-acid battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, a separator interposed therebetween, and an electrolyte.
- a negative electrode plate composed of a negative electrode grid that does not contain Sb and a positive electrode grid that does not contain Sb, and at least part of the surface in contact with the positive electrode active material contains 0.01 to 0.20 wt% of the amount of the positive electrode active material. and a separator interposed between the positive and negative electrode plates, wherein the entire surface of the positive and negative electrode plates is immersed in an electrolytic solution, and the negative electrode active material contains proposed a lead-acid battery characterized by containing 0.02 to 0.10 wt% of Bi with respect to the amount of negative electrode active material.
- a lead-acid battery is sometimes used in a state called a partial state of charge (PSOC).
- PSOC partial state of charge
- a lead-acid battery installed in an idling stop (IS) controlled vehicle is used in PSOC without being charged while the engine is stopped.
- IS idling stop
- the impedance of the positive plate tends to increase and the charge acceptance of the negative plate tends to decrease.
- One aspect of the present invention comprises a positive plate, a negative plate, and a separator interposed between the positive plate and the negative plate, wherein the positive plate comprises a positive electrode material, and the negative plate comprises a negative electrode material.
- the negative electrode material contains Bi element, the content of the Bi element in the negative electrode material is 100 ppm or more and less than 350 ppm, the separator is porous, and 005 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less accumulated pore volume A is 0.93 mL/g or more.
- a lead-acid battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, a separator interposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, and an electrolytic solution.
- the positive plate includes a positive electrode material.
- the negative plate includes a negative electrode material.
- the negative electrode material contains a Bi (bismuth) element, and the content of the Bi element in the negative electrode material is 100 ppm or more and less than 350 ppm on a mass basis.
- the separator is porous, and the accumulated pore volume A of 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less in the separator is 0.93 mL/g or more.
- a lead-acid battery is usually a liquid (vented) lead-acid battery, and the present embodiment particularly relates to a lead-acid battery that is assumed to be charged and discharged in a PSOC (for example, a lead-acid battery for IS-controlled vehicles).
- a PSOC for example, a lead-acid battery for IS-controlled vehicles.
- lead-acid batteries can be discharged to a depth of discharge (DOD) of, for example, 10% or more, or even 30% or more. DOD is controlled to be, for example, 10% or more and 40% or less.
- lead-acid batteries used in PSOCs are less likely to be overcharged, so the electrolyte is not sufficiently stirred.
- stratification is likely to proceed, and the specific gravity of the electrolyte solution in the upper part of the battery gradually decreases and the specific gravity of the electrolyte solution in the lower part of the battery increases.
- stratification progresses, for example, the positive electrode material deteriorates in the upper part of the positive electrode plate and sulfation progresses in the lower part of the negative electrode plate.
- the impedance of the positive plate increases, the charge acceptance of the negative plate decreases, the capacity decreases, and the life shortens.
- the service life of a lead-acid battery for IS-controlled vehicles which is assumed to be used in a PSOC, is also referred to as "IS service life".
- the negative electrode material contains Bi element and the content of Bi element in the negative electrode material is sufficient (for example, 100 ppm or more), a considerable amount of gas will be generated even when the lead-acid battery is used in PSOC. , the electrolyte flows to some extent to reduce the difference in specific gravity. Since the Bi element reduces the hydrogen overvoltage of the negative electrode material, hydrogen gas is likely to be generated. However, in PSOC, the degree of electrolyte flow is limited. Therefore, further measures are required.
- the layer containing Sb has the effect of suppressing deterioration of the positive electrode plate, while Sb elutes from the positive electrode plate into the electrolyte, A tendency to precipitate on the negative electrode plate is observed.
- Sb is mainly deposited on the upper part of the negative electrode plate.
- the action of Bi and the action of Sb are combined to selectively proceed charge/discharge reaction and gas generation reaction in the upper part of the electrode plate. If the reaction progresses unevenly between the upper and lower portions of the electrode plate, it becomes difficult to suppress deterioration of the positive electrode material in the upper portion of the positive electrode plate and sulfation in the lower portion of the negative electrode plate. It is difficult to reduce the shortening of
- a separator that is more porous than conventional separators is used in order to increase the flow paths of the electrolytic solution.
- the accumulated pore volume A of 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less of the separator is controlled to 0.93 mL/g or more.
- the separator generally contains oil.
- materials for the separator for example, a resin component and an inorganic component are used.
- resin component for example, polyolefin is used as a main component.
- Oil may be included in the separator as a pore former or additive.
- Separators tend to be oxidized and deteriorated when in contact with positive electrode materials for a long period of time.
- oil when oil is contained in the separator, oxidation deterioration of the separator is suppressed, which is advantageous in terms of improving the IS life.
