WO2022202992A1 - 放射冷却式膜材 - Google Patents
放射冷却式膜材 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022202992A1 WO2022202992A1 PCT/JP2022/013949 JP2022013949W WO2022202992A1 WO 2022202992 A1 WO2022202992 A1 WO 2022202992A1 JP 2022013949 W JP2022013949 W JP 2022013949W WO 2022202992 A1 WO2022202992 A1 WO 2022202992A1
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
- B32B15/082—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin comprising vinyl resins; comprising acrylic resins
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
- B32B27/22—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using plasticisers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
- B32B27/304—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl halide (co)polymers, e.g. PVC, PVDC, PVF, PVDF
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/20—Inorganic coating
- B32B2255/205—Metallic coating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/416—Reflective
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/732—Dimensional properties
- B32B2307/737—Dimensions, e.g. volume or area
- B32B2307/7375—Linear, e.g. length, distance or width
- B32B2307/7376—Thickness
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B23/00—Machines, plants or systems, with a single mode of operation not covered by groups F25B1/00 - F25B21/00, e.g. using selective radiation effect
- F25B23/003—Machines, plants or systems, with a single mode of operation not covered by groups F25B1/00 - F25B21/00, e.g. using selective radiation effect using selective radiation effect
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a radiative cooling film material with radiative cooling action.
- Radiative cooling is a phenomenon in which the temperature of a substance drops when it radiates electromagnetic waves such as infrared rays to its surroundings.
- a radiative cooling layer radiative cooling device that cools an object to be cooled without consuming energy such as electricity can be constructed.
- an infrared radiation layer that emits infrared light from a radiation surface and a light reflection layer that is positioned on the opposite side of the radiation layer to the side where the radiation surface exists is provided in a laminated state, the infrared radiation layer is formed using dimethylsiloxane resin, vinylidene fluoride resin, acrylic acid resin, and methyl methacrylate resin, and the light reflection layer is configured to include silver or a silver alloy.
- the infrared radiation layer radiates large thermal radiation energy in a wavelength band of 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m, and the light reflection layer transmits light (ultraviolet light, Visible light, infrared light) is reflected and radiated from the radiation surface, and the light (ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light) transmitted through the infrared radiation layer is projected onto the cooling target, heating the cooling target.
- the light reflection layer In addition to the light transmitted through the infrared radiation layer, the light reflection layer also has the function of reflecting the light emitted from the infrared radiation layer toward the side where the light reflection layer exists toward the infrared radiation layer.
- the purpose of providing the light reflecting layer is to reflect the light (ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light) transmitted through the infrared radiation layer.
- the film material used to form the canvas used for various purposes such as tent warehouses, tents for events, tents for work, and truck hoods installed in the form of hoods on truck beds is exposed to sunlight in the daytime. Therefore, it is desired to suppress the temperature rise of the film material.
- the event space surrounded by the tent is cooled in the summer, etc.
- the temperature of the membrane material is increased. should be suppressed as much as possible. That is, if the temperature rise of the film material is suppressed, the temperature rise of the space surrounded by the film material can be suppressed, so it is desired to suppress the temperature rise of the film material as much as possible.
- the present invention has been made in view of such a situation, and its object is to provide a radiative cooling method that can be cooled by a radiative cooling action in a daytime solar radiation environment and that can improve productivity when forming it into a canvas.
- the point is to provide a film material.
- the radiative cooling type film material of the present invention has a radiative cooling layer attached to the outer surface of the film material,
- the radiative cooling layer comprises an infrared radiation layer that emits infrared light from a radiation surface, and a light reflection layer that is positioned on the side of the infrared radiation layer opposite to the side on which the radiation surface exists.
- the infrared radiation layer is a resin material layer made of vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin adjusted to a thickness that emits thermal radiation energy greater than absorbed solar energy in a wavelength band of 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m, the light reflective layer comprises silver or a silver alloy; It is characterized in that a film material side resin layer formed of vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin is provided on the rear surface portion of the film material away from the radiative cooling layer.
- the sunlight incident from the radiation layer of the infrared radiation layer in the radiation cooling layer is reflected by the light reflection layer on the side opposite to the radiation surface of the resin material layer after passing through the resin material layer, It escapes from the radiation surface to the outside of the system.
- the concept of light includes ultraviolet light (ultraviolet light), visible light, and infrared light.
- wavelengths of light as electromagnetic waves include electromagnetic waves with wavelengths of 10 nm to 20000 nm (electromagnetic waves of 0.01 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m).
- the heat transfer (heat input) to the radiative cooling layer is converted into infrared rays by the resin material layer as the infrared radiating layer, and released from the radiating surface to the outside of the system.
- the radiative cooling layer reflects sunlight irradiating the radiative cooling layer, and heat transfer to the radiative cooling layer (for example, heat transfer from the atmosphere or from the film material cooled by the radiative cooling layer) heat transfer) can be radiated out of the system as infrared light.
- the thickness of the resin material layer is adjusted to emit thermal radiation energy larger than the absorbed sunlight energy in a wavelength band of 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m
- the light reflection layer comprising silver or a silver alloy reflects sunlight. It is possible to exhibit a cooling function even in a daytime sunlight environment while appropriately reflecting light.
- the film material can be cooled by the radiative cooling layer attached to the outer surface of the film material even in a daytime sunlight environment.
- the inside (internal space) of the film material can be cooled by the radiative cooling action under the sunlight environment in the daytime.
- Thin film-like vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin becomes soft by adding a plasticizer, so even if it comes into contact with other objects, it can flexibly change its shape according to the other objects to avoid damage. Therefore, it can be maintained in a beautiful state for a long period of time.
- the thin film-like fluororesin is hard, it cannot be flexibly changed in shape by contact with other objects, and is easily scratched, making it difficult to maintain a beautiful state.
- a plasticizer to the vinyl chloride resin even if it is scratched, it can be deformed by heating to 80 ° C. or higher to eliminate the surface scratches and smooth it, that is, the scratches can be self-repaired.
- vinyl chloride resin is flame-retardant and hardly biodegradable, it is suitable as a resin material for forming a resin material layer of a radiant cooling device for outdoor use.
- the vinyl chloride resins used in the present invention are vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride homopolymers and vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride copolymers, and are produced by conventionally known polymerization methods.
- the vinyl chloride resin is softened by mixing a plasticizer, so that the resin material layer is further provided with flexibility. The result is a flexible radiative cooling device.
- the film material side formed of vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin is formed on the back surface part away from the radiative cooling layer of the film material. Since the resin layer is provided, when joining a pair of radiation cooling membrane materials, the membrane material side resin layer of the radiation cooling membrane material on one side is attached to the resin material layer of the radiation cooling membrane material on the other side. Since it is possible to join by thermal welding in a state of contact, it is possible to improve productivity when joining a plurality of radiative cooling film materials to form a canvas.
- a plurality of radiative cooling membranes are formed by joining the edges of radiation cooling membrane materials formed as rectangular membranes. Joining materials will be performed. If the connection is made by sewing, it is a time-consuming work, but since the connection can be made by heat welding, the productivity in forming the canvas can be improved. Incidentally, high-frequency welding, hot-air welding, hot welding, etc. can be applied as thermal welding.
- the film material can be cooled by the radiative cooling action in a daytime solar radiation environment, and furthermore, the radiative cooling film can improve the productivity when forming it on a canvas. material can be provided.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiative cooling type film material of the present invention is that the radiative cooling layer is attached to the outer surface of the film material with a connecting layer of adhesive or pressure sensitive adhesive.
- the radiative cooling layer can be attached to the outer surface of the flexible film material in such a manner that the radiative cooling layer is in close contact with the connection layer of the adhesive or pressure sensitive adhesive.
- the outer surface of the film material is generally not a mirror surface but is formed in a state in which unevenness exists. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the unevenness of the outer surface of the film material from being reflected in the light reflecting layer, thereby maintaining the light reflecting layer in a flat state.
- the radiative cooling type film material of the present invention it is possible to accurately attach the radiative cooling layer to the outer surface of the flexible film material so as to be in close contact therewith.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiation-cooled film material of the present invention is that the film thickness of the resin material layer is The average wavelength of light absorptance at a wavelength of 0.4 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m is 13% or less, the average wavelength of light absorptance at a wavelength of 0.5 ⁇ m to 0.8 ⁇ m is 4% or less, and the wavelength from 0.8 ⁇ m
- the wavelength average of the light absorption rate up to a wavelength of 1.5 ⁇ m is within 1%
- the wavelength average of the light absorption rate from 1.5 ⁇ m to 2.5 ⁇ m has a light absorption characteristic of 40% or less
- from 8 ⁇ m to The thickness is adjusted to provide thermal radiation characteristics such that the wavelength average of the emissivity of 14 ⁇ m is 40% or more.
- the wavelength average of light absorptance at a wavelength of 0.4 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m means the average value of light absorptance for each wavelength in the range of 0.4 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m.
- Other similar descriptions including emissivity mean similar average values, and the same applies hereinafter in this specification.
- the resin material layer changes its light absorption rate and emissivity (light emissivity) depending on its thickness. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the thickness of the resin material layer so that it absorbs as little sunlight as possible and emits a large amount of thermal radiation in the so-called atmospheric window wavelength range (light wavelength range of 8 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m).
- the wavelength average of the light absorption rate at a wavelength of 0.4 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m is 13% or less, and the wavelength is 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the wavelength average of the light absorptance from the wavelength of 0.8 ⁇ m is 4% or less, the wavelength average of the light absorptance from the wavelength of 0.8 ⁇ m to the wavelength of 1.5 ⁇ m is within 1%, and from 1.5 ⁇ m to 2.5 ⁇ m
- the wavelength average of the light absorptance up to is required to be 40% or less.
- the wavelength average should be 100% or less.
- the light absorptance of sunlight is 10% or less, which is 100 W or less in terms of energy.
- the light absorption rate of sunlight increases as the film thickness of the resin material layer increases.
- the emissivity of the atmospheric window becomes approximately 1, and the thermal radiation emitted into space at that time is 125 W/m 2 to 160 W/m 2 .
- the absorption of sunlight by the light reflecting layer is preferably 50 W/m 2 or less. Therefore, the sum of sunlight absorption in the resin material layer and the light reflecting layer is 150 W/m 2 or less, and if the atmospheric conditions are favorable, cooling proceeds.
- the average wavelength of the emissivity at wavelengths of 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m must be 40% or more. That is, in order for the resin material layer to emit into space about 50 W/m 2 of solar thermal radiation absorbed by the light reflecting layer, the resin material layer needs to emit more thermal radiation.
- the maximum thermal radiation of an atmospheric window with a wavelength of 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m is 200 W/m 2 (calculated as an emissivity of 1). This value can be obtained in fine weather in a very dry environment with thin air, such as in high mountains. Since the atmosphere is thicker in lowlands and the like than in high mountains, the wavelength band of the window of the atmosphere becomes narrower and the transmittance decreases. By the way, this phenomenon is called "the window of the atmosphere becomes narrower".
- the environment in which the radiative cooling film material is actually used may be very humid, and in that case also the window to the atmosphere is narrow.
- the thermal radiation generated in the atmospheric window region in low-lying applications is estimated to be 160 W/m 2 at 30° C. under good conditions (calculated as an emissivity of 1).
- the window of the atmosphere becomes even narrower and the radiation into space is about 125 W/m 2 .
- the average wavelength of the emissivity of wavelengths 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m must be 40% or more (the thermal radiation intensity in the window zone of the atmosphere must be 50 W/m 2 or more) to be used in the lowlands of the mid-latitudes. Therefore, by adjusting the thickness of the resin material layer so as to fall within the optically specified range described above, the heat output from the atmospheric window becomes greater than the heat input due to the absorption of sunlight, and the sunlight in the daytime becomes larger. Radiative cooling can be performed outdoors even under environmental conditions. That is, when the resin material layer is formed of vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin, the thickness of the resin material layer is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less and 10 ⁇ m or more.
- the heat output from the atmospheric window is greater than the heat input due to the light absorption of sunlight, so that radiative cooling can be performed outdoors even in a solar environment. can.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiation-cooling film material of the present invention is that the light reflecting layer has a reflectance of 90% or more at a wavelength of 0.4 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m and a reflectance of 96% or more at a wavelength longer than 0.5 ⁇ m. It is in the point that it is.
- the sunlight spectrum exists from 0.295 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m in wavelength, and the intensity increases as the wavelength increases from 0.4 ⁇ m, especially from 0.5 ⁇ m to 2.5 ⁇ m.
