WO2022103053A1 - 다공성 규소계 복합체, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 음극 활물질 - Google Patents
다공성 규소계 복합체, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 음극 활물질 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022103053A1 WO2022103053A1 PCT/KR2021/015718 KR2021015718W WO2022103053A1 WO 2022103053 A1 WO2022103053 A1 WO 2022103053A1 KR 2021015718 W KR2021015718 W KR 2021015718W WO 2022103053 A1 WO2022103053 A1 WO 2022103053A1
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- porous silicon
- based composite
- silicon
- composite
- porous
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a porous silicon-based composite, a method for preparing the same, and an anode active material comprising the same.
- a lithium secondary battery is a battery that can best meet these needs, and research on the application of small batteries using the lithium secondary battery to large electronic devices such as automobiles and power storage systems is being actively conducted.
- reaction equation when lithium is inserted into silicon is, for example:
- silicon-based negative active material shows a high capacity while forming an alloy containing up to 4.4 lithium per silicon, but most silicon-based negative active materials have a volume of up to 300% by insertion of lithium. Expansion is induced, which causes the anode to be destroyed, making it difficult to exhibit high cycle characteristics.
- this volume change may cause cracks on the surface of the anode active material, and an ionic material may be generated inside the anode active material, causing the anode active material to electrically desorb from the current collector.
- Such an electrical desorption phenomenon may significantly reduce the capacity retention rate of the battery.
- Japanese Patent Publication No. 4393610 discloses a negative active material in which silicon is complexed with carbon in a mechanical processing process, and the surface of silicon particles is coated with a carbon layer using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. there is.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2016-502253 discloses an anode active material including porous silicon-based particles and carbon particles, and including fine carbon particles and granulated carbon particles having different average particle diameters of the carbon particles.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Publication No. 4393610
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2016-502253
- Patent Document 3 Korean Patent Publication No. 2015-0113770
- Patent Document 4 Korean Patent Publication No. 2015-0113771
- Patent Document 5 Korean Patent Publication No. 2018-0106485
- An object of the present invention is to provide a porous silicon-based composite capable of further improving the performance of a secondary battery and having excellent selective etching efficiency by including silicon particles and fluoride.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing the porous silicon-based composite.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a porous silicon-based composite including the porous silicon-based composite and carbon.
- Another object of the present invention is to include the porous silicon-based composite and the carbon-based negative electrode material, thereby maintaining excellent initial efficiency of the secondary battery, and further improving the discharge capacity and capacity retention rate, and a lithium containing the same To provide a secondary battery.
- the present invention provides a porous silicon-based composite comprising silicon particles and fluoride.
- the present invention is a first step of obtaining a silicon composite oxide powder using a silicon-based raw material and a metal-based raw material; and a second step of etching the silicon composite oxide powder by using an etching solution containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound.
- the present invention provides a porous silicon-based composite comprising the porous silicon-based composite and carbon.
- the present invention provides a negative electrode active material comprising the porous silicon-based composite, and a carbon-based negative electrode material.
- the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery including the negative active material.
- the porous silicon-based composite according to the embodiment includes silicon particles and fluoride, thereby providing a porous silicon-based composite having excellent selective etching efficiency, and when applying the porous silicon-based composite to an anode active material, excellent initial efficiency of a secondary battery While maintaining, it is possible to further improve the discharge capacity and capacity retention rate.
- the manufacturing method according to the embodiment has the advantage that mass production is possible through a continuous process with minimized steps.
- Example 1 is a result of observing the surface of the porous silicon-based composite (composite B1) prepared in Example 1 using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) photograph (S-4700; Hitachi), (a) and (b) are shown with different magnifications of 500 times and 25,000 times, respectively.
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- FIG. 2 is a result of observing the surface of the porous silicon-based composite (composite B4) prepared in Example 4 using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) photograph (S-4700; Hitachi), (a) and (b) are shown with different magnifications of 1,000 times and 250,000 times, respectively.
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- FIG. 3 is a porous silicon-based composite (composite B4) prepared in Example 4 using an ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) photograph (S-4700; Hitachi, QUANTA 3D FEG; FEI) to 200,000 times the inside of the composite. The enlarged observation results are shown.
- FIB-SEM ion beam scanning electron microscope
- FIG. 4 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the silicon composite oxide (composite A1) (a) and the porous silicon-based composite (composite B1) (b) of Example 1.
- FIG. 4 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the silicon composite oxide (composite A1) (a) and the porous silicon-based composite (composite B1) (b) of Example 1.
- Example 5 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the porous silicon-based composite of Example 5 (composite B5).
- FIG. 6 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the porous silicon-based composite (composite B8) of Example 8.
- FIG. 7 shows the specific surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method; BET) analysis measurement results of the porous silicon-based composite (composite B3) of Example 3.
- BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method
- the present invention is not limited to the contents disclosed below, and may be modified in various forms as long as the gist of the present invention is not changed.
- the porous silicon-based composite according to an embodiment of the present invention includes silicon particles and fluoride.
- the porous silicon-based composite according to the embodiment includes silicon particles and fluoride together, thereby providing a porous silicon-based composite having excellent selective etching efficiency.
- the porous silicon-based composite when the porous silicon-based composite is applied to the negative active material, when lithium ions are charged and released from the silicon particles, lithium does not react in the fluoride during charging and lithium ions are not rapidly charged, so when charging a secondary battery Volume expansion of silicon particles can be suppressed. Accordingly, the negative active material including the porous silicon-based composite may further improve discharge capacity and capacity retention while maintaining excellent initial efficiency.
- the porous silicon-based composite includes porosity, that is, pores, volume expansion of the negative active material during charging and discharging can be minimized, and lifespan characteristics of the secondary battery can be improved at the same time.
- the non-electrolyte solution can be impregnated in the pores, lithium ions can be introduced into the interior of the porous silicon-based composite, so that the lithium ions can be efficiently diffused, thereby realizing high-efficiency charging and discharging. Therefore, the porous silicon-based composite may be usefully used for manufacturing a negative active material for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery including the same.
- the porous silicon-based composite according to an embodiment of the present invention includes silicon particles capable of reacting with lithium.
- the silicon particles charge lithium, when the silicon particles are not included, the capacity of the secondary battery may decrease.
- the silicon particles may be crystalline or amorphous, and specifically may be amorphous or a similar phase.
- the silicon particles are crystalline, as the size of the crystallites decreases, the density of the matrix is improved and the strength is strengthened to prevent cracking, so that the initial efficiency or cycle life characteristics of the secondary battery can be further improved.
- the silicon particles are in an amorphous or similar phase, expansion or contraction during charging and discharging of the lithium secondary battery is small, and battery performance such as capacity characteristics can be further improved.
- the silicon particle has high initial efficiency and battery capacity, it is accompanied by a very complex crystal change by electrochemically absorbing, storing, and releasing lithium atoms.
- the silicon particles may have a crystallite size of 1 nm to 30 nm in X-ray diffraction analysis (converted from the X-ray diffraction analysis result).
- the crystallite size of the silicon particles obtained by the Scherrer equation may be 1 nm to 30 nm, preferably 1 nm to 15 nm, more preferably 2 nm to 10 nm.
- the crystallite size of the silicon particles is less than 1 nm, manufacturing is not easy, and the yield after etching may be low.
- the crystallite size exceeds 30 nm, the micropores cannot adequately suppress the volume expansion of silicon particles that occur during charging and discharging, and a region that does not contribute to discharging occurs, and a coulomb representing the charging capacity and discharging capacity ratio It cannot suppress the decrease in the efficiency of
- the silicon particles included in the porous silicon-based composite may further include amorphous silicon particles.
