WO2022110274A1 - 一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法 - Google Patents

一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法 Download PDF

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WO2022110274A1
WO2022110274A1 PCT/CN2020/133832 CN2020133832W WO2022110274A1 WO 2022110274 A1 WO2022110274 A1 WO 2022110274A1 CN 2020133832 W CN2020133832 W CN 2020133832W WO 2022110274 A1 WO2022110274 A1 WO 2022110274A1
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permanent magnet
rotor
magnetic
harmonics
magnetic field
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French (fr)
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徐亮
赵文祥
蒋婷婷
刘国海
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Jiangsu University
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Jiangsu University
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K21/00Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets
    • H02K21/02Details
    • H02K21/021Means for mechanical adjustment of the excitation flux
    • H02K21/028Means for mechanical adjustment of the excitation flux by modifying the magnetic circuit within the field or the armature, e.g. by using shunts, by adjusting the magnets position, by vectorial combination of field or armature sections
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64Electric machine technologies in electromobility

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  • the invention relates to a loss analysis and suppression method of a magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor, belongs to the field of motors, and is particularly suitable for motor systems requiring high torque and high efficiency, such as electric vehicles, ship propulsion and wind power generation.
  • the direct-drive permanent magnet motor can save the intermediate transmission mechanism such as gearbox and has the advantages of high reliability, high efficiency and low vibration and noise.
  • direct-drive permanent magnet motors have been used in various industries including electric vehicle in-wheel motors, large wind turbines and ship propulsion systems.
  • the rapid development of electric vehicles, ship propulsion and wind power generation also requires higher and higher performance of motor systems.
  • miniaturization and light weight are the development trends of electric vehicle drive motors.
  • the torque density of the drive motor is the key.
  • the in-wheel motor drive method installs the drive motor in the wheel, which can omit a large number of transmission components, make the vehicle structure simpler, and realize the advantages of a complex electric vehicle drive method.
  • the narrow space in the wheel requires the motor to have a high torque density.
  • various new permanent magnet motor structures such as double stator permanent magnet motors, double rotor permanent magnet motors, axial flux permanent magnet motors, and transverse flux permanent magnet motors.
  • the magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor is a new type of permanent magnet motor, and its working principle is different from that of the conventional permanent magnet motor.
  • Traditional permanent magnet motors only use a single magnetic field harmonic to generate torque, and there are a large number of useless magnetic field harmonics in the air gap that cannot be used to generate torque.
  • the magnetic field modulated permanent magnet motor operates on the basis of the magnetic gear effect and can take advantage of various magnetic field harmonic components in the air gap, thus having the advantage of high torque density.
  • the research results show that the torque density of the magnetic field modulated permanent magnet motor has obvious advantages compared with the conventional permanent magnet motor under the same conditions, and the structure of the magnetic field modulated permanent magnet motor adopts the torque boosting technology such as double rotor, double stator and axial magnetic flux.
  • the structure of the permanent magnet motor is relatively simple, so it has received extensive attention in the direct drive permanent magnet motor system.
  • the magnetic field harmonic content of the magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor is rich, among which various magnetic field harmonics can generate torque. Under the cooperative work of various magnetic field harmonic magnetic fields, the average torque of the motor can be greatly improved. But it is worth noting that the harmonic magnetic field of the magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor is rich, which will lead to the increase of the electromagnetic loss of the motor. The high loss of the motor will cause the temperature of the motor to rise, which will reduce the performance of the motor and shorten the service life of the motor. The rich magnetic field harmonics and the magnetic gear effect of the magnetic field modulated permanent magnet motor make it very difficult to carry out accurate loss analysis. On the other hand, simply suppressing the magnetic field harmonic content will result in a reduction in motor torque, losing the advantages of field-modulated permanent magnet motors.
  • the rich magnetic field harmonics improve its torque density, but at the same time it will cause high losses to affect the performance and operation of the motor. Therefore, in addition to considering the torque density when designing a magnetic field modulated permanent magnet motor, its loss also needs to be studied.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to propose a loss analysis and suppression method of the magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor in view of the deficiencies in the loss analysis and suppression of the existing magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor.
  • the stator, rotor, permanent magnet and winding structure of the magnetic field modulated permanent magnet motor the magnetomotive force and permeance model are established, and the magnetic field harmonic distribution of the armature winding and the permanent magnet air gap is deduced; the order, frequency and magnetic field harmonics are analyzed.
  • Rotation characteristics determine whether each magnetic field harmonics can contribute to torque and loss; calculate the contribution of each magnetic field harmonics to torque and loss, and find out the high-hazard magnetic field harmonics that generate loss but not torque .
  • the invention analyzes the action mechanism of the magnetic field harmonics of the magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor on the loss, can quantitatively calculate the contribution value of the magnetic field harmonics to the loss and torque, and at the same time can directionally suppress the high-harm magnetic field harmonics, so as to ensure the high torque of the motor Loss suppression effect under the premise of density.
  • the motor of the present invention is realized by adopting the following technical solutions: a loss analysis and suppression method of a magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor, comprising the following steps:
  • Step 1 Ignore the magnetic field generated by the armature winding on the stator and the cogging structure on the stator, and only consider the magnetic flux path formed by the permanent magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet on the rotor; according to the symmetry and periodicity of the rotor magnetic circuit, select the rotor structure
  • the basic unit establishes the permanent magnet magnetomotive force expression
  • Step 2 Ignore the permanent magnet magnetic field on the rotor, only consider the cogging structure on the stator and the connection and energization mode of the armature windings, establish the magnetomotive force expression of the armature windings of each phase in turn, and calculate the magnetomotive force of the armature windings of each phase.
  • the mathematical expressions are added together to obtain the synthetic armature winding magnetomotive force expression considering the stator cogging effect;
  • Step 3 Considering the unequal magnetic permeability of the teeth and slots on the stator on the circumference of the motor air gap, select the basic unit of the tooth and slot structure on the stator, and establish the stator permeability expression;
  • Step 4 The permanent magnets on the rotor are attached to the rotor core, and the permeance of the rotor core does not change with time and space as a constant, and the stator and rotor permeance expressions can be obtained by multiplying the stator permeance and the rotor permeance;
  • Step 5 Multiply the permanent magnet magnetomotive force, the stator and rotor permeability and the permeability coefficient to obtain the permanent magnet air gap flux density expression
  • Step 6 Multiply the magnetomotive force of the synthetic armature winding considering the stator cogging effect and the permeance of the rotor to obtain the expression of the air-gap flux density of the armature winding;
  • Step 7 Identify the harmonics of the air gap flux density that can contribute to the average torque and those that cannot contribute to the average torque; analyze and compare the order and rotational speed of the harmonic components of the permanent magnet air gap flux density and the armature winding air gap flux density, When the speed and order of the two magnetic density harmonics are equal, the magnetic density harmonic can contribute to the average torque for the working wave, otherwise it cannot contribute to the average torque for the non-working wave;
  • Step 8 Identify the air-gap flux density harmonics that contribute to the average torque and those that cannot contribute to the average torque; analyze the permanent magnet air-gap flux density and the armature winding air-gap flux density harmonics relative to the rotor rotational speed, which is equal to the rotor rotational speed The magnetic density harmonics do not generate rotor loss, and the magnetic density harmonics that are not equal to the rotation speed of the rotor generate rotor loss; the rotor loss is calculated by the calculation formula of rotor core loss and permanent magnet eddy current loss;
  • Step 9 For the air-gap flux density harmonics that generate losses but do not contribute to the average torque, design several magnetic flux barriers on the motor rotor to increase the reluctance on the magnetic flux path of the armature windings that generate high-hazard magnetic field harmonics, so that Reduce the content of high-hazard harmonics to ensure that the air-gap flux density harmonics contributing to the average torque are not affected.
