WO2022139244A1 - 다공성 규소 복합체, 이를 포함하는 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체 및 음극 활물질 - Google Patents
다공성 규소 복합체, 이를 포함하는 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체 및 음극 활물질 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022139244A1 WO2022139244A1 PCT/KR2021/018269 KR2021018269W WO2022139244A1 WO 2022139244 A1 WO2022139244 A1 WO 2022139244A1 KR 2021018269 W KR2021018269 W KR 2021018269W WO 2022139244 A1 WO2022139244 A1 WO 2022139244A1
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- Prior art keywords
- composite
- porous silicon
- carbon
- silicon
- porous
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a porous silicon composite, a porous silicon-carbon composite including the same, and an anode active material.
- a lithium secondary battery is a battery that can best meet these needs, and research on the application of small batteries using the lithium secondary battery to large electronic devices such as automobiles and power storage systems is being actively conducted.
- reaction equation when lithium is inserted into silicon is, for example:
- silicon-based negative active material shows a high capacity while forming an alloy containing up to 4.4 lithium per silicon, but most silicon-based negative active materials have a volume of up to 300% by insertion of lithium. Expansion is induced, which causes the anode to be destroyed, making it difficult to exhibit high cycle characteristics.
- this volume change may cause cracks on the surface of the anode active material, and an ionic material may be generated inside the anode active material, causing the anode active material to electrically desorb from the current collector.
- Such an electrical desorption phenomenon may significantly reduce the capacity retention rate of the battery.
- Japanese Patent Publication No. 4393610 discloses a negative active material in which silicon is complexed with carbon in a mechanical processing process, and the surface of silicon particles is coated with a carbon layer using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. have.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2016-502253 discloses an anode active material including porous silicon-based particles and carbon particles, and including fine carbon particles and granulated carbon particles having different average particle diameters of the carbon particles.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Publication No. 4393610
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2016-502253
- Patent Document 3 Korean Patent Publication No. 2018-0106485
- the present invention has been devised to solve the problems of the prior art, and an object of the present invention is that the porous silicon composite includes silicon particles and a magnesium compound, and oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the composite It is to provide a porous silicon composite capable of improving the performance of a secondary battery when applied to an anode active material by controlling the molar ratio (O/Si) to a specific range.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a porous silicon-carbon composite in which discharge capacity and initial efficiency are remarkably improved while having an excellent capacity retention rate when applied to an anode active material by including the porous silicon composite and carbon.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing the porous silicon composite and the porous silicon-carbon composite.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an anode active material including the porous silicon-carbon composite, and a lithium secondary battery including the same.
- the present invention provides a porous silicon composite including silicon particles and a magnesium compound, wherein the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the porous silicon composite is 0.01 to 0.35;
- the present invention provides a porous silicon-carbon composite comprising the porous silicon composite and carbon.
- the present invention is a first step of obtaining a silicon composite oxide powder using a silicon-based raw material and a magnesium-based raw material; a second step of etching the silicon composite oxide powder using an etching solution containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound; and a third step of filtering and drying the composite obtained by the etching to obtain a porous silicon composite; it provides a method for producing the porous silicon composite.
- the present invention is a first step of obtaining a silicon composite oxide powder using a silicon-based raw material and a magnesium-based raw material; a second step of etching the silicon composite oxide powder using an etching solution containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound; a third step of filtering and drying the composite obtained by the etching to obtain a porous silicon composite; and a fourth step of obtaining a porous silicon-carbon composite by forming a carbon layer on the surface of the porous silicon composite by using a chemical thermal decomposition deposition method.
- F fluorine
- the present invention provides a negative active material for a lithium secondary battery, including the porous silicon-carbon composite.
- the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery comprising the negative active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the porous silicon composite includes silicon particles and a magnesium compound, and by controlling the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the composite to a specific range, this
- a negative active material composition in which a binder and a conductive material are mixed by using it as a negative active material of a secondary battery, dispersion stability is improved and mechanical properties such as strength are excellent, and when applied to an anode active material, the performance of a secondary battery is improved can do it
- the porous silicon composite and the porous silicon-carbon composite including carbon may have excellent capacity retention when applied to an anode active material, while remarkably improving discharge capacity and initial efficiency.
- the manufacturing method according to the embodiment has the advantage that mass production is possible through a continuous process with minimized steps.
- Example 1 is a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) photograph of a porous silicon composite (B4) prepared in Example 6.
- FIG. 2 is an ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) photograph of the porous silicon composite (B4) prepared in Example 6.
- FIG. 3 is a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) photograph of the surface of the porous silicon-carbon composite (C6) prepared in Example 6, and is shown in (a) to (d) according to the magnification, respectively. .
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- FIG. 4 is a scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) photograph of the porous silicon-carbon composite (C6) prepared in Example 6 cut with an ion beam.
- FIB-SEM scanning electron microscope
- Example 5 is a FIB-SEM EDAX photograph of the porous silicon-carbon composite (C6) prepared in Example 6 (a) and a component analysis table (b) in the composite.
- Example 6 shows the X-ray diffraction analysis results of the silicon composite oxide (A3) (a), the porous silicon composite (B4) (b), and the porous silicon-carbon composite (C6) (c) of Example 6;
- FIG. 7 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the porous silicon-carbon composite (C3) of Example 3.
- FIG. 7 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the porous silicon-carbon composite (C3) of Example 3.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B show scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of the porous silicon composite (B1) prepared in Example 1, respectively, analyzed at different magnifications.
- FIG. 9 shows Raman analysis measurement results of the porous silicon-carbon composite (C1) of Example 1.
- the present invention is not limited to the contents disclosed below, and may be modified in various forms as long as the gist of the present invention is not changed.
- the porous silicon composite according to an embodiment of the present invention is a porous silicon composite including silicon particles and a magnesium compound, wherein the molar ratio of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the porous silicon composite (O/Si) is 0.01 to 0.35.
- the porous silicon composite includes silicon particles and a magnesium compound together, the performance of the secondary battery may be further improved. Specifically, since the silicon particles charge lithium, the capacity of the secondary battery can be improved, and since the magnesium compound is difficult to react with lithium ions, the amount of expansion and contraction of the electrode when lithium ions are absorbed, and the amount of silicon particles Since it has an effect of suppressing volume expansion, it may be effective in improving cycle characteristics (capacity retention rate).
- the strength of the matrix which is a continuous phase surrounding the silicon particles, is strengthened by the magnesium compound to suppress volume expansion of the silicon particles, so the volume change during occlusion and release of lithium ions is small, and even by repeated charging and discharging, The occurrence of cracks can be minimized.
- the magnesium compound is positioned adjacent to the silicon particles, the contact of the silicon particles with the electrolyte solvent is minimized and the reaction between the silicon particles and the electrolyte solvent is minimized, thereby preventing a decrease in initial charge/discharge efficiency, and silicon The capacity retention rate can be improved by suppressing the expansion of the particles.
- the porous silicon composite may include a silicon aggregate formed by connecting silicon particles to each other.
- the porous silicon composite may include a silicon aggregate having a three-dimensional (3D) structure in which two or more silicon particles are connected to each other. Since the silicon particles charge lithium, when the silicon particles are not included, the capacity of the secondary battery may decrease. can be obtained
- the porous silicon composite may be easily dispersed when preparing the anode active material composition, such as a binder and a conductive material, and may have excellent workability when the anode active material composition is applied on the current collector.
- the silicon aggregate is uniformly distributed inside the porous silicon composite, and the silicon particles may include silicon particles not connected to each other.
- the silicon particles and/or silicon aggregate may be uniformly distributed inside the porous silicon composite, and in this case, excellent electrochemical properties such as charge and discharge may be exhibited.
- the silicon particles may include crystalline particles, and may have a crystallite size of 1 nm to 20 nm in X-ray diffraction analysis (converted from the X-ray diffraction analysis result).
