WO2022179247A1 - 基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法 - Google Patents

基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法 Download PDF

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WO2022179247A1
WO2022179247A1 PCT/CN2021/136963 CN2021136963W WO2022179247A1 WO 2022179247 A1 WO2022179247 A1 WO 2022179247A1 CN 2021136963 W CN2021136963 W CN 2021136963W WO 2022179247 A1 WO2022179247 A1 WO 2022179247A1
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cable
error
laser
error rate
point
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PCT/CN2021/136963
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French (fr)
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WO2022179247A9 (zh
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曾滨
许庆
徐曼
邵彦超
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中冶建筑研究总院有限公司
中国京冶工程技术有限公司
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Publication of WO2022179247A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022179247A1/zh
Priority to US17/941,619 priority Critical patent/US11703405B2/en
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01LMEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01L5/04Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring tension in flexible members, e.g. ropes, cables, wires, threads, belts or bands
    • G01L5/042Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring tension in flexible members, e.g. ropes, cables, wires, threads, belts or bands by measuring vibrational characteristics of the flexible member
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01LMEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01L5/04Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring tension in flexible members, e.g. ropes, cables, wires, threads, belts or bands
    • G01L5/10Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring tension in flexible members, e.g. ropes, cables, wires, threads, belts or bands using electrical means
    • G01L5/105Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring tension in flexible members, e.g. ropes, cables, wires, threads, belts or bands using electrical means using electro-optical means
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01MTESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M5/00Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
    • G01M5/0025Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings of elongated objects, e.g. pipes, masts, towers or railways
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01MTESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M5/00Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
    • G01M5/0066Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by exciting or detecting vibration or acceleration

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  • the invention relates to the field of cable force damage determination of prestressed cables, in particular to a method for performing cable dynamic testing on a whole cable system by using a non-contact testing method and determining damage according to the test results.
  • Prestressed tendons are widely used in long-span structures such as cable-stayed bridges, suspension bridges, and spatial prestressed steel structures.
  • prestressed cables have the characteristics of high stress and high strain energy. Damage or fracture of its supporting members will cause the internal force redistribution of the entire prestressed cable system and even the entire structural system, and may even cause continuous collapse. Therefore, the damage identification and localization of in-service cables has always been the focus of the engineering and scientific research community.
  • the present invention proposes a cable damage location and discrimination method based on dynamic non-contact testing and error self-adaptive analysis of the whole cable system.
  • the non-contact laser velocimetry equipment is used to conduct the full-range spatial test of the prestressed cable system, and the tension is obtained.
  • the self-adaptive analysis is carried out based on the cable force error of the in-plane vertical and out-of-plane lateral cable force analysis results to determine the limit range of the cable error, so as to determine the abnormal cable beyond the limit range, and realize damage localization and recovery. discriminate.
  • the present invention is a damage determination method based on full cable tie force test and error self-adaptive analysis.
  • the method is used to measure the prestressed cable force in the prestressed steel structure, and judge through the error self-adaptive analysis of the cable force.
  • the cable that may be damaged and its position, there are at least two tie rods between the restraint points B and B' at both ends of the cable, and the tie rods stretch the cable in the vertical direction, and it is characterized in that: the method includes: The following steps:
  • a laser velocimeter is set at any position outside the vertical measuring point plane S passing through the cable to be measured, so that the laser velocimeter is located between the laser velocity measuring point A and the measuring point plane S between the two tie rods.
  • the distance between the points to be measured P is within the range of the laser velocimeter, and the point to be measured P of the cable is located at any point on the cable to be measured between the two tie rods;
  • step (b) Convert the speed-time curve in step (b) into a speed-frequency curve through Fourier transformation, and find the first-order frequency f i and the second-order frequency of the root cable in the speed-frequency curve Frequency f i , the cable force of the cable is calculated according to the following formula:
  • l i is the shortest constraint distance between the tie rods on both sides of the cable to be measured P when the cable vibrates vertically in the plane S of the measuring point; mean(F 1 , F 2 ) is F 1 and F The average value of 2 ; Li is the shortest restraint distance between the two restraint points B and B' when the cable vibrates laterally on the measuring point plane S; ⁇ is the density of the cable, f 2i > f i ;
  • i is the cable number in the steel structure, repeat steps (a) to (c) to obtain the error rate R i of n cables respectively;
  • step (d) the error limit Q is calculated by the confidence interval method, which comprises the following steps:
  • step (d) the error limit Q is calculated by the adaptive cluster analysis method, which comprises the following steps:
  • R i when When , R i is classified as A 1 S set, otherwise it is classified as A 2 S set; when all data are clustered and collected, The superscripts in A 1 and A 2 are the clustering times, and the error data set R i includes R 1 , R 2 ,...R m , R 1 ', R 2 ',... R k ';
  • the damage determination method based on the full cable tie force test and error self-adaptive analysis of the present invention, wherein: between the laser speed measuring point A where the laser speed measuring instrument 4 is located and the to-be-measured point P of the cable 1 in the measuring point plane S the distance Among them: make a laser speed measurement plane T perpendicular to the measurement point plane S through the laser speed measurement point A, b is the vertical distance from the laser speed measurement point A to the measurement point plane S in the laser speed measurement plane T; h is the distance in the measurement point plane In S, the vertical distance from the point P to be measured on the cable 1 to the laser velocity measurement plane T; d is the difference between the projection point of the laser velocity measurement point A on the measurement point plane S and the projection point of the point P to be measured on the cable 1 on the laser velocity measurement plane T distance between.