  • F PMn is the Fourier coefficient
  • is the circumferential position of the motor air gap
  • P r is the number of pole pairs of the rotor permanent magnet
  • n is a positive odd number.
  • step 2 if it is a five-phase centralized winding, the five-phase windings are successively passed into sinusoidal currents with a mutual difference of ⁇ /5 electrical angle, and the synthetic armature winding magnetomotive force F aq ( ⁇ , t considering the stator cogging effect) ) expression is:
  • F aq is the magnitude of the magnetomotive force of the armature winding
  • N is the number of turns of each set of windings
  • I max is the amplitude of the alternating current
  • ⁇ PM is the rotational speed of the stator relative to the rotor and the permanent magnet
  • q is the magnetic force of the armature winding.
  • Potential harmonic order P r is the number of pole pairs of the rotor permanent magnet
  • r is a positive integer
  • ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are the coordinate positions 1 and 2 on both sides of the first stator split tooth of phase A, the difference between ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 The value is the width of a split tooth
  • t is the time.
  • step 3 the expression of the stator permeance ⁇ s ( ⁇ , t) is:
  • ⁇ 0 and ⁇ k are the Fourier coefficients, k is a positive integer, ⁇ PM is the rotational speed of the stator relative to the rotor and the permanent magnet, ⁇ 0 is the initial position of the rotor, and N s is the number of stator teeth;
  • step 4 the permanent magnets on the rotor are attached to the rotor core, and the rotor magnetic permeability ⁇ or ( ⁇ , t) is expressed as:
  • ⁇ r1 is the rotor flux
  • step 5 the permanent magnetic air gap flux density B PM ( ⁇ , t) is expressed as:
  • F PMn is the Fourier coefficient
  • g is the equivalent air gap thickness
  • ⁇ 0 is the vacuum permeability
  • step 6 the armature winding air gap flux density B or ( ⁇ , t) is expressed as:
  • step 7 is:
  • Step 7.1 The permanent magnet air gap flux density contains two types of flux density harmonics: the order is nP r , the rotational speed is 0, the angular frequency is 0, the order is
  • , and the rotational speed is kN s ⁇ PM / (P r ⁇ kN s ), angular frequency kN s f_ PM ; the armature winding flux density contains two types of flux density harmonics: order is q 10r-9, rotational speed is (qP r ) ⁇ PM /q, angular frequency is
  • f_ PM , the order is q 10r-1, the rotational speed is (q+P r ) ⁇ PM /q, and the angular frequency is
  • Step 7.2 The average torque contributed by harmonics with the same order and rotational speed is calculated as:
  • B v is the magnetic density amplitude of the permanent magnet air gap of the v order
  • a Wv is the electric load harmonic amplitude of the v order
  • D ri is the diameter of the air gap
  • a is the axial length of the motor
  • ⁇ v is The phase angle between the v-order permanent magnet air-gap flux density harmonics and the electrical load harmonics, the average torque of the magnetic field-modulated permanent magnet motor can be obtained by adding the average torques contributed by the air-gap flux density harmonics;
  • the electrical load harmonic A Wv can be expressed as:
  • m is the number of phases of the motor armature winding
  • kwv is the winding factor of the v order
  • N is the number of turns of the motor winding
  • I max is the amplitude of the alternating current passing through the armature winding.
  • step 8 select the representative points on the rotor core and the permanent magnet, use the finite element method to calculate the change of the magnetic density of the representative point with time, and determine the representative point according to the change period of the armature current and the space change period of the permanent magnet.
  • the period of the point magnetic density changing with time, the harmonic analysis is performed on the representative point magnetic density, and the amplitude, order and angular frequency of each magnetic density harmonic are calculated:
  • Step 8.1 Calculate the permanent magnet eddy current loss and rotor core loss of the motor according to the amplitude, order and angular frequency of each magnetic density harmonic at the representative point.
  • the calculation formula of the permanent magnet eddy current loss is:
  • a, b and d are the axial length, width and thickness of the permanent magnet, respectively, ⁇ is the electrical conductivity of the permanent magnet, ⁇ k is the magnetic density harmonic rotation speed of order k, and B PMk is the order of The magnetic density harmonic amplitude of k;
  • Step 8.2 The core loss calculation formula is:
  • a e is the core eddy current loss coefficient
  • a h is the core hysteresis loss coefficient
  • f k is the alternating frequency of the k-order magnetic density harmonic
  • B Corek is the k-order rotor core magnetic density amplitude.
  • step 9 compare the angular frequency of the magnetic density harmonics of the permanent magnet and the rotor core with the angular frequency of the armature winding and the air gap magnetic density of the permanent magnet, and determine the permanent magnet and the The rotor core magnetic density is generated by which air-gap magnetic density harmonics, and then calculate the permanent magnet and iron core losses generated by each air-gap magnetic density harmonic, and identify the air-gap magnetic density harmonics that generate a lot of losses without contributing to the average torque Wave Components:
  • Step 9.1 Design P r magnetic flux barriers on the motor rotor.
  • the calculation formula of the motor rotor magnetic permeability ⁇ pr ( ⁇ , t) is:
  • is the width of the magnetic flux barrier
  • ⁇ 1 is the rotor permeability amplitude
  • T is twice the pole pitch of the permanent magnet
  • Step 9.2 After designing P r magnetic flux barriers on the rotor, the calculation formula of the air gap flux density harmonics of the armature winding is:
  • the present invention establishes a magnetomotive force and a magnetic permeability model according to the stator, rotor, permanent magnet and winding structure of a magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor, and derives the harmonic distribution of the armature winding and the permanent magnetic air gap magnetic field; by analyzing the magnetic field harmonics
  • the order, frequency and rotation characteristics can quickly determine whether each magnetic field harmonic can contribute to the torque loss. It avoids the blindness of the traditional parameter scanning analysis and design method, points out the direction for the loss analysis and suppression of the magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor, reduces the workload of motor design, and shortens the optimization design cycle of the motor.
  • the present invention constructs the conversion mechanism of air gap flux density harmonics and permanent magnet and rotor core harmonic flux density, establishes an analysis and calculation model based on the harmonic angle of permanent magnet and rotor core loss, and can analyze and calculate each air gap flux density.
  • the contribution value of the dense harmonics to the loss can be determined, and the high-hazard magnetic field harmonics that only generate loss but do not contribute to the torque can be identified, which lays a solid foundation for realizing the loss suppression under the premise of ensuring the motor torque density.
  • the present invention establishes a rotor permeability model considering the rotor magnetic flux barrier, analyzes the action mechanism of the magnetic flux barrier on the rotor on the harmonics of the armature winding, and proposes an optimal design method for the rotor magnetic flux barrier, which can be used without affecting the contribution torque.
  • the harmonics of the motor it can effectively suppress the harmonics of the armature winding with high hazard, so as to reduce the loss while ensuring the high torque density of the motor.