- the diffraction peak of Si (220) centered around 2 ⁇ 47.5°
- the size of the crystallites of the silicon particles obtained by the Scherrer equation based on the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of is preferably 1 nm to 15 nm, more preferably 1 nm to 10 nm can be
- the crystallite size of the silicon particles is less than 1 nm, it is difficult to form micropores inside the porous silicon composite, and the decrease in the efficiency of Coulomb, which represents the charge capacity and discharge capacity ratio, cannot be suppressed, and the specific surface area is too large to handle in the atmosphere It cannot prevent oxidation problems.
- the crystallite size exceeds 20 nm, the micropores cannot properly suppress the volume expansion of silicon particles that occur during charging and discharging, and the efficiency of the coulomb, which represents the charge capacity and discharge capacity ratio due to repeated charging and discharging, is lowered. cannot be suppressed
- the finer the crystallite size of the silicon particles is made smaller within the above range, a more dense composite can be obtained, so that the strength of the matrix can be improved. Accordingly, in this case, performance of the secondary battery, for example, discharge capacity, initial efficiency, or cycle life characteristics may be further improved.
- the porous silicon composite may further include amorphous silicon or silicon having a phase similar to amorphous silicon.
- the silicon particles may be uniformly distributed inside the porous silicon composite, and in this case, excellent electrochemical properties such as charge and discharge may be exhibited.
- the porous silicon composite includes a magnesium compound.
- the magnesium compound is difficult to react with lithium ions during charging and discharging of the secondary battery, it is possible to reduce the amount of expansion and contraction of the electrode when lithium ions are occluded in the electrode, thereby improving the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery. have.
- the strength of the continuous-phase matrix surrounding the silicon may be strengthened by the magnesium compound.
- the magnesium compound may include magnesium fluoride.
- silicon particles may form an alloy by occluding lithium ions during charging of a secondary battery, which may increase a lattice constant and thereby expand a volume.
- lithium ions are released to return to the original metal nanoparticles, and the lattice constant is reduced.
- the magnesium fluoride may be considered as a zero-strain material that does not accompany a change in a crystal lattice constant while lithium ions are intercalated and released.
- the silicon particles may exist between the magnesium fluoride particles and may be surrounded by magnesium fluoride.
- the magnesium fluoride does not release lithium ions during the charging process of the lithium secondary battery.
- it is also an inactive material that does not occlude or release lithium ions.
- the porous matrix including magnesium fluoride does not participate in the chemical reaction of the battery, but is expected to function as a body that suppresses the volume expansion of silicon particles when charging the secondary battery.
- the magnesium fluoride may include magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) , magnesium fluoride silicate (MgSiF 6 ), or a mixture thereof.
- MgF 2 magnesium fluoride
- MgSiF 6 magnesium fluoride silicate
- the crystallite size of MgF 2 calculated by the Scherrer equation based on Half Maximum) may be 2 nm to 35 nm, 5 nm to 25 nm, or 5 nm to 15 nm.
- the crystallite size of the MgF 2 is within the above range, it may be considered to function as a body for suppressing volume expansion of silicon particles during charging and discharging of a lithium secondary battery.
- IB/IA exceeds 1, there may be a problem in that the capacity of the secondary battery is lowered.
- the magnesium compound may further include magnesium silicate, and may include more in the center of the powder of the porous silicon composite.
- the magnesium silicate may include MgSiO 3 , Mg 2 SiO 4 , or a mixture thereof.
- the porous silicon composite includes MgSiO 3 , coulombic efficiency or capacity retention may be increased.
- the content of the magnesium silicate may be 0 wt% to 30 wt%, 0.5 wt% to 25 wt%, or 0.5 wt% to 20 wt% based on the total weight of the porous silicon composite.
- magnesium silicate may be changed into magnesium fluoride by etching.
- magnesium silicate may be converted to magnesium fluoride, and more specifically, most of the magnesium silicate may be converted to magnesium fluoride depending on the etching method or etching degree.
- the content of magnesium (Mg) in the porous silicon composite is 0.2 wt% to 20 wt%, preferably 0.2 wt% to 15 wt%, more preferably 0.2 wt% to 20 wt% based on the total weight of the porous silicon composite 10% by weight. If the content of magnesium (Mg) in the porous silicon composite is 0.2 wt% or more, the initial efficiency of the secondary battery can be improved, and when it is 20 wt% or less, it will be advantageous in terms of charge/discharge capacity and cycle characteristics improvement effect, and handling safety can
- the present invention it is possible to lower the number of oxygen present on the surface of the porous silicon composite. That is, the present invention is characterized in that the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms can be greatly reduced.
- a molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the porous silicon composite may be 0.01 to 0.35.
- the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the porous silicon composite is preferably 0.01 to 0.25, more preferably 0.01 to 0.10, even more preferably 0.01 to 0.08. have.
- the surface resistance can be reduced by significantly lowering the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms, and as a result, the porous silicon composite is applied to the negative electrode active material.
- O/Si molar ratio of oxygen
- Si silicon
- the surface of the silicon particles may include silicon (Si) atoms in a very high fraction compared to oxygen (O) atoms. That is, the O/Si molar ratio can be greatly reduced.
- anode active material including silicon
- a higher discharge capacity is obtained as the oxygen ratio decreases, but a volume expansion rate due to charging may increase.
- the volume expansion rate may be suppressed, but the discharge capacity may decrease.
- the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms of the porous silicon composite according to an embodiment of the present invention is 0.01 or more, expansion and contraction due to charging and discharging can be suppressed.
- the porous silicon composite is used as an anode active material, it is possible to suppress peeling of the anode active material from the anode current collector.
- the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms is 0.35 or less, sufficient charge/discharge capacity may be secured and high rate charge/discharge characteristics may be maintained.
- the porous silicon composite may include a plurality of pores.
- the porous silicon composite has a porous structure, it is possible to accommodate volume expansion of silicon particles generated during charging and discharging of a secondary battery, thereby effectively alleviating and suppressing a problem due to volume expansion.
- the porous silicon composite may include a plurality of pores in its interior, its surface, or both, so that the pores are connected to each other in the silicon composite to form open pores.
- the surface of the porous silicon composite When the surface of the porous silicon composite is measured by a gas adsorption method (BET plot method), it may include micro pores of 2 nm or less and meso pores of more than 2 nm and 50 nm or less.
- the pore volume of the micropores of 2 nm or less is 0.01 cm 3 /g to 0.5 cm 3 /g, preferably 0.05 cm 3 /g to 0.45 cm 3 /g, more preferably 0.1 cm 3 /g to 0.4 cm 3 /g can be
- the pore volume of the mesopores of greater than 2 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm is 0.2 cm 3 /g to 0.7 cm 3 /g, preferably 0.2 cm 3 /g to 0.6 cm 3 /g, more preferably 0.2 cm 3 /g to It may be 0.5 cm 3 /g.
- the pores include micro pores of 2 nm or less that satisfy the pore volume and meso pores of more than 2 nm to 50 nm or less, the pores in the silicon composite are uniform and a large amount may be included. .
- the pores may further include macro pores of more than 50 nm to 250 nm or less.
- the pore volume of the macropores greater than 50 nm and less than or equal to 250 nm is 0.01 cm 3 /g to 0.3 cm 3 /g, preferably 0.01 cm 3 /g to 0.2 cm 3 /g, more preferably 0.01 cm 3 /g to It may be 0.15 cm 3 /g.
- the silicon particles and/or the silicon aggregate in which the silicon particles are connected to each other in the porous silicon composite having the pores are uniformly distributed inside the porous silicon composite.