- the amorphous or crystallite size is 1 nm to 6 nm by further reducing the silicon particles, pores in the porous silicon-based composite may be greatly reduced. For this reason, since the strength of the matrix can be strengthened to prevent cracking, the initial efficiency or cycle life characteristics of the secondary battery can be further improved.
- the porous silicon-based composite is a composite in which a plurality of silicon particles are uniformly distributed in a composite whose structure is in the form of a single mass, for example, a polyhedral, spherical, or similar shape. Also, the porous silicon-based composite may have a three-dimensional structure including secondary silicon particles (silicon aggregates) formed by connecting two or more silicon particles (silicon primary particles) to each other.
- the content of silicon (Si) in the porous silicon-based composite is 30 wt% to 99 wt%, preferably 30 wt% to 85 wt%, more preferably 40 wt% to 70 wt%, based on the total weight of the porous silicon-based composite. % by weight.
- the charge/discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery may decrease, and conversely, if it exceeds 99 wt%, lithium secondary Although the charge/discharge capacity of the battery may increase, expansion/contraction of the electrode during charge/discharge may be excessively large, and the anode active material powder may be further pulverized, thereby reducing cycle characteristics.
- the porous silicon-based composite according to an embodiment of the present invention includes fluoride.
- the fluoride is positioned adjacent to the silicon particles, thereby minimizing the contact of the silicon particles with the electrolyte solvent to minimize the reaction between the silicon and the electrolyte solvent, thereby preventing a decrease in initial charge/discharge efficiency, and expansion of the silicon can be suppressed to improve the capacity retention rate.
- the fluoride may include a metal fluoride.
- porous silicon-based composite includes a fluoride, for example, a metal fluoride, will be described as follows.
- silicon particles may form an alloy by occluding lithium ions during charging of the secondary battery, which may increase the lattice constant, thereby expanding the volume.
- lithium ions are released to return to the original metal nanoparticles, and the lattice constant is reduced.
- the metal fluoride may be considered as a zero-strain material that does not accompany a change in a crystal lattice constant during intercalation and release of lithium ions.
- the silicon particles may exist between the metal fluoride particles and may be surrounded by the metal fluoride particles.
- the metal fluoride does not emit lithium ions during the charging process of the lithium secondary battery.
- it is also an inactive material that does not occlude or release lithium ions.
- the porous matrix including the metal fluoride does not participate in the chemical reaction of the battery, but it is expected to function as a body that suppresses the volume expansion of the silicon particles when charging the secondary battery.
- the silicon particles may exist between the metal fluoride particles and may be surrounded by the metal fluoride particles.
- the metal may be at least one selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Groups 13 to 16 elements, transition metals, rare earth elements, and combinations thereof, and specific examples thereof include Mg, Li, Na, K, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Pb, Ru, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, B, Al, Ga, Sn, In, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, and Se.
- the metal may include one or more selected from the group consisting of Mg, Li, Na, K, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, B, and Al, for example, Mg.
- the porous silicon-based composite may include magnesium fluoride.
- the magnesium fluoride may include magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) , magnesium fluoride silicate (MgSiF 6 ), or a mixture thereof.
- MgF 2 magnesium fluoride
- MgSiF 6 magnesium fluoride silicate
- the crystallite size of MgF 2 calculated by the Scherrer equation based on the Scherrer equation may be 3 nm to 35 nm, preferably 3 nm to 25 nm, more preferably 5 nm to 22 nm.
- the crystallite size of the MgF 2 When the crystallite size of the MgF 2 is within the above range, it may function as a body for suppressing volume expansion of silicon particles during charging and discharging of a lithium secondary battery.
- MgF 2 of magnesium fluoride with respect to the intensity (IA) of the X-ray diffraction peak corresponding to the Si(220) crystal plane of the silicon particle.
- IA intensity of the X-ray diffraction peak corresponding to the Si(220) crystal plane of the silicon particle.
- IB/IA which is a ratio of X-ray diffraction peak intensity (IB) corresponding to the crystal plane, may be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1.0.
- the content of the metal in the porous silicon-based composite is 0.2 wt% to 20 wt%, preferably 0.2 wt% to 15 wt%, more preferably 0.2 wt% to 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the porous silicon-based composite or 0.2 wt% to 6 wt%. If the content of the metal in the porous silicon-based composite is less than 0.2% by weight, there may be a problem in that the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery decrease, and when it exceeds 20% by weight, there may be a problem in that the charging capacity of the secondary battery is reduced. .
- the content of magnesium (Mg) in the porous silicon-based composite is 0.2 wt% to 20 wt%, preferably 0.2 wt% to 15 wt%, more preferably 0.2 wt%, based on the total weight of the porous silicon-based composite. % to 10% by weight or 0.2% to 8% by weight.
- a molar ratio of a metal atom to a silicon atom present in the porous silicon-based composite for example, a molar ratio of a magnesium atom to a silicon atom (Mg/Si) may be 0.01 to 0.30.
- Mg/Si magnesium atom to a silicon atom
- the molar ratio of Mg/Si present in the composite may be 0.01 to 0.30, more preferably 0.02 to 0.15, even more preferably 0.02 to 0.10.
- the porous silicon-based composite according to an embodiment of the present invention may reduce the number of oxygen by removing silicon dioxide by a selective etching process. That is, it is preferable to lower the oxygen content of the porous silicon-based composite to control the molar ratio of Mg/Si present in the composite to the above range. In this case, it is possible to significantly lower the oxygen fraction on the surface of the porous silicon-based composite and reduce the surface resistance, and as a result, when the composite is applied to the negative active material, the electrochemical properties of the lithium secondary battery, particularly the lifespan properties, are significantly improved. can be improved
- the initial charge/discharge and capacity retention rate may be further improved.
- the content of the metal fluoride may be 0.04 to 40.0 wt%, 0.5 to 25.0 wt%, or 1 to 15 wt%, based on the total weight of the porous silicon-based composite.
- cycle characteristics and capacity characteristics of the secondary battery may be further improved.
- the content of the magnesium fluoride may be 0.04 to 20.9 wt%, 0.5 to 15.0 wt%, or 1.0 to 12.0 wt%, based on the total weight of the porous silicon-based composite.
- the porous silicon-based composite may further include a metal silicate.
- the metal may be the same as the type of metal in the above-described metal fluoride.
- the metal silicate may include, for example, magnesium silicate.
- the magnesium silicate may include MgSiO 3 crystals, Mg 2 SiO 4 crystals, or a mixture thereof.
- porous silicon-based composite includes MgSiO 3 crystals, coulombic efficiency or capacity retention rate may be increased.
- the content of the metal silicate may be 0 to 46 wt%, 0.5 to 30 wt%, or 0.5 wt% to 25 wt% based on the total weight of the porous silicon-based composite.
- the content of the magnesium silicate may be 0 to 30 wt%, 0.5 to 25 wt%, or 0.5 wt% to 20 wt% based on the total weight of the porous silicon-based composite.
- the metal silicate in the case of the porous silicon-based composite, may be changed into a metal fluoride by etching.
- the metal silicate may be converted into a metal fluoride, and more specifically, a majority of the metal silicate may be converted to a metal fluoride depending on the etching method or degree of etching.
- the porous silicon-based composite may further include a silicon oxide compound.
- the silicon oxide compound may be a silicon-based oxide represented by the general formula SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- the silicon oxide compound may be specifically SiOx (0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2), more specifically SiOx (0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.1).
- SiOx when the value of x is less than 0.5, during charging and discharging of the secondary battery, expansion or contraction may increase, and lifespan characteristics may deteriorate.