  • the speed measurement accuracy of the laser velocimeter 4 is 1% of the estimated velocity of the point P to be measured on the cable 1 .
  • the frequency accuracy of the laser velocimeter 4 is at least 0.005Hz, and the sampling time of the laser velocimeter 4 is at least 200s.
  • the sampling frequency of the laser velocimeter 4 is 5-30 times the natural vibration frequency of the cable 1 .
  • the sampling frequency of the laser velocimeter 4 is 256 Hz.
  • v[n] is the velocity time series measured by the laser velocimeter
  • n is the time step, equal to the inverse of the sampling frequency
  • N is the total number of velocity data in the test time series
  • k is the frequency increment, equal to the sampling duration
  • the damage determination method based on full-cable lashing force test and error self-adaptive analysis of the present invention can simultaneously obtain the dynamic response characteristics of the vertical in-plane and out-of-plane lateral directions, and on the one hand, can eliminate the influence of conditions such as concentrated mass and vertical support, etc.
  • the test results in the two directions can corroborate each other, ensure the test accuracy, and provide an effective basis for accurately evaluating the performance of the prestressed steel structure.
  • the above two literatures are all tests on the cables of cable-stayed bridges.
  • the cable-stayed cables are a special ideal structure with consolidation at both ends, no concentrated mass in the middle and no tie rod support.
  • the cables of the chord structure and the cable-arch structure have auxiliary structures such as concentrated mass or tie rod support.
  • the methods of the above two literatures cannot eliminate the influence of these influencing factors on the cable force test and analysis of the cable. Therefore, the method is not. It has the feasibility of application in the field of building structure.
  • test method and damage discrimination method in this paper are innovative and self-contained, and play an important role in the evaluation of the cable force and the damage discrimination in the service state of the prestressed steel structure cable.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the positional relationship between a frame, a stay cable, a tie rod and a laser velocimeter using the damage determination method based on full-cable lashing force test and error adaptive analysis of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is the curve of the speed and time of the point P to be measured of the cable 1;
  • Fig. 3 is the curve of the speed and frequency of the point to be measured of the cable obtained after the curve in Fig. 2 is transformed by Fourier;
  • the damage determination method based on the full cable tie force test and error adaptive analysis of the present invention is used to measure the cable force of the prestressed cable 1 in the prestressed steel structure, and adapt to the error of the cable force. Analyze and determine the possible damaged cable and its position.
  • the aforementioned tie rods 2 stretch the cable 1 in the vertical direction.
  • the method includes the following steps:
  • the laser velocimeter 4 is set at any position outside the vertical measuring point plane S passing through the cable 1 to be measured, so that the laser velocimeter 4 is located between the laser velocity measuring point A and the two tie rods 2 in the measuring point plane S.
  • the distance between the points P of the cable to be measured is within the range of the laser velocimeter 4.
  • the laser velocimetry point A where the laser velocimeter 4 is located is within the measuring point plane S and the cable 1
  • the distance between the points to be measured P Among them: make a laser speed measurement plane T perpendicular to the measurement point plane S through the laser speed measurement point A, b is the vertical distance from the laser speed measurement point A to the measurement point plane S in the laser speed measurement plane T; h is the distance in the measurement point plane In S, the vertical distance from the point P to be measured on the cable 1 to the laser velocity measurement plane T; d is the difference between the projection point of the laser velocity measurement point A on the measurement point plane S and the projection point of the point P to be measured on the cable 1 on the laser velocity measurement plane T
  • the distance between the two cables to be measured P is located at any point on the cable 1 to be measured between the two tie rods 2;
  • the Fourier transform formula is as follows:
  • v[n] is the velocity time series measured by the laser velocimeter
  • n is the time step, equal to the inverse of the sampling frequency
  • N is the total number of velocity data in the test time series
  • k is the frequency increment, equal to the sampling duration
  • the curve of speed and time in step (b) is converted into a curve of speed and frequency, and in the curve of speed and frequency, find out the first-order frequency f 1i and the first-order frequency f 1i of the root cable 1
  • the second-order frequency f 2i is used to calculate the cable force of the cable 1 according to the following formula:
  • l i is the shortest constraint distance between the tie rods 2 on both sides of the point P to be measured of the cable 1 when the cable 1 vibrates vertically in the plane S of the measuring point; mean(F 1 , F 2 ) is F The average value of 1 and F 2 ; Li is the shortest restraint distance between the two restraint points B and B' when the cable 1 vibrates laterally on the measuring point plane S; ⁇ is the cable density, f 2i > f 1i ;
  • i is the cable number in the steel structure, repeat steps (a) to (c) to obtain the error rate R i of n cables 1 respectively;
  • the adaptive cluster analysis method is as follows:
  • R i when When , R i is classified as A 1 S set, otherwise it is classified as A 2 S set; when all data are clustered and collected, The superscripts in A 1 and A 2 are the clustering times, and the error data set R i includes R 1 , R 2 ,...R m , R 1 ', R 2 ',... R k ';
  • step (e) repeat steps (a) to (c), carry out a second test on the abnormal cable 1 in step (d), and recalculate the error rate of the abnormal cable 1. If the above error rate is less than the error limit Q, then It is considered that the cable 1 is not damaged. If the above-mentioned error rate is greater than the error limit Q, it is considered that the cable 1 or its restraint connection part may be damaged, and it is necessary to pay attention.