- the porous silicon composite can obtain excellent mechanical properties such as strength, and, because it has a porous structure, can accommodate the volume expansion of silicon particles generated during charging and discharging of the secondary battery, so that the problem caused by volume expansion can be effectively solved can be alleviated and suppressed.
- the porous silicon composite may further include a silicon oxide compound.
- the silicon oxide compound may be a silicon-based oxide represented by the general formula SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- the silicon oxide compound may be specifically SiOx (0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2), more specifically SiOx (0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.1).
- SiOx when the value of x is less than 0.5, during charging and discharging of the secondary battery, expansion and contraction may increase and lifespan characteristics may deteriorate.
- x when x is greater than 2, there may be a problem in that the initial efficiency of the secondary battery decreases as the amount of inert oxides increases.
- the silicon oxide compound may be included in an amount of 0.1 wt% to 5 wt% based on the total weight of the porous silicon composite.
- the content of the silicon oxide compound When the content of the silicon oxide compound is less than 0.1% by weight, the volume of the secondary battery may expand, and lifespan characteristics may be deteriorated. On the other hand, when the content of the silicon oxide compound exceeds 5% by weight, the initial irreversible reaction of the secondary battery may increase, thereby reducing the initial efficiency.
- the disposition of the silicon particles and the characteristics of the surface thereof may include the arrangement of the silicon aggregate and the surface of the silicon aggregate within a range that does not impair the effects of the present invention.
- silicon oxide (SiOx, 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) formed on the surface of the silicon particles may be further included.
- the silicon oxide (SiOx, 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) may be formed by oxidation of the silicon.
- the content of oxygen (O) in the porous silicon composite is 0.1% to 15% by weight, preferably 0.5% to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.5% to 8% by weight based on the total weight of the porous silicon composite. It can be %.
- the content of oxygen (O) in the porous silicon composite is less than 0.1 wt %, the degree of expansion increases during charging of the secondary battery, which is not preferable because cycle characteristics are deteriorated.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the porous silicon composite may be 1 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m, preferably 2 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably 3 ⁇ m to 8 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the porous silicon composite exceeds 15 ⁇ m, the expansion of the porous silicon composite due to lithium ion charging becomes severe, and as charging and discharging are repeated, binding properties between particles of the composite and particles and collection Since the binding property with the whole is lowered, the lifespan characteristics may be greatly reduced. In addition, there is a risk of a decrease in activity due to a decrease in the specific surface area.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the porous silicon composite is less than 1 ⁇ m, aggregation of the porous silicon composite may occur, thereby reducing dispersibility in the preparation of a negative electrode slurry (negative electrode active material composition) using the same. .
- the specific gravity of the porous silicon composite may be 1.5 g/cm 3 to 2.3 g/cm 3 , preferably 1.6 g/cm 3 to 2.3 g/cm 3 , and more preferably 1.6 g/cm 3 to 2.2 g/cm 3 .
- the specific gravity is expressed in the same meaning as true specific gravity, density, or true density.
- the conditions for measuring specific gravity by a dry density meter according to an embodiment of the present invention for example, Ga-Q Peak II1340 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation may be used as a dry density meter.
- Helium gas may be used as the purge gas to be used, and after repeating 200 purges in the sample holder set at a temperature of 23° C., the measurement was performed.
- the specific gravity of the porous silicon composite is 1.5 g/cm 3 or more, the cycle degradation of the secondary battery can be suppressed.
- the discharge capacity can be improved.
- the specific surface area of the porous silicon composite (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method; BET) is 100 m 2 /g to 1600 m 2 /g, preferably 200 m 2 /g to 1400 m 2 /g, more preferably 300 It may be m 2 /g to 1200 m 2 /g.
- BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method
- the specific surface area of the porous silicon composite is less than 100 m 2 /g, the rate characteristics of the secondary battery may be deteriorated, and when it exceeds 1600 m 2 /g, it is difficult to prepare a negative electrode slurry suitable for application to the negative electrode current collector. , the contact area with the electrolyte may increase, the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte may be accelerated, or a side reaction of the secondary battery may occur.
- the specific surface area of the porous silicon composite may be obtained from the sum of the surface area of the surface of the porous silicon composite particle and the surface area of pores (micro, macro, and mesopores) existing on the surface and inside of the porous silicon composite.
- a porous silicon-carbon composite including the porous silicon composite and carbon.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite includes silicon particles and a magnesium compound, and the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the porous silicon composite is 0.01 to 0.35 of a porous silicon composite, and carbon.
- the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the porous silicon-carbon composite is The molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the silicon composite may be the same or there may be a slight difference. That is, the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the porous silicon-carbon composite is It may be 0.01 to 0.35.
- the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the porous silicon-carbon composite is preferably 0.01 to 0.25, more preferably 0.01 to 0.10, even more preferably 0.01 to 0.08.
- the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the porous silicon-carbon composite is 0.01 or more, expansion and contraction due to charging and discharging can be suppressed,
- the porous silicon-carbon composite is used as the negative electrode active material, it is possible to suppress peeling of the negative electrode active material from the negative electrode current collector.
- the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms is 0.35 or less, discharge capacity can be secured and high rate charge/discharge characteristics can be maintained.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite is a composite in which a plurality of silicon particles are connected to each other in a composite whose structure is in the form of a single mass, for example, a polyhedron, spherical or similar shape.
- the carbon layer containing the carbon may form a complex surrounding a part or the whole of the surface of one or more silicon particles or the surface of a secondary silicon particle (silicon aggregate) formed while two or more silicon particles are agglomerated. have.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite can efficiently control volume expansion by focusing the volume expansion occurring during charging and discharging of the lithium secondary battery on the pores rather than the outside of the negative active material, and can improve the lifespan characteristics of the lithium secondary battery. .
- the electrolyte can easily penetrate into the porous structure to improve output characteristics, the performance of the lithium secondary battery can be further improved.
- the pores may be used interchangeably with the pores.
- the pores may include closed pores.
- the closed pores refer to independent pores as pores that are not connected to other pores since all of the walls of the pores are formed in a closed structure (closed structure).
- the pores may further include open pores.
- the open pores are formed in an open structure (open structure) at least part of the wall surface of the pores may be connected to the other pores, may not be connected. Also, it may refer to pores disposed on the surface of the silicon composite and exposed to the outside.
- the porosity of the porous silicon-carbon composite is based on the volume of the porous silicon-carbon composite. It may be 0.5% by volume to 40% by volume.
- the porosity may be a porosity of the closed pores of the porous silicon-carbon composite.
- the porosity of the porous silicon-carbon composite is preferably based on the volume of the porous silicon-carbon composite. 0.5 vol% to 30 vol%, more preferably 1 vol% to 15 vol%.
- the porosity means '(pore volume per unit mass)/ ⁇ (specific volume + pore volume per unit mass) ⁇ ', and is measured by mercury porosimetry or BET (Brunauer- Emmett-Teller Method). ) can be measured by measuring method.
- the specific volume was calculated as 1/true specific gravity of the sample, and the pore volume per unit mass was measured by the BET method to calculate the porosity (%) from the above formula.
- the porosity of the porous silicon-carbon composite is less than 0.5% by volume, it may be difficult to control the volume expansion of the negative active material during charging and discharging, and when it exceeds 40% by volume, it is present in the negative active material Mechanical strength is reduced due to a large number of pores, and there is a fear that the negative active material may be destroyed in the secondary battery manufacturing process, for example, during the mixing of the negative electrode active material slurry and the rolling process after coating.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite may include a plurality of pores, and the diameters of the pores may be the same as or different from each other.
- the carbon may be present on at least one surface selected from the group consisting of silicon particles and magnesium compounds included in the porous silicon composite.
- the carbon may be present on the surface of the silicon aggregate included in the porous silicon-carbon composite.
- the silicon particles, the magnesium compound, and the pores may be dispersed in the carbon matrix.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite may have a sea-island structure in which the silicon particles or closed pores v form an island and carbon forms a sea.
