WO2022127117A1 - Procédé de traitement de matériau d'électrode positive de batterie au lithium usagée - Google Patents

Procédé de traitement de matériau d'électrode positive de batterie au lithium usagée Download PDF

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WO2022127117A1
WO2022127117A1 PCT/CN2021/108588 CN2021108588W WO2022127117A1 WO 2022127117 A1 WO2022127117 A1 WO 2022127117A1 CN 2021108588 W CN2021108588 W CN 2021108588W WO 2022127117 A1 WO2022127117 A1 WO 2022127117A1
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lithium
positive electrode
electrode material
filtrate
reduction
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PCT/CN2021/108588
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Chinese (zh)
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于大伟
黄柱
田庆华
郭学益
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中南大学
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
    • B03C1/005—Pretreatment specially adapted for magnetic separation
    • B03C1/015—Pretreatment specially adapted for magnetic separation by chemical treatment imparting magnetic properties to the material to be separated, e.g. roasting, reduction, oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
    • C01D15/00—Lithium compounds
    • C01D15/02—Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
    • C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
    • C22B5/12—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by gases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of recycling waste lithium ion batteries, and in particular relates to a low-cost method for cleaning and processing positive electrode materials of waste lithium ion batteries.
  • Lithium batteries have excellent physical and chemical properties such as high energy density, high voltage, fast charge and discharge speed, and good cycle stability. They are widely used in electronic technology products such as mobile phones and notebook computers, and have formed a huge market scale, especially for electric batteries.
  • the development of automobiles has greatly increased the demand for lithium batteries.
  • the life of lithium batteries is generally only 2 to 3 years.
  • Some waste lithium batteries can be used in cascade, and those that cannot be used in cascade can only be scrapped. With the increase in the use of lithium batteries, the amount of scrapped batteries is also increasing. By 2020, the total number of scrapped lithium-ion batteries in the world will exceed 25 billion, weighing as much as 500,000 tons.
  • Waste lithium-ion batteries contain a large amount of valuable valuable metals, such as nickel, cobalt, manganese, lithium, etc. Recycling waste lithium batteries can not only effectively alleviate the problem of resource shortage, but also avoid the toxic substances in waste lithium batteries. Pollution to the environment is of great significance to the sustainable development of the battery industry.
  • the recycling methods of waste lithium battery cathode materials are established based on the technical principles of pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, biometallurgy, etc., mainly including high temperature method, acid dissolution method and electrochemical dissolution method.
  • the high temperature method is to remove other impurities in the positive electrode active material under the condition of high temperature, and then use magnetic separation, flotation and other methods to obtain various types of valuable metals, but the metal obtained by this method has a high impurity content, which requires further treatment. Only by purifying it can obtain higher purity metal materials, and this method has high cost and high energy consumption, which is not conducive to large-scale industrial production.
  • the acid-dissolving method refers to dissolving the positive electrode material with acid to obtain a metal ion solution, and then purifying the acid leaching solution by solvent extraction, precipitation, electrolysis, ion exchange, etc., and recovering valuable metal components.
  • the acid-dissolving method has high recovery efficiency, but will produce a large amount of leachate, causing secondary pollution.
  • the solvent extraction method has good separation effect and low energy consumption, but the extraction agent is expensive and toxic, and the recovery and treatment process is complicated.
  • the precipitation method is simple to operate and has a high recovery rate, but the purity of the product is not high.
  • the products obtained by electrolysis are very pure, but consume a lot of electricity.
  • the ion exchange method has high resource recovery rate and obvious impurity removal effect, but the operation process is complicated, which is not conducive to popularization and application.
  • the electrochemical dissolution method is to use the positive electrode material as the cathode and the lead as the anode in the electrolytic cell, and electrolytically decompose metal ions such as cobalt and nickel, and then recover them by extraction and other methods. This method is simple to operate, with high metal dissolution rate, but high power consumption.
  • cathode materials for waste lithium batteries are lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate, lithium cobalt oxide, nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary materials, etc., so the ratio of nickel, cobalt, manganese, lithium and other metal elements in the cathode material during the recycling process are different, and even the proportion of the same ternary cathode material is very different. Therefore, it is difficult to reuse the cathode material, especially the composite cathode material.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies and defects mentioned in the above background art, and to provide a low-cost method for cleaning and processing the positive electrode material of waste lithium ion batteries.