  • the low test accuracy of the laser velocimeter 4 will lead to insufficient analysis accuracy of the test results, and accurate results cannot be obtained. If the selected precision is too high, it is necessary to increase the sampling frequency, which increases the amount of test data, and the data analysis work is huge and inefficient. Therefore, setting appropriate test parameters and accuracy is a prerequisite for achieving high-quality and high-efficiency testing.
  • is the structural damping ratio
  • w d is the fundamental frequency of the structure with damping
  • a and B are parameters to be determined, which are related to the initial state.
  • the relationship table 1 of the magnitude of displacement, velocity, acceleration and structural frequency can be obtained.
  • the natural vibration frequency of the cable is between 0.1 and 10 Hz
  • the acceleration response under the excitation of ambient vibration white noise is between 0 and 1 m/s 2. From this, the estimated range of the speed can be obtained, and the non-contact laser can be determined based on this. Speed accuracy settings for speed test equipment.
  • the speed measurement accuracy of the laser velocimeter 4 is 1% of the estimated velocity of the point P to be measured on the cable.
  • the frequency accuracy when the vibration response is converted to the frequency domain is related to the test duration. Its frequency accuracy can be expressed as:
  • F is the sampling frequency
  • N is the number of sampling points
  • the frequency accuracy and the sampling duration are reciprocal of each other.
  • the frequency accuracy is at least 0.005Hz, so set the sampling duration to at least 200s.
  • the sampling frequency of the structure frequency should be taken.
  • the sampling frequency should be 256Hz.
  • the damage determination method based on full-cable lashing force test and error self-adaptive analysis of the present invention can simultaneously obtain the dynamic response characteristics of the vertical in-plane and out-of-plane lateral directions, and on the one hand, can eliminate the influence of conditions such as concentrated mass and vertical support, etc.
  • the test results in the two directions can corroborate each other, ensure the test accuracy, and provide an effective basis for accurately evaluating the performance of the prestressed steel structure. important economic and social value.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Testing Of Devices, Machine Parts, Or Other Structures Thereof (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)

Abstract

一种基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,用于测量预应力钢结构中的预应力拉索(1)索力,并通过对拉索(1)索力测试误差的自适应分析确定可能损伤的拉索(1)及其位置,方法包括:放置激光测速仪(4);用激光测速仪(4)测量该拉索待测点(P)的速度;计算出拉索(1)的索力;计算出整个预应力钢结构内所有的拉索(1)之间的索力;分析测试索力的误差并且找出可能出现损伤的拉索(1)以及与其相连接的拉杆(2)。该方法可同时获取拉索(1)在面内竖向与面外横向的动力响应特征,进而获得自验证的索力分析结果,并根据索力误差自适应分析,确定索系中可能出现损伤的拉索(1)及其位置,为复杂的预应力钢结构索力测试与损伤判别提供有效依据。