- the light reflective layer exhibits a reflectance of 90% or more at a wavelength of 0.4 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m and has a reflectance of 96% or more at a wavelength longer than 0.5 ⁇ m, the light reflective layer can reflect sunlight. Absorbs less than 5% of energy.
- the solar energy absorbed by the light reflecting layer can be reduced to about 50 W/m 2 or less during the middle of summer, and radiative cooling by the resin material layer can be performed satisfactorily.
- the spectrum of sunlight is based on the AM1.5G standard.
- the radiative cooling type film material of the present invention it is possible to suppress the absorption of sunlight energy by the light reflecting layer and to perform radiative cooling by the resin material layer satisfactorily.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiation-cooling film material of the present invention is that the light reflecting layer is made of silver or a silver alloy and has a thickness of 50 nm or more.
- the light-reflecting layer has the reflectance characteristics described above, that is, the reflectance of 90% or more at a wavelength of 0.4 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m and the reflectance of 96% or more at a wavelength longer than 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the reflective material on the emitting surface side of the light reflective layer is silver or a silver alloy.
- the thickness must be 50 nm or more.
- the radiation-cooling film material of the present invention it is possible to appropriately suppress the absorption of solar energy by the light-reflecting layer, and to perform the radiation-cooling by the resin material layer satisfactorily.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiation-cooling film material of the present invention is that the light reflecting layer is composed of silver or a silver alloy positioned adjacent to the resin material layer and aluminum or an aluminum alloy positioned away from the resin material layer. It is in the point that it is a laminated structure.
- the light reflecting layer in order to give the light reflecting layer the reflectance characteristics described above, it may have a structure in which silver or a silver alloy and aluminum or an aluminum alloy are laminated.
- the reflecting material on the emitting surface side must be silver or a silver alloy.
- the thickness of silver is required to be 10 nm or more, and the thickness of aluminum is required to be 30 nm or more.
- the light reflecting layer Since aluminum or an aluminum alloy is cheaper than silver or a silver alloy, it is possible to reduce the cost of the light reflecting layer while providing appropriate reflectance characteristics. In other words, while making the expensive silver or silver alloy thinner to reduce the cost of the light reflecting layer, the light reflecting layer has a laminated structure of silver or a silver alloy and aluminum or an aluminum alloy. It is possible to reduce the cost of the light reflecting layer while providing good reflectance characteristics.
- the radiation-cooled film material of the present invention it is possible to reduce the cost of the light reflecting layer while providing appropriate reflectance characteristics.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiative cooling type film material of the present invention is that the resin material forming the resin material layer is a vinyl chloride resin mixed with a plasticizer,
- the plasticizer is composed of one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of phthalates, aliphatic dibasic esters and phosphate esters.
- the vinyl chloride-based resin can obtain sufficient heat radiation in the window region of the atmosphere.
- vinyl chloride resin has the same heat radiation characteristics as fluororesin and silicone rubber, which can obtain large heat radiation in the window area of the atmosphere. It is effective in constructing a radiative cooling device in which the temperature is lower than that at a low cost.
- the thickness is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less and 10 ⁇ m or more, as described above.
- the thin vinyl chloride resin becomes soft by adding a plasticizer, even if it comes into contact with other objects, it can flexibly change its shape according to the other objects to avoid damage. can be maintained in a beautiful state for a long period of time.
- the thin film-like fluororesin is hard, it cannot be flexibly changed in shape by contact with other objects, and is easily scratched, making it difficult to maintain a beautiful state.
- the plasticizer mixed in the vinyl chloride resin is composed of one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of phthalates, aliphatic dibasic esters, and phosphate esters.
- plasticization Since the agent does not easily absorb ultraviolet light (ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 295 nm to 400 nm) contained in sunlight, the weather resistance of the vinyl chloride resin mixed with the plasticizer can be improved.
- the plasticizer mixed in the vinyl chloride resin absorbs ultraviolet rays, the hydrolysis of the plasticizer progresses, resulting in dehydrochlorination of the vinyl chloride resin and the resulting coloring (brown).
- the plasticizer does not easily absorb the ultraviolet rays contained in the sunlight, the weather resistance of the vinyl chloride resin mixed with the plasticizer can be improved.
- plasticizers mixed in the resin layer on the film material side include phthalates, aliphatic dibasic acid esters, phosphate esters, trimellitate ester (TOTM), and epoxidized fatty acid ester. (epoxidized soybean oil) can be used as a plasticizer.
- the radiative cooling type membrane material of the present invention it is possible to provide a radiative cooling type membrane material which can be made sufficiently flexible while achieving cost reduction and which can improve weather resistance. can.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiative cooling film material of the present invention is that the plasticizer is mixed in the range of 1 part by weight or more and 200 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the vinyl chloride resin or the vinylidene chloride resin. in the point.
- the plasticizer mixed in the vinyl chloride resin is mixed in the range of 1 part by weight or more and 200 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the vinyl chloride resin, so that the vinyl chloride resin is appropriately flexible. can provide sexuality.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiation-cooling film material of the present invention is that the phosphate of the plasticizer is a phosphate triester or an aromatic phosphate.
- a phosphate triester or an aromatic phosphate as the phosphate of the plasticizer, it is possible to make the plasticizer less likely to absorb ultraviolet rays contained in sunlight.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiative cooling type film material of the present invention is configured to include a protective layer between the infrared radiation layer and the light reflecting layer,
- the protective layer is a polyolefin resin with a thickness of 300 nm or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, or a polyethylene terephthalate resin with a thickness of 17 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less.
- the sunlight incident from the radiation surface of the resin material layer as the infrared radiation layer passes through the resin material layer and the protective layer, and then passes through the light reflecting layer on the side opposite to the radiation surface of the resin material layer. , and escapes from the radiation surface to the outside of the system.
- the protective layer is made of polyolefin resin and has a thickness of 300 nm or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, or is made of ethylene terephthalate resin and has a thickness of 17 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less. Since it is possible to suppress the discoloration of the silver or silver alloy of the light reflection layer even in a daytime sunlight environment, cooling is possible even in a daytime sunlight environment while properly reflecting sunlight with the light reflection layer. function can be performed accurately.
- radicals generated in the resin material layer reach silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer, and moisture passing through the resin material layer forms the light reflecting layer.
- the silver or silver alloy of the light reflecting layer may discolor in a short period of time, resulting in a state in which the light reflecting function is not properly exhibited. Short-term discoloration of silver or silver alloy in the layer can be suppressed.
- the protective layer is made of polyolefin resin and has a thickness of 300 nm or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, the polyolefin resin is exposed to ultraviolet rays in the entire ultraviolet wavelength range from 0.295 ⁇ m to 0.4 ⁇ m. Since the protective layer is a synthetic resin having a light absorption rate of 10% or less, the protective layer is less likely to deteriorate due to the absorption of ultraviolet rays.
- the thickness of the polyolefin-based resin forming the protective layer is 300 nm or more, radicals generated in the resin material layer are blocked from reaching the silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer, and It satisfactorily exhibits a blocking function such as blocking moisture passing through the resin material layer from reaching the silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer, thereby preventing discoloration of the silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer. can be suppressed.
- the protective layer formed of polyolefin resin deteriorates while forming radicals on the surface side away from the reflective layer due to the absorption of ultraviolet rays, but since the thickness is 300 nm or more, the formed radicals does not reach the light-reflecting layer, and even if it deteriorates while forming radicals, the progress of deterioration is slow due to the low absorption of ultraviolet rays. It will be demonstrated.
- the protective layer is made of ethylene terephthalate resin and has a thickness of 17 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less
- the ethylene terephthalate resin has a wavelength range of 0.295 ⁇ m to 0.4 ⁇ m, which is higher than that of the polyolefin resin.
- the resin material has a high absorption rate of ultraviolet rays in the wavelength range of ultraviolet rays, since the thickness is 17 ⁇ m or more, the radicals generated in the resin material layer do not reach the silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer.
- the protective layer satisfactorily exhibits a blocking function such as blocking moisture passing through the resin material layer from reaching the silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer for a long period of time. Discoloration of the silver or silver alloy that forms the can be suppressed.
- the protective layer formed of ethylene terephthalate resin deteriorates while forming radicals on the surface side away from the reflective layer due to the absorption of ultraviolet rays. Radicals do not reach the reflective layer, and even if the reflective layer deteriorates while forming radicals, the thickness is 17 ⁇ m or more, so the above shielding function is exhibited over a long period of time.
- the reason for setting the upper limit of the thickness is to avoid as much as possible that the protective layer exhibits heat insulation properties that do not contribute to radiative cooling. .
- the radiation cooling type can satisfactorily cool the inside of the film material while suppressing discoloration of the silver or silver alloy of the light reflecting layer in a short period of time.
- Membrane material can be provided.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiative cooling type film material of the present invention is that a glue layer connecting the resin material layer and the protective layer is provided between the resin material layer and the protective layer. .
- the resin material layer, the protective layer, and the light reflecting layer can be satisfactorily laminated by the procedure of bonding the resin material layer and the protective layer together with the glue layer. In other words, a radiative cooling layer can be produced satisfactorily.
- a radiative cooling layer can be produced satisfactorily.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiative cooling film material of the present invention is that the adhesive or adhesive used for the glue layer is any one of urethane, acrylic, and ethylene vinyl acetate.
- the adhesive or pressure-sensitive adhesive used for the glue layer is either urethane-based, acrylic-based, or ethylene-vinyl acetate-based, and such an adhesive or pressure-sensitive adhesive provides high transparency to sunlight. be able to. In other words, the radiative cooling effect can be appropriately exhibited while the glue layer is provided.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiation-cooling film material of the present invention is that the resin material layer contains an inorganic filler.
- the inorganic filler since the inorganic filler is mixed in the resin material layer, the light scattering action of the inorganic filler causes the radiative cooling film material to appear white when viewed from the side where the radiation surface exists, which is aesthetically pleasing. can be improved.
- the inorganic filler when the inorganic filler is not mixed in the resin material layer, silver in the light reflecting layer can be seen by looking at the light reflecting layer through the transparent resin material layer. Due to the light scattering action, the color of the radiation-cooling film material when viewed from the side where the radiation surface exists is white, and the appearance can be improved.
- the radiation-cooling film material of the present invention can be made white when viewed from the side where the radiation surface exists.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiation-cooling film material of the present invention is that the paste layer contains an inorganic filler.
- the inorganic filler is mixed in the glue layer that connects the resin material layer and the protective layer, the glue layer is protected by the resin material layer, so that moisture contained in the rain and the air is reduced. Since the penetration of the glue layer is suppressed, the inorganic filler mixed in the glue layer is suppressed from being affected by rain and moisture contained in the air. It is possible to improve the durability of the radiative cooling layer by avoiding deterioration of the cooling layer.
- the inorganic filler is mixed in the glue layer connecting the resin material layer and the protective layer, when the radiative cooling layer is viewed from the side where the radiation surface exists, the glue layer passes through the transparent resin material layer. Therefore, the light scattering effect of the inorganic filler causes the radiative cooling film material to turn white when viewed from the side where the radiation surface exists, improving the aesthetic appearance. becomes possible.
- the durability can be improved while making the radiative cooling type film material look white when viewed from the side where the radiation surface exists.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiative cooling type film material of the present invention is that the weight ratio of the filler to the glue layer is 0.1 to 40 wt%.
- the weight ratio of the filler to the glue layer is 0.1 to 40% by weight, the color of the radiation-cooling film material when viewed from the side where the radiation surface is present should be white. can be done.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiative cooling film material of the present invention is that the filler contains any one selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, and calcium carbonate.
- the radiation cooling film material is It can be suitably done to cause the color to be white.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiation-cooling film material of the present invention is that the filler contains titanium oxide.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiation-cooling film material of the present invention is that titanium oxide is coated with at least one of alumina coating, silica coating, and zirconia coating.
- the filler can be appropriately made to have no photocatalytic activity, so that the resin material layer adjacent to the paste layer is deteriorated. can be suppressed more appropriately.
- a further characteristic configuration of the radiation-cooling film material of the present invention is that the radiation surface is formed in an uneven shape.
- the surface area of the radiating surface can be increased. , can improve the cooling function.
- the cooling function can be improved.