- the oil content in the separator is too high, the insulating oil clogs the pores of the separator, which tends to increase the resistance of the separator.
- the negative electrode material contains a sufficient amount of Bi element and the integrated pore volume A of the separator is controlled to 0.93 mL / g or more, even if the oil content in the separator is considerably increased , it is possible to sufficiently secure a distribution route necessary for the flow of the electrolytic solution. Therefore, the action of the oil as a resistance component does not become apparent, and the charge/discharge reaction proceeds uniformly over the entire electrode plate.
- the oil content in the separator may be, for example, 12% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, or may be 15% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less. That is, by increasing the oil content in the separator, the oil can enhance the oxidation resistance of the separator and further improve the IS life.
- the fully charged state of a flooded lead-acid battery is defined by the definition of JIS D 5301:2019. More specifically, in a water tank at 25 ° C ⁇ 2 ° C, at a current (A) that is 0.2 times the value described as the rated capacity (value in units of Ah), measured every 15 minutes During charging The state in which the lead-acid battery is charged until the terminal voltage (V) or the electrolyte density converted to temperature at 20° C. shows a constant value with three significant digits three times consecutively is defined as a fully charged state.
- a fully charged state refers to a state in which an existing lead-acid battery is fully charged.
- the full charge of the lead-acid battery may be performed immediately after the formation as long as it is after the formation, or after some time has passed since the formation. For example, after chemical conversion, a lead-acid battery in use (preferably at the beginning of use) may be fully charged.
- a battery in the early stage of use means a battery in which not much time has passed since the start of use and which has hardly deteriorated.
- the vertical direction of the electrode plate is defined with the side on which the ears are provided as the upper side and the side opposite to the ears as the lower side.
- the side facing the upper side of the electrode plate (that is, ear portion side) is the upper side of the separator, and the side facing the lower side of the electrode plate is the lower side of the separator.
- the vertical direction of the electrode plate and the separator is the same as the vertical direction of the lead-acid battery.
- each configuration of the lead-acid battery will be described more specifically. However, each configuration is not limited to the following description.
- the positive electrode plate is composed of a positive current collector and a positive electrode material.
- the positive plate may be a pasted positive plate.
- a positive electrode material is held by a positive current collector.
- the positive electrode material is the part of the positive plate excluding the positive current collector.
- a member such as a mat or pasting paper may be attached to the positive electrode plate.
- Such a member also referred to as a sticking member
- the positive electrode material is the portion of the positive electrode plate excluding the positive current collector and the sticking member.
- the positive electrode material contains a positive electrode active material (lead dioxide or lead sulfate) that develops capacity through an oxidation-reduction reaction.
- the positive electrode material may contain a small amount of Sb element, but preferably does not contain Sb element.
- the Sb element content in the positive electrode material is desirably less than 0.05% by mass.
- the positive electrode material may contain other additives as needed.
- the positive electrode current collector is formed, for example, by processing a lead or lead alloy sheet. Processing methods include, for example, expanding processing and punching processing. A grid-shaped positive electrode current collector may also be used.
- the positive electrode current collector may have lead alloy layers with different compositions, and may have a plurality of lead alloy layers.
- the positive electrode plate is obtained by forming an unformed positive electrode plate. Formation can be performed in the case of a lead-acid battery. For example, an electrode plate group having an unformed positive electrode plate is immersed in an electrolytic solution (aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid) to charge the electrode plate group, thereby proceeding with formation. Formation may be performed prior to assembly of the lead-acid battery or plate assembly.
- an electrolytic solution aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid
- the unformed positive electrode plate is obtained by filling the positive electrode current collector with the positive electrode paste, aging and drying it.
- the positive electrode paste contains lead powder, water, sulfuric acid, and, if necessary, additives such as reinforcing materials.
- the negative plate is composed of a negative current collector and a negative electrode material. A negative electrode material is held by a negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode material is the portion of the negative plate excluding the negative electrode current collector.
- An attachment member may be attached to the negative electrode plate.
- the attachment member is included in the negative plate because it is used integrally with the negative plate.
- the negative electrode material is the portion of the negative electrode plate excluding the negative electrode current collector and the sticking member.
- the negative electrode material includes a negative electrode active material (lead or lead sulfate) that develops capacity through an oxidation-reduction reaction and Bi element, and includes an anti-shrinking agent (organic anti-shrinking agent, etc.), a carbonaceous material (carbon black, etc.), barium sulfate, etc. may include
- the negative electrode material may contain other additives as needed.
- the Bi element may be contained in the negative electrode material in the form of a compound such as an oxide or sulfate.