  • the technical scheme proposed by the present invention is:
  • a low-cost method for cleaning and processing cathode materials of waste and used lithium ion batteries comprising the following steps:
  • the waste lithium-ion battery cathode material obtained after pretreatment is subjected to high-temperature reduction and grinding to obtain a reduction product with a particle size of ⁇ 200 ⁇ m; magnetic separation at this particle size can achieve effective dissociation of magnetic particles and non-magnetic particles, and there are Conducive to the subsequent magnetic separation process;
  • step (2) water immersion is carried out with the reduction product obtained in step (1), and solid-liquid separation is performed to obtain water leaching residue and filtrate;
  • step (3) the water leaching slag obtained in step (2) is subjected to magnetic separation to obtain magnetic nickel-cobalt alloy and non-magnetic manganese oxide;
  • step (2) (4) removing impurities from the filtrate obtained in step (2), and performing evaporative crystallization on the filtrate after removing impurities to obtain LiOH product.
  • step (1) the temperature of the high-temperature reduction is 600°C to 900°C, the time is 0.5 to 3 hours, and the high-temperature reduction is performed in a hydrogen atmosphere.
  • the water immersion temperature is 30 to 90° C.
  • the water immersion time is 0.5 to 3 hours
  • the solid-liquid mass ratio during water immersion is 1:5 to 1:2.
  • the solid-liquid mass ratio can ensure sufficient leaching of lithium element.
  • the magnetic separation method is wet magnetic separation, and the magnetic field intensity during the magnetic separation separation is 50-300 mT.
  • the impurity removal is to first adjust the pH value of the filtrate to 7-12 to precipitate the impurity elements in the form of precipitation, and then perform solid-liquid separation.
  • the pH of the filtrate is adjusted by adding ammonia water and/or ammonia gas.
  • the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery is a positive electrode material containing at least nickel, cobalt, manganese and lithium metal.
  • the lithium ion battery positive electrode material includes lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganate, lithium nickel cobalt oxide binary positive electrode material, lithium nickel manganate binary positive electrode material, and nickel cobalt lithium manganate ternary positive electrode material , A variety of mixtures of nickel cobalt lithium aluminate ternary positive electrode materials.
  • step (1) the pretreatment process of the positive electrode material of the waste lithium ion battery refers to that the battery is immersed in a NaCl solution to achieve deep discharge, and then battery components such as positive electrode sheets and negative electrode sheets are obtained by disassembling, and finally the positive electrode is processed at high temperature.
  • the binder was removed from the sheet to obtain a positive electrode material powder.
  • the present invention uses hydrogen to selectively reduce the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery, and the lithium element in the reduction product is easily dissolved into the aqueous solution. Through one water immersion, the lithium leaching rate can reach more than 95%, and multi-stage leaching is not required. The high recovery rate of lithium element simplifies the process flow.
  • the present invention obtains non-magnetic substances such as magnetic nickel-cobalt alloy and manganese oxide after water immersion of the hydrogen reduction product, avoiding the use of reducing agents such as hydrogen peroxide in the wet process, the reduction effect is good, and the reaction is clean and pollution-free. Other impurities will be introduced, and the product has high purity.
  • the present invention uses hydrogen to selectively reduce the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery, and the nickel-cobalt alloy particles in the reduction product and the non-magnetic oxide are easily dissociated, and the nickel-cobalt alloy and the non-magnetic material can be realized by grinding.
  • the high-efficiency dissociation of nickel, cobalt and manganese realizes the separation and recovery of valuable metals, and at the same time, grinding increases the specific surface area of the reduction product and improves the leaching rate of lithium in the subsequent water leaching process.
  • the present invention conducts magnetic separation of water leaching slag, makes full use of the physical properties of the separated components themselves, realizes the efficient separation of nickel-cobalt and manganese, is simple to operate, does not need any addition of chemical reagents, and has remarkable separation and recovery effects.
  • the processing method of the present invention has strong raw material adaptability, and can process various positive electrode materials of lithium ion batteries.
  • the processing method of the present invention is low in cost, clean and pollution-free, and the process is short and easy to implement, which provides a reliable technical guarantee for the large-scale clean recovery and utilization of valuable metals of lithium batteries.
  • the present invention utilizes the high reducibility of hydrogen to selectively reduce nickel and cobalt elements at a specific temperature to form a nickel-cobalt alloy, and the lithium element is transformed into a state that is easily hydrolyzed during the hydrogen reduction process.
  • the LiOH product is obtained by evaporation and crystallization, and the efficient separation of lithium is realized.