- FIG. 3 shows the light reflectance spectrum of a silver-based light reflective layer;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a specific configuration of a radiative cooling film material;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a specific configuration of a radiative cooling film material;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a specific configuration of a radiative cooling film material;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a specific configuration of a radiative cooling film material;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a specific configuration of a radiative cooling film material;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a specific configuration of a radiative cooling film material; It is a figure which shows the relationship between the light transmittance of polyethylene, and a wavelength. It is a figure explaining the structure for a test.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing test results when the protective layer is polyethylene.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing test results when the protective layer is UV-absorbing acrylic;
- FIG. 4 shows the emissivity spectrum of polyethylene;
- It is a figure explaining another structure of a radiative cooling layer. It is a figure which shows the joining state of a radiation cooling-type film
- FIG. 11 shows a truck with a hood;
- FIG. 11 shows a truck with a hood;
- FIG. 4 shows a truck equipped with a bed sheet; It is a figure which shows the structure which formed the radiative cooling layer in uneven
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a case where a truck with a hood runs;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a specific example of unevenness of a radiative cooling layer;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a specific example of unevenness of a radiative cooling layer;
- It is a graph which shows an experimental result. It is a figure explaining the structure which made the front and back of the resin material layer uneven
- the radiative cooling type film material W has a film-like radiative cooling layer CP attached to the outer surface of the film material E, and the film material E is cooled by the radiative cooling action of the radiative cooling layer CP.
- the radiative cooling layer CP is connected to the outer surface of the film material E with a connection layer S of adhesive or pressure sensitive adhesive.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a case where a tent-type warehouse 1 is formed with a radiation-cooling film material W. That is, the upper surface and surrounding side surfaces of the tent-type warehouse 1 are made of canvas made by bonding a plurality of radiation-cooling film materials W. As shown in FIG. A configuration for joining a plurality of radiation cooling film materials W will be described later.
- the radiation cooling layer CP includes an infrared radiation layer A that emits infrared light IR from the radiation surface H, a light reflection layer B that is positioned on the opposite side of the infrared radiation layer A from the radiation surface H, A protective layer D between the infrared radiation layer A and the light reflecting layer B is laminated and formed into a film. That is, the radiative cooling layer CP is configured as a radiative cooling film.
- the light reflecting layer B reflects the light L such as sunlight transmitted through the infrared radiation layer A and the protective layer D, and has a reflectance of 90% or more at a wavelength of 400 nm to 500 nm Longer wave reflectance is 96% or more.
- the sunlight spectrum exists from 300 nm to 4000 nm in wavelength, and the intensity increases as the wavelength increases from 400 nm.
- the light L includes ultraviolet light (ultraviolet light), visible light, and infrared light. .01 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m electromagnetic waves).
- ultraviolet light ultraviolet light
- visible light visible light
- infrared light infrared light. .01 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m electromagnetic waves.
- the wavelength range of ultraviolet light is between 295 nm and 400 nm.
- the light reflection layer B exhibits a reflection characteristic of 90% or more over a wavelength of 400 nm to 500 nm, and exhibits a reflection characteristic of 96% or more for a wavelength longer than 500 nm, so that the radiation cooling layer CP (radiation cooling film) reflects light.
- the solar energy absorbed by the layer B can be suppressed to 5% or less, that is, the solar energy absorbed in the middle of the summer can be reduced to about 50W.
- the light reflecting layer B is composed of silver or a silver alloy, or composed of a laminated structure of silver or a silver alloy positioned adjacent to the protective layer D and aluminum or an aluminum alloy positioned away from the protective layer D. and flexibility, the details of which will be described later.
- the infrared radiation layer A is configured as a resin material layer J made of vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin adjusted to a thickness that emits thermal radiation energy greater than the absorbed solar energy in a wavelength band of 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m. The details will be described later.
- the radiative cooling layer CP reflects a part of the light L incident on the radiative cooling layer CP on the radiation surface H of the infrared radiation layer A, and the light L incident on the radiative cooling layer CP is Light (sunlight, etc.) transmitted through the resin material layer J and the protective layer D is reflected by the light reflecting layer B and escaped from the radiation surface H to the outside.
- the heat input to the radiative cooling layer CP from the film material E located on the opposite side of the light reflecting layer B from the side on which the resin material layer J is present is The film material E is cooled by being converted into infrared light IR by the resin material layer J and emitted.
- the radiative cooling layer CP reflects the light L irradiated to the radiative cooling layer CP, and also transfers heat to the radiative cooling layer CP (for example, heat transfer from the atmosphere or heat transfer from the film material E). ) as infrared light IR to the outside.
- the resin material layer J, the protective layer D, and the light reflecting layer B are flexible, so that the radiation cooling layer CP (radiation cooling film) is flexible.
- a film material-side resin layer Ej made of vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin is provided on the rear surface portion of the film material E, which is separated from the radiative cooling layer CP. That is, the film material E is formed in a form in which the film material body Eh and the film material-side resin layer Ej are laminated.
- the membrane material body Eh is formed as a woven fabric of natural fibers such as cotton and hemp, woven fabrics of inorganic fibers, synthetic fibers, and special fibers, and non-woven fabrics such as spunbond, spunlace, and needle punch. there is something
- the thickness of the film material body Eh is, for example, about 0.1 mm to 5 mm.
- Inorganic fibers include metal fibers and glass fibers; synthetic fibers include polyamide, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene, and polyethylene; special fibers include aramid fibers. , carbon fiber, and biodegradable fiber.
- the resin material forming the resin material layer J changes its light absorption rate and emissivity (light emissivity) depending on its thickness. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the thickness of the resin material layer J so that it absorbs as little sunlight as possible and emits a large amount of thermal radiation in the so-called atmospheric window wavelength band (wavelength band from 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m).
- the thickness of the resin material layer J is such that the average wavelength of the light absorption rate at wavelengths of 0.4 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m is 13% or less, and the wavelength is from 0.5 ⁇ m to 13%.
- the wavelength average of light absorption at a wavelength of 0.8 ⁇ m is 4% or less, the wavelength average of light absorption from a wavelength of 0.8 ⁇ m to a wavelength of 1.5 ⁇ m is within 1%, and a wavelength of 1.5 ⁇ m to 2.5 ⁇ m. It is necessary to adjust the thickness so that the wavelength average of light absorptance from 2.5 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m is 100% or less.
- the light absorptance of sunlight is 10% or less, which is 100 W or less in terms of energy.
- the light absorption rate of the resin material increases as the film thickness of the resin material increases.
- the emissivity of the atmospheric window becomes approximately 1, and the thermal radiation released into space at that time is 125 W/m 2 to 160 W/m 2 .
- the absorption of sunlight by the protective layer D and the light reflecting layer B is 50 W/m 2 or less.
- the sum of the sunlight absorption in the resin material layer J, the protective layer D, and the light reflecting layer B is 150 W/m 2 or less, and if the atmospheric conditions are good, cooling proceeds.
- the resin material forming the resin material layer J it is preferable to use a resin material having a small light absorptance near the peak value of the sunlight spectrum as described above.
- the thickness of the resin material layer J must be adjusted so that the average wavelength of emissivity at wavelengths from 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m is 40% or more.
- the thermal energy of the sunlight of about 50 W/m 2 absorbed by the protective layer D and the light reflecting layer B to be emitted from the resin material layer J into space by the thermal radiation of the resin material layer J
- the thermal radiation of more than that is required. must be provided by the resin material layer J.
- the maximum thermal radiation of an 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m atmospheric window is 200 W/m 2 (calculated as an emissivity of 1).
- This value can be obtained in fine weather in a very dry environment with thin air, such as in high mountains. Since the atmosphere is thicker in lowlands and the like than in high mountains, the wavelength band of the window of the atmosphere becomes narrower and the transmittance decreases. By the way, this phenomenon is called "the window of the atmosphere becomes narrower".
- the environment in which the radiative cooling layer CP (radiative cooling film) is actually used may be humid, and even in that case the window to the atmosphere is narrow.
- the thermal radiation generated in the atmospheric window region in low-lying applications is estimated to be 160 W/m 2 at 30° C. under good conditions (calculated as an emissivity of 1).
- the window of the atmosphere becomes narrower and the radiation to space is about 125 W/m 2 .
- the average wavelength of the emissivity in the wavelength range of 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m must be 40% or more (the thermal radiation intensity in the window zone of the atmosphere is 50 W/m 2 ), or it cannot be used in the lowlands of the mid-latitudes.
- the thickness of the resin material layer J is adjusted so as to fall within the range of the optical regulation in view of the above matter, the heat output from the atmospheric window becomes larger than the heat input due to the absorption of sunlight, and the solar radiation environment. Radiative cooling can be done outdoors even at low temperatures.
- the thickness of the vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin forming the resin material layer J is 100 ⁇ m or less and 10 ⁇ m or more.
- emissivity ( ⁇ ) and light absorption (A) are equal.
- t is the film thickness. That is, by adjusting the film thickness of the resin material layer J, a large amount of thermal radiation can be obtained in a wavelength band with a large absorption coefficient. In the case of radiative cooling outdoors, it is preferable to use a material with a large absorption coefficient in the wavelength range of 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m, which is the wavelength band of the window of the atmosphere.
- the absorption coefficient in order to suppress the absorption of sunlight, it is preferable to use a material that has no or a small absorption coefficient in the wavelength range of 0.3 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m, particularly 0.4 ⁇ m to 2.5 ⁇ m.
- the light absorptance emissivity
- the sunlight spectrum has only wavelengths longer than 0.295 ⁇ m.
- ultraviolet rays is the range of wavelengths shorter than 0.4 ⁇ m
- visible light is the range of wavelengths 0.4 ⁇ m to 0.8 ⁇ m
- the definition of near infrared rays is the range of wavelengths 0.8 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m
- the middle infrared rays is defined as a range from 3 ⁇ m to 8 ⁇ m
- far-infrared rays are defined as a range of wavelengths longer than 8 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 2 shows the absorption spectrum of the vinyl chloride resin with a thickness of 100 ⁇ m in the ultraviolet to visible region.
- FIG. 2 shows the absorption spectrum of the vinylidene chloride resin having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m in the ultraviolet to visible region.
- FIG. 2 also shows the absorption spectrum of the 40 ⁇ m-thick ethylene terephthalate resin in the ultraviolet to visible range and the absorption spectrum of the ethylene resin in the ultraviolet to visible range.
- FIG. 3 shows the emissivity of a vinyl chloride resin (PVC) having a carbon-chlorine bond at an atmospheric window.
- FIG. 4 shows the emissivity of the vinylidene chloride resin (PVDC) having a carbon-chlorine bond at the atmospheric window.
- the carbon-chlorine bond the absorption coefficient due to the C--Cl stretching vibration appears in a wide band with a half width of 1 ⁇ m or more around the wavelength of 12 ⁇ m.
- an absorption coefficient derived from bending vibration of C—H of alkene contained in the main chain appears around a wavelength of 10 ⁇ m. The same applies to vinylidene chloride resin.
- the wavelength average of the emissivity at a thickness of 10 ⁇ m is 43% at wavelengths from 8 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m, which falls within the definition of the wavelength average of 40% or more. As shown, as the film thickness increases, the emissivity in the atmospheric window region increases.
- the thermal radiation in the atmospheric window region generated from the surface of the resin material occurs at a depth of approximately 100 ⁇ m or less from the surface.
- the cold heat radiatively cooled in the radiative cooling layer CP is insulated by the resin material that does not contribute to .
- a resin material layer J that ideally does not absorb sunlight at all. In this case, sunlight is absorbed only by the light reflecting layer B of the radiative cooling layer CP.
- the thermal conductivity of resin materials is generally about 0.2 W/m/K, and when calculating considering this thermal conductivity, if the thickness of the resin material layer J exceeds 20 mm, the cooling surface (in the light reflecting layer B The temperature of the surface opposite to the side where the resin material layer J exists) rises.
- the thermal conductivity of resin materials is generally about 0.2 W/m/K.
- the film material E placed on the light reflecting layer side is heated. That is, the thickness of the resin material of the radiative cooling layer CP must be 20 mm or less.
- the thickness of the resin material layer J should preferably be thin.
- the thermal conductivity of resin materials is generally lower than that of metals, glass, and the like.
- the film thickness of the resin material layer J should be the minimum necessary. As the film thickness of the resin material layer J increases, the thermal radiation from the atmospheric window increases. When the film thickness exceeds a certain value, the thermal radiation energy from the atmospheric window becomes saturated.
- the saturated film thickness depends on the resin material, but in the case of a resin containing a carbon-chlorine bond, even a thickness of 100 ⁇ m is saturated, and even a thickness of 50 ⁇ m provides sufficient thermal radiation in the window region of the atmosphere. .