  • the magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor designed by the loss analysis and suppression method of the present invention has better torque performance and lower loss.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an object of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a basic unit of a rotor structure and a permanent magnet magnetomotive force without a magnetic flux barrier according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 3 is the connection schematic diagram of the armature winding of the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the magnetomotive force of each phase armature winding according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a basic unit of a stator cogging structure and a stator flux guide according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a rotor flux permeance without a magnetic flux barrier according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 7 is the harmonic analysis of the magnetic density of the permanent magnetic air gap without the magnetic flux barrier according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 is the harmonic analysis of the air gap magnetic density of the armature winding without the magnetic flux barrier according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is the contribution of the air gap magnetic density harmonics to the average torque without the magnetic flux barrier according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of the basic unit of the rotor structure and the rotor magnetic permeability under the magnetic flux barrier according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 16 is a comparison of average torque and torque ripple with or without a flux barrier according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the object of the embodiment of the present invention is a five-phase magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor, including a motor stator 1 and a motor rotor 2.
  • An air gap 4 is provided between the motor stator 1 and the motor rotor 2, and the motor stator 1 is wound on the top.
  • the armature winding 3 is made; the motor stator 1 contains 20 stator teeth 11, each stator tooth 11 is split into 2 split teeth 13, and each split tooth 13 has split slots 12 on both sides, and there are a total of 40 on the motor stator 1.
  • a method for analyzing and suppressing loss of a magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor characterized in that it includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 Ignore the magnetic field generated by the armature winding on the stator and the cogging structure on the stator, and only consider the magnetic flux path formed by the permanent magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet on the rotor; according to the symmetry and periodicity of the rotor magnetic circuit, select the rotor structure
  • the basic unit establishes the permanent magnet magnetomotive force expression
  • Step 2 Ignore the permanent magnet magnetic field on the rotor, only consider the cogging structure on the stator and the connection and energization mode of the armature windings, establish the magnetomotive force expression of the armature windings of each phase in turn, and calculate the magnetomotive force of the armature windings of each phase.
  • the mathematical expressions are added together to obtain the synthetic armature winding magnetomotive force expression considering the stator cogging effect;
  • Step 3 Considering the unequal magnetic permeability of the teeth and slots on the stator on the circumference of the motor air gap, select the basic unit of the tooth and slot structure on the stator, and establish the stator permeability expression;
  • Step 4 The permanent magnets on the rotor are attached to the rotor core, and the permeance of the rotor core does not change with time and space as a constant.
  • the rotor permeance is shown in Figure 6.
  • the stator and rotor permeance can be expressed by multiplying the stator and rotor permeance. Mode;
  • Step 5 Multiply the permanent magnet magnetomotive force, the stator and rotor permeability and the permeability coefficient to obtain the permanent magnet air gap flux density expression:
  • Step 6 Multiply the magnetomotive force of the synthetic armature winding considering the stator cogging effect and the permeance of the rotor to obtain the expression of the air-gap flux density of the armature winding;
  • Step 7 Identify the harmonics of the air gap flux density that can contribute to the average torque and those that cannot contribute to the average torque; analyze and compare the order and rotational speed of the harmonic components of the permanent magnet air gap flux density and the armature winding air gap flux density, When the speed and order of the two magnetic density harmonics are equal, the magnetic density harmonic can contribute to the average torque for the working wave, otherwise it cannot contribute to the average torque for the non-working wave;
  • Step 8 Identify the air-gap flux density harmonics that contribute to the average torque and those that cannot contribute to the average torque; analyze the permanent magnet air-gap flux density and the armature winding air-gap flux density harmonics relative to the rotor rotational speed, which is equal to the rotor rotational speed
  • the magnetic density harmonics of 2000 do not produce rotor loss, and the magnetic density harmonics that are not equal to the rotation speed of the rotor produce rotor loss; the rotor loss is calculated by the calculation formula of rotor core loss and permanent magnet eddy current loss.
  • Step 9 For the air-gap flux density harmonics that generate losses but do not contribute to the average torque, design several magnetic flux barriers on the motor rotor to increase the reluctance on the magnetic flux path of the armature windings that generate high-hazard magnetic field harmonics, so that Reduce the content of high-hazard harmonics to ensure that the air-gap flux density harmonics contributing to the average torque are not affected.
  • Step 1 The expression of permanent magnet magnetomotive force F PM ( ⁇ ) is:
  • F PMn is the Fourier coefficient
  • is the circumferential position of the motor air gap
  • P r is the number of pole pairs of the rotor permanent magnet
  • n is a positive odd number.
  • Step 2 It is a five-phase centralized winding, and the A, B, C, D, E five-phase windings are sequentially passed into sinusoidal currents with a mutual difference of ⁇ /5 electrical angle as follows:
  • N is the number of turns of each set of windings
  • I max is the amplitude of the alternating current
  • ⁇ PM is the rotational speed of the stator relative to the rotor and the permanent magnet
  • q is the armature winding magnetomotive force harmonic order
  • r is a positive integer
  • ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are the coordinate positions 1 and 2 on both sides of the first stator split tooth of phase A
  • the difference between ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 is the width of one split tooth
  • ⁇ 0 is the initial position of the rotor
  • t is the time.
  • Step 3 As shown in Figure 5, the stator permeability expression is:
  • ⁇ 0 and ⁇ k are the Fourier coefficients, k is a positive integer, ⁇ PM is the rotational speed of the stator relative to the rotor and the permanent magnet, ⁇ 0 is the initial position of the rotor, and N s is the number of stator teeth;
  • Step 4 The permanent magnets on the rotor are attached to the rotor core.
  • the rotor magnetic permeability ⁇ or ( ⁇ , t) is expressed as:
  • ⁇ r1 is the rotor permeance.
  • Step 5 The permanent magnetic air gap flux density B PM ( ⁇ , t) is expressed as:
  • F PMn is the Fourier coefficient
  • g is the equivalent air gap thickness
  • ⁇ 0 is the vacuum permeability
  • Step 6 The expression of the armature winding air gap flux density B or ( ⁇ , t) is:
  • step 7 is:
  • the permanent magnet air gap flux density contains two types of flux density harmonics: the order is nP r , the rotational speed is 0, the angular frequency is 0, the order is
  • , the rotational speed is is kN s ⁇ PM /(P r ⁇ kN s ), the angular frequency kN s f_ PM ; as shown in Figure 8, the armature winding flux density includes two types of flux density harmonics: the order is q 10r-9, the rotational speed is (qP r ) ⁇ PM /q, the angular frequency is
  • f_ PM , the order is q 10r-1, the rotational speed is (q+P r ) ⁇ PM /q, and the angular frequency is
  • f_PM is the permanent magnet frequency
  • Step 7.2 The average torque contributed by harmonics with the same order and rotational speed is calculated as:
  • B v is the magnetic density amplitude of the permanent magnet air gap of the v order
  • a Wv is the electric load harmonic amplitude of the v order
  • D ri is the diameter of the air gap
  • a is the axial length of the motor
  • ⁇ v is The phase angle between the v-order permanent magnet air-gap flux density harmonics and the electrical load harmonics.
  • the average torque of the magnetic field-modulated permanent magnet motor can be obtained by summing the average torques contributed by the harmonics of the air-gap flux density, as shown in Figure 9.
  • the electrical load harmonic A Wv can be expressed as:
  • m is the number of phases of the motor armature winding
  • kwv is the winding factor of the v order
  • N is the number of turns of the motor winding
  • I max is the amplitude of the alternating current passing through the armature winding.