- the pores include open pores and closed pores, but carbon-coated ones may be included in the closed pores.
- the carbon is present on at least one surface selected from the group consisting of silicon particles and magnesium compounds included in the porous silicon composite, and the silicon particles, magnesium compound and pores are dispersed in the carbon matrix using the carbon as a matrix.
- carbon may be present on the surface of the porous silicon composite particle or inside the open pores.
- a state in which the silicon particles or carbon are uniformly dispersed is confirmed through image observation of a dark field image or a bright field image by a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- a state in which the pores are uniformly dispersed inside the porous silicon-carbon composite is also confirmed through the above-described image observation.
- the carbon may be present on the surface of the silicon oxide (SiOx, 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- the carbon may further form a carbon layer on the surface of the porous silicon composite.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite includes the carbon layer, it is possible to solve the difficulty of electrical contact between particles and particles due to the presence of pores, and to provide excellent electrical conductivity even after the electrode is expanded during charging and discharging. , it is possible to further improve the performance of the secondary battery.
- the thickness or the amount of carbon of the carbon layer by controlling the thickness or the amount of carbon of the carbon layer, it is possible to implement appropriate electrical conductivity, as well as to prevent deterioration of lifespan characteristics to implement a high-capacity negative active material.
- the specific surface area of the porous silicon-carbon composite since the surface and internal pores in the porous silicon composite particle or composite may be covered by carbon coating, the specific surface area may vary greatly.
- the specific surface area of the porous silicon-carbon composite (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method; BET) may be 3 m 2 /g to 50 m 2 /g, preferably 3 m 2 /g to 40 m 2 /g.
- BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method
- the specific surface area of the porous silicon-carbon composite is less than 3 m 2 /g, the rate characteristics of the secondary battery may be reduced, and when it exceeds 50 m 2 /g, a negative electrode slurry suitable for application to the negative electrode current collector of the secondary battery is difficult to manufacture, the contact area with the electrolyte is increased, and the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte may be accelerated or a side reaction of the secondary battery may be caused.
- the specific gravity of the porous silicon-carbon composite is preferably 1.8 g/cm3 to 2.5 g/cm3, preferably 2.0 g/cm3 to 2.5 g/cm3, more preferably 2.0 g/cm3 to 2.4 g/cm3. have.
- the specific gravity may vary depending on the coating amount of the carbon layer, and when the amount of carbon is fixed, the pores in the composite become smaller as the specific gravity increases within the above range.
- the strength of the is strengthened, so that the initial efficiency or cycle life characteristics can be improved. In this case, the specific gravity is expressed in the same meaning as true specific gravity, density, or true density, and the measurement method is the same as described above.
- the specific gravity of the porous silicon-carbon composite is 1.8 g/cm 3 or more, the gap between the anode active material powders due to volume expansion of the anode active material powder during charging is blocked and cycle deterioration can be suppressed, and the specific gravity is 2.5 g/cm 3 or less In this case, since the impregnability of the electrolyte is improved, the utilization rate of the anode active material is high, and thus the initial charge/discharge capacity may be improved.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite according to an embodiment of the present invention has a porous structure, an electrolyte can easily penetrate into the porous structure to improve output characteristics. Accordingly, the porous silicon-carbon composite may be usefully used for manufacturing a negative active material for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery including the same.
- the silicon (Si) content based on the total weight of the porous silicon-carbon composite is 30 wt% to 90 wt%, 30 wt% to 80 wt%, or 30 wt% to 70 wt% can be
- the silicon (Si) content is less than 30% by weight, since the amount of active material for lithium occlusion/release is small, the charge/discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery may decrease, and conversely, when it exceeds 90% by weight, the lithium secondary battery may increase, but the expansion/contraction of the electrode during charging and discharging becomes excessively large, and the anode active material powder may be further finely divided, thereby reducing cycle characteristics.
- the content of magnesium (Mg) in the porous silicon-carbon composite is 0.2 wt% to 20 wt%, 0.2 wt% to 15 wt%, or 0.2 wt% to 6 wt%, based on the total weight of the porous silicon-carbon composite.
- the magnesium (Mg) content in the porous silicon-carbon composite is less than 0.2 wt%, the initial efficiency of the secondary battery may decrease, and if it exceeds 20 wt%, there may be a problem in that the capacity of the secondary battery is reduced.
- the performance of the secondary battery may be further improved.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite may include a fluoride and/or silicate containing a metal other than magnesium.
- the other metal may be at least one selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Groups 13 to 16 elements, transition metals, rare earth elements, and combinations thereof, and specific examples thereof include Li, Ca, Sr, Ba , Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Pb, Ru, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, B, Al, Ga, Sn, In , Ti, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, and Se.
- the carbon (C) content may be included in an amount of 10 wt% to 90 wt% based on the total weight of the porous silicon-carbon composite. Specifically, the content of carbon (C) may be 10 wt% to 70 wt%, 15 wt% to 60 wt%, or 20 wt% to 50 wt% based on the total weight of the porous silicon-carbon composite.
- the content of the carbon (C) is less than 10% by weight, a sufficient effect of improving conductivity cannot be expected, and there is a risk that the electrode life of the lithium secondary battery may be reduced.
- the discharge capacity of the secondary battery may decrease and the bulk density may decrease, thereby reducing the charge/discharge capacity per unit volume.
- the carbon layer may have a thickness of 1 nm to 300 nm.
- the thickness of the carbon layer may be preferably 1 nm to 40 nm, more preferably 1 nm to 30 nm.
- the thickness of the carbon layer is 1 nm or more, an effect of improving conductivity can be obtained, and when it is 300 nm or less, a decrease in capacity of the secondary battery can be suppressed.
- the average thickness of the carbon layer can be calculated, for example, by the following procedure.
- the negative active material is observed at an arbitrary magnification by a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- the magnification is preferably, for example, a degree that can be confirmed with the naked eye.
- 15 arbitrary points WHEREIN The thickness of a carbon layer is measured. In this case, it is preferable to set the measurement position at random widely, without concentrating on a specific place as much as possible. Finally, the average value of the thicknesses of the 15 carbon layers is calculated.
- the carbon layer may include at least one selected from graphene, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphite. Specifically, it may include graphene. At least one selected from the group consisting of graphene, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers and graphite is included in the carbon layer present on the surface of the porous silicon composite, as well as the surface of the silicon particles and the carbon matrix. can
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the porous silicon-carbon composite may be 2 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) is a weight average value average particle diameter (D 50 ) in particle size distribution measurement according to a laser light diffraction method, that is, a particle diameter or median diameter when the cumulative volume is 50% It is a value measured .
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) may be preferably 3 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 ⁇ m to 8 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) is less than 2 ⁇ m, there is a fear that dispersibility may be lowered during the preparation of a negative electrode slurry (negative electrode active material composition) using the porous silicon-carbon composite due to aggregation of particles.
- D 50 exceeds 15 ⁇ m, the expansion of the composite particles due to lithium ion charging becomes severe, and as the charging and discharging are repeated, the binding property between the particles of the composite and the binding property between the particles and the current collector are reduced. Characteristics can be greatly reduced.
- a secondary battery using the porous silicon-carbon composite as an anode may further improve discharge capacity and initial efficiency, as well as capacity retention.
- the method for manufacturing the porous silicon composite includes a first step of obtaining a silicon composite oxide powder using a silicon-based raw material and a magnesium-based raw material; a second step of etching the silicon composite oxide powder using an etching solution containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound; and a third step of filtering and drying the composite obtained by the etching to obtain a porous silicon composite.
- the manufacturing method according to the embodiment has the advantage that mass production is possible through a continuous process with minimized steps.
- the first step may include obtaining a silicon composite oxide powder using a silicon-based raw material and a magnesium-based raw material.