- the content of the Bi element in the negative electrode material may be 100 ppm or more and less than 350 ppm on a mass basis, but is preferably 300 ppm or less. If the content of the Bi element is too high, the hydrogen generation potential at the negative electrode shifts to the noble side, and the amount of hydrogen generated by the electrolysis of water on the surface of the negative electrode material increases, resulting in insufficient charging of the negative electrode material. On the contrary, the IS life tends to decrease.
- the content of Bi element in the negative electrode material may be 100 ppm or more and 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or more and 230 ppm or less, 150 ppm or more and 300 ppm or less, 150 ppm or more and 250 ppm or less, or 150 ppm or more and 230 ppm or less. It may be 170 ppm or more and 300 ppm or less, 170 ppm or more and 250 ppm or less, or 170 ppm or more and 230 ppm or less. Even when the Bi element is in the form of a compound, the content of the bismuth element in consideration of only the mass may be within the above range.
- the negative electrode current collector is formed, for example, by processing a lead or lead alloy sheet. Processing methods include, for example, expanding processing and punching processing. A grid-shaped negative electrode current collector may also be used.
- the negative electrode current collector may contain, as an additive element, at least one selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ag, Al, Bi, As, Se, Cu, and the like.
- the negative electrode plate is obtained by chemically forming an unformed negative electrode plate. Formation can be performed in the case of a lead-acid battery. For example, an electrode plate group having an unformed negative electrode plate is immersed in an electrolytic solution (aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid) to charge the electrode plate group, thereby proceeding with formation. Formation may be performed prior to assembly of the lead-acid battery or plate assembly.
- an electrolytic solution aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid
- An unformed negative electrode plate is obtained by filling a negative electrode current collector with a negative electrode paste, followed by aging and drying. Aging is preferably carried out at a temperature higher than room temperature and at a high humidity.
- the negative electrode paste contains lead powder, a Bi compound, an organic shrinkage agent, water, sulfuric acid, and, if necessary, various additives. Formation produces spongy lead.
- a Bi compound for example, bismuth sulfate (Bi 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ) can be used. At least part of the Bi compound remains as Bi element in the negative electrode material.
- the content of Bi element in the negative electrode material is obtained by disassembling a fully charged lead-acid battery at the beginning of use, washing the negative electrode plate taken out with water, collecting the negative electrode material after drying, and heating the pulverized sample to about 100 ° C. (1+3) nitric acid solution, filtered to remove insolubles, and subjecting the solution to ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) emission spectrometry.
- ICP Inductively Coupled Plasma
- the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode material to the mass of the negative electrode material may be 1.3 or more and 1.35 or less.
- the mass of the positive electrode material is the mass of the positive electrode material contained in one positive electrode plate.
- the mass of the negative electrode material is the mass of the negative electrode material included in one negative electrode plate.
- Increasing the Mp/Mn ratio to 1.3 or more and 1.35 or less means reducing the amount of negative electrode material used. In other words, the weight of the lead-acid battery can be reduced by controlling the Mp/Mn ratio to 1.3 or more and 1.35 or less.
- the load on the negative electrode plate becomes considerably large, and charge acceptance tends to decrease.
- the negative electrode material contains a sufficient amount of Bi element and the cumulative pore volume A of the separator is controlled to 0.93 mL / g or more, the flow of the electrolyte is easily ensured, so the Mp / Mn ratio is Even if it is increased to 1.3 or more and 1.35 or less, sulfation of the negative electrode plate does not proceed easily.
- the porous separator is formed by forming a sheet of a resin composition containing, for example, a resin component (hereinafter also referred to as a base polymer), an inorganic component, an oil functioning as a pore-forming material, and a penetrant (surfactant). obtained by removing part of the oil after extrusion molding. Removing some of the oil creates micropores in the matrix of the base polymer. Oil remaining in the separator functions as an additive that improves the oxidation resistance of the separator.
- a resin component hereinafter also referred to as a base polymer
- an inorganic component an oil functioning as a pore-forming material
- a penetrant surfactant
- the cumulative pore volume A of 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less of the separator is controlled to 0.93 mL/g or more.
- the cumulative pore volume A of 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less of the separator is the sum of the volumes of pores with pore diameters of 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less in the volume-based pore size distribution of the separator.
- the cumulative pore volume A accounts for, for example, 70% by volume or more and 90% by volume or less of the total pore volume B.
- the total pore volume B is the total volume of all pores in the separator.
- the volume-based pore size distribution of the separator often has peaks showing the maximum frequency in the range of 2 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m.
- the cumulative pore volume A is preferably increased, for example, by increasing pores having a pore diameter smaller than the pore diameter showing the maximum frequency (for example, within the range of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 0.2 ⁇ m or less).
- An increase in the number of pores having a pore diameter in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 0.2 ⁇ m or less does not substantially reduce the strength of the separator, and increases the circulation paths suitable for the flow of the electrolytic solution.