  • step 8 is as follows. Select the representative points on the rotor core and permanent magnet, and use the finite element method to calculate the variation of the magnetic density of the representative points with time, as shown in Figures 10(a) and 11(a). According to the change period of the armature current and the space change period of the permanent magnet, the period of the magnetic density of the representative point changing with time is determined, and the harmonic analysis of the magnetic density of the representative point is carried out to calculate the amplitude, order and angular frequency of the harmonics of each magnetic density. As shown in Figures 10(b) and 11(b).
  • Step 8.1 The calculation formula of permanent magnet eddy current loss is:
  • a, b and d are the axial length, width and thickness of the permanent magnet, respectively, ⁇ is the electrical conductivity of the permanent magnet, ⁇ k is the magnetic density harmonic rotation speed of order k, and B PMk is the order of The magnetic density harmonic amplitude of k.
  • the eddy current loss of the permanent magnet of the motor can be calculated by substituting the amplitude, order and angular frequency of each magnetic density harmonic at the representative point of the permanent magnet, as shown in Figure 12(a).
  • Step 8.2 The core loss calculation formula is:
  • a e is the core eddy current loss coefficient
  • a h is the core hysteresis loss coefficient
  • f k is the alternating frequency of the k-order magnetic density harmonic
  • B Corek is the k-order rotor core magnetic density amplitude.
  • the rotor core loss of the motor can be calculated by substituting the amplitude, order and angular frequency of each magnetic density harmonic at the representative point of the rotor core, as shown in Figure 12(b).
  • step 9 the specific calculation method of step 9 is as follows. Compare the angular frequency of the magnetic density harmonics of the permanent magnet and rotor core with the angular frequency of the magnetic density harmonics of the armature winding and the permanent magnet air gap, and determine which air gaps the magnetic density of the permanent magnet and the rotor core is composed of by the difference of the angular frequency of each harmonic. The magnetic density harmonics are generated, and then the permanent magnet and iron core losses generated by the air gap magnetic density harmonics are calculated. Identify the harmonic components of the air gap flux density that generate significant losses without contributing to the average torque.
  • Step 9.1 Design P r magnetic flux barriers on the rotor of the motor (Fig. 13). At this time, the calculation formula of the magnetic permeability of the rotor of the motor is:
  • ⁇ 1 is the rotor permeability amplitude
  • T is twice the pole pitch of the permanent magnet.
  • Step 9.2 After designing P r magnetic flux barriers on the rotor, the calculation formula of the air gap flux density harmonics of the armature winding is:
  • FIG. 14 is the harmonic analysis of the air-gap flux density of the armature winding with or without the magnetic flux barrier according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the designed rotor flux barrier structure effectively suppresses the generation of high-harm harmonics (1st harmonic), while other harmonics are basically unaffected.
  • FIG. 15 is a comparison of the loss of the permanent magnet and the rotor core with or without the magnetic flux barrier in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 16 is a comparison of average torque and torque ripple with or without a flux barrier according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the embodiment of the present invention can suppress the loss on the premise of ensuring the torque density of the motor.
  • the present invention discloses a loss analysis and suppression method of a magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor.
  • the stator, rotor, permanent magnet and winding structure of the magnetic field modulated permanent magnet motor According to the stator, rotor, permanent magnet and winding structure of the magnetic field modulated permanent magnet motor, the magnetomotive force and permeance model are established, and the magnetic field harmonic distribution of the armature winding and the permanent magnet air gap is deduced; the order, frequency and magnetic field harmonics are analyzed.