- the first step may be performed, for example, by using the method described in Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2018-0106485.
- the silicon composite oxide powder may include magnesium silicate.
- the silicon composite oxide powder obtained in the first step has a magnesium (Mg) content of 0.2 wt% to 20 wt%, 0.2 wt% to 15 wt%, or 0.2 wt% to 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the silicon composite oxide can be
- Mg magnesium
- the content of magnesium (Mg) in the silicon composite oxide satisfies the above range
- the molar ratio of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the porous silicon composite to be implemented according to an embodiment of the present invention (O/ Si) range can be achieved, and in this case, secondary battery performance such as discharge capacity and initial charge/discharge efficiency of the secondary battery, as well as capacity retention rate, can be further improved.
- the method may further include forming a carbon layer on the surface of the silicon composite oxide powder by using a chemical thermal decomposition deposition method.
- the etching process of the second step may be performed.
- uniform etching may be possible, and there may be advantages of obtaining a high yield.
- the process of forming the carbon layer may be performed in a process similar to or identical to the process of forming the carbon layer in the fourth step of the method for manufacturing a porous silicon-carbon composite to be described later.
- the second step may include etching the silicon composite oxide powder using an etchant containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound.
- the etching process may include dry etching and wet etching.
- Pores may be formed by dissolving and eluting the silicon dioxide of the silicon composite oxide powder by the etching process. That is, pores may be formed through a process of etching the silicon composite oxide powder using an etchant containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound.
- F fluorine
- a porous silicon composite including silicon particles and magnesium fluoride may be manufactured.
- Reaction Formulas G1 and G2 when dry etching is performed using HF in the etching process, it can be represented by the following Reaction Formulas G1 and G2, and when wet etching is performed, it can be represented by the following Reaction Formulas L1a to L2:
- Pores may be formed where silicon dioxide in the form of SiF 4 and H 2 SiF 6 is dissolved and removed by the reaction mechanism as in the above reaction scheme.
- silicon dioxide included in the porous silicon composite may be removed, and pores may be formed therein.
- the degree of formation of pores may be different according to the degree of etching.
- the O/Si molar ratio and specific surface area of the porous silicon composite before and after etching may be significantly different, respectively.
- the specific surface area and specific gravity before and after carbon coating in the porous silicon composite with pores may be significantly different.
- a porous silicon composite powder having a plurality of pores formed on the surface or on the surface and inside of the particles of the porous silicon composite may be obtained.
- the etching refers to processing the silicon composite oxide powder using an acidic aqueous solution containing an acid, for example, an etchant that is an acidic aqueous solution containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound in the solution.
- an etchant that is an acidic aqueous solution containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound in the solution.
- the etchant containing the fluorine (F) atom-containing compound contains a fluorine atom
- a commonly used etchant may be used without limitation within a range that does not impair the effects of the present invention.
- the fluorine (F) atom-containing compound may include at least one selected from the group consisting of HF, NH 4 F, and HF 2 .
- the porous silicon composite may contain magnesium fluoride, and the etching process may be performed more quickly.
- the etchant may further include one or more acids selected from the group consisting of organic acids, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and chromic acid.
- the stirring temperature may be, for example, 10°C to 90°C, preferably 10°C to 80°C, more preferably 20°C to 70°C.
- the porous silicon composite obtained by the etching may include silicon particles having porosity.
- the etching it is possible to obtain a porous silicon composite in which a plurality of pores are formed on the surface, inside, or both of the porous silicon composite particles.
- the porous silicon composite two or more silicon particles may be connected to each other to form a three-dimensional (3D) structure.
- the average particle diameter of the porous silicon composite hardly changes by etching.
- the average particle diameter of the silicon composite oxide powder before etching and the average particle diameter of the porous silicon composite obtained by etching are almost the same.
- the difference (change) of the average particle diameter of the silicon composite oxide powder and the porous silicon composite may be within about 5%.
- the number of oxygen present on the surface of the porous silicon composite may be lowered by the etching. That is, by the etching, the oxygen fraction on the surface of the porous silicon composite can be greatly reduced and the surface resistance can be reduced, and as a result, when the porous silicon composite is applied to the negative active material, the electrochemical properties of the lithium secondary battery, especially the lifespan properties can be significantly improved.
- the surface of the silicon particles or silicon aggregate may contain silicon (Si) in a very high fraction compared to oxygen (O). That is, the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms present in the porous silicon composite can be greatly reduced. In this case, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery having an excellent capacity retention rate and improved discharge capacity and initial efficiency.
- the third step may include filtering and drying the product obtained by the etching to obtain a porous silicon composite.
- the filtration and drying process may be performed by a commonly used method.
- the manufacturing method according to an embodiment of the present invention has the advantage that mass production is possible through a continuous process with minimized steps.
- the present invention may provide a method for manufacturing a porous silicon-carbon composite using the porous silicon composite.
- the method for manufacturing the porous silicon-carbon composite comprises: a first step of obtaining a silicon composite oxide powder using a silicon-based raw material and a magnesium-based raw material; a second step of etching the silicon composite oxide powder using an etching solution containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound; a third step of filtering and drying the composite obtained by the etching to obtain a porous silicon composite; and a fourth step of obtaining a porous silicon-carbon composite by forming a carbon layer on the surface of the porous silicon composite by using a chemical thermal decomposition deposition method.
- the carbon layer can increase the conductivity of the negative active material to improve the output characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery, and can increase the stress relaxation effect when the volume of the active material is changed.
- the first to third steps are the same as described in the method for preparing the porous silicon composite.
- the fourth step may include forming a carbon layer on the surface of the porous silicon composite by using a chemical thermal decomposition deposition method.
- the carbon layer may include at least one selected from graphene, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphite.
- the step of forming the carbon layer is performed by reacting the porous silicon composite obtained in the third step in a gaseous state at 400° C. to 1200° C. by adding at least one carbon source gas among the compounds represented by Formulas 1 to 3 below.
- N is an integer from 1 to 20
- A is 0 or 1
- N is an integer from 2 to 6
- B is an integer from 0 to 2
- x is an integer from 1 to 20,
- y is an integer from 0 to 25,
- z is an integer from 0 to 5;
- the compound represented by Formula 1 may be at least one selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane, butane, methanol, ethanol, propanol, propanediol, and butanediol
- the compound represented by Formula 2 is ethylene, acetylene, propylene , butylene, butadiene and cyclopentene may be at least one selected from the group consisting of
- the compound represented by Formula 3 is benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and dibutyl hydroxy toluene (BHT) It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of.
- the carbon coating may be uniformly formed on the surface of the pores in the interior of the porous silicon-carbon composite. This is preferable because the cycle life is further improved.
- the carbon source gas may further include at least one inert gas selected from hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, and argon.
- the reaction may be carried out at, for example, 400 °C to 1200 °C, specifically 500 °C to 1100 °C, more specifically 600 °C to 1000 °C.
- the reaction time can be appropriately adjusted according to the desired amount of carbon coating.
- the reaction time may be 10 minutes to 100 hours, specifically 30 minutes to 90 hours, more specifically 50 minutes to 40 hours, but is not limited thereto.
- graphene, reduced graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes are applied to the surface of the silicon composite even at a relatively low temperature through the gas phase reaction of the carbon source gas. , it is possible to form a thin and uniform carbon layer mainly composed of carbon nanofibers and graphite. In addition, the desorption reaction does not substantially occur in the formed carbon layer.
- the carbon layer is uniformly formed over the entire surface of the porous silicon composite through the gas phase reaction, a carbon film (carbon layer) having high crystallinity can be formed. Therefore, when the porous silicon-carbon composite is used as an anode active material, the electrical conductivity of the anode active material may be improved without changing the structure.