- the cumulative pore volume A of the separator of 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less may be 0.93 mL/g or more, but may be 1.05 mL/g or more, or may be 1.1 mL/g or more. It may be 1.2 mL/g or more.
- the cumulative pore volume A is preferably 1.4 mL/g or less, for example.
- the pore size distribution of the separator for example, at least one (typically two or more) of the type of oil contained in the resin composition, the amount of oil, the content of inorganic components, and the amount of oil removed can be adjusted.
- the amount of oil, the content of inorganic components, and the amount of oil removed can be adjusted.
- the oil is a hydrophobic substance that separates from water, and may be mineral oil or synthetic oil.
- Mineral oils may be paraffin, petrolatum, liquid paraffin (mineral oil), and the like.
- the synthetic oil may be silicone oil or the like. One oil may be used, or two or more oils may be used in combination.
- the oil may be liquid or solid at room temperature (temperature of 20° C. or higher and 35° C. or lower), but is generally liquid.
- the oil content in the separator may be, for example, 12% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, may be 12% by mass or more and 18% by mass or less, or may be 15% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, It is good also as 15 mass % or more and 18 mass % or less.
- the resistance of the separator is small and the resistance to oxidation deterioration due to oil is sufficiently exhibited, which is further advantageous for improving the IS life.
- Polyolefin is preferably used as the base polymer.
- a polyolefin and another polymer may be used in combination as the base polymer.
- Other polymers are not particularly limited as long as they are used for separators of lead-acid batteries.
- the ratio of polyolefin to the entire base polymer contained in the separator is, for example, 50% by mass or more, may be 80% by mass or more, or may be 90% by mass or more.
- a polyolefin is a polymer containing olefin as a monomer.
- Polyolefins include, for example, homopolymers of olefins, copolymers containing monomer units of different olefins, and copolymers containing olefins and copolymerizable monomers as monomer units.
- a copolymer containing an olefin and a copolymerizable monomer as monomer units contains one or more olefins as monomer units.
- a copolymerizable monomer is a polymerizable monomer other than an olefin and copolymerizable with an olefin.
- the polyolefin may be a polymer containing at least C 2-3 olefins as monomer units.
- the C 2-3 olefin includes at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene and propylene. More preferred polyolefins are, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, and copolymers containing C 2-3 olefins as monomer units (eg, ethylene-propylene copolymers).
- polyethylene polyethylene and other polyolefins may be used in combination.
- ceramic particles are preferable.
- the ceramics constituting the ceramic particles include at least one selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina and titania.
- the content of the inorganic component in the separator is, for example, 40% by mass or more, and may be 50% by mass or more.
- the content of the inorganic component is, for example, 80% by mass or less, and may be 75% by mass or less or 70% by mass or less.
- the penetrant may be, for example, either an ionic surfactant or a nonionic surfactant.
- Surfactants may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of the penetrant in the separator is, for example, 0.01% by mass or more, and may be 0.1% by mass or more, and is, for example, 5% by mass or less, and is 10% by mass or less.
- the minimum thickness of the separator is, for example, 0.12 mm or more, it is easy to ensure strength. Also, if the minimum thickness of the separator is, for example, 0.25 mm or less, the resistance of the separator can be easily kept low.
- the minimum thickness of the separator may be 0.12 mm or more and 0.25 mm or less, 0.12 mm or more and 0.22 mm or less, 0.12 mm or more and 0.2 mm or less, or 0.15 mm or more and 0.25 mm or less.
- the minimum thickness of the separator is calculated as the average value of the thicknesses measured at arbitrary five points in the cross-sectional photograph of the separator.
- the separator may or may not have ribs.
- the separator includes, for example, a base portion and ribs erected from the surface of the base portion.
- the ribs may be provided only on one surface of the base portion, or may be provided on both surfaces.
- the minimum thickness of the separator having ribs is the thickness of the base portion, and is calculated as the average value of the thicknesses measured at any five locations on the base portion.
- the separator may be in the form of a sheet, may be folded into a bellows shape, or may be formed in the shape of a bag. Either one of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate may be wrapped in a bag-shaped separator.
- the ribs may be formed on the sheet when the resin composition is extruded, or may be formed by pressing the molded sheet with a roller having grooves corresponding to the ribs.
- the height of the rib may be 0.05 mm or more and may be 1.2 mm or less.
- the height of the rib is the height of the portion that protrudes from the main surface of the base portion (protrusion height).
- the height of the rib provided in the region of the separator facing the positive electrode plate is preferably 0.4 mm or more.
- the rib height is calculated as the average value of the heights from one main surface of the base portion measured at arbitrary 10 locations of the rib in the cross-sectional photograph of the separator.
- a separator taken out from a fully charged lead-acid battery at the beginning of use is used. Separators removed from lead-acid batteries are washed and dried prior to measurement and analysis. The separator after washing and drying is referred to as sample A.