  • Rotation characteristics determine whether each magnetic field harmonic can contribute to torque and loss; calculate the contribution value of each magnetic field harmonic to torque and loss, and find out the high-hazard magnetic field harmonic that only produces loss but not torque Wave.
  • the invention analyzes the action mechanism of the magnetic field harmonics of the magnetic field modulation permanent magnet motor on the loss, can quantitatively calculate the contribution value of the magnetic field harmonics to the loss and torque, and at the same time can directionally suppress the high-harm magnetic field harmonics, so as to ensure the high torque of the motor Loss suppression effect under the premise of density.

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  • Permanent Field Magnets Of Synchronous Machinery (AREA)
  • Permanent Magnet Type Synchronous Machine (AREA)

Abstract

一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,根据磁场调制永磁电机的定子(1)、转子(2)、永磁体(21)和电枢绕组(3)结构,建立磁动势、磁导模型,推导出电枢绕组(3)和永磁气隙磁场谐波分布;分析磁场谐波阶次、频率和旋转特性,判别出各次磁场谐波能否对转矩和损耗产生贡献;计算各次磁场谐波对转矩和损耗的贡献值,探明产生损耗却不产生转矩的高危害磁场谐波。设计转子磁通屏障结构,分析磁通屏障对磁场谐波的调节作用,增加电枢绕组(3)产生高危害磁场谐波的磁通路径上磁阻,有针对性性降低高危害电枢绕组(3)磁场谐波分量,而不影响产生转矩的磁场谐波分量。该方法能定向抑制高危害磁场谐波,从而达到保证电机高转矩密度前提下的损耗抑制效果。

Description

一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法 技术领域
本发明涉及到磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,属于电机领域,具体适用于电动汽车、舰船推进和风力发电等要求高转矩高效率的电机系统。
背景技术
直驱式永磁电机可省去齿轮箱等中间传动机构具有可靠性高、效率高和振动噪音低诸多优点。目前直驱式永磁电机已应用于各行各业包括电动汽车轮毂电机、大型风力发电机和舰船推进系统。然而,电动汽车、舰船推进和风力发电的快速发展对电机系统性能要求也越来越高。举例来说,小型化、轻量化是电动汽车驱动电机的发展趋势,同时为保证驱动电机在小型化、轻量化下能够为电动汽车提供足够的动力,驱动电机的转矩密度的高低是关键。轮毂电机驱动方式将驱动电机安装于车轮中,能够省略大量传动部件,让车辆结构更简单,实现复杂的电动汽车驱动方式等优点,但是车轮内的空间狭小需要电机具备高转矩密度。为了提高永磁电机的转矩密度各国学者提出了各种新型永磁电机结构,比如双定子永磁电机、双转子永磁电机、轴向磁通永磁电机、横向磁通永磁电机等。这些结构的提出虽然有效提升了永磁电机的转矩密度,但电机的结构复杂,加工制造困难、成本高。
磁场调制永磁电机是一种新型的永磁电机,其工作原理与常规永磁电机存在不同。传统永磁电机仅利用单一的磁场谐波产生转矩,气隙中存在大量的无用磁场谐波无法被利用产生转矩。磁场调制永磁电机基于磁齿轮效应运行,能够利用气隙中的多种磁场谐波成分,从而具有高转矩密度的优点。研究结果表明在同等条件下磁场调制永磁电机的转矩密度相较于常规永磁电机优势明显且磁场调制永磁电机的结构相对采用双转子、双定子、轴向磁通等转矩提升技术的永磁电机结构较为简单,因此在直驱式永磁电机系统中受到了广泛关注。
磁场调制永磁电机的磁场谐波含量丰富,其中多种磁场谐波可以产生转矩,在多种磁场谐波磁场的协同工作下,电机的平均转矩可得到极大提升。但值得注意的是磁场调制永磁电机谐波磁场丰富同时会导致电机电磁损耗的增加。电机的高损耗会导致电机温升高,轻则降低电机性能,缩减电机服役寿命,重则引发电机绕组、永磁体故障,电机无法正常运行。磁场调制永磁电机丰富磁场谐波及其磁齿轮效应导致对其进行准确的损耗分析十分 困难。另一方面,简单地抑制磁场谐波含量会导致电机转矩降低,丧失了磁场调制永磁电机的优点。因此,在降低磁场调制永磁电机损耗时需兼顾对转矩的影响,进一步增加了磁场调制永磁电机损耗抑制难度。然而目前对于磁场调制永磁电机的研究损耗方面的研究很少,缺乏磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法。
综上分析,对于磁场调制永磁电机而言,丰富的磁场谐波提升了其转矩密度,但同时会引发较高的损耗影响电机的性能和运行。因此,在设计磁场调制永磁电机时除需考虑转矩密度以外,其损耗也需重点研究。
发明内容
本发明的目的是,针对现有磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方面的不足,提出一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法。根据磁场调制永磁电机的定子、转子、永磁体和绕组结构,建立磁动势、磁导模型,推导出电枢绕组和永磁气隙磁场谐波分布;分析磁场谐波阶次、频率和旋转特性,判别出各次磁场谐波能否对转矩和损耗产生贡献;计算各次磁场谐波对转矩和损耗的贡献值,探明产生损耗却不产生转矩的高危害磁场谐波。设计转子磁通屏障结构,分析磁通屏障对磁场谐波的调节作用,增加电枢绕组产生高危害磁场谐波的磁通路径上磁阻,有针对性性降低高危害电枢绕组磁场谐波分量,而不影响产生转矩的磁场谐波分量。本发明分析出磁场调制永磁电机磁场谐波对损耗的作用机制,能定量计算磁场谐波对损耗和转矩的贡献值,同时能定向抑制高危害磁场谐波,从而达到保证电机高转矩密度前提下的损耗抑制效果。
具体地说,本发明的电机是采取以下的技术方案来实现的:一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:忽略定子上电枢绕组产生磁场和定子上齿槽结构,仅考虑转子上永磁体产生的永磁磁场形成的磁通路径;根据转子磁路的对称性与周期性,选择出转子结构基本单元,建立永磁磁动势表达式;
步骤2:忽略转子上永磁磁场,仅考虑定子上齿槽结构和电枢绕组连接及通电方式,依次建立各相电枢绕组的磁动势表达式,将各相电枢绕组的磁动势数学表达式相加,得到考虑定子齿槽效应的合成电枢绕组磁动势表达式;
步骤3:考虑定子上齿和槽在电机气隙圆周上磁导不等特性,选择定子上齿槽结构基本单元,建立定子磁导表达式;
步骤4:转子上永磁体表贴于转子铁心上,转子铁心的磁导不随时间空间变化为常数,将定子磁导与转子磁导相乘可得到定转子磁导表达式;
步骤5:将永磁磁动势、定转子磁导与磁导系数相乘得到永磁气隙磁密表达式;
步骤6:将考虑定子齿槽效应的合成电枢绕组磁动势与转子磁导相乘得到电枢绕组气隙磁密表达式;
步骤7:辨别能贡献平均转矩和不能贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波;分析对比永磁气隙磁密和电枢绕组气隙磁密的谐波成分的阶次和旋转速度,当二者磁密谐波的速度和阶次均相等时,该磁密谐波为工作波可以贡献平均转矩,否则为非工作波不能贡献平均转矩;
步骤8:辨别贡献平均转矩和不能贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波;分析永磁气隙磁密与电枢绕组气隙磁密谐波相对转子的旋转速度,与转子旋转速度相等的磁密谐波不产生转子损耗,与转子旋转速度不等的磁密谐波产生转子损耗;利用转子铁心损耗和永磁体涡流损耗计算公式计算转子损耗;
步骤9:针对产生损耗而不贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波,在电机转子上设计若干磁通屏障,增加电枢绕组产生高危害磁场谐波的磁通路径上的磁阻,以降低高危害谐波含量,保证贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波不受影响。
进一步,步骤1中永磁磁动势F PM(θ)表达式的表达式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000001