- a reaction gas containing the carbon source gas and an inert gas when supplied to the silicon composite, the reaction gas penetrates into the open pores of the silicon composite and on the surface of the porous silicon composite, graphene , reduced graphene oxide and at least one graphene-containing material selected from graphene oxide, a conductive carbon material such as carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers may be grown.
- a conductive carbon material such as carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers
- the specific surface area of the porous silicon-carbon composite may decrease according to the amount of carbon coating.
- the structure of the graphene-containing material may be a layer or a nanosheet type, or a structure in which several flakes are mixed.
- the surface of the silicon aggregate, silicon particles, and/or magnesium fluoride contains graphene, which has improved conductivity and is flexible for volume expansion. Volume expansion can be suppressed by directly growing the material. In addition, by reducing the chance that silicon directly meets the electrolyte by the carbon layer coating, it is possible to reduce the generation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer.
- SEI solid electrolyte interphase
- the porous silicon-carbon composite after step 4 (after forming the carbon layer in step 4), has an average particle diameter of 2 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m. It may further include the steps of pulverizing or pulverizing, and classifying.
- the classification may be performed to order the particle size distribution of the porous silicon-carbon composite, and dry classification, wet classification, or sieve classification may be used.
- dry classification the processes of dispersion, separation, collection (separation of solids and gases), and discharge are performed sequentially or simultaneously using airflow, so that interference between particles, particle shape, airflow confusion, velocity distribution, and static electricity are generated.
- Pre-treatment (adjustment of moisture, dispersibility, humidity, etc.) can be carried out before classification so as not to reduce the classification efficiency due to influence, etc., and the moisture and oxygen concentration of the air stream used can be adjusted.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite may be pulverized or pulverized and classified at a time to obtain a desired particle size distribution. After the pulverization or pulverization, it is effective to divide the coarse powder side and the granular side with a classifier or sieve.
- the manufacturing method according to an embodiment of the present invention has the advantage that mass production is possible through a continuous process with minimized steps.
- a secondary battery using the porous silicon-carbon composite as an anode may improve capacity, capacity retention, and initial efficiency.
- the negative active material according to an embodiment of the present invention may include the porous silicon composite.
- the negative active material according to an embodiment of the present invention may include the porous silicon-carbon composite.
- the negative active material may further include a carbon-based negative electrode material, specifically, a graphite-based negative electrode material.
- the negative active material may be a mixture of the porous silicon composite or the porous silicon-carbon composite, and the carbon-based negative electrode material, for example, a graphite-based negative electrode material.
- the carbon-based negative electrode material is, for example, natural graphite, artificial graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, mesocarbon, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, pyrolytic carbon, coke, glass-like carbon fiber, organic polymer compound fired body And it may include one or more selected from the group consisting of carbon black.
- the content of the carbon-based negative electrode material may be 5 wt% to 95 wt%, preferably 10 wt% to 70 wt%, more preferably 10 wt% to 60 wt%, based on the total weight of the anode active material.
- the present invention can provide a negative electrode including the negative active material, and a secondary battery including the same.
- the secondary battery may include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte in which a lithium salt is dissolved, and the negative electrode may include a negative electrode active material including a porous silicon-carbon composite.
- the negative electrode may be composed of only the negative electrode mixture, or may include the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode mixture layer (negative electrode active material layer) supported thereon.
- the positive electrode may be composed of only the positive electrode mixture, or may include the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixture layer (positive electrode active material layer) supported thereon.
- the negative electrode mixture and the positive electrode mixture may further include a conductive agent and a binder.
- Materials known in the art may be used as the material constituting the negative electrode current collector and the material constituting the positive electrode current collector, and materials known in the art as a binder and conductive agent added to the negative electrode and the positive electrode is available.
- the negative electrode When the negative electrode is composed of a current collector and an active material layer supported thereon, the negative electrode may be manufactured by coating the negative electrode active material composition including the porous silicon-carbon composite on the surface of the current collector and drying.
- the secondary battery includes a non-aqueous electrolyte
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may include a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- a solvent generally used in the field may be used, and specifically, an aprotic organic solvent may be used.
- aprotic organic solvent examples include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and butylene carbonate, cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as furanone, chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate, 1 Chain ethers, such as ,2-methoxyethane, 1,2-ethoxyethane, and ethoxymethoxyethane, and cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, can be used, either alone or in two types. It can be used by mixing the above.
- cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and butylene carbonate
- cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as furanone
- chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate
- 1 Chain ethers such as ,2-methoxyethane, 1,2-eth
- the secondary battery may include a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- porous silicon composite according to the embodiment of the present invention, or the anode active material and the secondary battery using the porous silicon-carbon composite may improve not only the charge/discharge capacity, but also the initial charge/discharge efficiency and capacity retention rate.
- Second step After dispersing 50 g of the silicon composite oxide powder in water, stirring at a speed of 300 RPM, and adding 650 mL of a 30 wt% HF aqueous solution as an etchant to the silicon composite oxide powder at room temperature for 1 hour Etched.
- Step 4 Put 10 g of the porous silicon composite inside a tubular electric furnace and keep it at 900° C. for 1 hour while flowing argon (Ar) and methane gas at 1 L/min each, and then cooling to room temperature.
- the surface of the porous silicon composite was coated with carbon to prepare a porous silicon-carbon composite having the contents and physical properties of each component shown in Table 3 below.
- Step 5 For particle size control of the porous silicon-carbon composite, it was pulverized and classified so as to have an average particle diameter of 6.1 ⁇ m by a mechanical method to prepare a porous silicon-carbon composite powder (C1).
- An anode and a battery (coin cell) including the porous silicon-carbon composite as an anode active material were manufactured.
- a negative active material composition having a solid content of 45% was prepared by mixing SUPER-P and polyacrylic acid as the negative active material and conductive material with water so that the weight ratio was 80:10:10.
- the negative electrode active material composition was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 18 ⁇ m and dried to prepare an electrode having a thickness of 70 ⁇ m, and the copper foil coated with the electrode was punched into a circle having a diameter of 14 mm to prepare a negative electrode plate for a coin cell.
- the positive electrode plate a metallic lithium foil having a thickness of 0.3 mm was used.
- a porous polyethylene sheet with a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used as the separator, and 1M concentration of LiPF 6 was dissolved in a solution in which ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethylene carbonate (DEC) were mixed in a volume ratio of 1:1 as an electrolyte and used as an electrolyte,
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethylene carbonate
- a coin cell (battery) having a thickness of 3.2 mm and a diameter of 20 mm was manufactured by applying the above components.
- the silicon composite oxide powder having the element content and physical properties of Table 1 below By using the silicon composite oxide powder having the element content and physical properties of Table 1 below, and changing the etching conditions, and the type and amount of carbon source gas, as shown in Tables 1 to 3, the content and composite of each component A porous silicon-carbon composite was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the physical properties were adjusted, and a secondary battery was manufactured using the same.
- Example 6 Except for using the silicon composite oxide of Example 6, without performing the etching process using the etchant in the second step, and adjusting the content of each component and the physical properties of the composite as shown in Tables 1 to 3 below , was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 to prepare a negative active material and a secondary battery using the same.
- the silicon composite oxide of Example 6 was used, aqua regia was used instead of the etchant HF, and the etching was performed at 70° C. for 12 hours, and the content of each component as described in Tables 1 to 3 below by controlling the content of the carbon source gas and A negative active material and a secondary battery were manufactured using the same method as in Example 1, except that the physical properties of the composite were adjusted.
- porous silicon-porous silicon- A carbon composite and a secondary battery were manufactured using the same.
- the surfaces of the porous silicon composite and the porous silicon-carbon composite prepared in Example 6 were observed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) photograph (S-4700, Hitachi), respectively, and the results are shown in Fig. 1 and 3 are shown.