- the thinner the resin material the higher the heat transmission coefficient and the more effectively the temperature of the film material E can be lowered. Therefore, in the case of a resin containing carbon-chlorine bonds, if the thickness is 50 ⁇ m or less, the heat insulating property is small. Therefore, the film material E can be effectively cooled. In the case of carbon-chlorine bonds, the film material E can be effectively cooled if the thickness is 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the effect of making it thinner is other than lowering the heat insulation and making it easier to convey cold heat. It is the suppression of light absorption in the near-infrared region derived from CH, CH 2 , and CH 3 in the near-infrared region exhibited by resins containing carbon-chlorine bonds.
- the thickness is reduced, the absorption of sunlight by these can be reduced, so the cooling capacity of the radiative cooling layer CP is increased.
- the thickness is 50 ⁇ m or less, the radiative cooling effect can be more effectively exhibited under sunlight.
- the reflecting material on the side where the radiation surface H exists (the side where the resin material layer J exists) must be silver or a silver alloy. As shown in FIG. 5, when the light reflecting layer B is composed of silver as a base, the reflectance required for the light reflecting layer B can be obtained.
- the thickness In the case of reflecting sunlight with the reflectance characteristics described above, the thickness must be 50 nm or more only with silver or a silver alloy. However, in order to make the light reflecting layer B flexible, the thickness must be 100 ⁇ m or less. If it is thicker than this, it will be difficult to bend.
- the "silver alloy” is an alloy obtained by adding any of copper, palladium, gold, zinc, tin, magnesium, nickel, and titanium to silver, for example, about 0.4% to 4.5% by mass. can be used. As a specific example, it is possible to use "APC-TR (manufactured by Furuya Metal Co., Ltd.)" which is a silver alloy prepared by adding copper and palladium to silver.
- the reflective material on the side where the radiation surface H exists (the side where the resin material layer J exists) must be silver or a silver alloy.
- the thickness of silver is required to be 10 nm or more, and the thickness of aluminum is required to be 30 nm or more.
- the total thickness of silver and aluminum must be 100 ⁇ m or less. If it is thicker than this, it will be difficult to bend.
- an alloy an alloy in which copper, manganese, silicon, magnesium, zinc, carbon steel for machine structural use, yttrium, lanthanum, gadolinium, and terbium are added to aluminum can be used.
- a protective layer D for protecting silver is required in a form adjacent to silver or a silver alloy. Details of the protective layer D will be described later.
- the radiative cooling layer CP can be a flexible film (radiative cooling film).
- a radiative cooling layer CP (radiative cooling film) is attached to the outer surface of the film material E with a connection layer S of adhesive or pressure-sensitive adhesive to cool the film material E.
- adhesives or adhesives used for the connection layer S include urethane-based adhesives (adhesives), acrylic adhesives (adhesives), EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)-based adhesives (adhesives), and the like.
- the membrane material body Eh is immersed in a resin solution of vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin to impregnate the membrane material body Eh with the vinyl chloride resin or the vinylidene chloride resin.
- a film material E is illustrated. Therefore, the film material E is provided with a film material-side resin layer Ej formed of vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin on the back surface portion away from the radiative cooling layer CP, and in addition, the surface portion approaching the radiative cooling layer CP.
- a surface-side resin layer Ek made of vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin is provided. That is, the film material E is formed in a form in which the surface-side resin layer Ek, the film material main body Eh, and the film material-side resin layer Ej are laminated.
- the surface side resin layer Ek is omitted, and the film material body Eh and the film material side resin layer Ej are laminated as shown in FIG. Of course, it is also good.
- the film material-side resin layer Ej is formed by applying vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin to the film material main body Eh.
- a manufacturing procedure such as forming the film material-side resin layer Ej by attaching a separately manufactured film of vinyl chloride resin or vinylidene chloride resin to the film material body Eh can be used.
- the radiative cooling layer CP in the form of a film.
- the protective layer D and the resin material layer J are adhered to the light reflecting layer B which is made in the form of a film.
- the protective layer D is coated or attached on the resin material layer J formed in a film form, and a light reflecting layer is formed on the protective layer D by vapor deposition, sputtering, ion plating, silver mirror reaction, or the like. It is conceivable to produce B.
- the radiative cooling layer CP (radiative cooling film) in FIG.
- a protective layer D is formed above the light reflecting layer B, and a resin material layer J is formed above the protective layer D, and below the light reflecting layer B.
- a lower protective layer Ds is also formed on the side.
- the lower protective layer Ds is made of acrylic resin, for example.
- the light reflection layer B is composed of an aluminum layer B1 formed of an aluminum foil functioning as aluminum (aluminum alloy) and a silver layer B2 made of silver or a silver alloy.
- a protective layer D is formed on the light reflecting layer B, and a resin material layer J is formed on the protective layer D.
- the radiative cooling layer CP radiative cooling film shown in FIG.
- a method of integrally molding can be adopted.
- the resin material layer J is formed into a film, the protective layer D and the silver layer B2 are sequentially applied on the film-shaped resin material layer J, and the aluminum layer B1 is coated with the silver layer.
- a method of attaching to B2 can be adopted.
- the radiation cooling layer CP (radiation cooling film) in FIG. 8 is used when the light reflection layer B is formed as a single layer of silver or a silver alloy, or when it is composed of two layers of silver (silver alloy) and aluminum (aluminum alloy).
- a protective layer D is formed on the upper side of the light reflecting layer B, a resin material layer J is formed on the protective layer D, and a film layer F such as PET is formed on the lower side of the light reflecting layer B. It is what I did.
- the radiative cooling layer CP Radiative cooling film
- protective layer D As a method for producing the radiative cooling layer CP (radiative cooling film) in FIG. B and protective layer D are successively applied and molded integrally, and a separately formed film-like resin material layer J is adhered to protective layer D with glue layer N.
- adhesives (adhesives) used in the glue layer N include urethane adhesives (adhesives), acrylic adhesives (adhesives), EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) adhesives (adhesives), and the like. It is desirable to have high transparency to sunlight.
- the radiation cooling layer CP (radiation cooling film) of FIG. 9 comprises a light reflection layer B composed of an aluminum layer B1 functioning as aluminum (aluminum alloy) and a silver layer B2 made of silver or a silver alloy (alternative silver).
- the aluminum layer B1 is formed on the upper part of the film layer F (corresponding to the base material) formed in the form of a film of PET (ethylene terephthalate resin) or the like, and the protective layer D is formed on the upper side of the silver layer B2.
- a resin material layer J is formed on the upper side of the protective layer D.
- a protective layer D and a silver layer B2 are applied on the film-shaped resin material layer J to integrally form the resin material layer J, the protective layer D and the silver layer B2, and the aluminum layer B1 and the silver layer B2 are glued together.
- a method of adhering in the layer N can be adopted.
- adhesives (adhesives) used in the glue layer N include urethane adhesives (adhesives), acrylic adhesives (adhesives), EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) adhesives (adhesives), and the like. It is desirable to have high transparency to sunlight.
- the protective layer D is made of polyolefin resin with a thickness of 300 nm or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, or polyethylene terephthalate with a thickness of 17 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less.
- Polyolefin resins include polyethylene and polypropylene.
- FIG. 2 shows the UV absorption rate of polyethylene.
- 10 shows the light transmittance of polyethylene, which is suitable as a synthetic resin for forming the protective layer D. As shown in FIG.
- the radiative cooling layer CP (radiative cooling film) exerts a radiative cooling effect not only at night but also in a solar environment.
- the protective layer D By protecting the light reflecting layer B with the protective layer D, it is necessary to prevent the silver of the light reflecting layer B from discoloring under the sunlight environment.
- the protective layer D is formed of polyolefin resin in a form having a thickness of 300 nm or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, the polyolefin resin has a wavelength of 0.295 ⁇ m to 0.4 ⁇ m in the entire ultraviolet wavelength range. Since the protective layer D is made of a synthetic resin having an ultraviolet light absorption rate of 10% or less, it is difficult for the protective layer D to deteriorate due to the absorption of ultraviolet rays.
- the thickness of the polyolefin resin forming the protective layer D is 300 nm or more, the radicals generated in the resin material layer J are blocked from reaching the silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer, In addition, the silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer B exhibits a good shielding function such as blocking moisture passing through the resin material layer J from reaching the silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer B. Alternatively, discoloration of the silver alloy can be suppressed.
- the protective layer D formed of polyolefin resin deteriorates while forming radicals on the surface side away from the light reflecting layer B due to the absorption of ultraviolet rays.
- the formed radicals do not reach the light reflecting layer B, and even if it deteriorates while forming radicals, the progress of deterioration is slow due to the low absorption of ultraviolet rays. will be exhibited for a long period of time.
- the protective layer D is made of ethylene terephthalate resin and has a thickness of 17 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less
- the ethylene terephthalate resin has a wavelength of 0.295 ⁇ m to 0.4 ⁇ m, which is higher than that of the polyolefin resin.
- the resin material layer J has a thickness of 17 ⁇ m or more
- the radicals generated in the resin material layer J are absorbed into the silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer B. It is possible to satisfactorily exhibit a blocking function over a long period of time, such as blocking moisture from reaching the resin material layer J and blocking moisture passing through the resin material layer J from reaching the silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer. As a result, discoloration of silver or silver alloy forming the light reflecting layer B can be suppressed.
- the protective layer D formed of ethylene terephthalate resin deteriorates while forming radicals on the surface side away from the light reflecting layer B due to the absorption of ultraviolet rays, but the thickness is 17 ⁇ m or more.
- the formed radicals do not reach the light reflecting layer B, and even if it deteriorates while forming radicals, the thickness is 17 ⁇ m or more, so the above-mentioned shielding function can be exhibited over a long period of time. become.
- the deterioration of ethylene terephthalate resin is caused by the cleavage of the ester bond between ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid by UV rays to form radicals. This deterioration progresses sequentially from the surface of the ethylene terephthalate resin (PET) irradiated with ultraviolet rays.
- ethylene terephthalate resin PET
- the ester bonds of ethylene terephthalate resin (PET) of about 9 nm are cleaved in order from the irradiated surface per day.
- the cleaved surface ethylene terephthalate resin (PET) does not attack the silver (silver alloy) of the light reflecting layer B, but the ethylene terephthalate resin
- the silver (silver alloy) is discolored.
- a thickness of about 3 ⁇ m is required by adding 9 nm/day and 365 days.
- the thickness In order to make the ethylene terephthalate resin (PET) of the protective layer D durable for 3 years or more, the thickness must be 10 ⁇ m or more. A thickness of 17 ⁇ m or more is required for durability of 5 years or more.
- the reason for setting the upper limit of the thickness is to prevent the protective layer D from exhibiting heat insulation that does not contribute to radiative cooling. be.
- the thicker the protective layer D the more the protective layer D exhibits a heat insulating property that does not contribute to radiative cooling.
- the protective layer D becomes thicker, there is no demerit in preventing the silver (silver alloy) of the light reflecting layer B from being colored, but there is a problem in radiative cooling.
- increasing the thickness increases the thermal insulation of the radiative cooling material.
- a resin whose main component is polyethylene which is excellent as a synthetic resin for forming the protective layer D, does not contribute to radiative cooling even if it is formed thick because the emissivity of the window to the atmosphere is small, as shown in FIG.
- increasing the thickness increases the thermal insulation of the radiative cooling material.
- the thickness of the protective layer D formed of polyolefin resin is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ m.
- the glue layer N when the glue layer N is positioned between the resin material layer J and the protective layer D, radicals are also generated from the glue layer N, but the protective layer D is formed.
- the thickness of the polyolefin-based resin used to form the protective layer D is 300 nm or more and the thickness of the ethylene terephthalate resin forming the protective layer D is 17 ⁇ m or more, the radicals generated in the glue layer N reach the light reflecting layer B. can be suppressed over the long term.
- the protective layer D is made of an acrylic resin that absorbs ultraviolet rays well, the protective layer D is decomposed by ultraviolet rays to form radicals, and the silver immediately turns yellow and ceases to function as the radiative cooling layer CP. (It absorbs sunlight and heats up when exposed to sunlight like other materials).
- the 600h line in the figure is the reflectance spectrum after a xenon weather test (ultraviolet light energy of 60W/m 2 ) was performed for 600h (hours) under the conditions of JIS standard 5600-7-7.
- the 0h line is the reflectance spectrum before the xenon weather test.