  • the solid components enter the water leaching slag, and the magnetic difference between the nickel-cobalt alloy and other components is fully utilized, and the magnetic part rich in nickel-cobalt alloy and The non-magnetic part rich in manganese oxide realizes the efficient separation and recovery of nickel, cobalt and manganese, and the whole process is simple, does not produce secondary pollution, and does not produce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart of processing a cathode material of a waste lithium ion battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is the SEM and mapping images of the product obtained after the cathode material of the waste lithium ion battery is reduced by hydrogen in Example 5 of the present invention.
  • Example 3 is a SEM and mapping diagram of a magnetic product obtained after magnetic separation of the positive electrode material of a waste lithium ion battery in Example 5 of the present invention.
  • a low-cost cleaning method of the present invention for the positive electrode material of waste lithium ion batteries the process flow chart is shown in Figure 1, and includes the following steps:
  • step (2) Putting the reduction product obtained in step (1) into a ball mill for ball milling to obtain a reduction product powder with a particle size of 1-200 ⁇ m.
  • step (3) The reduction product powder obtained in step (2) is immersed in water, the temperature is 50° C., the water immersion time is 1 h, and the water immersion solid-liquid mass ratio is 1:3, and the lithium element can be enriched by water immersion to In the water leaching solution, filter to obtain water leaching residue and filtrate.
  • the water leaching slag obtained in step (3) is subjected to wet magnetic separation, the magnetic field intensity is 100mT, and the nickel-cobalt enters the magnetic part in an alloy state (the magnetic part is a nickel-cobalt alloy, and the detected Co content is 8.96%, The content of Ni is 90.12%, the content of Mn is 0.32%), the manganese element enters the non-magnetic part in the form of oxide (the non-magnetic part is crude manganese oxide, the content of Mn is 72.38%, the content of Ni is 0.52%, The Co content was 0.35%, and the Li content was 2.28%).
  • step (3) adding ammonia water to the filtrate obtained in step (3) to make the pH value of the solution 7, so that impurity elements are precipitated in the form of precipitation, and then the impurities are removed by filtration separation, and the filtrate after removal of impurities is evaporated and crystallized to obtain LiOH product.
  • the recovery rate of Co element is 99.56%
  • the recovery rate of Ni element is 99.62%
  • the recovery rate of manganese is 90.32%
  • the recovery rate of Li element is 95.07%.
  • a low-cost cleaning method of the present invention for the positive electrode material of waste lithium ion batteries the process flow chart is shown in Figure 1, and includes the following steps:
  • step (2) Putting the reduction product obtained in step (1) into a ball mill for ball milling to obtain a reduction product powder with a particle size of 1-200 ⁇ m.
  • step (3) The reduction product powder obtained in step (2) is immersed in water, the water immersion temperature is 60° C., the water immersion time is 0.5h, the water immersion solid-liquid mass ratio is 1:4, and the lithium element is enriched by water immersion. Collected in water leaching solution, filtered to obtain water leaching residue and filtrate.
  • the water leaching slag obtained in step (3) is subjected to wet magnetic separation, the magnetic field intensity is 50mT, nickel and cobalt enter the magnetic part in an alloy state, and manganese element enters the non-magnetic part in the form of oxide.
  • the magnetic part is a nickel-cobalt alloy, the content of Co is 11.98%, the content of Ni is 87.28%, and the content of Mn is 0.25%.
  • the non-magnetic part is crude manganese oxide, the content of Mn is 49.26%, the content of Ni is 0.23%, the content of Co is 0.39%, the content of Al is 7.88%, and the content of Li is 0.98%.
  • step (3) adding ammonia water to the filtrate obtained in step (3) to make the solution pH 7, so that impurity elements such as aluminum are precipitated in the form of precipitation, and then the impurities are removed by filtration separation, and the filtrate after removing the impurities is evaporated and crystallized to obtain LiOH products .
  • the recovery rate of Co element is 99.72%
  • the recovery rate of Ni element is 99.88%
  • the recovery rate of manganese is 94.36%
  • the recovery rate of Li element is 98.26%.
  • a low-cost method for cleaning and processing waste lithium-ion battery positive electrode materials of the present invention includes the following steps:
  • step (2) Putting the reduction product obtained in step (1) into a ball mill for ball milling to obtain a reduction product powder with a particle size of 1-200 ⁇ m.