- the separator removed from the lead-acid battery is washed and dried according to the following procedure.
- the separator taken out from the lead-acid battery is immersed in pure water for 1 hour to remove the sulfuric acid in the separator.
- the separator is taken out from the liquid in which it was immersed, left to stand still for 16 hours or more in an environment of 25°C ⁇ 5°C, and dried to obtain a sample A.
- ⁇ Pore size distribution The volume-based pore size distribution of the separator is determined by a mercury porosimetry method. In order to obtain the pore size distribution, first, a region (main portion) near the center of separator sample A is processed into a strip shape of 20 mm ⁇ 5 mm to prepare sample A1. For the separator having ribs, sample A1 was produced by processing the base portion (the portion having the minimum thickness) into a strip of 20 mm ⁇ 5 mm so as not to include ribs.
- the pore size distribution of the separator is measured with a mercury porosimeter (for example, Autopore IV9510 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) using sample A1.
- the pressure range for measurement is 4 psia ( ⁇ 27.6 kPa) to 60,000 psia ( ⁇ 414 MPa).
- the pore size distribution uses a pore size range of 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less. That is, the total pore volume B is the sum of the volumes of pores having a pore diameter of 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the accumulated pore volume A is obtained for 10 samples A1, and the average value of the accumulated pore volume A is calculated. Let the obtained average value be the integrated pore volume A of the separator.
- ⁇ Content of inorganic component> A part of the main part of sample A prepared in the same manner as described above is sampled as sample A3, accurately weighed, placed in a platinum crucible, and heated with a Bunsen burner until white smoke is no longer emitted. Next, the obtained residue is heated in an electric furnace (550° C. ⁇ 10° C. in an oxygen stream) for about 1 hour to be incinerated, and the incinerated matter is weighed. The ratio (percentage) of the mass of the ash to the mass of the sample A is calculated and defined as the inorganic component content (% by mass).
- the electrolyte is an aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid.
- the electrolytic solution may further contain at least one selected from the group consisting of Na ions, Li ions, Mg ions and Al ions.
- the specific gravity of the electrolyte at 20°C is, for example, 1.10 or more.
- the specific gravity (density) of the electrolytic solution at 20° C. may be 1.35 or less.
- lead-acid batteries according to embodiments of the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to the drawings.
- the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
- FIG. 1 shows the appearance of an example of a lead-acid battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a lead-acid battery 1 includes a battery case 12 that accommodates an electrode plate group 11 and an electrolytic solution (not shown).
- the interior of the container 12 is partitioned into a plurality of cell chambers 14 by partition walls 13 .
- Each cell chamber 14 accommodates one electrode plate group 11 .
- the opening of the container 12 is closed with a lid 15 having a negative terminal 16 and a positive terminal 17 .
- the lid 15 is provided with a liquid port plug 18 for each cell chamber. When rehydrating, the rehydration liquid is replenished by removing the liquid port plug 18. - ⁇ The liquid port plug 18 may have a function of discharging the gas generated inside the cell chamber 14 to the outside of the battery.
- the electrode plate group 11 is configured by stacking a plurality of negative electrode plates 2 and positive electrode plates 3 with separators 4 interposed therebetween.
- a bag-shaped separator 4 for housing the negative electrode plate 2 is shown, but the shape of the separator is not particularly limited.
- a negative electrode shelf portion 6 connecting a plurality of negative electrode plates 2 in parallel is connected to a through connector 8, and a positive electrode shelf portion connecting a plurality of positive electrode plates 3 in parallel. 5 is connected to the positive pole 7 .
- the positive pole 7 is connected to a positive terminal 17 outside the lid 15 .
- the negative electrode column 9 is connected to the negative electrode shelf 6 , and the through connector 8 is connected to the positive electrode shelf 5 .
- the negative electrode column 9 is connected to a negative electrode terminal 16 outside the lid 15 .
- Each through-connector 8 passes through a through-hole provided in the partition wall 13 and connects the electrode plate groups 11 of adjacent cell chambers 14 in series.
- IS life The IS life is evaluated in accordance with JIS D5306:2021 based on the number of cycles until the life is reached in the following charge/discharge cycle test. A fully charged lead-acid battery with a rated voltage of 12 V was repeatedly discharged and charged under the following conditions.
- (a) to (c) are carried out in a water bath at 40°C ⁇ 2°C.
- Discharge 2 Discharge at a current value of 300 A ⁇ 1 A for 1.0 seconds ⁇ 0.2 seconds Charging for 60.0 seconds ⁇ 0.3 seconds
- Repetition The above (a) to (c) are regarded as one cycle, and are repeated until the end of the life. At this time, a rest period of 40 to 48 hours is performed every 3600 cycles. The end of life is defined as the time when it is confirmed that the discharge voltage during the test has fallen below 7.2V.