- the protective layer D is made of polyethylene having a low ultraviolet light absorption rate
- the reflectance does not decrease from the near-infrared region to the visible region.
- polyethylene resin polyolefin resin
- whose main component is polyethylene hardly absorbs the ultraviolet rays of the sunlight that reaches the ground.
- Silver coloring as layer B does not occur.
- the 600h line in the figure is the reflectance spectrum after a xenon weather test (ultraviolet light energy of 60W/m 2 ) was performed for 600h (hours) under the conditions of JIS standard 5600-7-7.
- the 0h line is the reflectance spectrum before the xenon weather test.
- the fluororesin system can also be used as a material for forming the protective layer D.
- silicone can also be used as a material for forming the protective layer D from the viewpoint of ultraviolet absorption, but it cannot be used as a material for forming the protective layer D because it has extremely poor adhesion to silver (silver alloy).
- the resin material layer J is made of a vinyl chloride resin
- a plasticizer into the vinyl chloride resin to improve flexibility.
- the plasticizer mixed in the vinyl chloride resin is any one of phthalates, aliphatic dibasic esters, and phosphates.
- a plasticizer is mixed in the range of 1 part by weight or more and 200 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the vinyl chloride resin. From the viewpoint of processing, it is preferable that the weight part of the plasticizer is 100 weight parts or less.
- the aliphatic dibasic acid ester of the plasticizer includes adipates, adipate copolymers, azelaic esters, azelaic ester copolymers, sebacates, sebacate copolymers, It may be composed of succinic acid esters and succinic acid ester copolymers singly or in combination.
- the aliphatic dibasic acid ester of the plasticizer is formed by ester-bonding an aliphatic dibasic acid and two molecules of a saturated aliphatic alcohol.
- the phthalic acid ester of the plasticizer is preferably formed by ester-bonding phthalic acid and two saturated aliphatic alcohol molecules.
- the phosphate ester of the plasticizer is preferably a phosphate triester or an aromatic phosphate ester.
- DMP dimethyl phthalate
- DEP diethyl phthalate
- DPP dibutyl phthalate
- DOP di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
- DINP diisononyl phthalate
- DIDP diisodecyl phthalate
- DUP ditridecyl phthalate
- DTDP bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate
- DOIP bis(2-ethylhexyl) isophthalate
- DBA dibutyl adipate
- DIBA diisobutyl adipate
- DOA di-2-ethylhexyl adipate
- DINA diisononyl adipate
- DIDA diisodecyl adipate
- DBS dibutyl sebacate
- DOS di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate
- DINS diethyl succinate
- TMP trimethyl phosphate
- TOP triethyl phosphate
- TOP tributyl phosphate
- TOP tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate
- TPP triphenyl phosphate
- TCP tricresyl phosphate
- TXP trixylenyl phosphate
- CDP tresyldiphenyl phosphate
- 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate.
- Plasticizers for vinyl chloride resins include phthalates, aliphatic dibasic acid esters, phosphate triesters, aromatic phosphates, trimellitates, and epoxidized fatty acid esters. The following compounds were selected from these plasticizers, mixed with 43 parts by weight of various plasticizers with 100 parts by weight of vinyl chloride, and evaluated by the xenon weather test. In the vinyl chloride resin, 0.5 parts by weight of each of a triazine-based ultraviolet absorber and a hindered amine-based light stabilizer were kneaded with 100 parts by weight of vinyl chloride.
- Typical phthalates include di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP).
- DOP di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
- DIDP diisodecyl phthalate
- Typical examples of aliphatic dibasic acid esters include di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DOA), butanediol adipate copolymer (average molecular weight of about 1000), and diisononyl adipate (DINA).
- TBP di-2-ethylhexyl adipate
- DINA diisononyl adipate
- TBP Tributyl phosphate
- TCP Tricresyl phosphate
- a representative trimellitate is tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate (TOTM).
- Epoxidized soybean oil is representative of epoxidized fatty acid esters.
- a durability test was carried out for 1,920 hours (corresponding to 4 years of actual exposure) to determine the durability. Incidentally, 487 hours are equivalent to one year in terms of ultraviolet rays.
- the conditions of the xenon weather test are as follows. UV intensity 180 W/m 2 (wavelength 295-400 nm). ⁇ Conditions without watering> BPT 89°C, humidity 50%, 1 hour 42 minutes. ⁇ Conditions with water sprinkling> Temperature in tank 38°C, humidity 90%, 18 minutes.
- phthalates, aliphatic dibasic esters, phosphate triesters, and aromatic phosphate esters lasted for about four years.
- plasticizers to be mixed into vinyl chloride resins, even after about four years.
- the reflectance of the radiative cooling layer CP does not decrease, if a trimellitic acid ester or an epoxidized fatty acid ester is used as a plasticizer mixed with the vinyl chloride resin, the reflectance of the radiative cooling layer CP will decrease after about 4 years. Before I did, I knew it would drop significantly.
- phthalates, aliphatic dibasic acid esters, phosphate triesters, and aromatic phosphate esters have excellent durability as plasticizers for vinyl chloride resins. It can be seen that acid esters and epoxidized fatty acid esters are not durable. The reason for this will be considered and systematized as described later.
- the vinyl chloride resin forming the resin material layer J may contain a flame retardant, a stabilizer, a stabilizing aid, a filler, an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber, and a light stabilizer.
- the radiative cooling layer CP includes an anchor layer G on top of a film layer F (corresponding to a base material), and on top of the anchor layer G, a light reflecting layer B, a protective layer D, an infrared It may be configured in a form having a radiation layer A.
- the film layer F (corresponding to the base material) is formed in a film shape with PET (ethylene terephthalate resin) or the like.
- the anchor layer is introduced to strengthen the adhesion between the film layer F and the light reflecting layer B.
- the anchor layer G is preferably composed mainly of acrylic, polyolefin, or urethane mixed with a compound having an isocyanate group or a melamine resin. It is a coating for parts that are not directly exposed to sunlight, and there is no problem even if it is a material that absorbs ultraviolet rays.
- the thickness of the connection layer S is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. That is, the outer surface (surface) of the film material E is often not a mirror surface.
- the outer surface (material surface) of the film material E which is different from the mirror surface, often has a large number of scratches and irregularities on the order of several ⁇ m.
- the unevenness of ⁇ m level existing on the outer surface (material surface) of the film material E is transferred to the light reflecting layer B (silver layer) of the radiation cooling layer CP, the reflectance is lowered. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a structure in which the unevenness existing on the outer surface (material surface) is not reflected in the radiative cooling layer CP. It is preferable to join to the outer surface of the film material E at .
- connection layer S If there is a connection layer S of 5 ⁇ m or more made of an adhesive or pressure-sensitive adhesive, the connection layer S absorbs the unevenness of the outer surface of the film material E, and the light reflection layer B (silver layer) of the radiation cooling layer CP becomes flat. becomes.
- the light reflecting layer B silica layer
- a decrease in sunlight reflectance in other words, an increase in sunlight absorption
- the thickness of the connection layer S is increased, the heat insulating property is improved. If the heat insulation is improved, the cold heat of the radiative cooling layer CP is insulated, which is not good. From this point of view, an unnecessarily thick connection layer S is not required, and a thickness of 100 ⁇ m is sufficient.
- a canvas that constitutes a tent or the like for example, a plurality of radiation-cooled film materials W formed as rectangular films are joined together at their edges.
- the bonding can be performed by heat welding, the productivity in forming the canvas can be improved.
- high-frequency welding, hot-air welding, hot welding, etc. can be applied as thermal welding.
- a canvas constructed by bonding a plurality of radiative cooling film materials W can be used for various purposes. That is, the hood 2 in the truck with a hood shown in FIG. It can be composed of a canvas in which a plurality of radiative cooling film materials W are joined.
- the radiation surface H may be formed in a state in which the convex portion U exists.
- the uneven shape include a line-and-space structure in which rectangular parallelepiped protrusions U are arranged (see FIG. 22), and a structure in which conical protrusions U are arranged vertically and horizontally (see FIG. 23).
- Various structures can be employed, such as a structure in which triangular prism or pyramid-shaped protrusions U are arranged in a line-and-pace pattern, a structure in which rectangular protrusions U are arranged vertically and horizontally, and a structure in which protrusions U are formed at random.
- the height difference when forming the radiating surface H in an uneven shape is about 100 ⁇ m.
- the heat input to the inside of the hood 2 is the following two points.
- the first point is heat input from sunlight.
- the second point is the heat radiation from the hot asphalt (because it moves, the container is always on top of the hot asphalt). Due to these two factors, the inside (internal space) of the hood 2 may become hotter than the ambient temperature (outside air temperature).
- the radiative cooling layer CP tries to discharge the heat of the container 8, so that the inside of the hood 2 is more heated than when other materials such as solar reflective paint are applied.
- the temperature is relatively lowered.
- the heat inflow derived from the asphalt at the second point is large, the temperature tends to rise more than the environmental temperature (outside air temperature) during the daytime, even though the radiative cooling layer CP is provided.
- the external air acts as a source of cold heat, and it is desirable to increase heat exchange with the external air.
- the moving object since the moving object receives strong wind during movement, a structure that easily receives the wind and exchanges heat is introduced into the radiative cooling layer CP. In other words, in order to increase the heat exchange with the wind, it is better to increase the surface roughness by increasing the surface area.
- the infrared radiation layer A of the radiation cooling layer CP is preferably formed in an uneven shape by embossing or the like to increase the surface area.
- there is a heat source other than sunlight and heated air and the temperature of the film material E on which the radiative cooling layer CP is mounted rises above the environmental temperature (outside air temperature). It is good to introduce when it acts as cold heat.
- Forming the radiating surface H in an uneven shape is also advantageous in terms of appearance. Sunlight is scattered more when the radiation surface H (upper surface) of the radiation cooling layer CP is uneven than when the radiation surface H (upper surface) of the radiation cooling layer CP is a mirror surface. reduced. When the radiative cooling layer CP does not glare, visibility is improved, and safety during running is improved. Even if the emitting surface H is provided with the function of "scattering", the light absorption in the silver (silver alloy) of the light reflecting layer B does not increase, so radiative cooling can be performed satisfactorily.
- the resin material layer J constituting the infrared radiation layer A may be mixed with an inorganic filler Q to provide a light scattering structure.
- an inorganic filler Q may be incorporated into the glue layer N to provide a light scattering feature.
- Urethane-based, acryl-based, ethylene-vinyl acetate-based, and the like can be suitably used as the adhesive or pressure-sensitive adhesive used for the glue layer.
- the adhesive (adhesive) used in the glue layer N is, for example, a urethane-based adhesive (adhesive), an acrylic adhesive (adhesive), an EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)-based adhesive (adhesive). etc., and those with high transparency to sunlight are applied.
- the thickness of the paste layer N is, for example, about 10 ⁇ m.
- the radiative cooling film material W shown in FIGS. 24 to 27 has the same structure as the radiation cooling film material W shown in FIG. can apply the radiation-cooled film material W having the configuration shown in FIGS.
- the inorganic filler Q By mixing the inorganic filler Q into the resin material layer J, when the radiative cooling layer CP is viewed from the side where the radiation surface H exists, the inorganic filler Q mixed in the transparent resin material layer J can be seen. Therefore, due to the light scattering action of the filler Q, which is an inorganic material, the color of the radiation-cooled film material W when viewed from the side where the radiation surface H exists becomes white, thereby improving the appearance. .
- the radiative cooling layer CP can be seen from the side where the radiation surface H is present, so that a transparent resin layer is formed. Since the filler Q of the inorganic material mixed in the glue layer N can be seen through the material layer J, the light scattering action of the filler Q of the inorganic material causes the radiation-cooling film material W to be seen from the side where the radiation surface H exists. The color becomes white when pressed, and the appearance can be improved.
- the filler Q may be mixed in both the resin material layer J and the glue layer N.
- silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), etc. are preferably used.
- titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) of about 200 nm, which has no photocatalytic activity, can be preferably used.
- titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) may be coated with at least one of alumina coating, silica coating and zirconia coating. By doing so, the filler can be appropriately made to have no photocatalytic activity, so deterioration of the resin material layer J can be easily suppressed.
- both the front and back surfaces of the resin material layer J become uneven.
- the back surface of the resin material layer J becomes uneven, it is desirable to position the paste layer N between the resin material layer J and the protective layer D. That is, even if the back surface of the resin material layer J is uneven, the adhesive layer N (bonding layer) is positioned between the resin material layer J and the protective layer D, so that the resin material layer J and the protective layer D are separated. can be properly joined.