- x when x is greater than 2, there may be a problem in that the initial efficiency of the secondary battery decreases as the amount of inert oxides increases.
- the silicon oxide compound may be included in an amount of 0.1 wt% to 45 wt%, preferably 0.1 wt% to 35 wt%, even more preferably 0.1 wt% to 20 wt%, based on the total weight of the porous silicon-based composite. there is.
- the content of the silicon oxide compound When the content of the silicon oxide compound is less than 0.1% by weight, the volume of the secondary battery may expand, and lifespan characteristics may be deteriorated. On the other hand, when the content of the silicon oxide compound exceeds 45 wt %, the initial irreversible reaction of the secondary battery may increase, and thus the initial efficiency may be reduced.
- the porous silicon-based composite according to an embodiment of the present invention may have a porous structure, including pores on the surface, inside, or both.
- the porous silicon-based composite can efficiently control the volume expansion by focusing the volume expansion occurring during charging and discharging of the lithium secondary battery on the pores rather than the outside of the negative active material, and can improve the lifespan characteristics of the lithium secondary battery.
- the pores can be impregnated with a non-electrolyte solution, lithium ions can be introduced into the interior of the porous silicon-based composite, so that diffusion of lithium ions can be efficiently performed, thereby enabling high-rate charging and discharging.
- the pores may be used interchangeably with the pores.
- the pores may include open pores, closed pores, or both.
- the closed pores refer to independent pores as pores that are not connected to other pores since all of the walls of the pores are formed in a closed structure (closed structure).
- the open pores may have an open structure (open structure) in which at least some of the walls of the pores are connected to other pores, or may not be connected. Also, it may refer to pores disposed on the surface of the silicon-based composite and exposed to the outside.
- the porosity, pore distribution, and the formation of open pores present on the surface of the silicon-based composite of the porous silicon-based composite were measured by a gas adsorption method (BET plot method).
- the open pores can be identified as a pore volume by gas adsorption behavior, and the closed pores can be observed through an electron microscope or a transmission electron microscope (TEM) by cutting particles.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the porous silicon-based composite preferably has a pore volume (cc/g) in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 cc/g.
- a pore volume cc/g
- the volume expansion of the negative active material cannot be suppressed during charging and discharging.
- the manufacturing process of the secondary battery slurry mixing, pressing after coating, etc.
- a buffering effect of volume expansion may be exhibited while maintaining sufficient mechanical strength. More preferably, it may be 0.2 cc/g to 0.8 cc/g, and more preferably 0.2 cc/g to 0.7 cc/g.
- the lifespan characteristics of the secondary battery can be simultaneously improved by minimizing or alleviating the volume expansion of the negative active material during charging and discharging.
- porous silicon-based composite includes pores satisfying the range of the pore volume, it is possible to solve the difficulty of electrical contact between the particles and the lithium secondary battery even after the electrode is expanded as the charging and discharging proceeds. Performance can be further improved.
- the silicon particles in the interior of the porous silicon-based composite including the pores are uniformly distributed inside the composite.
- excellent mechanical properties such as strength can be obtained, and because it has a porous structure, it can accommodate the volume expansion of silicon particles that occur during charging and discharging of secondary batteries, so that problems caused by volume expansion can be effectively alleviated and suppressed. there is.
- the porosity of the pores of the porous silicon-based composite is 10% by volume to 80% by volume, preferably 15% by volume to 70% by volume, more preferably 20% by volume to 60% by volume, based on the volume of the porous silicon-based composite.
- the porosity may be a porosity of closed pores and open pores of the porous silicon-based composite.
- the porosity means '(pore volume per unit mass)/ ⁇ (specific volume + pore volume per unit mass) ⁇ ', and is measured by mercury porosimetry or BET (Brunauer- Emmett-Teller Method). ) can be measured by measuring method.
- the specific volume was calculated as 1/true specific gravity of the sample, and the pore volume per unit mass was measured by the BET method to calculate the porosity (%) from the above formula.
- the porosity of the porous silicon-based composite is less than 10% by volume, it may be difficult to control the volume expansion of the negative active material during charging and discharging, and 80% by volume may be If it exceeds, mechanical strength is lowered due to a large amount of pores present in the negative electrode active material, and there is a fear that the negative active material may be destroyed during the manufacturing process of the secondary battery, for example, mixing of the negative electrode active material slurry, and the rolling process after coating.
- the porous silicon-based composite may include a plurality of pores, and the diameters of the pores may be the same as or different from each other.
- micropores of 2 nm or less When the surface of the porous silicon-based composite is measured by a gas adsorption method (BET plot method), micropores of 2 nm or less; mesopores greater than 2 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm; and macropores greater than 50 nm and less than or equal to 250 nm.
- the total volume of the mesopores may be 30% by volume to 80% by volume based on the total volume of all pores.
- the total volume of the macro pores may be 1% by volume to 25% by volume based on the total volume of all pores.
- the proportion of micro-pores and meso-pores in the total pores may be 75% to 98% by volume, and when the pores are uniformly dispersed in the silicon-based composite , it can provide excellent mechanical properties, i.e., high strength, despite the presence of pores.
- the charge/discharge capacity, initial charge/discharge efficiency, and capacity retention rate can be significantly improved.
- the pore volume of the porous silicon-based composite according to an embodiment of the present invention is strongly related to a specific surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method; BET) value of the porous silicon-based composite. That is, the specific surface area tends to decrease proportionally with the decrease in the pore volume.
- BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method
- the specific surface area of the porous silicon-based composite may be 50 m 2 /g to 1500 m 2 /g, preferably 100 m 2 /g to 1200 m 2 /g, or 200 m 2 /g to 900 m 2 /g there is.
- the specific surface area of the porous silicon-based composite is less than 50 m 2 /g, the volume expansion of the composite cannot be suppressed during charging and discharging .
- the composite may be destroyed, causing a problem in that cracks occur during charging and discharging.
- the specific surface area of the porous silicon-based composite satisfies the above range, it may mean that silicon particles are uniformly dispersed in the composite.
- the crystallite size of the silicon particles may decrease. For example, as the specific surface area is closer to 1500 m 2 /g, the crystallite size of the silicon particles may be closer to 1 nm.
- the specific gravity of the porous silicon-based composite may be 1.6 g/cm 3 to 2.6 g/cm 3 , specifically 1.7 g/cm 3 to 2.5 g/cm 3 , and more specifically 1.8 g/cm 3 to 2.5 g/cm 3 .
- the specific gravity of the porous silicon-based composite is 1.6 g/cm 3 or more, the gap between the anode active material powders due to volume expansion of the anode active material powder during charging is blocked and cycle deterioration can be suppressed, and the specific gravity is 2.6 g/cm 3 or less. Since the impregnation property of the electrolyte is improved, the utilization rate of the anode active material is high, and thus the initial charge/discharge capacity may be improved.
- the specific gravity is expressed in the same meaning as true specific gravity, density, or true density.
- the conditions for measuring specific gravity by a dry density meter according to an embodiment of the present invention for example, Ga-Q Peak II1340 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation may be used as a dry density meter.
- Helium gas can be used as the purge gas to be used, and after repeating 200 purges in the sample holder set at a temperature of 23 °C, measurements were made.
- the porosity may be changed depending on the etching rate, the content of each component, and various etching methods.
- the porosity of the closed pores and the size of the pores can be measured with a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- the average diameter (average size) of the pores of the porous silicon-based composite may be 0.1 nm to 50 nm.
- the average diameter of the pores may mean the average diameter of closed pores, open pores, or both.
- the electrolyte may penetrate in a timely manner, so that the initial activation of the negative electrode active material is possible and a suitable space for alleviating volume expansion may be secured.