  • step (3) The reduction product powder obtained in step (2) is immersed in water, the water immersion temperature is 70° C., the water immersion time is 2 hours, the water immersion solid-liquid mass ratio is 1:5, and the lithium element is enriched by water immersion into the water leaching solution and filtering to obtain water leaching residue and filtrate.
  • step (3) the water leaching slag obtained in step (3) is subjected to wet magnetic separation, the magnetic field intensity is 200mT, and the nickel-cobalt enters the magnetic part in an alloy state (after testing, the content of Co in the magnetic part is 32.88%, the content of Ni is 66.56%, the content of Mn is 0.28%), manganese element enters the non-magnetic part in the form of oxide (after testing, the content of Mn in this part is 72.03%, the content of Ni is 0.25%, the content of Co is 0.32%, Li content of 2.36%).
  • the recovery rate of Co element is 99.52%
  • the recovery rate of Ni element is 99.83%
  • the recovery rate of manganese is 92.96%
  • the recovery rate of Li element is 95.91%.
  • Embodiment 4 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 4:
  • a low-cost method for cleaning and processing waste lithium-ion battery positive electrode materials of the present invention includes the following steps:
  • step (2) Putting the reduction product obtained in step (1) into a ball mill for ball milling to obtain a reduction product powder with a particle size of 1-200 ⁇ m.
  • step (3) immersing the reduction product powder obtained in step (2), the immersion temperature is 80° C., the immersion time is 3h, the solid-liquid mass ratio of the immersion is 1:3, and the lithium element is enriched by the immersion. into the water leaching solution and filtering to obtain water leaching residue and filtrate.
  • step (3) the water leaching slag obtained in step (3) is subjected to wet magnetic separation, the magnetic field intensity is 300mT, and the nickel and cobalt enter the magnetic part in an alloy state (after testing, the content of Co in the magnetic part is 12.18%, the content of Ni is 87.07%, the content of Mn is 0.35%), manganese element enters the non-magnetic part in the form of oxide (after testing, the content of Mn in this part is 44.9%, the content of Ni is 0.32%, the content of Co is 0.66%, and the content of Al The content of Li is 12.38%, and the content of Li is 2.11%).
  • step (3) adding ammonia water to the filtrate obtained in step (3) to make the pH value of the solution 9, so that impurity elements such as aluminum are precipitated in the form of precipitation, and then the impurities are removed by filtration separation, and the filtrate after removing the impurities is evaporated and crystallized to obtain LiOH products.
  • the recovery rate of Co element is 99.48%
  • the recovery rate of Ni element is 99.72%
  • the recovery rate of manganese is 90.21%
  • the recovery rate of Li element is 96.32%.
  • a low-cost method for cleaning and processing waste lithium-ion battery positive electrode materials of the present invention includes the following steps:
  • step (2) Putting the reduction product obtained in step (1) into a ball mill for ball milling to obtain a reduction product powder with a particle size of 1-200 ⁇ m.
  • step (3) immersing the reduction product powder obtained in step (2) with water immersion temperature of 50° C., water immersion time of 1 h, and water immersion solid-liquid mass ratio of 1:2, and enriching lithium element by water immersion into the water leaching solution and filtering to obtain water leaching residue and filtrate.
  • step (3) The water leaching slag obtained in step (3) is subjected to wet magnetic separation, the magnetic field intensity is 100mT, and nickel and cobalt enter the magnetic part in an alloy state.
  • the SEM photo and mapping diagram of the magnetic part product are shown in Figure 3.
  • element composition analysis is shown in Table 2, the content of Co in the magnetic part is 12.58%, the content of Ni is 86.03%, the content of Mn is 0.48%, the manganese element enters the non-magnetic part in the form of oxide, and its metal element composition
  • the composition is shown in Table 3.
  • the content of Mn in this part is 38.22%, the content of Ni is 0.55%, the content of Co is 0.29%, the content of Al is 18.77%, and the content of Li is 4.79%.
  • the recovery rate of Co element is 99.78%
  • the recovery rate of Ni element is 99.66%
  • the recovery rate of manganese is 88.94%
  • the recovery rate of Li element is 95.68%.
  • a low-cost method for cleaning and processing waste lithium-ion battery positive electrode materials of the present invention includes the following steps:
  • waste lithium battery positive electrode material a mixture of nickel cobalt oxide lithium positive electrode material, nickel manganate lithium positive electrode material and nickel cobalt aluminum aluminate positive electrode material obtained after pretreatment, and drying the waste and old lithium ion battery after drying
  • the positive electrode material was placed in a reduction furnace, and hydrogen was introduced into the reduction furnace under an argon protective atmosphere (the hydrogen flow rate was 100 ml/min), the reduction temperature was 900 °C, and the hydrogen reduction time was 2 h.