式中,F PMn为傅里叶系数,θ为电机气隙圆周位置,P r为转子永磁体极对数,n为正奇数。
进一步,步骤2中:假如为五相集中式绕组,五相绕组依次通入互差π/5电角度的正弦电流,考虑定子齿槽效应的合成电枢绕组磁动势F aq(θ,t)表达式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000002
式中,F aq为电枢绕组磁动势幅值,N为每套绕组匝数,I max交流电流幅值,ω PM为定子相对转子及永磁体的旋转速度,q为电枢绕组磁动势谐波阶次,P r为转子永磁体极对数,r为正整数,θ 1和θ 2为A相第一个定子分裂齿两边的坐标位置1和2,θ 1与θ 2的差值为一个分裂齿的宽度,t为时间。
进一步,步骤3中:定子磁导Λ s(θ,t)表达式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000003
式中,Λ 0和Λ k为傅里叶系数,k为正整数,ω PM为定子相对转子及永磁体的旋转速度,θ 0为转子初始位置,N s为定子齿数;
步骤4中:转子上永磁体表贴于转子铁心上,转子磁导Λ or(θ,t)表达式为:
Λ or(θ,t)=Λ r1
其中,Λ r1为转子磁导;
步骤5中:永磁气隙磁密B PM(θ,t)表达式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000004
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000005
式中,F PMn为傅里叶系数,g等效气隙厚度,μ 0为真空磁导率;
步骤6中:电枢绕组气隙磁密B or(θ,t)表达式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000006
进一步,步骤7的具体过程为:
步骤7.1:永磁气隙磁密包含两类磁密谐波:阶次为nP r、转速为0、角频率为0,阶次为|nP r±kN s|、转速为kN sω PM/(P r±kN s)、角频率kN sf_ PM;电枢绕组磁密包含两类磁密谐波:阶次为q=10r-9、转速为(q-P rPM/q、角频率为|q-P r|f_ PM,阶次为q=10r-1、转速为(q+P rPM/q、角频率为|q+P r|f_ PM,其中,f_ PM为永磁体频率,根据气隙磁密谐波和电枢绕组磁密谐波公式确定具有相同阶次和旋转速度的谐波;
步骤7.2:具有相同阶次和旋转速度的谐波贡献的平均转矩的计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000007
式中:B v为v阶次的永磁气隙磁密幅值,A Wv为v阶次的电负荷谐波幅值,D ri为气隙直径,a为电机轴向长度,θ v为v阶次永磁气隙磁密谐波和电负荷谐波的相位夹角,将各次气隙磁密谐波贡献的平均转矩相加可得到磁场调制永磁电机的平均转矩;
电负荷谐波A Wv可以表示为:
A Wv=m(Nk wv)I max/(πD ri)
式中:m为电机电枢绕组相数,k wv为v阶次的绕组因数,N为电机绕组匝数,I max为通入 电枢绕组交流电流的幅值。
进一步,步骤8的具体过程为:选择转子铁心和永磁体上的代表点,利用有限元法计算得到代表点磁密随时间的变化情况,根据电枢电流变化周期和永磁体空间变化周期确定代表点磁密随时间变化的周期,对代表点磁密进行谐波分析,计算各次磁密谐波的幅值、阶次和角频率:
步骤8.1:根据代表点的各次磁密谐波的幅值、阶次和角频率计算得到电机永磁体涡流损耗和转子铁心损耗,永磁体涡流损耗计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000008
式中,a、b和d分别为永磁体的轴向长度、宽度和厚度,σ为永磁体的电导率,ω k是阶次为k的磁密谐波旋转速度,B PMk是阶次为k的磁密谐波幅值;
步骤8.2:铁心损耗计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000009
式中,A e是铁心涡流损耗系数,A h是铁心磁滞损耗系数,f k是k阶次磁密谐波的交变频率,B Corek是k阶次转子铁心磁密的幅值。
进一步,步骤9的具体过程如下:对比永磁体和转子铁心磁密谐波与电枢绕组和永磁体气隙磁密谐波的角频率,通过各次谐波角频率的差异判断出永磁体和转子铁心磁密是由哪些气隙磁密谐波生成,进而计算出各次气隙磁密谐波产生的永磁体和铁心损耗,明确产生大量损耗而不贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波成分:
步骤9.1:在电机转子上设计P r个磁通屏障,此时,电机转子磁导Λ pr(θ,t)计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000010
式中,λ为磁通屏障宽度,Λ 1是转子磁导幅值,T为两倍的永磁体的极距;
步骤9.2:转子上设计了P r个磁通屏障后,电枢绕组气隙磁密谐波的计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000011
优化磁通屏障宽度和长度,增加电枢绕组产生高危害磁场谐波的磁通路径上的磁阻,以降低高危害谐波含量,同时保证贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波不受影响。
有益效果:
本发明采用上述设计方案后,可以具备如下有益效果:
1.本发明根据磁场调制永磁电机的定子、转子、永磁体和绕组结构,建立磁动势、磁导模型,推导出电枢绕组和永磁气隙磁场谐波分布;通过分析磁场谐波阶次、频率和旋转特性,可快速判别出各次磁场谐波能否对转矩损耗产生贡献。避免了利用传统的参数扫描分析与设计方法的盲目性,为磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制指明了方向,减少了电机设计的工作量、缩短电机的优化设计周期。
2.本发明构建气隙磁密谐波与永磁体和转子铁心谐波磁密的转化机制,建立基于谐波角度的永磁体和转子铁心损耗的分析计算模型,可分析计算出各气隙磁密谐波对损耗的贡献值,从而判别出只产生损耗却不贡献转矩的高危害磁场谐波,为实现保证电机转矩密度前提下的损耗抑制打下坚实基础。
3.本发明建立考虑转子磁通屏障的转子磁导模型,分析转子上磁通屏障对电枢绕组谐波的作用机制,提出了转子磁通屏障的优化设计方法,可在不影响贡献转矩的谐波的基础上,有效抑制高危害电枢绕组谐波,从而在保证电机高转矩密度的同时实现损耗的降低。与传统磁场调制永磁电机相比,采用本发明损耗分析抑制方法设计的磁场调制永磁电机具有更优的转矩性能和更低的损耗。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例对象截面图;
图2为本发明实施例无磁通屏障下转子结构基本单元及永磁磁动势示意图;
图3为本发明实施例电枢绕组的连接示意图;
图4为本发明实施例各相电枢绕组磁动势示意图;
图5为本发明实施例定子齿槽结构基本单元及定子磁导示意图;
图6为本发明实施例无磁通屏障下转子磁导示意图;
图7为本发明实施例无磁通屏障下永磁气隙磁密谐波分析;
图8为本发明实施例无磁通屏障下电枢绕组气隙磁密谐波分析;
图9为本发明实施例无磁通屏障下气隙磁密谐波对平均转矩的贡献;
图10为本发明实施例无磁通屏障下永磁体代表点磁密随时间变化情况及谐波分析;(a) 为磁密随时间变化情况;(b)为谐波分析结果;
图11为本发明实施例无磁通屏障下转子铁心代表点磁密随时间变化情况及谐波分析;(a)为磁密随时间变化情况;(b)为谐波分析结果;
图12为本发明实施例无磁通屏障下气隙磁密谐波对永磁体和转子铁心损耗的贡献;(a)为气隙磁密谐波对永磁体损耗贡献情况;(b)为气隙磁密谐波对转子铁心损耗贡献情况;
图13为本发明实施例有磁通屏障下转子结构基本单元及转子磁导示意图;
图14为本发明实施例有或无磁通屏障下电枢绕组气隙磁密谐波分析;
图15为本发明实施例有或无磁通屏障下永磁体和转子铁心损耗对比;
图16为本发明实施例有或无磁通屏障下平均转矩和转矩脉动对比。
图中:1、电机定子,11、定子齿,12、分裂槽,13、分裂齿,2、电机转子,21、永磁体,22、磁通屏障,3、电枢绕组,4、气隙。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。
下面通过参考附图描述的实施例是示例性的,仅用于解释本发明,而不能理解为对本发明的限制。
如图1所示,本发明实施例对象为一台五相磁场调制永磁电机,包括电机定子1和电机转子2,电机定子1和电机转子2间设有气隙4,电机定子1上绕制有电枢绕组3;电机定子1上包含有20个定子齿11,每个定子齿11分裂成2个分裂齿13,每个分裂齿13两边为分裂槽12,电机定子1上一共有40个分裂齿13和40个分裂槽12;电机转子2上有共62块永磁体21,62块永磁体21在转子2上平均分布,永磁体21沿径向方向交替充磁;电机转子2上设置有共31块磁通屏障22,31块磁通屏障22在转子2上平均分布。
本发明所述一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,具体实施对象如图1所示,包括以下步骤:
一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:忽略定子上电枢绕组产生磁场和定子上齿槽结构,仅考虑转子上永磁体产生的永磁磁场形成的磁通路径;根据转子磁路的对称性与周期性,选择出转子结构基本单元,建立永磁磁动势表达式;
步骤2:忽略转子上永磁磁场,仅考虑定子上齿槽结构和电枢绕组连接及通电方式,依次建立各相电枢绕组的磁动势表达式,将各相电枢绕组的磁动势数学表达式相加,得到考虑定子齿槽效应的合成电枢绕组磁动势表达式;