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- pores were included on the surface of the porous silicon composite prepared in Example 6.
- the porous silicon including a carbon layer on the surface of the porous silicon composite is a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) image according to the magnification of the surface of the carbon composite, respectively (a) to (d) ) is shown.
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- porous silicon composite and the porous silicon-carbon composite prepared in Example 6 were analyzed using an ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) photograph (S-4700; Hitachi, QUANTA 3D FEG; FEI) to examine the inside of the composite. was observed, and the results are shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, respectively.
- FIB-SEM ion beam scanning electron microscope
- Figure 5 is a FIB-SEM EDAX (S-4700; Hitachi, QUANTA 3D FEG; FEI, EDS System; EDAX) of the porous silicon-carbon composite prepared in Example 6 (a) and a component analysis table in the composite ( b) is shown.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B show scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of the porous silicon composite (B1) prepared in Example 1, respectively, analyzed at different magnifications.
- the silicon particles having a crystallite size according to an embodiment of the present invention include silicon aggregates connected to each other, and voids are formed therebetween.
- the crystal structures of the silicon composite oxide (A), the porous silicon composite (B), and the porous silicon-carbon composite (C) prepared in Examples were analyzed using an X-ray diffraction analyzer (Malvern panalytical, X'Pert3).
- the applied voltage was 40 kV and the applied current was 40 mA, and the range of 2 ⁇ was 10° to 90°, and was measured by scanning at 0.05° intervals.
- FIG. 6 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the silicon composite oxide (a), the porous silicon composite (b) and the porous silicon-carbon composite (c) of Example 6.
- the silicon composite oxide of Example 6 has a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) near 21.7°, a peak corresponding to SiO 2 ; peaks corresponding to Si crystals around diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) 28.1°, 47.0°, 55.8°, 68.6°, and 76.1°; and diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of 30.4° and 35.0° at a peak corresponding to MgSiO 3 , it can be seen that the silicon composite oxide includes amorphous SiO 2 , crystalline Si, and MgSiO 3 .
- the porous silicon composite of Example 6 had diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of 27.1°, 35.2°, 40.4°, 43.5°, 53.3°, 60.9°, a peak corresponding to the MgF 2 crystal near 67.9°; and diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of 28.1°, 47.0°, 55.8°, 68.6°, and 76.1° near peaks corresponding to the Si crystal.
- the peak corresponding to MgSiO 3 disappears and has a peak corresponding to MgF 2 , indicating that MgSiO 3 is converted to MgF 2 after etching.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite of Example 6 had diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of 27.1°, 35.2°, 40.4°, 43.5°, 53.3°, 60.9 °, 67.9°, peaks corresponding to MgF 2 crystals around 76.4°; and diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of 28.1°, 47.0°, 55.8°, 68.6°, and 76.1° near peaks corresponding to the Si crystal.
- diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of carbon overlapped with the Si(111) peak and could not be confirmed.
- FIG. 7 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the porous silicon-carbon composite of Example 3.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite of Example 3 had diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of 28.0°, 34.9°, 40.1°, 43.4°, 53.0° and 60.2° in the vicinity of MgF 2 the peak corresponding to the crystal; and diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of 28.1°, 47.1°, 55.8°, 68.9°, and 76.4° near peaks corresponding to Si crystals.
- the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of carbon overlapped with the Si(111) peak and could not be confirmed.
- the crystal size of Si in the obtained porous silicon-carbon composite is based on the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peak corresponding to Si (220) in the X-ray diffraction analysis of Equation 1 below. It was analyzed by the Scherrer equation.
- ⁇ 0.154 nm
- ⁇ is the peak position (angle).
- Magnesium (Mg) content was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy, and oxygen (O) and carbon (C) content was analyzed by elemental analyzer, respectively.
- the silicon (Si) content is a calculated value derived based on the oxygen (O) and magnesium (Mg) content.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the composite particles prepared in the Examples and Comparative Examples is the weight average value D 50 in the particle size distribution measurement by the laser light diffraction method of S3500 (Microtrac), that is, the cumulative volume is 50% It was measured as a particle diameter or a median diameter at the time.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite prepared in Example 1 was subjected to Raman spectroscopy.
- Raman spectroscopic analysis was performed using a micro Raman analyzer (Renishaw, RM1000-In Via) at 2.41 eV (514 nm).
- the carbon layer has I D , I 2D and I G of the above values, so that the conductivity is good and the characteristics of the secondary battery can be improved, especially (I 2D + I G )/ ID of 0.92, it can be seen that side reactions during charging and discharging can be suppressed and deterioration of initial efficiency can be suppressed.
- the porous silicon-carbon composite prepared in Example 1 has excellent conductivity and can greatly improve the performance of the secondary battery.
- the coin cells (secondary batteries) prepared in the above Examples and Comparative Examples were charged at a constant current of 0.1 C until the voltage became 0.005 V, and discharged at a constant current of 0.1 C until the voltage became 2.0 V, so that the charging capacity (mAh /g), discharge capacity (mAh/g) and initial efficiency (%) were obtained, and the results are shown in Table 4 below.
- the porous silicon composites and porous silicon-carbon composites of Examples 1 to 8 of the present invention include silicon particles and a magnesium compound, and oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms
- O/Si oxygen
- the performance of the secondary battery manufactured using this was better compared to the secondary batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 when comprehensively evaluating the discharge capacity, initial efficiency, and capacity retention rate. It was confirmed that the improvement was remarkably improved.
- the secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 8 using the porous silicon composite having a molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms of 0.03 to 0.11 have a discharge capacity of 1445 mAh/g to 2074 mAh/g, initial efficiency of 86.1% to 94.1%, and capacity retention of 84.1% to 89.5%, overall performance of the secondary battery was excellent.
- the secondary battery of Example 6 the secondary battery of Comparative Example 1 in which only etching was not performed in the process of Example 6, and Comparative Example 2 in which etching was performed using aqua regia instead of HF in the process of Example 6 Comparing the secondary batteries
- the secondary battery of Example 6 had a discharge capacity of 1702 mAh/g and an initial efficiency of 90%
- the secondary batteries of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 had a discharge capacity of 1453 mAh/g and 1410 mAh, respectively. /g
- the initial efficiencies were 79.6% and 77.5%, respectively, confirming that the secondary batteries of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 significantly reduced both the discharge capacity and the initial efficiency compared to the secondary batteries of Example 6.
- the secondary battery of Comparative Example 3 had a discharge capacity and initial efficiency of 1505 mAh/g and 84.2%, respectively, confirming that the performance was significantly reduced compared to the secondary battery of Example 1 having discharge capacity and initial efficiency of 1922 mAh/g and 91.4%, respectively.
- the performance of the secondary battery can be improved by adjusting the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms in the composite.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (23)
- 규소 입자 및 마그네슘 화합물을 포함하는 다공성 규소 복합체로서,상기 다공성 규소 복합체 내의 규소(Si) 원자에 대한 산소(O) 원자의 몰비(O/Si)가 0.01 내지 0.35인, 다공성 규소 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소 복합체는 상기 규소 입자들이 서로 연결되어 형성된 규소 집합체를 포함하는, 다공성 규소 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 마그네슘 화합물이 마그네슘 불화물을 포함하고,상기 마그네슘 불화물이 불화 마그네슘(MgF2), 마그네슘 불화 실리케이트(MgSiF6), 또는 이들의 혼합물을 포함하는, 다공성 규소 복합체.
- 제 3 항에 있어서,상기 마그네슘 화합물이 MgSiO3, Mg2SiO4, 또는 이들의 혼합물을 더 포함하는, 다공성 규소 복합체.