- the average diameter of the closed pores is 50 nm or less, the silicon particles and fluoride, specifically, metal fluoride, contained in the porous silicon-based composite can be prevented from being separated from the porous silicon-based composite through the charging and discharging process. there is.
- the average diameter of the open pores exceeds 50 nm, extra pores or gaps may remain, resulting in a decrease in the energy density of the negative active material.
- mechanical strength is lowered due to the large amount of open pores present in the porous silicon-based composite, and thus the negative active material may be destroyed during the manufacturing process of the battery, that is, during the manufacturing process such as mixing of the slurry and rolling after coating.
- the average diameter of the open pores is less than 0.1 nm, the effect of suppressing volume expansion of the negative active material during charging and discharging may be insignificant.
- the average diameter of the pores of the porous silicon-based composite may be 1.0 nm to 30 nm.
- the average diameter of the pores may mean the average diameter of closed pores, open pores, or both.
- the porous silicon-based composite maintains the average pore diameter in the above range even after charging and discharging the lithium secondary battery, thereby exhibiting a superior buffering effect during volume expansion or contraction of the negative electrode active material.
- the present invention may provide a porous silicon-based composite including the porous silicon-based composite and carbon.
- porous silicon-based composite included in the porous silicon-based composite is the same as described above.
- the porous silicon-based-carbon composite according to an embodiment of the present invention includes carbon.
- the porous silicon-based-carbon composite contains carbon, it is possible to secure appropriate electrical conductivity for the porous silicon-based-carbon composite, and the specific surface area can be appropriately adjusted, so that the secondary battery When used as an anode active material, lifespan characteristics and capacity of a secondary battery can be improved.
- electrical conductivity of an anode active material is an important factor for facilitating electron transfer during an electrochemical reaction. If, as a negative active material, the composite does not contain carbon, for example, when a high-capacity negative active material is manufactured using silicon particles and metal fluoride, electrical conductivity may not reach an appropriate value.
- the present inventors form a carbon layer on the surface of a silicon-based composite including silicon particles and fluoride (eg, metal fluoride), thereby improving charge/discharge capacity, initial charge efficiency and capacity retention rate, and enhance mechanical properties
- fluoride eg, metal fluoride
- the porous silicon-based composite may include a carbon layer on a surface of the silicon-based composite, and the carbon may be present on a part or the entire surface of the silicon particle and the fluoride to form a carbon layer.
- the thickness or the amount of carbon of the carbon layer by controlling the thickness or the amount of carbon of the carbon layer, it is possible to implement appropriate electrical conductivity, as well as to prevent deterioration of lifespan characteristics to implement a high-capacity negative active material.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the porous silicon-based carbon composite on which the carbon layer is formed may be 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the said average particle diameter is a value measured with the volume average D50 (ie, the particle diameter or median diameter when an accumulated volume becomes 50 %) in particle size distribution measurement by a laser diffraction method.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the porous silicon-based composite may be 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, or 3 ⁇ m to 8 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the porous silicon-based-carbon composite is less than 1 ⁇ m, there is a fear that dispersibility may be lowered during the preparation of a negative electrode slurry (negative electrode active material composition) using the same due to aggregation of particles of the composite.
- the average particle diameter of the porous silicon-carbon composite exceeds 20 ⁇ m, the expansion of the composite particles due to lithium ion charging becomes severe, and as charging and discharging are repeated, binding properties between the particles of the composite and the particles and the current collector Since the binding property with the material is lowered, the lifespan characteristics may be greatly reduced.
- the content of carbon (C) is 3 wt% to 80 wt%, 3 wt% to 50 wt%, or 10 wt% to 30 wt% based on the total weight of the porous silicon-based-carbon composite can
- the content of the carbon (C) is less than 3% by weight, a sufficient effect of improving conductivity cannot be expected, and there is a risk that the electrode life of the lithium secondary battery may be reduced.
- the discharge capacity of the secondary battery may decrease and the bulk density may decrease, so that the charge/discharge capacity per unit volume may be reduced.
- the average thickness of the carbon layer may be 1 nm to 300 nm, specifically 5 nm to 200 nm or 10 nm to 150 nm, more specifically 10 nm to 100 nm.
- the thickness of the carbon layer is 1 nm or more, a conductivity improvement effect can be obtained, and when it is 300 nm or less, a decrease in capacity of the secondary battery can be suppressed.
- the average thickness of the carbon layer can be calculated, for example, by the following procedure.
- the negative active material is observed at an arbitrary magnification by a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- the magnification is preferably, for example, a degree that can be confirmed with the naked eye.
- 15 arbitrary points WHEREIN The thickness of a carbon layer is measured. In this case, it is preferable to set the measurement position at random widely, without concentrating on a specific place as much as possible. Finally, the average value of the thicknesses of the 15 carbon layers is calculated.
- the carbon layer may include at least one selected from graphene, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphite.
- the method for manufacturing the porous silicon-based composite includes a first step of obtaining a silicon composite oxide powder using a silicon-based raw material and a metal-based raw material; and a second step of etching the silicon composite oxide powder using an etching solution containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound.
- the manufacturing method according to the embodiment has the advantage that mass production is possible through a continuous process with minimized steps.
- the first step may include obtaining a silicon composite oxide powder using a silicon-based raw material and a metal-based raw material.
- the silicon-based raw material may include at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon powder, silicon oxide powder, and silicon dioxide powder.
- the metal is the same as described above.
- the first step may be performed, for example, by using the method described in Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2015-0113770, No. 2015-0113771, or No. 2018-0106485.
- the silicon composite oxide may include a compound represented by the following formula (1).
- M includes a metal
- x is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2
- y is greater than 0.02 and less than 4.
- M may be at least one selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Groups 13 to 16 elements, transition metals, rare earth elements, and combinations thereof, and specific examples thereof include Mg, Li, Na, K, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Pb, Ru, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, B, Al, Ga, Sn, In, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, and Se.
- M may include at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg, Li, Na, K, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, B, and Al, for example, Mg. .
- M includes Mg, x is greater than 0 and less than 0.2, and y may be 0.8 to 1.2.
- the specific surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method; BET) of the silicon composite oxide is 3 m 2 /g to 30 m 2 /g, 3 m 2 /g to 10 m 2 /g, or 3 m 2 /g to 8 m 2 /g.
- BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method
- the method may further include forming a carbon layer on the surface of the silicon composite oxide by using a chemical thermal decomposition deposition method.
- the etching process of the second step may be performed. In this case, there is an advantage that uniform etching is possible.
- the second step may include etching the silicon composite oxide powder using an etching solution containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound.
- the etching process may include dry etching and wet etching.
- Pores may be formed by dissolving and eluting the silicon dioxide of the silicon composite oxide powder by the etching process.
- etching step for example, by converting the metal silicate into a metal fluoride, a porous silicon-based composite including silicon particles and a fluoride, specifically a metal fluoride, more specifically, magnesium fluoride may be manufactured.
- Pores may be formed by etching the silicon composite oxide powder using an etching solution containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound.
- a metal silicate such as magnesium silicate
- a metal fluoride such as magnesium fluoride
- silicon dioxide Pores are formed in the portion from which the elution is removed.
- Reaction Formulas G1 and G2 when dry etching is used, it can be represented by the following Reaction Formulas G1 and G2, and when wet etching is used, it can be represented by the following Reaction Formulas L1a to L2:
- Pores and voids may be formed where silicon dioxide in the form of SiF 4 and H 2 SiF 6 is dissolved and removed by the reaction mechanism as in the above reaction scheme.