Description

基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法 技术领域:
本发明涉及预应力拉索索力损伤判定领域,尤其是采用非接触测试方法对全索系进行拉索动力测试并根据测试结果进行损伤判定的方法。
背景技术:
预应力筋索在斜拉桥、悬索桥、空间预应力钢结构等大跨度结构中应用广泛,预应力拉索作为结构中的最主要支撑构件,具有高应力高应变能的特征,局部的拉索或其支撑构件损伤或断裂,会造成整个预应力拉索体系乃至全结构体系的内力重分布,甚至可能引发连续倒塌。因此,在役拉索的损伤判别与定位,一直是工程和科研界关注的重点问题。
对于空间大跨度钢结构,由于拉索数量大且多位于屋顶高度位置,使用现有的有线测试手段,需要接触式安装传感器和采集仪,人员和设备需求高,逐一测试工作量庞大,难以实现索系的全范围测试。另一方面,现有的损伤识别分析方法多从构件层面出发,分析单一构件的损伤状态,难以应用于预应力索系这种大范围的结构体系的损伤定位和判别。
《世界桥梁》杂志2019年第47卷第3期发表的文章《基于雷达的斜拉索索力非接触遥测技术研究》,和《大桥养护与运营》杂志2020年第4期发表的文章《桃夭门大桥上的非接触式斜拉索索力测试》中,采用雷达非接触设备对桥梁的斜拉索进行非接触测试。
但已有的非接触测试技术仍停留在二维平面,测试分析方法仍有局限性,无法保证测试索力结果的正确性且无法进行损伤分析与定位。
发明内容
基于此,本发明提出了一种基于全索系动力非接触测试和误差自适应分析的拉索损伤定位与判别方法,采用非接触激光测速设备进行预应力索系全范围的空间测试,得到拉索的三维振动特性,基于面内竖向与面外横向索力分析结果的索力误差开展自适应分析,确定拉索索误差的极限范围,从而确定超出极限范围的异常拉索,实现损伤定位与判别。
为了完成本申请的发明目的,本申请采用以下技术方案:
本发明的一种基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,该方法是用于测量预应力钢结构中的预应力拉索索力,并通过索力的误差自适应分析判别可能出现损伤的拉索及 其位置,在该拉索两端的约束点B和B’之间至少有两根拉杆,上述拉杆在竖直方向上拉伸该拉索,其特征在于:该方法包括以下步骤:
(a)、放置激光测速仪
在通过该待测的拉索的竖直测点平面S外的任意位置设置激光测速仪,使得该激光测速仪所处的激光测速点A与测点平面S内两根拉杆之间的拉索待测点P之间的距离在激光测速仪的量程范围之内,拉索待测点P位于两根拉杆之间待测拉索上的任意点;
(b)、用激光测速仪测量该拉索待测点P的速度
在一个采样时长内,用激光测速仪实时测量测点平面S内拉索待测点P的速度,并画出该拉索待测点P的速度与时间的曲线;
(c)、计算出各拉索的索力的误差率R i
通过傅里叶变化,将步骤(b)的速度与时间的曲线转换为速度与频率的曲线,在速度与频率的曲线中,找出该根拉索的第一阶频率f i和第二阶频率f i,根据以下公式计算该拉索的索力:
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000002
其中:l i为该拉索在测点平面S内竖向振动时,位于拉索待测点P两侧的拉杆之间的最短约束距离;mean(F 1,F 2)为F 1和F 2的平均值;L i为该拉索在测点平面S横向振动时,两个约束点B和B’之间的最短约束距离;ρ为拉索密度,f 2i>f i
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000003
式中,i为钢结构中的拉索编号,重复步骤(a)至步骤(c),分别得到n根拉索的误差率R i
(d)、找出误差极限Q和异常拉索
统计钢结构中各个拉索的误差率,通过数学分析,找出误差极限Q及误差率大于误差极限Q的异常拉索;
(e)、重复步骤(a)至步骤(c),对步骤(d)中异常拉索进行二次测试,重新计算异常拉索的误差率,如果上述误差率小于误差极限Q,则认为该拉索无损伤,如果上述误差率大于误差极限Q,则认为该拉索或其约束连接部位可能出现损伤,需要重点关注。
本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其中:在步骤(d)中,用置信区间法计算出误差极限Q,它包括以下步骤:
计算全索系拉索误差率数据集合R i的平均值R mean=R 1+R 2+……+R n/n和各个拉索误差率 的标准差
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000004
整个误差率样本服从分布(R mean,σ),选取95%的置信区间,Q=R mean+1.96σ/n。
本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其中:在步骤(d)中,用自适应聚类分析法计算出误差极限Q,它包括以下步骤:
(i)、两个初始值的设定
选取全索系拉索1误差率数据集合R i中的最大值R max和最小值R min,以这两个值分别为待分类的两组数据集合A 1 S和A 2 S的中心点初始值A 10 S和A 20 S,即A 10 S=R max,A 20 S=R min,S=1,S为聚类次数,根据上述两个初始值,对误差率数据集合R i作步骤(ii)的聚类;
(ii)、将误差率数据集合R i分成A 1 S集合和A 2 S集合
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000005
时,R i归为A 1 S集合,反之则归为A 2 S集合;当所有数据都进行聚类归集后,
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000006
A 1和A 2中的上标为聚类次数,误差数据集合R i包含R 1,R 2,…R m,R 1’,R 2’,…R k’;
(iii)、计算两个集合的欧氏距离:
设d 1 0=0;d 2 0=0
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000007
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000008
(iv)、找出两个集合的新中心点
计算
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000009
中所有数据点对应的
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000010
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000011