- Negative Electrode Plate A negative electrode paste was prepared by mixing lead oxide, bismuth sulfate, carbon black, barium sulfate, lignin, water and sulfuric acid.
- the negative electrode paste is filled in the mesh part of the expanded grid (negative electrode current collector) made of antimony-free Pb-Ca-Sn alloy, aged, dried, and unformed with a width of 100 mm, a height of 115 mm, and a thickness of 1.2 mm. was obtained.
- the amounts of carbon black, barium sulfate, and lignin were adjusted to be 0.3% by mass, 2.1% by mass, and 0.1% by mass, respectively, when measured in a fully charged state after formation.
- the amount of bismuth sulfate was adjusted so that the mass-based ppm value of the Bi element in the negative electrode material measured in the fully charged state of the already formed negative electrode material by the above-described procedure was the value shown in Tables 1 to 3.
- a positive electrode paste was prepared by mixing lead oxide, reinforcing material (synthetic resin fiber), water and sulfuric acid.
- the positive electrode paste was filled in the mesh part of the expanded grid made of antimony-free Pb-Ca-Sn alloy, aged and dried to obtain an unformed positive electrode plate with a width of 100 mm, a height of 115 mm and a thickness of 1.6 mm. .
- the pore size distribution (accumulated pore volume A) and oil content of the separator are adjusted according to Tables 1 to 3. was controlled to the value shown in .
- a mold with a shape that forms multiple stripe-shaped ribs was used.
- a bag-like separator was obtained by folding the sheet-like separator in half to form a bag.
- the thickness of the base portion of the separator was controlled to the values shown in Tables 1-3.
- a plurality of striped mini-ribs with a projecting height of 0.18 mm were provided at a pitch of 1 mm on both edges of the bag-shaped separator in the width direction.
- a plurality of stripe-shaped main ribs with a protrusion height of 0.6 mm were provided at a pitch of 9.8 mm in the region inside both edges provided with the mini-ribs.
- the thickness of the base portion of the separator, the protrusion height of the ribs, and the pitch of the ribs are the values obtained for the separator before the production of the lead-acid battery. is almost the same as the value
- Each unformed negative electrode plate is accommodated in a bag-shaped separator, and seven unformed negative electrode plates and six unformed positive electrode plates are alternately stacked per cell to form an electrode plate group. did.
- the lugs of the positive plate and the lugs of the negative plate were welded to the positive shelf and the negative shelf by a cast-on-strap (COS) method, respectively.
- COS cast-on-strap
- the electrode plate group is inserted into a polypropylene battery case, the electrolyte is injected, and chemical conversion is performed in the battery case, and the rated voltage is 12 V and the rated capacity is 33 Ah (20 hour rate capacity (the value described in the rated capacity). (Capacity when discharged at a current (A) 1/20 of the current (A))).
- Six electrode plate groups are connected in series in the container.
- the density at 20°C of the electrolytic solution produced after forming the lead-acid battery was adjusted to be in the range of 1.280 to 1.290.
- the negative electrode material contains 100 ppm or more of Bi element on a mass basis, and the accumulated pore volume A of 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less of the separator is 0.93 mL / g or more Lead. All of the storage batteries E1 to E49 exhibited good IS life. Among them, when the cumulative pore volume A is 1.05 mL/g or more and 1.4 mL/g or less (E4 to E9, E11, E17 to E25, E40, E44 to E49), the IS life is significantly improved. Met.
- the oil content in the separator is preferably 12% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less. If the oil content is excessively high, the resistance of the separator increases, which is thought to reduce the extent of improvement in IS life. Also, if the oil content is excessively low, the oxidation deterioration of the separator is likely to progress, and it is thought that the extent of improvement in the IS life is reduced.
- the minimum thickness (thickness of the base portion) of the separator is desirably 0.12 mm or more and 0.25 mm or less.
- a separator having a base portion thickness of less than 0.12 mm is considered to be excellent from the viewpoint of IS life, but is considered to be difficult to mass-produce.
- the thickness of the base portion exceeds 0.25 mm, the resistance of the separator increases, so it is considered that the improvement in the IS life of the separator decreases as in E37 and E38.
- Table 3 shows that even when the negative electrode material contains 100 ppm or more of Bi element on a mass basis, if the integrated pore volume A is insufficient as in R1 to R6, the IS life cannot be improved. .
- the integrated pore volume A is sufficiently large as in R7 to R12, if the Bi content is too small as in R7 and R8, or if the Bi content is too large as in R9 to R12, the IS life indicates a decrease. This is because if the Bi content is too low, gas generation at the negative electrode is small, so the effect of suppressing stratification is reduced. This is thought to be caused by the fact that the amount of hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water on the surface of the negative electrode material increases and the negative electrode material becomes insufficiently charged.