- the resin material layer J and the protective layer D may be directly bonded by plasma bonding, for example.
- Plasma bonding is a mode in which radicals are formed by plasma radiation on the bonding surface of the resin material layer J and the bonding surface of the protective layer D, and bonding is performed by the radicals.
- directly forming an Ag layer on the light diffusion layer means an infrared radiation layer A (resin material layer J) in which a filler Q is mixed or embossed unevenness is provided on the Ag layer side which is the light reflection layer B.
- the light reflection layer B is formed by depositing silver (Ag) on the surface of the layer by vapor deposition or the like.
- the “light diffusion layer on mirror surface Ag” means that the upper surface of the Ag layer that is the light reflection layer B is formed in a mirror surface, and the upper surface of the Ag layer, the protective layer D, and the filler Q are mixed or embossed. It means that the infrared radiation layer A (resin material layer J) having unevenness of processing is laminated.
- the surface of the light reflection layer B becomes uneven, so that the light reflectance is greatly reduced.
- the surface of the light reflecting layer B is maintained in a specular state, and an appropriate light reflectance is obtained.
- both the front and back surfaces of the resin material layer J that constitutes the infrared radiation layer A may be formed in an uneven shape to provide a light scattering structure. With this configuration, glare on the radiation surface H can be suppressed when the radiation surface H is viewed.
- the resin material layer J of the radiative cooling layer CP shown in FIGS. Since it has a mirror surface, glare is felt when looking at the emitting surface H, but this glare can be suppressed by providing a light scattering structure.
- Both the front and back surfaces of the resin material layer J can be made uneven by embossing or scratching the surface. Even if the back surface of the resin material layer J becomes uneven, the resin material layer J and the protective layer D can be properly bonded by placing the glue layer N between the resin material layer J and the protective layer D. can be done.
- a Infrared radiation layer B Light reflection layer D Protective layer E Film material Eh Film material body Ej Film material side resin layer H Radiation surface J Resin material layer Q Filler
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Abstract
Description
つまり、膜材の温度の上昇を抑制すれば、当該膜材にて囲まれた空間の温度上昇を抑制できるため、膜材の温度の上昇を極力抑制することが望まれる。
前記放射冷却層が、放射面から赤外光を放射する赤外放射層と、当該赤外放射層における前記放射面の存在側とは反対側に位置させる光反射層とを備える形態に構成され、
前記赤外放射層が、吸収した太陽光エネルギーよりも大きな熱輻射エネルギーを波長8μmから波長14μmの帯域で放つ厚みに調整された塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂からなる樹脂材料層であり、
前記光反射層が、銀又は銀合金を備え、
前記膜材の前記放射冷却層から離れる裏面部に、塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂にて形成される膜材側樹脂層を備えている点にある。
なお、本明細書の記載において、単に光と称する場合、当該光の概念には紫外光(紫外線)、可視光、赤外光を含む。これらを電磁波としての光の波長で述べると、その波長が10nmから20000nm(0.01μmから20μmの電磁波)の電磁波を含む。
このように、放射冷却層は、放射冷却層へ照射される太陽光を反射し、また、放射冷却層への伝熱(例えば、大気からの伝熱や、放射冷却層が冷却する膜材からの伝熱)を赤外光として系外へ放射することができる。
また、塩化ビニル系樹脂に可塑剤を入れることにより、傷がついても80℃以上に加熱することで変形し表面傷を無くし平滑化することができ、つまりは傷を自己修復することができる。フッ素樹脂やシリコーンゴムにこの特性はない。軟質塩化ビニル系樹脂のこの特性によって綺麗な状態を長期間維持することができる。このことは長期にわたる放射冷却性能の維持につながる。
また、塩化ビニル系樹脂は、難燃性であり且つ生分解され難いものであるから、屋外で使用する放射冷却装置の樹脂材料層を形成する樹脂材料として好適である。
本発明で用いられる塩化ビニル系樹脂とは、塩化ビニルあるいは塩化ビニリデンの単独重合体及び塩化ビニルあるいは塩化ビニリデンの共重合体であり、その製造方法は、従来公知の重合方法で行われる。
ちなみに、熱溶着としては、高周波溶着、熱風溶着、熱間溶着等を適用できる。
ちなみに、膜材の外面は、一般的に、鏡面では無く、凹凸が存在する状態に形成されることになるが、接着剤又は粘着剤の接続層にて放射冷却層を膜材の外面に接続させるものであるから、光反射層に対して膜材の外面の凹凸が反映されるのを抑制して、光反射層を平坦な状態に維持することができる。
波長0.4μmから0.5μmの光吸収率の波長平均が13%以下であり、波長0.5μmから波長0.8μmの光吸収率の波長平均が4%以下であり、波長0.8μmから波長1.5μmまでの光吸収率の波長平均が1%以内であり、1.5μmから2.5μmまでの光吸収率の波長平均が40%以下となる光吸収特性を備え、且つ、8μmから14μmの輻射率の波長平均が40%以上となる熱輻射特性を備える状態の厚みに調整されている点にある。
このような光吸収率が分布する場合、太陽光の光吸収率は10%以下となり、エネルギーで言うと100W以下となる。
上述の如く、光反射層での太陽光吸収は50W/m2以下であることが好ましい。
したがって、樹脂材料層と光反射層における太陽光吸収の和が150W/m2以下であり、大気の状態がよければ冷却が進む。樹脂材料層は、以上のように太陽光スペクトルのピーク値付近の吸収率が小さなものを用いるのが良い。
すなわち、光反射層で吸収される50W/m2程度の太陽光の熱輻射を樹脂材料層から宇宙に放出させるには、それ以上の熱輻射を樹脂材料層が出す必要がある。
例えば、外気温が30℃のとき、波長8μmから14μmの大気の窓の熱輻射の最大は200W/m2である(輻射率1として計算)。この値が得られるのは、高山など、空気の薄いよく乾燥した環境の快晴時である。低地などでは大気の厚みが高山よりも厚くなるので、大気の窓の波長帯域は狭くなり、透過率は低下する。ちなみに、このことを「大気の窓が狭くなる」と呼ぶ。
また、日本ではよくあることであるが、空に靄があるときや、スモッグが存在する場合、大気の窓はさらに狭くなり、宇宙への放射は125W/m2程度となる。
したがって、樹脂材料層の厚みを、上述した光学的規定の範囲になるように調整することにより、太陽光の光吸収による入熱よりも大気の窓における出熱の方が大きくなり、昼間の日射環境下でも屋外で放射冷却できるようになる。
つまり、樹脂材料層が塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂にて形成される場合には、樹脂材料層の厚みが、100μm以下で10μm以上であることが好ましい。
光反射層が、波長0.4μmから0.5μmにかけて90%以上の反射率を示し、波長0.5μmより長波の反射率が96%以上である反射特性を備えると、光反射層が太陽光エネルギーを5%程度以下しか吸収しなくなる。
尚、本明細書では、太陽光について、断りのない場合、スペクトルはAM1.5Gの規格とする。
そして、銀または銀合金のみで前述の反射率特性を持たせた状態で太陽光を反射する場合、厚さが50nm以上必要である。
つまり、高価な銀または銀合金を薄くして、光反射層の低廉化を図るようにしながらも、光反射層を、銀または銀合金とアルミまたはアルミ合金との積層構造にすることにより、適切な反射率特性を持たせながらも、光反射層の低廉化を図ることができる。
前記可塑剤が、フタル酸エステル類、脂肪族二塩基酸エステル類及びリン酸エステル類からなる群より選択される1つ以上の化合物からなる点にある。
つまり、塩化ビニル系樹脂に混入する可塑剤が紫外線を吸収すると、可塑剤の加水分解が進む結果、塩化ビニル系樹脂が脱塩酸等を生じて着色(茶色)し、しかも、機械強度の低下を生じる虞があるが、可塑剤が太陽光に含まれている紫外線を吸収し難いものとなるため、可塑剤が混入された塩化ビニル系樹脂の耐候性を向上できるのである。
前記保護層が、厚さが300nm以上で、40μm以下のポリオレフィン系樹脂、又は、厚さが17μm以上で、40μm以下のポリエチレンテレフタラート樹脂である点にある。
保護層が、ポリオレフィン系樹脂にて厚さが300nm以上で、40μm以下の形態に形成される場合には、ポリオレフィン系樹脂は、波長0.295μmから0.4μmの紫外線の波長域の全域において紫外線の光吸収率が10%以下である合成樹脂であるから、保護層が紫外線の吸収により劣化し難いものとなる。
つまり、のり層を備えながらも、放射冷却作用を適切に発揮させることができる。
〔放射冷却式膜材の基本構成〕
図1に示すように、放射冷却式膜材Wは、膜材Eの外面にフィルム状の放射冷却層CPが装着されて、放射冷却層CPの放射冷却作用により、膜材Eが冷却されるように構成されている。尚、図1には、放射冷却層CPが、接着剤又は粘着剤の接続層Sにて膜材Eの外面に接続されている。
つまり、放射冷却層CPが、放射冷却フィルムとして構成されている。
太陽光スペクトルは、波長300nmから4000nmにかけて存在し、波長400nmから大きくなるにつれ強度が大きくなり、特に波長500nmから波長1800nmにかけての強度が大きい。
また、樹脂材料層J、保護層D及び光反射層Bが柔軟性を備えることによって、放射冷却層CP(放射冷却フィルム)が柔軟性を備えるように構成されている。
つまり、膜材Eが、膜材本体Ehと膜材側樹脂層Ejとを積層した形態に形成されている。
膜材本体Ehとしては、綿、麻等の天然繊維の織物として形成したもの、無機繊維、合成繊維、特殊繊維の織物として形成したもの、スパンボンド、スパンレース、ニードルパンチ等の不織布として形成したものがある。尚、膜材本体Ehの厚みは、例えば、0.1mmから5mm程度である。
尚、無機繊維としては、金属繊維、ガラス繊維があり、合成繊維としては、ポリアミド系、ポリエステル系、ポリアクリルニトリル系、ポリビニルアルコール系、ポリプロン系、ポリエチレン系があり、特殊繊維としては、アラミド繊維、炭素繊維、生分解性繊維がある。
樹脂材料層Jを形成する樹脂材料は、厚みによって光吸収率や輻射率(光放射率)が変化する。そのため、太陽光をできるだけ吸収せず、いわゆる大気の窓の波長帯域(波長8μmから波長14μmの帯域)において大きな熱輻射を発するように樹脂材料層Jの厚みを調整する必要がある。
このような吸収率分布の場合、太陽光の光吸収率は10%以下となり、エネルギーで言うと100W以下となる。