步骤3:考虑定子上齿和槽在电机气隙圆周上磁导不等特性,选择定子上齿槽结构基本单元,建立定子磁导表达式;
步骤4:转子上永磁体表贴于转子铁心上,转子铁心的磁导不随时间空间变化为常数,转子磁导如图6,将定子磁导与转子磁导相乘可得到定转子磁导表达式;
步骤5:将永磁磁动势、定转子磁导与磁导系数相乘得到永磁气隙磁密表达式:
步骤6:将考虑定子齿槽效应的合成电枢绕组磁动势与转子磁导相乘得到电枢绕组气隙磁密表达式;
步骤7:辨别能贡献平均转矩和不能贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波;分析对比永磁气隙磁密和电枢绕组气隙磁密的谐波成分的阶次和旋转速度,当二者磁密谐波的速度和阶次均相等时,该磁密谐波为工作波可以贡献平均转矩,否则为非工作波不能贡献平均转矩;
步骤8:辨别贡献平均转矩和不能贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波;分析永磁气隙磁密与电枢绕组气隙磁密谐波相对转子的旋转速度,与转子旋转速度相等的磁密谐波不产生转子损耗,与转子旋转速度不等的磁密谐波产生转子损耗;利用转子铁心损耗和永磁体涡流损耗计算公式计算转子损耗。
步骤9:针对产生损耗而不贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波,在电机转子上设计若干磁通屏障,增加电枢绕组产生高危害磁场谐波的磁通路径上的磁阻,以降低高危害谐波含量,保证贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波不受影响。
进一步,步骤1-6的具体计算方法为:
步骤1:永磁磁动势F PM(θ)的表达式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000012
式中,F PMn为傅里叶系数,θ为电机气隙圆周位置,P r为转子永磁体极对数,n为正奇数。
步骤2:为五相集中式绕组,A、B、C、D、E五相绕组依次通入互差π/5电角度的正弦电流如下:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000013
考虑定子齿槽效应的合成电枢绕组磁动势表达式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000014
式中,N为每套绕组匝数,I max交流电流幅值,ω PM为定子相对转子及永磁体的旋转速度,q为电枢绕组磁动势谐波阶次,r为正整数,θ 1和θ 2为A相第一个定子分裂齿两边的坐标位置1和2,θ 1与θ 2的差值为一个分裂齿的宽度,θ 0为转子初始位置,t为时间。
考虑定子上齿槽结构、电枢绕组连接(图3)、各相电枢绕组磁动势(图4)、各相电流表达式,建立各相电枢绕组的磁动势表达式,将各相电枢绕组的磁动势数学表达式相加,得到考虑定子齿槽效应的合成电枢绕组磁动势表达式
步骤3:如图5所示,定子磁导表达式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000015
式中,Λ 0和Λ k为傅里叶系数,k为正整数,ω PM为定子相对转子及永磁体的旋转速度,θ 0为转子初始位置,N s为定子齿数;
步骤4:转子上永磁体表贴于转子铁心上,根据图6,转子磁导Λ or(θ,t)表达式为:
Λ or(θ,t)=Λ r1
其中,Λ r1为转子磁导。
步骤5:永磁气隙磁密B PM(θ,t)表达式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000016
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000017
式中,F PMn为傅里叶系数,g等效气隙厚度,μ 0为真空磁导率。
步骤6:电枢绕组气隙磁密B or(θ,t)表达式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000018
进一步,步骤7的具体计算方法为:
步骤7.1:如图7所示,永磁气隙磁密包含两类磁密谐波:阶次为nP r、转速为0、角频率为0,阶次为|nP r±kN s|、转速为kN sω PM/(P r±kN s)、角频率kN sf_ PM;如图8所示,电枢绕组磁密包含两类磁密谐波:阶次为q=10r-9、转速为(q-P rPM/q、角频率为|q-P r|f_ PM,阶次为q=10r-1、转速为(q+P rPM/q、角频率为|q+P r|f_ PM。其中,f_ PM为永磁体频率,P r=31,N s=20。根据气隙磁密谐波和电枢绕组磁密谐波公式,具有相同阶次和旋转速度的谐波为9、11、29、31等。
步骤7.2:具有相同阶次和旋转速度的谐波贡献的平均转矩的计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000019
式中:B v为v阶次的永磁气隙磁密幅值,A Wv为v阶次的电负荷谐波幅值,D ri为气隙直径,a为电机轴向长度,θ v为v阶次永磁气隙磁密谐波和电负荷谐波的相位夹角。将各次气隙磁密谐波贡献的平均转矩相加可得到磁场调制永磁电机的平均转矩,如图9所示。
电负荷谐波A Wv可以表示为:
A Wv=m(Nk wv)I max/(πD ri)
式中:m为电机电枢绕组相数,k wv为v阶次的绕组因数,N为电机绕组匝数,I max为通入电枢绕组交流电流的幅值。
进一步,步骤8的具体计算方法如下。选择转子铁心和永磁体上的代表点,利用有限元法计算得到代表点磁密随时间的变化情况,如图10(a)和11(a)所示。根据电枢电流变化周期和永磁体空间变化周期确定代表点磁密随时间变化的周期,对代表点磁密进行谐波分析,计算各次磁密谐波的幅值、阶次和角频率,如图10(b)和11(b)所示。
步骤8.1:永磁体涡流损耗计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000020
式中,a、b和d分别为永磁体的轴向长度、宽度和厚度,σ为永磁体的电导率,ω k是阶次为k的磁密谐波旋转速度,B PMk是阶次为k的磁密谐波幅值。将永磁体代表点的各次磁密谐波的幅值、阶次和角频率代入可计算得到电机永磁体涡流损耗,如图12(a)所示。
步骤8.2:铁心损耗计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000021
式中,A e是铁心涡流损耗系数,A h是铁心磁滞损耗系数,f k是k阶次磁密谐波的交变频率, B Corek是k阶次转子铁心磁密的幅值。将转子铁心代表点的各次磁密谐波的幅值、阶次和角频率代入可计算得到电机转子铁心损耗,如图12(b)所示。
进一步,步骤9的具体计算方法如下。对比永磁体和转子铁心磁密谐波与电枢绕组和永磁体气隙磁密谐波的角频率,通过各次谐波角频率的差异判断出永磁体和转子铁心磁密是由哪些气隙磁密谐波生成,进而计算出各次气隙磁密谐波产生的永磁和铁心损耗。明确产生大量损耗而不贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波成分。比较图9和12可知,9、11、29、31气隙磁密谐波阶次贡献了平均转矩,1、9、11、29、31气隙磁密谐波阶次贡献了损耗,其中1次气隙磁密谐波产生了大量损耗而不贡献平均转矩是高危害谐波。比较图7和8可以看出,1次气隙磁密谐波全部由电枢绕组产生。
步骤9.1:在电机转子上设计P r个磁通屏障(图13),此时,电机转子磁导计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000022
式中,Λ 1是转子磁导幅值,T为两倍的永磁体的极距。
步骤9.2:转子上设计了P r个磁通屏障后,电枢绕组气隙磁密谐波的计算公式为:
Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-000023
优化磁通屏障宽度和长度,增加电枢绕组产生高危害磁场谐波的磁通路径上的磁阻,以降低高危害谐波含量(1次谐波),同时保证贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波不受影响。
图14为本发明实施例有或无磁通屏障下电枢绕组气隙磁密谐波分析。如图所示,设计的转子磁通屏障结构,有效抑制了高危害谐波(1次谐波)的产生,而其它谐波基本不受影响。图15为本发明实施例有或无磁通屏障下永磁体和转子铁心损耗对比。如图所示,通过定向抑制高危害谐波,磁场调制永磁电机的永磁体涡流损耗和转子铁心损耗均得到了有效降低。图16为本发明实施例有或无磁通屏障下平均转矩和转矩脉动对比。如图所示,本发明实施例能够在保证电机转矩密度的前提下抑制损耗。
综上所述,本发明公开一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法。根据磁场调制永磁电机的定子、转子、永磁体和绕组结构,建立磁动势、磁导模型,推导出电枢绕组和永磁气隙磁场谐波分布;分析磁场谐波阶次、频率和旋转特性,判别出各次磁场谐波能否对转矩和损耗产生贡献;计算各次磁场谐波对转矩和损耗的贡献值,探明只产生损耗却不产 生转矩的高危害磁场谐波。设计转子磁通屏障结构,分析磁通屏障对磁场谐波的调节作用,增加电枢绕组产生高危害磁场谐波的磁通路径上磁阻,有针对性性降低高危害电枢绕组磁场谐波分量,而不影响产生转矩的磁场谐波分量。本发明分析出磁场调制永磁电机磁场谐波对损耗的作用机制,能定量计算磁场谐波对损耗和转矩的贡献值,同时能定向抑制高危害磁场谐波,从而达到保证电机高转矩密度前提下的损耗抑制效果。