- the content of the Bi element in the negative electrode material is 100 ppm or more and less than 350 ppm on a mass basis, and the accumulated pore volume A of 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less of the separator is 0.93 mL / g or more.
- the content of the Bi element in the negative electrode material is less than 100 ppm or 350 ppm or more on a mass basis, and the cumulative pore volume A of 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less of the separator is 0.93 mL.
- the IS life was remarkably improved compared to the lead-acid battery, which is less than /g.
- the lead-acid battery according to the present invention can be suitably used, for example, as a starting power supply for IS-controlled vehicles (automobiles, motorcycles, etc.), an industrial power storage device, and a power supply for electric vehicles (forklifts, etc.). These uses are merely examples, and the uses of the lead-acid battery according to the present invention are not limited.
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Abstract
Description
て定められる。より具体的には、25℃±2℃の水槽中で、定格容量として記載の数値(単位をAhとする数値)の0.2倍の電流(A)で、15分ごとに測定した充電中の端子電圧(V)または20℃に温度換算した電解液密度が3回連続して有効数字3桁で一定値を示すまで、鉛蓄電池を充電した状態を満充電状態とする。
正極板は、正極集電体と、正極電極材料とで構成されている。正極板は、ペースト式正極板であってよい。正極電極材料は、正極集電体に保持されている。
負極板は、負極集電体と、負極電極材料とで構成されている。負極電極材料は、負極集電体に保持されている。
負極電極材料中のBi元素の含有量は、使用初期の満充電状態の鉛蓄電池を分解し、取り出した負極板を水洗、乾燥後に負極電極材料を採取し、粉砕した試料を約100℃に加熱した(1+3)硝酸液中に溶解させた後、不溶物をろ過した溶液をICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma)発光分析を行うことにより求められる。
多孔質なセパレータは、例えば、樹脂成分(以下、ベースポリマーとも称する。)と、無機成分と、造孔材として機能するオイルと、浸透剤(界面活性剤)とを含む樹脂組成物をシート状に押し出し成形した後、オイルの一部を除去することにより得られる。オイルの一部を除去することで、ベースポリマーのマトリックス中に微細孔が形成される。セパレータに残留するオイルは、セパレータの耐酸化性を向上させる添加剤として機能する。
セパレータの体積基準の細孔径分布は、水銀圧入法により求められる。細孔径分布を求めるには、まず、セパレータのサンプルAの中央付近の領域(要部)を20mm×5mmの短冊状に加工してサンプルA1を作製する。リブを有するセパレータでは、リブを含まないように、ベース部(最小の厚さを有する部分)を20mm×5mmの短冊状に加工してサンプルA1を作製する。
セパレータ中のオイル含有量は、サンプルAの要部の約0.5gをサンプルA2として採取し、正確に秤量し、初期のサンプルA2の質量(m0)を求める。秤量したサンプルA2を適当な大きさのガラス製ビーカーに入れ、n-ヘキサン50mLを加える。次いで、ビーカーごと、サンプルに約30分間、超音波を付与することにより、サンプルA2中に含まれるオイルをn-ヘキサン中に溶出させる。次いで、n-ヘキサンからサンプルA2を取り出し、大気中、室温(20℃以上35℃以下の温度)で乾燥させた後、秤量することにより、オイル除去後のサンプルA2の質量(m1)を求める。下記式より、オイルの含有量を算出する。
オイルの含有量(質量%)=(m0-m1)/m0×100
上記と同様に作製したサンプルAの要部から一部をサンプルA3として採取し、正確に秤量した後、白金坩堝中に入れ、ブンゼンバーナーで白煙が出なくなるまで加熱する。次に、得られた残渣を電気炉(酸素気流中、550℃±10℃)で約1時間加熱して灰化し、灰化物を秤量する。サンプルAの質量に占める灰化物の質量の比率(百分率)を算出し、無機成分の含有量(質量%)とする。
電解液は、硫酸を含む水溶液である。電解液は、さらに、Naイオン、Liイオン、MgイオンおよびAlイオンからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種などを含んでもよい。
(IS寿命)
IS寿命は、JIS D5306:2021に準拠して、以下の充放電サイクル試験において、寿命に達するまでのサイクル数に基づいて評価される。
満充電状態の定格電圧12Vの鉛蓄電池について、下記の条件で放電および充電を繰り返す。ここで、(a)~(c)は、40℃±2℃の水槽中で行う。
(a)放電1:ID±1Aの電流値で59秒±0.2秒の放電(ID=18.3I20(A)、ただしI20は20時間率電流(A)であり、定格容量として記載の数値(単位をAhとする数値)の1/20倍の電流(A)である。)
(b)放電2:300A±1Aの電流値で1.0秒±0.2秒の放電
(c)充電:14.0V±0.03Vで、制限電流100.0A±0.5Aにて、60.0秒±0.3秒の充電
(d)繰り返し:上記(a)~(c)を1サイクルとして、寿命まで繰り返す。このとき、3600サイクル毎に40~48時間の休止を行う。試験中の放電時電圧が7.2Vを下回ったことを確認したときを寿命とする。