- 제 4 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소 복합체 내의 마그네슘(Mg)의 함량이 상기 다공성 규소 복합체 총 중량을 기준으로 0.2 중량% 내지 20 중량%인, 다공성 규소 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 규소 입자가 X선 회절 분석 시 1 nm 내지 20 nm의 결정자 크기를 갖는, 다공성 규소 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 규소 입자의 표면에 형성된 산화규소(SiOx, 0.1<x≤2)를 더 포함하는, 다공성 규소 복합체.
- 제 7 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소 복합체 내의 산소(O)의 함량이 상기 다공성 규소 복합체 총 중량을 기준으로 0.1 중량% 내지 15 중량%인, 다공성 규소 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소 복합체가 1 ㎛ 내지 15 ㎛의 평균 입경(D50)을 갖고, 1.5 g/㎤ 내지 2.3 g/㎤의 비중을 갖는, 다공성 규소 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소 복합체가 내부에 기공을 포함하고,상기 다공성 규소 복합체가 그 표면을 가스 흡착법(BET plot method)에 의해 측정 시,2 nm 이하의 마이크로(micro) 기공을 0.01 ㎤/g 내지 0.5 ㎤/g의 기공 부피로, 그리고 2 nm 초과 내지 50 nm 이하의 메조(meso) 기공을 0.2 ㎤/g 내지 0.7 ㎤/g의 기공 부피로 포함하고,상기 다공성 규소 복합체의 비표면적(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method; BET)이 100 m2/g 내지 1600 m2/g인, 다공성 규소 복합체.
- 제 1 항의 다공성 규소 복합체 및 탄소를 포함하는, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체 내의 규소(Si) 원자에 대한 산소(O) 원자의 몰비(O/Si)가 0.01 내지 0.35인, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체가 내부에 기공을 포함하고,상기 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체의 기공률이 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체의 부피를 기준으로 0.5 부피% 내지 40 부피%인, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 규소(Si)의 함량이 상기 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체 총 중량을 기준으로 30 중량% 내지 90 중량%인, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 탄소가 상기 규소 입자 및 마그네슘 화합물로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 적어도 하나의 표면에 존재하거나,상기 탄소를 매트릭스로 하여 상기 탄소 매트릭스 내에 상기 규소 입자, 마그네슘 화합물 및 기공이 분산되어 존재하거나, 또는이들 둘 다를 포함하여 존재하는, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체.
- 제 15 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소 복합체의 표면에 탄소층이 더 형성되고,상기 탄소층이 그래핀, 환원된 산화 그래핀, 탄소나노튜브, 탄소나노섬유 및 그라파이트로부터 선택된 1종 이상을 포함하고,상기 탄소층의 두께가 1 nm 내지 300 nm인, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 탄소(C)가 상기 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체 총 중량을 기준으로 10 중량% 내지 90 중량%의 양으로 포함되는, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체의 평균 입경(D50)이 2 ㎛ 내지 15 ㎛이고,상기 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체의 비중이 1.8 g/㎤ 내지 2.5 g/㎤이며, 비표면적(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller; BET)이 3 m2/g 내지 50 m2/g인, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체.
- 규소계 원료 및 마그네슘계 원료를 이용하여 규소복합산화물 분말을 얻는 제 1 단계;불소(F) 원자 함유 화합물을 포함하는 식각액을 이용하여, 상기 규소복합산화물 분말을 에칭하는 제 2 단계; 및상기 에칭에 의해 얻어진 복합체를 여과 및 건조하여 다공성 규소 복합체를 얻는 제 3 단계;를 포함하는, 제 1 항의 다공성 규소 복합체의 제조방법.
- 규소계 원료 및 마그네슘계 원료를 이용하여 규소복합산화물 분말을 얻는 제 1 단계;불소(F) 원자 함유 화합물을 포함하는 식각액을 이용하여, 상기 규소복합산화물 분말을 에칭하는 제 2 단계;상기 에칭에 의해 얻어진 복합체를 여과 및 건조하여 다공성 규소 복합체를 얻는 제 3 단계; 및화학적 열분해 증착법을 이용하여 상기 다공성 규소 복합체의 표면에 탄소층을 형성하여 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체를 얻는 제 4 단계;를 포함하는, 제 11 항의 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체의 제조방법.
- 제 20 항에 있어서,상기 제 2 단계에서, 상기 식각액이 유기산, 황산, 염산, 인산, 질산 및 크롬산으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상의 산을 더 포함하는, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체의 제조방법.
- 제 20 항에 있어서,상기 제 4 단계 이후에, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체의 평균 입경이 2 ㎛ 내지 15 ㎛이 되도록 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체를 해쇄 또는 분쇄, 및 분급하는 단계를 더 포함하는, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체의 제조방법.
- 제 20 항에 있어서,상기 제 4 단계의 탄소층의 형성이 하기 화학식 1 내지 화학식 3으로 표시되는 화합물 중 적어도 하나 이상을 투입하여 400℃ 내지 1200℃에서 가스 상태로 반응시켜 수행되는, 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체의 제조방법:[화학식 1]CNH(2N + 2-A)[OH]A상기 화학식 1에서,N은 1 내지 20의 정수이고,A는 0 또는 1이며,[화학식 2]CNH(2N-B)상기 화학식 2에서N은 2 내지 6의 정수이고,B는 0 내지 2의 정수이고,[화학식 3]CxHyOz상기 화학식 3에서,x는 1 내지 20의 정수이고,y는 0 내지 25의 정수이며,z는 0 내지 5의 정수이다.[청구항 24]제 11 항의 다공성 규소-탄소 복합체를 포함하는, 리튬 이차전지용 음극 활물질.[청구항 25]제 24 항에 있어서,상기 음극 활물질이 탄소계 음극 재료를 더 포함하는, 리튬 이차전지용 음극 활물질.[청구항 26]제 25 항에 있어서,상기 탄소계 음극 재료가 음극 활물질 총 중량에 대해 5 중량% 내지 95 중량%의 양으로 포함되는, 리튬 이차전지용 음극 활물질.[청구항 27]제 24 항의 리튬 이차전지용 음극 활물질을 포함하는, 리튬 이차전지.
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EP21911311.5A EP4269342A4 (en) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-12-03 | POROUS SILICON COMPOSITE, POROUS SILICON-CARBON COMPOSITE AND ANODE ACTIVE MATERIAL |
US18/258,986 US20240047660A1 (en) | 2020-12-13 | 2021-12-03 | Porous silicon composite, porous silicon-carbon composite comprising same, and anode active material |
JP2023538777A JP2024501826A (ja) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-12-03 | 多孔質ケイ素複合体、それを含む多孔質ケイ素炭素複合体、およびアノード活物質 |
CN202180094379.5A CN116963999A (zh) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-12-03 | 多孔硅复合材料、包含其的多孔硅碳复合材料以及负极活性材料 |
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KR (1) | KR102556465B1 (ko) |
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WO2024125029A1 (zh) * | 2022-12-15 | 2024-06-20 | 贝特瑞新材料集团股份有限公司 | 负极材料及其制备方法、电池 |
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KR20240076554A (ko) * | 2022-11-22 | 2024-05-30 | 에스케이온 주식회사 | 리튬 이차 전지용 음극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 |
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- 2021-12-03 EP EP21911311.5A patent/EP4269342A4/en active Pending
- 2021-12-03 WO PCT/KR2021/018269 patent/WO2022139244A1/ko active Application Filing
- 2021-12-03 US US18/258,986 patent/US20240047660A1/en active Pending
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JP2024501826A (ja) | 2024-01-16 |
EP4269342A4 (en) | 2024-07-03 |
EP4269342A1 (en) | 2023-11-01 |
TW202232811A (zh) | 2022-08-16 |
KR20220091674A (ko) | 2022-07-01 |
CN116963999A (zh) | 2023-10-27 |
US20240047660A1 (en) | 2024-02-08 |
KR102556465B1 (ko) | 2023-07-19 |
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