- silicon dioxide included in the porous silicon-based composite may be removed, and pores may be formed therein.
- the degree of formation of pores may be different according to the degree of etching.
- the pores may be hardly formed, or the pores may be partially formed, specifically, the pores may be formed only in the outer portion.
- the metal silicate in the case of the porous silicon-based composite, most of the metal silicate is changed to a metal fluoride by etching, and the silicon oxide is removed.
- porous silicon-based composite powder having a plurality of pores formed on the surface or the surface and inside of the composite.
- closed pores may be formed inside the porous silicon-based composite.
- crystals of both metal fluoride and metal silicate may be included.
- the ratio of the metal silicate contained in the porous silicon-based composite after the etching may vary.
- the etching refers to processing the silicon composite oxide powder using an etchant containing a fluorine (F) atom-containing compound.
- etchant containing the fluorine (F) atom-containing compound a commonly used etchant may be used without limitation within a range that does not impair the effects of the present invention.
- the etchant may further include one or more acids selected from the group consisting of organic acids, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and chromic acid.
- the silicon composite oxide powder may be added to the etchant containing the acid and the F atom-containing compound and then stirred .
- the stirring temperature is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 20 °C to 90 °C.
- the fluorine (F) atom-containing compound may include at least one selected from the group consisting of HF, NH 4 F, and HF 2 .
- the porous silicon-based composite may include a metal fluoride or a metal fluoride and a metal silicate, and the etching process may be performed more quickly.
- etching may be performed after dispersing the silicon composite oxide powder in a dispersion medium.
- the dispersion medium may include at least one selected from the group consisting of water, alcohol-based compounds, ketone-based compounds, ether-based compounds, hydrocarbon-based compounds, and fatty acids.
- a portion of silicon oxide may remain in addition to silicon dioxide, and the portion from which silicon dioxide is removed by the etching may form voids or pores inside the particles.
- fluorine (F) in the fluorine (F) atom-containing compound in most of the metal silicate in the etching solution reacts with the metal silicate to form a metal fluoride.
- the porous silicon-based composite obtained by the etching may include porous silicon particles and a fluoride, specifically, a metal fluoride.
- the porous silicon-based composite may further include a metal silicate.
- the porous silicon-based composite may include a silicon primary particle, a silicon secondary particle (silicon aggregate), a metal fluoride, and a metal silicate.
- the surface of the silicon particles may contain silicon (Si) in a very high fraction compared to oxygen (O). That is, the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms present in the porous composite can be greatly reduced. In this case, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics as well as an improvement in first charge/discharge efficiency.
- pores or voids may be formed at positions where silicon dioxide is removed.
- the specific surface area of the silicon-based composite may be increased compared to the specific surface area of the silicon composite oxide before the etching process.
- the silicon particles easily form a natural film having a high oxygen fraction, that is, a silicon oxide film produced by natural oxidation of the surface of the silicon particles by oxygen or water in the air during filtration, drying, and pulverization and classification processes.
- the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms present in the porous silicon-based composite is 0.01 to 0.90, preferably 0.02 to less than 0.90, more preferably 0.02 to 0.70, more More preferably, it may be 0.02 to 0.50.
- the ratio is out of the above range, since it acts as a resistance during the insertion reaction of lithium, the electrochemical properties of the secondary battery may be deteriorated. As a result, electrochemical properties of the secondary battery, in particular, lifespan properties may be reduced.
- the silicon composite oxide having a large crystallite size of silicon is etched, it is preferable because the molar ratio (O/Si) of oxygen (O) atoms to silicon (Si) atoms may decrease after etching.
- the initial capacity or cycle characteristics of the secondary battery may be improved.
- physical properties such as element content and specific surface area may vary depending on before and after the etching step. That is, the silicon composite oxide before the etching process and the element content in the silicon-based composite after the etching process, and physical properties such as pore volume and specific surface area may vary.
- the metal content of the porous silicon-based composite for example, a magnesium (Mg) content may be decreased or increased compared to the silicon composite oxide.
- the oxygen (O) reduction rate of the porous silicon-based composite with respect to the silicon composite oxide may be 5% to 98%, preferably 15% to 95%, more preferably 25% to 93%.
- the porous silicon-based composite is a composite in which several silicon particles are evenly distributed in a composite whose structure is in the form of a single mass, for example, a polyhedron, spherical or similar shape, and two or more silicon particles (silicon primary particles) may include secondary silicon particles (silicon aggregates) formed by being connected to each other.
- the metal fluoride may be present on the surface of the silicon particles or between the silicon particles.
- the silicon particles may exist between the metal fluoride particles and may be surrounded by the metal fluoride particles.
- the porous silicon-based composite may include a porous silicon-based structure having a three-dimensional (3D) structure in which one or more silicon particles and one or more metal fluorides are connected to each other.
- 3D three-dimensional
- the porous silicon-based composite according to an embodiment of the present invention may include pores.
- pores may be included on the surface, inside, or both of the silicon-based composite.
- the surface of the silicon-based composite may refer to the outermost portion of the silicon-based composite, and the interior of the silicon-based composite may refer to a portion outside the outermost portion, that is, the innermost portion of the outermost portion. there is.
- the pores may exist more in the outer shell than the inside, and there may be no pores in the interior. The depth from the outermost shell where pores do not exist may be arbitrarily adjusted.
- the method for producing the porous silicon-based composite may further include filtering and drying the composite obtained by the etching (third step).
- the filtration and drying process may be performed by a commonly used method.
- the manufacturing method according to an embodiment of the present invention has the advantage that mass production is possible through a continuous process with minimized steps.
- the porous silicon-based composite has an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, specifically 3 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, more specifically 3 ⁇ m to 8 ⁇ m in the volume-based distribution measured by the laser diffraction method.
- D 50 average particle diameter
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) is a weight average value D 50 in particle size distribution measurement according to a laser beam diffraction method, that is, a value measured as a particle diameter or median diameter when the cumulative weight is 50%.
- the method may further include pulverizing and classifying the porous silicon-based composite.
- the classification may be performed in order to arrange the particle size distribution of the porous silicon-based composite, and this may be used by dry classification, wet classification, or sieve classification.
- dry classification the processes of dispersion, separation, collection (separation of solids and gases), and discharge are performed sequentially or simultaneously using airflow, so that particle interference, particle shape, airflow confusion, velocity distribution, and static electricity
- the moisture and oxygen concentration of the air stream used can be adjusted by performing pre-treatment (adjustment of moisture, dispersibility, humidity, etc.) before classification so as not to reduce the classification efficiency due to influence or the like.
- it is possible to obtain a desired particle size distribution by performing pulverization and classification at once. After the pulverization, it is effective to divide the coarse powder side and the granular side with a classifier or sieve.
- a porous silicon-based composite powder having an average particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m can be obtained.
- the powder of the porous silicon-based composite may have a Dmin of 0.3 ⁇ m or less, and a Dmax of 8 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m. In the above range, the specific surface area of the composite may be reduced, and initial efficiency and cycle characteristics may be improved by about 10% to 20% compared to before classification.
- the powder of the composite after the pulverization and classification has an amorphous grain boundary and a crystal grain boundary, so that particle collapse in the charge/discharge cycle may be reduced by the stress relaxation effect of the amorphous grain boundary and the crystal grain boundary.
- the negative active material of the secondary battery can withstand the stress of a change in volume expansion caused by charging and discharging, and can exhibit characteristics of a secondary battery having a high capacity and a long life.
- lithium-containing compounds such as Li 2 O present in the SEI layer formed on the surface of the silicon-based negative electrode may be reduced.