最小时,所对应的R x即为集合
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000012
的心新中心点,此时A 10 s+1=R x,其中mean(A 1 s)为集合A 1 s的平均误差率;计算
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000013
中所有数据点对应的
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000014
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000015
最小时,所对应的R y’即为集合
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000016
的心中心点,此时A 20 s+1=R y’,其中mean(A 2 s)为集合A 2 s的平均误差率;
(v)、判断聚类是否收敛
当d 1 S=d 1 S-1并且d 2 S=d 2 S-1,认为聚类分析已收敛,进行步骤(vi);否则,用A 10 s+1替代A 10 S,用A 20 s+1替代A 20 S,S+1替代S,重复步骤(ii)至步骤(iv);
(vi)、得到误差极限
得到最终的自适应聚类分析两个集合A 1 S和A 2 S,以及对应的中心点A 10 S和A 20 S,当A 10 S<A 20 S时,误差极限Q=max(A 1 S),即集合A 1 S中的最大误差率;反之,误差极限Q=max(A 2 S),即集合A 2 S中的最大误差率。
本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其中:所述激光测速仪4所处的激光测速点A与测点平面S内拉索1待测点P之间的距离
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000017
其中:在通过激光测速点A作一个垂直于测点平面S的激光测速平面T,b为在激光测速平面T内,激光测速点A到测点平面S的垂直距离;h为在测点平面S内,拉索1待测点P到激光测速平面T的垂直距离;d为激光测速点A在测点平面S的投影点与拉索1待测点P在激光测速平面T的投影点之间的距离。
本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其中:所述激光测速仪4的测速精度为拉索1待测点P预估速度的百分之一。
本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其中:所述激光测速仪4的频率精度至少为0.005Hz,激光测速仪4采样时长至少为200s。
本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其中:所述激光测速仪4的采样频率为拉索1自振频率的5-30倍。
本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其中:所述激光测速仪4的采样频率为256Hz。
本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其中:所述傅里叶变化公式如下:
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000018
式中,v[n]是激光测速仪测得的速度时间序列,n是时间步长,等于采样频率的倒数,N是测试时间序列速度数据的总数目,k为频率增量,等于采样时长的倒数,通过此公式计算,将速度与时间的序列v[n],转化为速度与频率的序列V[k],j为复数。
本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法可同时获取面内竖向与面外横向的动力响应特征,一方面可消除集中质量、竖向支撑等条件的影响,另一方面两个方向的测试结果可相互佐证,保证测试精度,为准确评估预应力钢结构性能提供有效依据,并且通过索力的误差自适应分析判别可能出现损伤的拉索及其位置。
本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法与《世界桥梁》杂志2019年第47卷第3期发表的文章《基于雷达的斜拉索索力非接触遥测技术研究》,和《大桥养护与 运营》杂志2020年第4期发表的文章《桃夭门大桥上的非接触式斜拉索索力测试》中的采用雷达非接触设备对桥梁的斜拉索进行非接触测试相比,具有以下优点:
1、上述两篇文献只是测试位移变化,本发明则关注速度变化,相较于位移而言,速度包含的高阶振动信息更全面,在白噪声的激励下,拉索振动较小,仅采用位移时程数据可能导致振动信号采集不完备,测试不准确;
2、上述两篇文献未考虑拉索的空间振动在竖向和横向两个正交方向上的特征,仅可得到单一索力值,不具备自验证的条件,无法保证测试结果的准确性,无法判别可能出现损伤的拉索及其位置,为复杂繁杂的预应力钢结构索力测试与损伤判别提供有效依据;
3、上述两篇文献均是针对斜拉桥拉索进行的测试,斜拉索是两端固结、中间无集中质量无拉杆支撑的特殊理想结构,对于预应力钢结构而言,大量的张弦结构、索拱结构的拉索,是具有集中质量或拉杆支撑等辅助结构的,采用上述两篇文献的方法,无法消除这些影响因素对拉索索力测试分析的影响,因此,其方法是不具备在建筑结构领域应用的可行性。
4、由于上述两篇文献具有以上所列的3个局限性,采用文献中的测试方法无法得到竖向与横向这两个正交方向上的索力及二者的误差,从而无法通过全范围大数据的索力误差分析找出损伤位置。
对比可知,本文献的测试方法与损伤判别方法是创新且自成体系的,对于预应力钢结构拉索的服役状态索力评估与损伤判别具有重要作用。
附图说明
图1为用本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,框架、拉索、拉杆和激光测速仪之间位置关系的示意图;
图2为拉索1待测点P的速度与时间的曲线;
图3为图2中的曲线通过傅里叶转换后,得到拉索待测点的速度与频率的曲线;
在图1中,标号1为拉索;标号2为拉杆;标号3为框架;标号4为激光测速仪;标号A为激光测速点;标号P为拉索待测点;标号S为测点平面;标号T为激光测速平面;标号B和B’分别为拉索两端的约束点。
具体实施方式
如图1所示,本发明基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法是用于测量预应力钢结构中的预应力拉索1索力,并通过索力的误差自适应分析判别可能出现损伤的拉索及其位置,在该拉索1两端的约束点B和B’之间至少有两根拉杆2,上述拉杆2在竖直方向上拉 伸该拉索1,该方法包括以下步骤:
(a)、放置激光测速仪4