在本说明书的描述中,参考术语“一个实施例”、“一些实施例”、“示意性实施例”、“示例”、“具体示例”、或“一些示例”等的描述意指结合该实施例或示例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本发明的至少一个实施例或示例中。在本说明书中,对上述术语的示意性表述不一定指的是相同的实施例或示例。而且,描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任何的一个或多个实施例或示例中以合适的方式结合。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例,本领域的普通技术人员可以理解:在不脱离本发明的原理和宗旨的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型,本发明的范围由权利要求及其等同物限定。

Claims (7)

  1. 一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
    步骤1:忽略定子上电枢绕组产生磁场和定子上齿槽结构,仅考虑转子上永磁体产生的永磁磁场形成的磁通路径;根据转子磁路的对称性与周期性,选择出转子结构基本单元,建立永磁磁动势表达式;
    步骤2:忽略转子上永磁磁场,仅考虑定子上齿槽结构和电枢绕组连接及通电方式,依次建立各相电枢绕组的磁动势表达式,将各相电枢绕组的磁动势数学表达式相加,得到考虑定子齿槽效应的合成电枢绕组磁动势表达式;
    步骤3:考虑定子上齿和槽在电机气隙圆周上磁导不等特性,选择定子上齿槽结构基本单元,建立定子磁导表达式;
    步骤4:转子上永磁体表贴于转子铁心上,转子铁心的磁导不随时间空间变化为常数,将定子磁导与转子磁导相乘可得到定转子磁导表达式;
    步骤5:将永磁磁动势、定转子磁导与磁导系数相乘得到永磁气隙磁密表达式;
    步骤6:将考虑定子齿槽效应的合成电枢绕组磁动势与转子磁导相乘得到电枢绕组气隙磁密表达式;
    步骤7:辨别能贡献平均转矩和不能贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波;分析对比永磁气隙磁密和电枢绕组气隙磁密的谐波成分的阶次和旋转速度,当二者磁密谐波的速度和阶次均相等时,该磁密谐波为工作波可以贡献平均转矩,否则为非工作波不能贡献平均转矩;
    步骤8:辨别贡献平均转矩和不能贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波;分析永磁气隙磁密与电枢绕组气隙磁密谐波相对转子的旋转速度,与转子旋转速度相等的磁密谐波不产生转子损耗,与转子旋转速度不等的磁密谐波产生转子损耗;利用转子铁心损耗和永磁体涡流损耗计算公式计算转子损耗;
    步骤9:针对产生损耗而不贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波,在电机转子上设计若干磁通屏障,增加电枢绕组产生高危害磁场谐波的磁通路径上的磁阻,以降低高危害谐波含量,保证贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波不受影响。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,其特征在于,步骤1中永磁磁动势F PM(θ)表达式的表达式为:
    Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-100001
    式中,F PMn为傅里叶系数,θ为电机气隙圆周位置,P r为转子永磁体极对数,n为正奇数。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,其特征在于,步骤2中:假如为五相集中式绕组,五相绕组依次通入互差π/5电角度的正弦电流,考虑定子齿槽效应的合成电枢绕组磁动势F aq(θ,t)表达式为:
    Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-100002
    式中,F aq为电枢绕组磁动势幅值,N为每套绕组匝数,I max交流电流幅值,ω PM为定子相对转子及永磁体的旋转速度,q为电枢绕组磁动势谐波阶次,P r为转子永磁体极对数,r为正整数,θ 1和θ 2为A相第一个定子分裂齿两边的坐标位置1和2,θ 1与θ 2的差值为一个分裂齿的宽度,t为时间。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,其特征在于,步骤3中:定子磁导Λ s(θ,t)表达式为:
    Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-100003
    式中,Λ 0和Λ k为傅里叶系数,k为正整数,ω PM为定子相对转子及永磁体的旋转速度,θ 0为转子初始位置,N s为定子齿数;
    步骤4中:转子上永磁体表贴于转子铁心上,转子磁导Λ or(θ,t)表达式为:
    Λ or(θ,t)=Λ r1
    其中,Λ r1为转子磁导;
    步骤5中:永磁气隙磁密B PM(θ,t)表达式为:
    Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-100004
    式中,F PMn为傅里叶系数,g等效气隙厚度,μ 0为真空磁导率;
    步骤6中:电枢绕组气隙磁密B or(θ,t)表达式为:
    Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-100005
  5. 根据权利要求4所述一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,其特征在于,步骤7的具体过程为:
    步骤7.1:永磁气隙磁密包含两类磁密谐波:阶次为nP r、转速为0、角频率为0,阶次为|nP r±kN s|、转速为kN sω PM/(P r±kN s)、角频率kN sf_ PM;电枢绕组磁密包含两类磁密谐波:阶次为q=10r-9、转速为(q-P rPM/q、角频率为|q-P r|f_ PM,阶次为q=10r-1、转速为(q+P rPM/q、角频率为|q+P r|f_ PM,其中,f_ PM为永磁体频率,根据气隙磁密谐波和电枢绕组磁密谐波公式确定具有相同阶次和旋转速度的谐波;
    步骤7.2:具有相同阶次和旋转速度的谐波贡献的平均转矩的计算公式为:
    Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-100006
    式中:B v为v阶次的永磁气隙磁密幅值,A Wv为v阶次的电负荷谐波幅值,D ri为气隙直径,a为电机轴向长度,θ v为v阶次永磁气隙磁密谐波和电负荷谐波的相位夹角,将各次气隙磁密谐波贡献的平均转矩相加可得到磁场调制永磁电机的平均转矩;
    电负荷谐波A Wv可以表示为:
    A Wv=m(Nk wv)I max/(πD ri)
    式中:m为电机电枢绕组相数,k wv为v阶次的绕组因数,N为电机绕组匝数,I max为通入电枢绕组交流电流的幅值。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,其特征在于,步骤8的具体过程为:选择转子铁心和永磁体上的代表点,利用有限元法计算得到代表点磁密随时间的变化情况,根据电枢电流变化周期和永磁体空间变化周期确定代表点磁密随时间变化的周期,对代表点磁密进行谐波分析,计算各次磁密谐波的幅值、阶次和角频率:
    步骤8.1:根据代表点的各次磁密谐波的幅值、阶次和角频率计算得到电机永磁体涡流损耗和转子铁心损耗,永磁体涡流损耗计算公式为:
    Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-100007
    式中,a、b和d分别为永磁体的轴向长度、宽度和厚度,σ为永磁体的电导率,ω k是阶次为k的磁密谐波旋转速度,B PMk是阶次为k的磁密谐波幅值;
    步骤8.2:铁心损耗计算公式为:
    Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-100008
    式中,A e是铁心涡流损耗系数,A h是铁心磁滞损耗系数,f k是k阶次磁密谐波的交变频率,B Corek是k阶次转子铁心磁密的幅值。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述一种磁场调制永磁电机损耗分析与抑制方法,其特征在于,步骤9的具体过程如下:对比永磁体和转子铁心磁密谐波与电枢绕组和永磁体气隙磁密谐波的角频率,通过各次谐波角频率的差异判断出永磁体和转子铁心磁密是由哪些气隙磁密谐波生成,进而计算出各次气隙磁密谐波产生的永磁体和铁心损耗,明确产生大量损耗而不贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波成分:
    步骤9.1:在电机转子上设计P r个磁通屏障,此时,电机转子磁导Λ pr(θ,t)计算公式为:
    Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-100009
    式中,λ为磁通屏障宽度,Λ 1是转子磁导幅值,T为两倍的永磁体的极距;
    步骤9.2:转子上设计了P r个磁通屏障后,电枢绕组气隙磁密谐波的计算公式为:
    Figure PCTCN2020133832-appb-100010
    优化磁通屏障宽度和长度,增加电枢绕组产生高危害磁场谐波的磁通路径上的磁阻,以降低高危害谐波含量,同时保证贡献平均转矩的气隙磁密谐波不受影响。
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