保護層D及び光反射層Bで吸収される50W/m2程度の太陽光の熱エネルギーを、樹脂材料層Jの熱輻射より樹脂材料層Jから宇宙に放出させるには、それ以上の熱輻射を樹脂材料層Jが出す必要がある。
例えば、外気温が30℃のとき、8μmから14μmの大気の窓の熱輻射の最大は200W/m2である(輻射率1として計算)。この値が得られるのは、高山など、空気の薄いよく乾燥した環境の快晴時である。低地などでは大気の厚みが高山よりも厚くなるので、大気の窓の波長帯域は狭くなり、透過率は低下する。ちなみに、このことを「大気の窓が狭くなる」と呼ぶ。
かかる事情を鑑みて、波長8μmから14μmの輻射率の波長平均は40%以上(大気の窓帯での熱輻射強度が50W/m2)ないと中緯度帯の低地で用いることができない。
本実施形態においては、樹脂材料層Jを形成する塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂の厚みが、100μm以下で10μm以上である。
キルヒホッフの法則により、輻射率(ε)と光吸収率(A)は等しい。光吸収率は吸収係数(α)からA=1-exp(-αt)の関係式(以下、光吸収率関係式と呼ぶ)で求めることができる。尚、tは膜厚である。
つまり、樹脂材料層Jの膜厚を調整すると、吸収係数の大きな波長帯域で大きな熱輻射が得られる。屋外で放射冷却する場合、大気の窓の波長帯域である波長8μmから14μmにおいて吸収係数の大きな材料を用いるとよい。
また、太陽光の吸収を抑制するために波長0.3μmから4μm、特に0.4μmから2.5μmの範囲で吸収係数を持たない、或いは小さな材料を用いるとよい。吸収係数と吸収率の関係式からわかるように、光吸収率(輻射率)は樹脂材料の膜厚によって変化する。
厚さ100μmの塩化ビニル樹脂の紫外から可視域の吸収率スペクトルを図2に示すが、波長0.38μmよりも短波長側で光吸収が大きくなる。
厚さ100μmの塩化ビニリデン樹脂の紫外から可視域の吸収率スペクトルを図2に示すが、波長0.4μmよりも短波長側で若干の吸収率スペクトルの増加がみられる。
炭素-塩素結合に関しては、C-Cl伸縮振動による吸収係数が波長12μmを中心に半値幅1μm以上の広帯域に現れる。
また、塩化ビニル樹脂の場合、塩素の電子吸引の影響で、主鎖に含まれるアルケンのC-Hの変角振動に由来する吸収係数が波長10μmあたりに現れる。塩化ビニリデン樹脂についても同様である。
これらの影響で、厚さ10μmの輻射率の波長平均は、波長8μmから14μmにおいて43%であり、波長平均40%以上という規定の中に入る。図示の通り、膜厚が厚くなると大気の窓領域における輻射率は増大する。
図4に示す如く、塩化ビニリデン樹脂は、塩化ビニル樹脂と同様であることが分かる。
理想的に太陽光を全く吸収しない樹脂材料層Jを光反射層Bの上に作製することを考える。この場合、太陽光は放射冷却層CPの光反射層Bでのみ吸収される。
樹脂材料の熱伝導率はおしなべて0.2W/m/K程度であり、この熱伝導性を考慮して計算すると、樹脂材料層Jの厚みが20mmを超えると、冷却面(光反射層Bにおける樹脂材料層Jの存在側とは反対側の面)の温度が上昇する。
つまり、放射冷却層CPの樹脂材料の厚みは20mm以下にする必要がある。
放射冷却層CPの実用の観点では、樹脂材料層Jの厚みは薄い方がよい。樹脂材料の熱伝導率は、金属やガラスなどよりも一般に低い。膜材Eを効果的に冷却するには、樹脂材料層Jの膜厚は必要最低限であるのがよい。樹脂材料層Jの膜厚を厚くするほどに大気の窓の熱輻射は大きくなり、ある膜厚を超えると大気の窓における熱輻射エネルギーは飽和する。
以上の観点から、炭素-塩素結合を含む樹脂である塩化ビニル樹脂及び塩化ビニリデン樹脂の場合、50μm以下の厚さにするとより効果的に日照下において放射冷却効果を出すことができる。
光反射層Bに上述の反射率特性を持たせるためには、放射面Hの存在側(樹脂材料層Jの存在側)の反射材料は銀または銀合金である必要がある。
図5に示す通り、銀をベースとして光反射層Bを構成すれば、光反射層Bに求められる反射率が得られる。
但し、光反射層Bに柔軟性を備えさせるためには、厚さを100μm以下にする必要がある。これ以上厚いと曲げにくくなる。
ちなみに、「銀合金」としては、銀に、銅、パラジウム、金、亜鉛、スズ、マグネシウム、ニッケル、チタンのいずれかを、例えば、0.4質量%から4.5質量%程度添加した合金を用いることができる。具体例としては、銀に銅とパラジウムを添加して作成した銀合金である「APC-TR(フルヤ金属製)」を用いることができる。
銀(銀合金)とアルミ(アルミ合金)の2層で構成する場合、銀の厚みは10nm以上必要であり、アルミの厚みは30nm以上必要である。
但し、光反射層Bに柔軟性を備えさせるためには、銀の厚さとアルミの厚さとの合計を100μm以下にする必要がある。これ以上厚いと曲げにくくなる。
保護層Dの詳細は、後述する。
放射冷却層CPは、樹脂材料層J及び保護層Dを形成する樹脂材料が柔軟であるから、光反射層Bを薄膜にすると、光反射層Bにも柔軟性を備えさせることができ、その結果、放射冷却層CPを、柔軟性を備えるフィルム(放射冷却フィルム)とすることができる。
接続層Sに用いる接着剤又は粘着剤としては、ウレタン系接着剤(粘着剤)、アクリル系接着剤(粘着剤)、EVA(エチレン酢酸ビニル)系接着剤(粘着剤)等がある。
したがって、膜材Eは、放射冷却層CPから離れる裏面部に、塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂にて形成される膜材側樹脂層Ejを備えることに加えて、放射冷却層CPに近づく表面部に、塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂にて形成される表面側樹脂層Ekを備える形態に構成されている。
つまり、膜材Eが、表面側樹脂層Ekと膜材本体Ehと膜材側樹脂層Ejとを積層した形態に形成されている。
膜材本体Ehと膜材側樹脂層Ejとを積層した形態に膜材Eを形成するには、膜材本体Ehに塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂を塗布して膜材側樹脂層Ejを形成する、あるいは、膜材本体Ehに、別途製作した塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂の膜を貼り付けて膜材側樹脂層Ejを形成する等の製作手順を用いることができる。
尚、別の作成方法として、樹脂材料層Jをフィルム状に形成して、当該フィルム状の樹脂材料層Jの上に、保護層D、銀層B2を順次塗布し、アルミ層B1を銀層B2に貼り付ける方法を採用することができる。
のり層Nにて使用する接着剤(粘着剤)は、例えば、ウレタン系接着剤(粘着剤)、アクリル系接着剤(粘着剤)、EVA(エチレン酢酸ビニル)系接着剤(粘着剤)等があり、太陽光に対して高い透明性を持つものが望ましい。
のり層Nにて使用する接着剤(粘着剤)は、例えば、ウレタン系接着剤(粘着剤)、アクリル系接着剤(粘着剤)、EVA(エチレン酢酸ビニル)系接着剤(粘着剤)等があり、太陽光に対して高い透明性を持つものが望ましい。
保護層Dは、厚さが300nm以上で、40μm以下のポリオレフィン系樹脂、又は、厚さが17μm以上で、40μm以下のポリエチレンテレフタラートである。
ポリオレフィン系樹脂としては、ポリエチレン及びポリプロピレンがある。
また、図10に、保護層Dを形成する合成樹脂として好適なポリエチレンの光透過率を示す。
例えば、保護層Dを形成する合成樹脂として優れている主成分がポリエチレンの樹脂は、図14に示すように、大気の窓における輻射率が小さいため、厚く形成しても放射冷却に寄与しない。それどころか、厚くすると放射冷却材料の断熱性を上げることになる。次に、厚くなると主鎖の振動に由来する近赤外域の吸収が増加し、太陽光吸収が増える効果が増加する。
これら要因により、保護層Dが厚いことは、放射冷却にとって不利である。このような観点から、ポリオレフィン系樹脂にて形成される保護層Dの厚さは、5μm以下であることが好ましく、さらには、1μmであることが一層好ましい。
保護層Dによる銀の着色のされ方の違いを検討するために、図11に示すような、赤外放射層Aとしての樹脂材料層Jを備えない保護層Dを露出させたサンプルを作製し、模擬太陽光が照射された後の銀の着色を調べた。
つまり、保護層Dとして、紫外線を吸収する一般的なアクリル系樹脂(例えば、ベンゾトリアゾール系紫外線吸収剤が混入するメタクリル酸メチル樹脂)とポリエチレンとの二種類を、バーコーターで、光反射層Bとして銀を備えるフィルム層F(基材に相当)上に塗布したサンプルを形成し、保護層Dとしての機能を検討した。塗布した保護層Dの厚みは、それぞれ10μmと1μmである。
尚、フィルム層F(基材に相当)は、PET(エチレンテレフタラート樹脂)等にてフィルム状に形成されたものである。
尚、図中の600hの線は、JIS規格5600-7-7の条件でキセノンウエザー試験(紫外光エネルギーは60W/m2)を600h(時間)行った後の反射率スペクトルである。また、0hの線は、キセノンウエザー試験を行う前の反射率スペクトルである。
尚、図中の600hの線は、JIS規格5600-7-7の条件でキセノンウエザー試験(紫外光エネルギーは60W/m2)を600h(時間)行った後の反射率スペクトルである。また、0hの線は、キセノンウエザー試験を行う前の反射率スペクトルである。
また、シリコーンも紫外線吸収の観点からは保護層Dを形成する材料に適用できるが、銀(銀合金)との密着性が極めて悪く、保護層Dを形成する材料としては用いることができない。
樹脂材料層Jを塩化ビニル系樹脂にて形成する場合には、可塑剤を塩化ビニル系樹脂に混入させて、柔軟性を向上させることが好ましい。
塩化ビニル系樹脂に混入する可塑剤としては、フタル酸エステル類、脂肪族二塩基酸エステル類、リン酸エステル類のいずれかである。
そして、可塑剤が、塩化ビニル系樹脂の100重量部に対して、1重量部以上で、200重量部以下の範囲で混入されている。尚、加工の観点で可塑剤の重量部は100重量部以下がのぞましい。
可塑剤のフタル酸エステルが、フタル酸と飽和脂肪族アルコール2分子とがエステル結合したものであるとよい。
可塑剤のリン酸エステルが、リン酸トリエステル、又は、芳香族リン酸エステルであるとよい。
フタル酸エステル類を列挙すると、次の通りである。
フタル酸ジメチル(DMP)、フタル酸ジエチル(DEP)、フタル酸ジブチル(DPP)、フタル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル(DOP)、フタル酸ジイソノニル(DINP)、フタル酸ジイソデシル(DIDP)、フタル酸ジウンデシル(DUP)、フタル酸ジトリデシル(DTDP)、テレフタル酸ビス(2-エチルヘキシル)(DOTP)、イソフタル酸ビス(2-エチルヘキシル)(DOIP)等。
脂肪族二塩基酸エステル類を列挙すると、次の通りである。
アジピン酸ジブチル(DBA)、アジピン酸ジイソブチル(DIBA)、アジピン酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル(DOA)、アジピン酸ジイソノニル(DINA)、アジピン酸ジイソデシル(DIDA)、アゼライン酸ビス-2-エチルヘキシル(DOZ)、セバシン酸ジブチル(DBS)、セバシン酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル(DOS)、セバシン酸ジイソノニル(DINS)、コハク酸ジエチル(DESU)等。
また、アジピン酸等の2塩基酸とジオール(二官能アルコール、あるいはグリコール)との共重合(ポリエステル化)によって合成された分子量400~4000の脂肪族ポリエステル。
リン酸トリエステルを列挙すると、次の通りである。
トリメチルホスフェート(TMP)、トリエチルホスフェート(TEP)、トリブチルホスフェート(TBP)、トリス(2エチルヘキシル)ホスフェート(TOP))。
芳香族リン酸エステルを列挙すると、次の通りである。
トリフェニルホスフェート(TPP)、トリクレシルホスフェート(TCP)、トリキシレニルホスフェート(TXP)、トレジルジフェニルホスフェート(CDP)、2-エチルヘキシルジフェニルホスフェート。
塩化ビニル樹脂用の可塑剤には、フタル酸エステル類、脂肪族二塩基酸エステル類、リン酸トリエステル類、芳香族リン酸エステル類、トリメリット酸エステル類、エポキシ化脂肪酸エステル類がある。これら可塑剤類から下記化合物を選定し、塩化ビニル100重量部に対し各種可塑剤を43重量部混ぜて、キセノンウエザー試験により評価した。
なお、塩化ビニル樹脂には、トリアジン系の紫外線吸収剤とヒンダードアミン系の光安定剤を塩化ビニル100重量部あたりそれぞれ0.5重量部ずつ混錬した。
脂肪族二塩基酸エステルの代表として、アジピン酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル(DOA)、アジピン酸ブタンジオール共重合体(平均分子量1000程度)、アジピン酸ジイソノニル(DINA)。
リン酸トリエステルの代表として、トリブチルホスフェート(TBP)。
芳香族リン酸エステルの代表として、トリクレシルホスフェート(TCP)。
トリメリット酸エステルの代表として、トリメリット酸トリ-2-エチルヘキシル(TOTM)。
エポキシ化脂肪酸エステルの代表として、エポキシ化大豆油。
キセノンウエザー試験の条件は以下の通りである。
紫外線強度180W/m2(波長295-400nm)。
〈散水なし条件〉BPT89℃、湿度50%、1時間42分。
〈散水あり条件〉槽内温度38℃、湿度90%、18分。
上記実験の結果、トリメリット酸エステル(TOTM)、及び、エポキシ化脂肪酸エステル(エポキシ化大豆油)を可塑剤として用いると耐久性が著しく下がることが明らかとなった。なお、エポキシ化脂肪酸は1120時間で茶変し試験継続できなくなったので同図に載せていない。
尚、この理由については、後述の如く考察し、体系化する。
樹脂材料層Jを形成する塩化ビニル系樹脂には、難燃剤、安定剤、安定化助剤、充てん剤、酸化防止剤、紫外線吸収剤、光安定剤が入っていてもよい。