在通过该待测的拉索1的竖直测点平面S外的任意位置设置激光测速仪4,使得该激光测速仪4所处的激光测速点A与测点平面S内两根拉杆2之间的拉索待测点P之间的距离在激光测速仪4的量程范围之内,如照图1所示,激光测速仪4所处的激光测速点A与测点平面S内拉索1待测点P之间的距离
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000019
其中:在通过激光测速点A作一个垂直于测点平面S的激光测速平面T,b为在激光测速平面T内,激光测速点A到测点平面S的垂直距离;h为在测点平面S内,拉索1待测点P到激光测速平面T的垂直距离;d为激光测速点A在测点平面S的投影点与拉索1待测点P在激光测速平面T的投影点之间的距离,拉索待测点P位于两根拉杆2之间待测拉索1上的任意点;
(b)、用激光测速仪4测量该拉索1待测点P的速度
在一个采样时长内,用激光测速仪4实时测量测点平面S内拉索1待测点P的速度,并画出该拉索1待测点P的速度与时间的曲线;
(c)、计算出各拉索1的索力的误差率R i
傅里叶变化公式如下:
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000020
式中,v[n]是激光测速仪测得的速度时间序列,n是时间步长,等于采样频率的倒数,N是测试时间序列速度数据的总数目,k为频率增量,等于采样时长的倒数,通过此公式计算,将速度与时间的序列v[n],转化为速度与频率的序列V[k],j为复数,其中傅里叶变化分析的方法在《快速傅里叶变换及其C程序》第2章2.1节中有详细介绍,该书由中国科学技术大学出版社出版;
通过上述傅里叶变化,将步骤(b)的速度与时间的曲线转换为速度与频率的曲线,在速度与频率的曲线中,找出该根拉索1的第一阶频率f 1i和第二阶频率f 2i,根据以下公式计算该拉索1的索力:
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000021
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000022
其中:l i为该拉索1在测点平面S内竖向振动时,位于拉索1待测点P两侧的拉杆2之间的最短约束距离;mean(F 1,F 2)为F 1和F 2的平均值;L i为该拉索1在测点平面S横向振动时, 两个约束点B和B’之间的最短约束距离;ρ为拉索密度,f 2i>f 1i
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000023
式中,i为钢结构中的拉索编号,重复步骤(a)至步骤(c),分别得到n根拉索1的误差率R i
(d)、找出误差极限Q和异常拉索1
统计钢结构中各个拉索的误差率,用置信区间法计算出误差极限Q或自适应聚类分析法,找出误差极限Q及误差率大于误差极限Q的异常拉索1;
置信区间法如下:计算全索系拉索1误差率数据集合R i的平均值R mean=R 1+R 2+……+R n/n和各个拉索误差率的标准差
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000024
整个误差率样本服从分布(R mean,σ),选取95%的置信区间,Q=R mean+1.96σ/n;
自适应聚类分析法如下:
(i)、两个初始值的设定
选取全索系拉索1误差率数据集合R i中的最大值R max和最小值R min,以这两个值分别为待分类的两组数据集合A 1 S和A 2 S的中心点初始值A 10 S和A 20 S,即A 10 S=R max,A 20 S=R min,S=1,S为聚类次数,根据上述两个初始值,对误差率数据集合R i作步骤(ii)的聚类;
(ii)、将误差率数据集合R i分成A 1 S集合和A 2 S集合
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000025
时,R i归为A 1 S集合,反之则归为A 2 S集合;当所有数据都进行聚类归集后,
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000026
A 1和A 2中的上标为聚类次数,误差数据集合R i包含R 1,R 2,…R m,R 1’,R 2’,…R k’;
(iii)、计算两个集合的欧氏距离:
设d 1 0=0;d 2 0=0
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000027
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000028
(iv)、找出两个集合的新中心点
计算
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000029
中所有数据点对应的
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000030
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000031
最小时,所对应的R x即为集合
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000032
的心新中心点,此时A 10 s+1=R x,其中mean(A 1 s)为集合A 1 s的平均误差率;计算
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000033
中所有数据点 对应的
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000034
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000035
最小时,所对应的R y’即为集合
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000036
的心中心点,此时A 20 s+1=R y’,其中mean(A 2 s)为集合A 2 s的平均误差率;
(v)、判断聚类是否收敛
当d 1 S=d 1 S-1并且d 2 S=d 2 S-1,认为聚类分析已收敛,进行步骤(vi);否则,用A 10 s+1替代A 10 S,用A 20 s+1替代A 20 S,S+1替代S,重复步骤(ii)至步骤(iv);
(vi)、得到误差极限
得到最终的自适应聚类分析两个集合A 1 S和A 2 S,以及对应的中心点A 10 S和A 20 S,当A 10 S<A 20 S时,误差极限Q=max(A 1 S),即集合A 1 S中的最大误差率;反之,误差极限Q=max(A 2 S),即集合A 2 S中的最大误差率;