- the secondary battery using the porous silicon-based composite for the negative electrode can improve capacity as well as capacity retention and initial efficiency.
- the present invention may provide a method for manufacturing the porous silicon-based composite including the porous silicon-based composite and carbon.
- the method may include forming a carbon layer on the surface of the porous silicon-based composite by using a chemical thermal decomposition deposition method after the production of the porous silicon-based composite.
- the carbon layer may increase the conductivity of the negative active material to improve the output characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery, and may increase the stress relaxation effect when the volume of the active material is changed.
- the carbon layer may increase the conductivity of the negative active material to improve the output characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery, and may increase the stress relaxation effect when the volume of the active material is changed.
- the carbon layer may include at least one selected from graphene, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphite.
- the forming of the carbon layer may be performed by reacting the porous silicon-based composite in a gaseous state at 400° C. to 1200° C. by adding at least one carbon source gas among the compounds represented by the following Chemical Formulas 2 to 4:
- N is an integer from 1 to 20
- A is 0 or 1
- N is an integer from 2 to 6
- B is an integer from 0 to 2
- x is an integer from 1 to 20,
- y is an integer from 0 to 25,
- z is an integer from 0 to 5;
- x may be the same as or smaller than y.
- y is an integer greater than 0 to 25 or less, or an integer from 1 to 25
- z is an integer greater than 0 to 5 or less, or an integer from 1 to 5.
- the compound represented by Formula 2 may be at least one selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane, butane, methanol, ethanol, propanol, propanediol, and butanediol, and the compound represented by Formula 3 is ethylene, acetylene, propylene , butylene, butadiene and cyclopentene may be at least one selected from the group consisting of, and the compound represented by Formula 4 is benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and dibutyl hydroxy toluene (BHT) It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of.
- BHT dibutyl hydroxy toluene
- the compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 2 and 3 may include at least one selected from methane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, methanol, ethanol, and propanol.
- the compound represented by Formula 4 may include toluene.
- carbon coating is possible by reaction under a low temperature of 500 ° C. to 800 ° C., so silicon particle growth is suppressed, and the crystallite size of silicon particles is maintained at 30 nm or less. so it is preferable
- the composite particles do not grow and carbon coating is possible.
- the carbon coating may be uniformly formed on the surface of the pores in the interior of the porous silicon-based-carbon composite. This is preferable because the cycle life is further improved.
- the carbon source gas may further include at least one inert gas selected from hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, and argon.
- the reaction may be carried out at, for example, 400 °C to 1200 °C, specifically 500 °C to 1100 °C, more specifically 600 °C to 1000 °C.
- the reaction time may be appropriately adjusted depending on the heat treatment temperature, the pressure during the heat treatment, the composition of the gas mixture, and the desired amount of carbon coating.
- the reaction time may be 10 minutes to 100 hours, specifically 30 minutes to 90 hours, more specifically 50 minutes to 40 hours, but is not limited thereto.
- the thickness of the carbon layer formed increases, and accordingly, the electrical properties of the porous silicon-based-carbon composite may be improved.
- the method for producing a porous silicon-based composite according to an embodiment of the present invention includes graphene, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene on the surface of the porous silicon-based composite even at a relatively low temperature through the gas phase reaction of the carbon source gas It is possible to form a thin and uniform carbon layer containing carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphite as main components. In addition, the desorption reaction does not substantially occur in the formed carbon layer.
- the carbon layer is uniformly formed over the entire surface of the porous silicon-based composite through the gas phase reaction, a carbon film (carbon layer) having high crystallinity can be formed. Therefore, when the porous silicon-based-carbon composite is used as an anode active material, the electrical conductivity of the anode active material may be improved without changing the structure.
- the reactive gas when a reactive gas containing the carbon source gas and an inert gas is supplied to the porous silicon-based composite, the reactive gas penetrates into the open pores of the porous silicon-based composite to form the porous silicon-based composite.
- graphene On the surface, graphene, at least one graphene-containing material selected from reduced graphene oxide and graphene oxide, and a conductive carbon material such as carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers may be grown.
- the reaction time elapses, the conductive carbon material deposited on the surface of the silicon of the silicon-based composite may gradually grow to obtain a porous silicon-carbon composite.
- the specific surface area of the porous silicon-based-carbon composite may decrease according to the amount of carbon coating.
- the structure of the graphene-containing material may be a layer or a nanosheet type, or a structure in which several flakes are mixed.
- the method may further include pulverizing or pulverizing, and classifying such that the average particle diameter of the porous silicon-based carbon composite is 1 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m. there is.
- the classification may be performed to arrange the particle size distribution of the porous silicon-based-carbon composite, and dry classification, wet classification, or sieve classification may be used.
- dry classification the processes of dispersion, separation, collection (separation of solids and gases), and discharge are performed sequentially or simultaneously using airflow, so that interference between particles, particle shape, airflow confusion, velocity distribution, and static electricity are generated.
- Pre-treatment adjustment of moisture, dispersibility, humidity, etc.
- Pre-treatment can be carried out before classification so as not to reduce the classification efficiency due to influence, etc., and the moisture and oxygen concentration of the air stream used can be adjusted.
- pulverization or pulverization and classification can be performed at one time to obtain a desired particle size distribution. After the pulverization or pulverization, it is effective to divide the coarse powder side and the granular side with a classifier or sieve.
- the manufacturing method according to an embodiment of the present invention has the advantage that mass production is possible through a continuous process with minimized steps.
- a secondary battery using the porous silicon-based carbon composite as an anode may improve capacity, capacity retention, and initial efficiency.
- the negative active material according to an embodiment of the present invention may include the porous silicon-based composite. That is, the negative active material may include a porous silicon-based composite including silicon particles and fluoride.
- the negative active material may further include a carbon-based negative electrode material, specifically, a graphite-based negative electrode material.
- the negative active material may be used by mixing the porous silicon-based composite and the carbon-based negative electrode material, for example, a graphite-based negative electrode material. In this case, while being able to reduce the electrical resistance of a negative electrode active material, the expansion stress accompanying charging can be relieve
- the carbon-based negative electrode material is, for example, natural graphite, artificial graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, mesocarbon, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, pyrolytic carbon, coke, glass-like carbon fiber, organic polymer compound fired body And it may include one or more selected from the group consisting of carbon black.
- the carbon-based anode material may include carbon black such as porous carbon, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, Farnes black, lamp black, thermal black, and the like.
- the content of the carbon-based negative electrode material may be 30 wt% to 90 wt%, specifically 30 wt% to 80 wt%, more specifically 50 wt% to 80 wt%, based on the total weight of the anode active material.
- the present invention can provide a negative electrode including the negative active material, and a secondary battery including the same.
- the secondary battery may include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte in which a lithium salt is dissolved, and the negative electrode may include a negative electrode active material including a porous silicon-based composite.
- the negative electrode may be composed of only the negative electrode mixture, or may include the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode mixture layer (negative electrode active material layer) supported thereon.
- the positive electrode may be composed of only the positive electrode mixture, or may include the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixture layer (positive electrode active material layer) supported thereon.
- the negative electrode mixture and the positive electrode mixture may further include a conductive agent and a binder.
- Materials known in the art may be used as the material constituting the negative electrode current collector and the material constituting the positive electrode current collector, and materials known in the art as a binder and conductive agent added to the negative electrode and the positive electrode is available.
- the negative electrode When the negative electrode is composed of a current collector and an active material layer supported thereon, the negative electrode may be manufactured by coating the negative electrode active material composition including the porous silicon-based composite on the surface of the current collector and drying.
- the secondary battery includes a non-aqueous electrolyte
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may include a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- a solvent generally used in the field may be used, and specifically, an aprotic organic solvent may be used.