以下、本発明を実施例および比較例に基づいて具体的に説明するが、本発明は以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。
(1)負極板の作製
鉛酸化物、硫酸ビスマス、カーボンブラック、硫酸バリウム、リグニン、水および硫酸を混合して負極ペーストを調製した。負極ペーストをアンチモンフリーのPb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子(負極集電体)の網目部に充填し、熟成、乾燥し、幅100mm、高さ115mm、厚さ1.2mmの未化成の負極板を得た。カーボンブラック、硫酸バリウムおよびリグニンの量は、既化成の満充電状態で測定したときに、それぞれ0.3質量%、2.1質量%および0.1質量%になるように調節した。
鉛酸化物、補強材(合成樹脂繊維)、水および硫酸を混合して正極ペーストを調製した。正極ペーストをアンチモンフリーのPb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子の網目部に充填し、熟成、乾燥し、幅100mm、高さ115mm、厚さ1.6mmの未化成の正極板を得た。
ポリエチレンと、シリカ粒子と、パラフィン系オイルと、浸透剤を含む樹脂組成物をシート状に押出成形した後、オイルの一部を除去して、セパレータを形成した。浸透剤は、ポリエチレン100質量部に対して2質量部の割合で用いた。
未化成の各負極板を、袋状セパレータに収容し、セル当たり未化成の負極板7枚と未化成の正極板6枚とを交互に重ねて極板群を形成した。正極板の耳同士および負極板の耳同士をそれぞれキャストオンストラップ(COS)方式で正極棚部および負極棚部と溶接した。極板群をポリプロピレン製の電槽に挿入し、電解液を注液して、電槽内で化成を施して、定格電圧12Vおよび定格容量が33Ah(20時間率容量(定格容量に記載の数値の1/20の電流(A)で放電するときの容量))の液式の鉛蓄電池E1~E49およびR1~R12を組み立てた。電槽内では6個の極板群が直列に接続されている。
作製した鉛蓄電池を、既述の手順で満充電状態にし、鉛蓄電池のIS寿命(鉛蓄電池の端子電圧7.2Vに到達するまでのサイクル数)を求めた。結果を表1~3に示す。各評価は、鉛蓄電池R4の結果を100%としたときの比(%)で示す。
Claims (6)
- 正極板と、負極板と、前記正極板および前記負極板の間に介在するセパレータとを備え、
前記正極板は、正極電極材料を含み、
前記負極板は、負極電極材料を含み、
前記負極電極材料は、Bi元素を含み、
前記負極電極材料中の前記Bi元素の含有量は、質量基準で100ppm以上、350ppm未満であり、
前記セパレータは、多孔質であり、
前記セパレータにおいて、0.005μm以上、10μm以下の積算細孔容積Aが、0.93mL/g以上である、鉛蓄電池。 - 前記積算細孔容積Aが、1.05mL/g以上、1.4mL/g以下である、請求項1に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記セパレータが、オイルを含み、
前記セパレータ中の前記オイルの含有量が、12質量%以上、20質量%以下である、請求項1または2に記載の鉛蓄電池。 - 前記セパレータの最小の厚さが、0.12mm以上、0.25mm以下である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記正極電極材料の質量の前記負極電極材料の質量に対する比が、1.3以上、1.35以下である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- アイドリングストップ制御される車両用である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の鉛蓄電池。
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Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH09283137A (ja) * | 1996-04-11 | 1997-10-31 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池 |
JP2004281197A (ja) * | 2003-03-14 | 2004-10-07 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池 |
JP2006079973A (ja) * | 2004-09-10 | 2006-03-23 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池 |
JP2006114417A (ja) * | 2004-10-18 | 2006-04-27 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池 |
WO2020067032A1 (ja) * | 2018-09-26 | 2020-04-02 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 鉛蓄電池 |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH09283137A (ja) * | 1996-04-11 | 1997-10-31 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池 |
JP2004281197A (ja) * | 2003-03-14 | 2004-10-07 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池 |
JP2006079973A (ja) * | 2004-09-10 | 2006-03-23 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池 |
JP2006114417A (ja) * | 2004-10-18 | 2006-04-27 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池 |
WO2020067032A1 (ja) * | 2018-09-26 | 2020-04-02 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 鉛蓄電池 |
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