(e)、重复步骤(a)至步骤(c),对步骤(d)中异常拉索1进行二次测试,重新计算异常拉索1的误差率,如果上述误差率小于误差极限Q,则认为该拉索1无损伤,如果上述误差率大于误差极限Q,则认为该拉索1或其约束连接部位可能出现损伤,需要重点关注。
激光测速仪4测试精度低会导致测试结果分析精度不够,无法获得准确结果。选取的精度过高则需配套提高采样频率,使得测试数据量增多,数据分析工作庞大而效率低下。因此,设定合适的试验测试参数与精度是实现高质量高效测试的前提条件
1、激光测速仪4的测速精度
单自由度体系结构自由振动的位移动力方程为:
x(t)=e -ξωt(Asinω dt+Bcosω dt)       公式(1)
式中,ζ为结构阻尼比,w d为有阻尼时的结构基频,
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000037
A和B为待确定参数,与初始状态有关。
不考虑有阻尼的衰减作用,简化位移公式,求导得到速度、加速度公式为:
x(t)=Asinωt+Bcosωt        公式(2)
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000038
Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-000039
其中,w为结构的振动基频的圆频率ω=2πf。
根据以上公式,可以得到位移、速度、加速度和结构频率的量级的关系表1。一般拉索的自振频率在0.1~10Hz之间,环境振动白噪声激励下的加速度响应在0~1m/s 2之间,由此可得到速度的预估范围,并基于此确定非接触激光速度测试设备的速度精度设置。
结构频率Hz 0.1 1 10
位移mm 2533.0300 25.3300 0.2500
速度mm/s 1591.5500 159.1500 15.9200
加速度目标m/s 2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
表1 以加速度为目标单位的数量级关系
激光测速仪4的测速精度为拉索待测点P预估速度的百分之一。
2、激光测速仪4频率精度的设定
振动响应转化到频域时的频率精度与测试时长有关。其频率精度可表示为:
Δf=F/N            公式(5)
式中,F为采样频率,N为采样点数,而采样点数是由采样频率与采样时长的乘积所得,即N=F*T,因此,频率精度表示为:
Δf=1/T          公式(6)
根据公式(6),频率精度与采样时长互为倒数。频率精度至少达到0.005Hz,因此设置采样时长至少200s。
3、激光测速仪4采样频率的设定
根据奈奎斯特定律:在进行模拟/数字信号的转换过程中,当采样频率fs.max大于信号中最高频率Fmax的2倍时,即:fs.max>=2Fmax,采样的数字信号完整地保留了原始信号中的信息,可以不失真的恢复出原始的模拟信号。
为保证结构频率的测试正确,至少需要取结构频率的5~30倍采样频率,对于自振频率一般小于10Hz的拉索,取采样频率256Hz。
工业实用性
本发明的基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法可同时获取面内竖向与面外横向的动力响应特征,一方面可消除集中质量、竖向支撑等条件的影响,另一方面两个方向的测试结果可相互佐证,保证测试精度,为准确评估预应力钢结构性能提供有效依据,并且通过索力的误差自适应分析判别可能出现损伤的拉索及其位置,具有重要的经济价值和社会价值。
以上所述的实施例仅仅是对本发明的优选实施方式进行描述,并非对本发明的范围进行限定,在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下,本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案作出的各种变形和改进,均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,该方法是用于测量预应力钢结构中的预应力拉索(1)索力,并通过索力的误差自适应分析判别可能出现损伤的拉索及其位置,在该拉索(1)两端的约束点(B)和(B’)之间至少有两根拉杆(2),上述拉杆(2)在竖直方向上拉伸该拉索(1),其特征在于:该方法包括以下步骤:
    (a)、放置激光测速仪(4)
    在通过该待测的拉索(1)的竖直测点平面(S)外的任意位置设置激光测速仪(4),使得该激光测速仪(4)所处的激光测速点(A)与测点平面(S)内两根拉杆(2)之间的拉索待测点(P)之间的距离在激光测速仪(4)的量程范围之内,拉索待测点(P)位于两根拉杆(2)之间待测拉索(1)上的任意点;
    (b)、用激光测速仪(4)测量该拉索(1)待测点(P)的速度
    在一个采样时长内,用激光测速仪(4)实时测量测点平面(S)内拉索(1)待测点(P)的速度,并画出该拉索(1)待测点(P)的速度与时间的曲线;
    (c)、计算出各拉索(1)的索力的误差率R i
    通过傅里叶变化,将步骤(b)的速度与时间的曲线转换为速度与频率的曲线,在速度与频率的曲线中,找出该根拉索(1)的第一阶频率f 1i和第二阶频率f 2i,根据以下公式计算该拉索(1)的索力:
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100002
    其中:l i为该拉索(1)在测点平面(S)内竖向振动时,位于拉索(1)待测点(P)两侧的拉杆(2)之间的最短约束距离;mean(F 1,F 2)为F 1和F 2的平均值;L i为该拉索(1)在测点平面(S)横向振动时,两个约束点(B)和(B’)之间的最短约束距离;ρ为拉索密度,f 2i>f 1i
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100003
    式中,i为钢结构中的拉索编号,重复步骤(a)至步骤(c),分别得到n根拉索(1)的误差率 R i
    (d)、找出误差极限Q和异常拉索(1)
    统计钢结构中各个拉索的误差率,通过数学分析,找出误差极限Q及误差率大于误差极限Q的异常拉索(1);
    (e)、重复步骤(a)至步骤(c),对步骤(d)中异常拉索(1)进行二次测试,重新计算异常拉索(1)的误差率,如果上述误差率小于误差极限Q,则认为该拉索(1)无损伤,如果上述误差率大于误差极限Q,则认为该拉索(1)或其约束连接部位可能出现损伤,需要重点关注。
  2. 如权利要求1所述基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其特征在于:在步骤(d)中,用置信区间法计算出误差极限Q,它包括以下步骤:
    计算全索系拉索(1)误差率数据集合R i的平均值R mean=(R 1+R 2+……+R n)/n和各个拉索误差率的标准差
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100004
    整个误差率样本服从分布(R mean,σ),选取95%的置信区间,Q=R mean+1.96σ/n。
  3. 如权利要求1所述基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其特征在于:在步骤(d)中,用自适应聚类分析法计算出误差极限Q,它包括以下步骤:
    (i)、两个初始值的设定
    选取全索系拉索(1)误差率数据集合R i中的最大值R max和最小值R min,以这两个值分别为待分类的两组数据集合A 1 S和A 2 S的中心点初始值A 10 S和A 20 S,即A 10 S=R max,A 20 S=R min,S=1,S为聚类次数,根据上述两个初始值,对误差率数据集合R i作步骤(ii)的聚类;
    (ii)、将误差率数据集合R i分成A 1 S集合和A 2 S集合
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100005
    |时,R i归为A 1 S集合,反之则归为A 2 S集合;当所有数据都进行聚类归集后,
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100006
    A 1和A 2中的上标为聚类次数,误差数据集合R i包含R 1,R 2,…R m,R 1’,R 2’,…R k’;
    (iii)、计算两个集合的欧氏距离:
    设d 1 0=0;d 2 0=0
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100007
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100008
    (iv)、找出两个集合的新中心点
    计算
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100009
    中所有数据点对应的
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100010
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100011
    最小时,所对应的R x即为集合
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100012
    的心新中心点,此时A 10 s+1=R x,其中mean(A 1 s)为集合A 1 s的平均误差率;计算
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100013
    中所有数据点对应的
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100014
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100015
    最小时,所对应的R y’即为集合
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100016
    的心中心点,此时A 20 s+1=R y’,其中mean(A 2 s)为集合A 2 s的平均误差率;
    (v)、判断聚类是否收敛
    当d 1 S=d 1 S-1并且d 2 S=d 2 S-1,认为聚类分析已收敛,进行步骤(vi);否则,用A 10 s+1替代A 10 S,用A 20 s+1替代A 20 S,S+1替代S,重复步骤(ii)至步骤(iv);
    (vi)、得到误差极限
    得到最终的自适应聚类分析两个集合A 1 S和A 2 S,以及对应的中心点A 10 S和A 20 S,当A 10 S<A 20 S时,误差极限Q=max(A 1 S),即集合A 1 S中的最大误差率;反之,误差极限Q=max(A 2 S),即集合A 2 S中的最大误差率。
  4. 如权利要求2或3所述基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其特征在于:所述激光测速仪(4)所处的激光测速点(A)与测点平面(S)内拉索(1)待测点(P)之间的距离
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100017
    其中:在通过激光测速点(A)作一个垂直于测点平面(S)的激光测速平面(T),b为在激光测速平面(T)内,激光测速点(A)到测点平面(S)的垂直距离;h为在测点平面(S)内,拉索(1)待测点(P)到激光测速平面(T)的垂直距离;d为激光测速点(A)在测点平面(S)的投影点与拉索(1)待测点(P)在激光测速平面(T)的投影点之间的距离。
  5. 如权利要求4所述基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其特征在于:所述激光测速仪(4)的测速精度为拉索(1)待测点(P)预估速度的百分之一。
  6. 如权利要求5所述基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其特征在于:所述激光测速仪(4)的频率精度至少为0.005Hz,激光测速仪(4)采样时长至少为200s。
  7. 如权利要求6所述基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其特征在于:所述激光测速仪(4)的采样频率为拉索(1)自振频率的5-30倍。
  8. 如权利要求7所述基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其特征在于:所述激光测速仪(4)的采样频率为256Hz。
  9. 如权利要求8所述基于全索系索力测试和误差自适应分析的损伤判定方法,其特征在 于:所述傅里叶变化公式如下:
    Figure PCTCN2021136963-appb-100018
    式中,v[n]是激光测速仪测得的速度时间序列,n是时间步长,等于采样频率的倒数,N是测试时间序列速度数据的总数目,k为频率增量,等于采样时长的倒数,通过此公式计算,将速度与时间的序列v[n],转化为速度与频率的序列V[k],j为复数。
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