- aprotic organic solvent examples include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and butylene carbonate, cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as furanone, chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate, 1 Chain ethers, such as ,2-methoxyethane, 1,2-ethoxyethane, and ethoxymethoxyethane, and cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, can be used, either alone or in two types. It can be used by mixing the above.
- cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and butylene carbonate
- cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as furanone
- chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate
- 1 Chain ethers such as ,2-methoxyethane, 1,2-eth
- the secondary battery may include a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- the negative active material and secondary battery using the porous silicon-based composite according to the embodiment of the present invention can improve not only the charge/discharge capacity, but also the initial charge/discharge efficiency and capacity retention rate.
- Second step After dispersing 50 g of the silicon composite oxide powder in water, stirring at a speed of 300 RPM, adding 500 mL of a 30 wt% HF aqueous solution as an etchant for 20 minutes, and maintaining for 40 minutes, the silicon composite oxide The powder was etched to give 12.5 g of the composite.
- An anode and a battery (coin cell) including the porous silicon-based composite as an anode active material were manufactured.
- anode active material a mixture of the porous silicon-based composite and natural graphite (average particle size: 11 ⁇ m) in a weight ratio of 20:80 was used.
- a negative active material composition having a solid content of 45% was prepared by mixing SUPER-P and polyacrylic acid as the negative electrode active material and conductive material with water so that the weight ratio was 94:1:5.
- the negative electrode active material composition was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 18 ⁇ m and dried to prepare an electrode having a thickness of 70 ⁇ m, and the copper foil coated with the electrode was punched into a circle having a diameter of 14 mm to prepare a negative electrode plate for a coin cell.
- a metallic lithium foil having a thickness of 0.3 mm was used as a counter electrode.
- a porous polyethylene sheet with a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used as the separator, and 1M concentration of LiPF 6 was dissolved in a solution in which ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethylene carbonate (DEC) were mixed in a volume ratio of 1:1 as an electrolyte and used as an electrolyte,
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethylene carbonate
- a coin cell (battery) having a thickness of 3.2 mm and a diameter of 20 mm (CR2032 type) was manufactured by applying the above components.
- Example 2 As shown in Tables 1 and 2, the same method as in Example 1, except that the silicon composite oxide powder having the element content and physical properties of Table 1 was used, and the type of dispersion medium and etching conditions were changed. to prepare a porous silicon-based composite, and a secondary battery was manufactured using this.
- porous silicon-based composite composite B3
- argon (Ar) and methane gas at a rate of 1 L/min, respectively, and then cool to room temperature.
- the surface of the porous silicon-based composite was coated with carbon to prepare a porous silicon-based-carbon composite containing 29.5% by weight of carbon based on the total weight of the porous silicon-based composite.
- the size of Si(220) crystal grains of the porous silicon-based-carbon composite including carbon was analyzed to be 7.9 nm, D 50 was 10.3 ⁇ m, and BET was 8.2 m 2 /g. .
- a secondary battery was manufactured using the porous silicon-carbon composite prepared above as an anode active material, the discharge capacity was 600 mAh/g, the initial efficiency was 87.3%, and the capacity retention rate after 50 cycles was 89.2%.
- the silicon-based composite oxide powder having the element content and physical properties of Table 1 was used, and the same method as in Example 1 was performed, except that etching was not performed.
- a composite was prepared, and a secondary battery was manufactured using the composite.
- a negative active material and the same as in Example 1 were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 50 g of silicon composite oxide (A2) powder was used instead of the etchant HF, using aqua regia, and etching at 70° C. for 12 hours to obtain 12 g of a composite.
- A2 powder was used instead of the etchant HF, using aqua regia, and etching at 70° C. for 12 hours to obtain 12 g of a composite.
- a secondary battery was manufactured.
- Example 2 Using the same method as in Example 1, except that 50 g of silicon composite oxide (A2) powder was obtained by using NaOH instead of the etchant HF and etching at room temperature for 12 hours to obtain 13 g of a composite, the negative electrode active material and the same A secondary battery was manufactured.
- A2 silicon composite oxide
- Example 1 is a result of observing the surface of the porous silicon-based composite (composite B1) prepared in Example 1 using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) photograph (S-4700, Hitachi), (a) and (b) are shown with different magnifications of 500 times and 25,000 times, respectively.
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- pores were included on the surface of the porous silicon-based composite (composite B1) prepared in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a result of observing the surface of the porous silicon-based composite (composite B4) prepared in Example 4 using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) photograph (S-4700, Hitachi), (a) and (b) are shown with different magnifications of 1,000 times and 250,000 times, respectively.
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- pores were included on the surface of the porous silicon-based composite (composite B4) prepared in Example 4.
- FIG. 3 shows the inside of the composite using an ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) photograph (S-4700; Hitachi, QUANTA 3D FEG; FEI) of the porous silicon-based composite (composite B4) prepared in Example 4 The observation results are shown at 200,000 times magnification.
- FIB-SEM ion beam scanning electron microscope
- pores were formed inside the porous silicon-based composite (composite B4) prepared in Example 4. From FIG. 3 , it can be inferred that pores are formed by the etchant penetrating into the porous silicon-based composite.
- the applied voltage was 40 kV and the applied current was 40 mA, and the range of 2 ⁇ was 10° to 90°, and was measured by scanning at 0.05° intervals.
- FIG. 4 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the silicon composite oxide (composite A1) (a) and the porous silicon-based composite (composite B1) (b) of Example 1.
- FIG. 4 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the silicon composite oxide (composite A1) (a) and the porous silicon-based composite (composite B1) (b) of Example 1.
- the silicon composite oxide (composite A1) of Example 1 has a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) near 21.4°, a peak corresponding to SiO 2 ; peaks corresponding to Si crystals around diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) 28.0°, 47.0°, 55.8°, 68.9°, and 76.1°; and diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of 30.3° and 35.1° near MgSiO 3 crystals.
- the silicon composite oxide includes amorphous SiO 2 , crystalline Si, and MgSiO 3 .
- the porous silicon-based composite of Example 1 has a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 40.4° and 53.5° near the peak corresponding to the MgF 2 crystal. ; and diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) at 28.3°, 47.2°, 56.0°, 69.0°, and 76.4°, it can be seen that the peaks correspond to Si crystals.
- the peak corresponding to MgSiO 3 disappears and the peak corresponding to MgF 2 appears, it can be seen that MgSiO 3 is converted to MgF 2 after etching.
- Example 5 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the porous silicon-based composite of Example 5 (composite B5).
- the porous silicon-based composite (composite B5) of Example 5 has a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) near 21.7°, a peak corresponding to SiO 2 ; peaks corresponding to Si crystals around diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) 28.4°, 47.3°, 56.1°, 69.2°, and 76.4°; and diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of 30.8°, 35.4° and a peak corresponding to the MgSiO 3 crystal; And diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) 27.2 °, 40.5 °, 53.4 ° has a peak corresponding to the crystal MgF 2 After etching SiO 2 , it can be seen that it includes crystalline Si, MgSiO 3 and MgF 2 .
- FIG. 6 shows the measurement results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the porous silicon-based composite (composite B8) of Example 8.
- the porous silicon-based composite (composite B8) of Example 8 had diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of 27.2°, 35.0°, 40.2°, 43.1°, 53.1°, 60.8° , the peak corresponding to the MgF2 crystal at around 67.7°; And it can be confirmed that peaks corresponding to the Si crystal appear near the diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) of 27.2°, 40.5°, and 53.4°. In addition, it can be seen that the peak corresponding to MgSiO 3 disappears and the peak corresponding to MgF 2 is obtained, so that MgSiO 3 is converted to MgF 2 after etching.