  • step (2) Putting the reduction product obtained in step (1) into a ball mill for ball milling to obtain a reduction product powder with a particle size of 1-200 ⁇ m.
  • the reduction product powder obtained in the step (2) is subjected to water immersion, the water immersion temperature is 90° C., the water immersion time is 2h, the water immersion solid-liquid mass ratio is 1:3, and the lithium element is enriched by water immersion into the water leaching solution and filtering to obtain water leaching residue and filtrate.
  • step (3) the water leaching slag obtained in step (3) is subjected to wet magnetic separation, the magnetic field intensity is 100mT, and nickel and cobalt enter the magnetic part in an alloy state (after testing, the content of Co in the magnetic part is 11.23%, the content of Ni is 87.96%, the content of Mn is 0.33%), manganese element enters the non-magnetic part in the form of oxide (the content of Mn in this part is 46.77%, the content of Ni is 0.35%, the content of Co is 0.58%, and the content of Al is 0.58%.
  • the content of Li is 10.28%, and the content of Li is 1.22%).
  • the recovery rate of Co element is 99.76%
  • the recovery rate of Ni element is 99.55%
  • the recovery rate of manganese is 90.02%
  • the recovery rate of Li element is 97.64%.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé peu coûteux de traitement propre d'un matériau d'électrode positive d'une batterie au lithium-ion usagée. Le procédé consiste : à réaliser une réduction à haute température sur le matériau d'électrode positive prétraité d'une batterie au lithium-ion usagée, et à broyer le matériau réduit, de façon à obtenir un produit de réduction ayant une taille de particule < 200 μm ; à réaliser une lixiviation à l'eau sur le produit de réduction, et à réaliser une séparation solide-liquide, de façon à obtenir un résidu de lixiviation à l'eau et un filtrat ; à effectuer un tri et une séparation magnétiques sur le résidu de lixiviation à l'eau, de manière à obtenir un alliage magnétique de nickel-cobalt et un oxyde de manganèse non magnétique ; et à éliminer les impuretés du filtrat, et à évaporer et cristalliser le filtrat après élimination des impuretés, de manière à obtenir un produit LiOH. Selon la présente invention, le matériau d'électrode positive de batterie au lithium-ion est soumis à une réduction sélective en utilisant de l'hydrogène, et un élément lithium dans le produit de réduction est facilement dissous dans une solution aqueuse ; au moyen d'une lixiviation à l'eau unique, le taux de lixiviation du lithium peut atteindre 95 % ou plus sans lixiviation à segments multiples, ce qui permet d'obtenir un taux de récupération élevé de l'élément lithium, et de simplifier le flux de traitement.
PCT/CN2021/108588 2020-12-15 2021-07-27 Procédé de traitement de matériau d'électrode positive de batterie au lithium usagée WO2022127117A1 (fr)

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CN116231140A (zh) * 2023-03-10 2023-06-06 昆明理工大学 废旧镍钴锰三元锂电池正极材料微波-超声波-磁选-酸浸协同回收有价金属的方法
US11876196B2 (en) 2020-08-24 2024-01-16 Green Li-Ion Pte. Ltd. Process for removing impurities in the recycling of lithium-ion batteries
CN117467842A (zh) * 2023-03-03 2024-01-30 江苏师范大学 一种废旧锂离子电池正极材料中有价金属的回收方法
US12024755B2 (en) 2023-04-17 2024-07-02 Green Li-Ion Pte. Ltd. Process and system for recovering lithium from lithium-ion batteries

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CN113617518B (zh) * 2021-06-28 2023-12-15 北京当升材料科技股份有限公司 湿法去除锂电正极材料高铁料中磁性异物的方法
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CN113582153A (zh) * 2021-09-30 2021-11-02 中南大学 一种修复再生的废旧磷酸铁锂正极材料及其修复再生方法
ES2945487A1 (es) * 2021-12-31 2023-07-03 Consejo Superior Investigacion Procedimiento para la obtención de Li, Ni y Co a partir de baterías de ion litio desechadas
KR102525089B1 (ko) * 2022-03-11 2023-04-24 한국선별기 주식회사 폐내화갑으로부터 니켈, 코발트, 리튬을 회수하는 방법

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