図16に示すように、放射冷却層CPは、フィルム層F(基材に相当)の上部にアンカー層Gを備え、当該アンカー層Gの上部に、光反射層B、保護層D、赤外放射層Aを備える形態に構成してもよい。
尚、フィルム層F(基材に相当)は、例えば、PET(エチレンテレフタラート樹脂)等にてフィルム状に形成されたものである。
尚、フィルム層Fと光反射層Bとの密着を強める方法には、アンカー層Gを入れる以外の方法もある。例えば、フィルム層Fの製膜面にプラズマ照射して表面を荒らすと密着性は高まる。
膜材Eの外面に放射冷却層CPを装着する場合、接続層Sの厚さを、5μm以上で、100μm以下にすることが良い。
すなわち、膜材Eの外面(表面)は鏡面でないことが多い。鏡面とは異なる膜材Eの外面(材料表面)は、数μmレベル程度の傷や凹凸が無数に存在することが多い。
膜材Eの外面(材料表面)に存在するμmレベルの凹凸が、放射冷却層CPの光反射層B(銀層)に転写されると、反射率が下がることになる。
したがって、放射冷却層CPに外面(材料表面)に存在する凹凸が反映されないようにする構造を導入する必要があり、このために、放射冷却層CPを、5μmから100μm程度の厚みの接続層Sにて、膜材Eの外面に接合させるとよい。
光反射層B(銀層)が平坦になると、太陽光反射率の低下(換言すると太陽光吸収率の増大)を防げることになる。
但し、接続層Sの厚みが厚くなると断熱性が向上する。断熱性が向上すると放射冷却層CPの冷熱が断熱されるため、良くない。このような観点から不必要なほどに厚い接続層Sは不要であり、100μmの厚さがあれば十分である。
テント式倉庫1の上面部及び周囲の側面部を形成する帆布を製作するには、複数の放射冷却式膜材Wを接合して構成されることになる。
放射冷却式膜材Wの表面側には、塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂からなる樹脂材料層J(赤外放射層A)が存在し、放射冷却式膜材Wの裏面側には、塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂からなる膜材側樹脂層Ejが存在するから、図17に示す如く、複数の放射冷却式膜材Wを熱溶着により接合することになる。
ちなみに、熱溶着としては、高周波溶着、熱風溶着、熱間溶着等を適用できる。
複数枚の放射冷却式膜材Wを接合して構成される帆布は、種々の用途に用いることができる。つまり、図18に示す、幌付きトラックにおける幌2を、複数枚の放射冷却式膜材Wを接合した帆布にて構成することや、図19に示す、トラックの荷台を覆う荷台シート3を、複数枚の放射冷却式膜材Wを接合した帆布にて構成することができる。
つまり、例えば、放射面Hに凸部Uが存在する状態に形成してもよい。
凹凸状の具体例としては、直方体状の凸部Uが並ぶラインアンドスペース構造(図22参照)、円錐柱の凸部Uを縦横に並べた構造(図23参照)、図示は省略するが、三角柱やピラミッド状の凸部Uがラインアンドペース状に並んだ構造、方形体状の凸部Uが縦横に並んだ構造、凸部Uをランダムに形成した構造等、各種の構成を採用できる。
ちなみに、放射面Hを凹凸状に形成する際の高低差は、100μm程度である。
図21に示すように、トラックは移動するため、日中トラックの下面は常に熱せられたアスファルトがある。熱せられたアスファルトなどからの熱の流入により、幌2の膜材Eを放射冷却層CPで覆っても、コンテナ8の内部温度が環境温度(外気温度)より上昇してしまう虞がある。
移動体の場合、移動中強い風を受ける。この風はアスファルトなどで温められたコンテナ内部の温度より低温であり、走行中の風による熱交換(対流)も考慮した設計を導入するのが望ましい。
第1点は、太陽光による入熱。
第2点は、熱せられたアスファルト由来の熱輻射(移動するので、常に熱々のアスファルトの真上にコンテナがある状態)。
この2点の影響により幌2の内部(内部空間)が環境温度(外気温度)より暑くなる虞がある。
つまり、本構造は、太陽光や熱せられた大気以外に熱源があり、放射冷却層CPを装着する膜材Eの温度が環境温度(外気温度)よりも上昇し、環境温度(外気温度)が冷熱として作用する際に導入するとよい。
尚、放射面Hに「散乱する」という機能を付与しても、光反射層Bの銀(銀合金)における光吸収は増大しないので、放射冷却を良好に行うことができる。
図24及び図25に示すように、赤外放射層Aを構成する樹脂材料層Jに、無機材料のフィラーQを混入させて、光散乱構成を備えさせるようにしてもよい。
また、図26及び図27に示すように、樹脂材料層Jと保護層Dを接続するのり層Nが、樹脂材料層Jと保護層Dとの間に設けられる場合には、無機材料のフィラーQをのり層Nに混入させて、光散乱構成を備えさせるようにしてもよい。
のり層に用いる接着剤又は粘着剤としては、ウレタン系、アクリル系、エチレン酢酸ビニル系等を好適に使用できる。
つまり、のり層Nにて使用する接着剤(粘着剤)は、例えば、ウレタン系接着剤(粘着剤)、アクリル系接着剤(粘着剤)、EVA(エチレン酢酸ビニル)系接着剤(粘着剤)等があり、太陽光に対して高い透明性を持つものが適用される。
ちなみに、のり層Nの厚さは、例えば、10μm程度である。
尚、フィラーQを、樹脂材料層J及びのり層Nの両者に混入させてもよい。
特に、光触媒活性がない200nm程度の酸化チタン(TiO2)を好適に使用することができる。
また、酸化チタン(TiO2)が、アルミナコート、シリカコート、ジルコニアコートの少なくとも一つがなされているようにしてもよい。このようにすることによって、フィラーを適切に光触媒活性がないようにすることができるため、樹脂材料層Jを劣化させることを抑制し易いものとなる。
樹脂材料層Jの裏面が凹凸状になる場合には、樹脂材料層Jと保護層Dとの間にのり層Nが位置するようにすることが望ましい。
つまり、樹脂材料層Jの裏面が凹凸状であっても、樹脂材料層Jと保護層Dとの間にのり層N(接合層)が位置するから、樹脂材料層Jと保護層Dとを適切に接合することができる。
尚、樹脂材料層Jの裏面が凹凸状になる場合において、例えば、プラズマ接合により、樹脂材料層Jと保護層Dとを直接的に接合するようにしてもよい。尚、プラズマ接合とは、樹脂材料層Jの接合面と保護層Dの接合面にプラズマの放射によりラジカルを形成し、そのラジカルにより接合する形態である。
ちなみに、保護層DにフィラーQを混入すると、保護層Dの光反射層Bに接する裏面が凹凸状になり、光反射層Bの表面を凹凸状に変形させる原因になるため、保護層DにフィラーQを混入することは避ける必要がある。つまり、光反射層Bの表面が凹凸状に変形すると、光反射を適正通り行えないものとなり、その結果、放射冷却を適正通り行えないものとなる。
図28における「光拡散層にAg層を直接形成」とは、フィラーQを混入させる或いは光反射層BであるAg層側にエンボス加工の凹凸がある赤外放射層A(樹脂材料層J)の表面に、銀(Ag)を蒸着等により成膜して光反射層Bを形成することを、意味するものである。
また、「鏡面Ag上に光拡散層」とは、光反射層BであるAg層の上面が鏡面状に形成され、当該Ag層の上部、保護層D、及び、フィラーQを混入させる或いはエンボス加工の凹凸がある赤外放射層A(樹脂材料層J)が積層されていることを、意味するものである。
図29に示すように、赤外放射層Aを構成する樹脂材料層Jの表裏両面を凹凸状に形成して、光散乱構成を備えさせるようにしてもよい。
このように構成すれば、放射面Hを見たときに、放射面Hのギラツキを抑制できるものとなる。
樹脂材料層Jの裏面が凹凸状になっても、樹脂材料層Jと保護層Dとの間にのり層Nを位置させれば、樹脂材料層Jと保護層Dとを適切に接合することができる。
以下、別実施形態を列記する。
(1)上記実施形態では、保護層Dを備えさせる場合を例示したが、保護層Dを省略する形態で実施してもよい。
B 光反射層
D 保護層
E 膜材
Eh 膜材本体
Ej 膜材側樹脂層
H 放射面
J 樹脂材料層
Q フィラー
Claims (19)
- 膜材の外面に放射冷却層が装着され、
前記放射冷却層が、放射面から赤外光を放射する赤外放射層と、当該赤外放射層における前記放射面の存在側とは反対側に位置させる光反射層とを備える形態に構成され、
前記赤外放射層が、吸収した太陽光エネルギーよりも大きな熱輻射エネルギーを波長8μmから波長14μmの帯域で放つ厚みに調整された塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂からなる樹脂材料層であり、
前記光反射層が、銀又は銀合金を備え、
前記膜材の前記放射冷却層から離れる裏面部に、塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂にて形成される膜材側樹脂層を備えている放射冷却式膜材。 - 前記放射冷却層が、接着剤又は粘着剤の接続層にて前記膜材の外面に装着されている請求項1に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記樹脂材料層の膜厚が、
波長0.4μmから0.5μmの光吸収率の波長平均が13%以下であり、波長0.5μmから波長0.8μmの光吸収率の波長平均が4%以下であり、波長0.8μmから波長1.5μmまでの光吸収率の波長平均が1%以内であり、1.5μmから2.5μmまでの光吸収率の波長平均が40%以下となる光吸収特性を備え、且つ、8μmから14μmの輻射率の波長平均が40%以上となる熱輻射特性を備える状態の厚みに調整されている請求項1又は2に記載の放射冷却式膜材。 - 前記光反射層は、波長0.4μmから0.5μmの反射率が90%以上、波長0.5μmより長波の反射率が96%以上である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記光反射層が、銀または銀合金で構成され、その厚みが50nm以上である請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記光反射層が、前記樹脂材料層に隣接して位置する銀または銀合金と前記樹脂材料層から離れる側に位置するアルミまたはアルミ合金の積層構造である請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記樹脂材料層を形成する樹脂材料が、可塑剤が混入された塩化ビニル樹脂又は塩化ビニリデン樹脂であり、
前記可塑剤が、フタル酸エステル類、脂肪族二塩基酸エステル類及びリン酸エステル類からなる群より選択される1つ以上の化合物からなる請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の放射冷却式膜材。 - 前記可塑剤が、前記塩化ビニル樹脂又は前記塩化ビニリデン樹脂の100重量部に対して、1重量部以上200重量部以下の範囲で混入されている請求項7に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記可塑剤のリン酸エステルが、リン酸トリエステル、又は、芳香族リン酸エステルである請求項7又は8に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記樹脂材料層と前記光反射層との間に保護層を備える形態に構成され、
前記保護層が、厚さが300nm以上で、40μm以下のポリオレフィン系樹脂、又は、厚さが17μm以上で、40μm以下のポリエチレンテレフタラート樹脂である請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の放射冷却式膜材。 - 前記樹脂材料層と前記保護層とを接続するのり層が、前記樹脂材料層と前記保護層との間に設けられている請求項10に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記のり層に用いる接着剤又は粘着剤が、ウレタン系、アクリル系、エチレン酢酸ビニル系のいずれかである請求項11に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記樹脂材料層に、無機材料のフィラーが混入されている請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記のり層に、無機材料のフィラーが混入されている請求項11又は12に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記のり層に対する前記フィラーの重量割合が0.1~40wt%である請求項14に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記フィラーが、二酸化ケイ素、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム及び酸化マグネシウム、炭酸カルシウムからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つを含む請求項13~15のいずれか1項に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記フィラーが、酸化チタンを含む請求項13~16のいずれか1項に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記酸化チタンに、アルミナコート、シリカコート、ジルコニアコートの少なくとも一つがなされている請求項17に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
- 前記放射面が凹凸状に形成されている請求項1~18のいずれか1項に記載の放射冷却式膜材。
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- 2022-03-24 EP EP22775773.9A patent/EP4316807A1/en active Pending
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US20240167775A1 (en) | 2024-05-23 |
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