- the Si crystal size in the obtained porous silicon-based composite is based on the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peak corresponding to Si (220) in X-ray diffraction analysis, the Shira method of Equation 2 below (Scherrer equation) was analyzed.
- ⁇ 0.154 nm
- ⁇ is the peak position (angle).
- Magnesium (Mg) content and silicon (Si) content were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy using Optima-5300 from PerkinElmer, and oxygen (O) was averaged three times using O-836 from LECO. was taken, and carbon (C) was analyzed by LECO's CS-744 elemental analyzer, respectively.
- the fluorine (F) content is a calculated value derived based on the silicon (Si), oxygen (O) and magnesium (Mg) content.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the composite particles prepared in Examples and Comparative Examples is the weight average value D 50 in the particle size distribution measurement by Microtrac's S3500 laser light diffraction method, that is, when the cumulative volume is 50% It was measured as a particle diameter or a median diameter.
- the coin cells (secondary batteries) prepared in the above Examples and Comparative Examples were charged at a constant current of 0.1 C until the voltage became 0.005 V, and discharged at a constant current of 0.1 C until the voltage became 2.0 V, so that the charging capacity (mAh /g), discharge capacity (mAh/g) and initial efficiency (%) were obtained, and the results are shown in Table 4 below.
- the composites prepared in Examples and Comparative Examples were placed in a tube, and treated with MicrotracBEL's pretreatment equipment (BELPREP-vac2) at 10 -2 kPa, 100° C. for 5 hours.
- BELPREP-vac2 MicrotracBEL's pretreatment equipment
- FIG. 7 shows the specific surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method; BET) analysis measurement results of the porous silicon-based composite (composite B3) of Example 3.
- BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method
- the porous silicon-based composite (composite B3) of Example 3 had a specific surface area (BET) of about 271 m 2 /g, and a pore volume of about 0.296 It can be seen that cc/g.
- the porous silicon-based composites of Examples 1 to 9 according to the embodiment of the present invention have excellent selective etching efficiency compared to the composite of Comparative Example, and the negative active material using the same has secondary battery performance This superiority was confirmed.
- the yield of the composite of Example 1 is 12.5 g after etching
- the composite of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 is 12 g and 13 g after etching, respectively, after etching
- the yield of the composite was similar, referring to Table 2, the O/Si molar ratio of the composite of Example 1 was 0.08, while the O/Si molar ratio of the composites of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 were 1.06 and 1.1, respectively.
- the composite of 1 and the composite of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 showed a large difference in the O/Si molar ratio.
- Example 1 has excellent selective etching efficiency, and contains silicon (Si) atoms in a very high fraction compared to oxygen (O) atoms, whereas the composites of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 performed an etching process Even though selective etching is not performed, it can be seen that silicon (Si) atoms are included in a very low fraction compared to oxygen (O) atoms.
- the porous silicon-based composites of Examples 1 to 9 include all of micro pores, meso pores and macro pores, and the total number of meso pores While the volume was 49.4% by volume to 73.5% by volume based on the total volume of all pores, the pores of the composites of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 did not include micropores, and 96% by volume of macropores It was confirmed that the above was included.
- the secondary batteries prepared using the porous silicon-based composites of Examples 1 to 9 of the present invention maintained excellent initial efficiency, and, in particular, compared the capacity retention rate after 50 cycles. It was confirmed that the secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 3 were significantly improved.
- the secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 9 realized excellent initial efficiency of 84.8% to 86.7%, and the capacity retention ratio was 80.1% to 85.9%.
- Examples 1 to 4, 7, and 8 were able to achieve excellent initial efficiency and capacity retention rate, as well as discharge capacity up to 600 mAh/g or more.
- the discharge capacity was 600 mAh/g, and the initial efficiency was 87.3 %, and the capacity retention rate after 50 cycles was 89.2%, confirming that the performance of the secondary battery was further improved.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (23)
- 규소 입자 및 불화물을 포함하는, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 불화물이 금속 불화물을 포함하는, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 금속 불화물이 마그네슘 불화물을 포함하고,상기 마그네슘 불화물이 불화 마그네슘(MgF2), 마그네슘 불화 실리케이트(MgSiF6), 또는 이들의 혼합물을 포함하는, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체의 표면, 내부 또는 둘 다에 기공을 포함하고,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체의 기공율이 다공성 규소계 복합체의 부피를 기준으로 10 부피% 내지 80 부피%인, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 4 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체가 0.1 cc/g 내지 0.9 cc/g의 기공부피(pore volume)를 갖는, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 4 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체가 그 표면을 가스 흡착법(BET plot method)에 의해 측정시 2 nm 이하의 마이크로(micro) 기공;2 nm 초과 내지 50 nm 이하의 메조(meso) 기공; 및50 nm 초과 내지 250 nm 이하의 매크로(macro) 기공을 포함하고,상기 메조(meso) 기공의 총 부피가 전체 기공의 총 부피를 기준으로 30 부피% 내지 80 부피%인, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 3 항에 있어서,상기 불화 마그네슘(MgF2)의 결정자 크기가 3 nm 내지 35 nm인, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체가 금속 규산염을 더 포함하는, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 8 항에 있어서,상기 금속 규산염이 규산 마그네슘을 포함하고,상기 규산 마그네슘이 MgSiO3 결정, Mg2SiO4 결정, 또는 이들의 혼합물을 포함하는, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 8 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체 내의 금속의 함량이 다공성 규소계 복합체의 총 중량을 기준으로 0.2 중량% 내지 20 중량%인, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 3 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체를 X선 회절 분석시, 상기 규소 입자의 Si(220) 결정면에 해당하는 X선 회절 피크의 강도(IA)에 대한 상기 불화 마그네슘의 MgF2(111) 결정면에 해당하는 X선 회절 피크 강도(IB)의 비율인 IB/IA가 0 초과 내지 1.0 이하인, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체가 산화규소 화합물을 더 포함하는, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 12 항에 있어서,상기 산화규소 화합물이 SiOx(0.5≤x≤2)인, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 9 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체 내에 존재하는 규소 원자에 대한 마그네슘 원자의 몰비(Mg/Si)가 0.01 내지 0.30인, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체 내의 규소(Si)의 함량이 다공성 규소계 복합체 총 중량을 기준으로 30 중량% 내지 99 중량%인, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 규소 입자가 X선 회절 분석시 1 nm 내지 30 nm의 결정자 크기를 갖는, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 12 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체 내에 존재하는 규소 원자에 대한 산소 원자의 몰비(O/Si)가 0.01 내지 0.90인, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체의 평균 입경(D50)이 1 ㎛ 내지 20 ㎛인, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 다공성 규소계 복합체의 비중이 1.6 g/㎤ 내지 2.6 g/㎤ 이고, 비표면적(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method; BET)이 50 m2/g 내지 1500 m2/g인, 다공성 규소계 복합체.
- 규소계 원료 및 금속계 원료를 이용하여 규소복합산화물 분말을 얻는 제 1 단계; 및불소(F) 원자 함유 화합물을 포함하는 식각액을 이용하여, 상기 규소복합산화물 분말을 에칭하는 제 2 단계;를 포함하는, 제 1 항의 다공성 규소계 복합체의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항의 다공성 규소계 복합체 및 탄소를 포함하는, 다공성 규소계-탄소 복합체.
- 제 1 항의 다공성 규소계 복합체, 및 탄소계 음극 재료를 포함하는, 음극 활물질.
- 제 22 항의 음극 활물질을 포함하는, 리튬 이차전지.
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