WO2022080198A1 - 循環冷却水の処理方法及び冷却性能向上方法 - Google Patents
循環冷却水の処理方法及び冷却性能向上方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022080198A1 WO2022080198A1 PCT/JP2021/036898 JP2021036898W WO2022080198A1 WO 2022080198 A1 WO2022080198 A1 WO 2022080198A1 JP 2021036898 W JP2021036898 W JP 2021036898W WO 2022080198 A1 WO2022080198 A1 WO 2022080198A1
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- Prior art keywords
- cooling water
- cooling
- cooling tower
- circulating
- surfactant
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Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F23/00—Features relating to the use of intermediate heat-exchange materials, e.g. selection of compositions
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
- F28G9/00—Cleaning by flushing or washing, e.g. with chemical solvents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/10—Liquid materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/20—Antifreeze additives therefor, e.g. for radiator liquids
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28C—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT WITHOUT CHEMICAL INTERACTION
- F28C1/00—Direct-contact trickle coolers, e.g. cooling towers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/02—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by influencing fluid boundary
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
- F28G13/00—Appliances or processes not covered by groups F28G1/00 - F28G11/00; Combinations of appliances or processes covered by groups F28G1/00 - F28G11/00
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28C—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT WITHOUT CHEMICAL INTERACTION
- F28C1/00—Direct-contact trickle coolers, e.g. cooling towers
- F28C1/02—Direct-contact trickle coolers, e.g. cooling towers with counter-current only
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F25/00—Component parts of trickle coolers
- F28F2025/005—Liquid collection; Liquid treatment; Liquid recirculation; Addition of make-up liquid
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for treating circulating cooling water and a method for improving cooling performance.
- Water-cooled heat exchangers are used to cool various fluids in air-conditioning equipment such as buildings and regional facilities, and industrial plants, and these heat exchangers are loaded at sources of heat generation such as building air-conditioning. It is configured to indirectly cool the heat source.
- the heat exchanger is provided with a circulating water channel connected to a cooling tower, and the cooling water in the circulating water channel circulates between the heat exchanger and the cooling tower to cool the heat source. There is. Specifically, the circulating cooling water receives heat by passing through the heat exchanger and becomes hot, the cooling water having become high temperature is cooled by the cooling tower, and the cooled cooling water is cooled by the cooling tower. Is transferred to the heat exchanger again using a pump or the like.
- the circulating cooling water system is provided with a heat exchanger, a cooling tower, and a circulating water channel in which cooling water circulates between the heat exchanger and the cooling tower, and cools the heat source as described above. It is configured to do.
- the most typical water system that has a cooling tower is the open circulation cooling water system.
- This open circulation cooling water is used in the heat exchanger to cool the refrigerant of the refrigerator, the process fluid of the chemical complex, and the like.
- the heat received by the open circulation cooling water in the heat exchanger is released by evaporating a part of the cooling water in the open cooling tower, and this cooling water is reused for cooling in the heat exchanger. , Such a process is repeated to operate the open circulation cooling water system.
- the open circulation cooling water system In the open circulation cooling water system, a part of the cooling water is evaporated in the filler region to cool the cooling water in the open cooling tower, so that this evaporation concentrates the dissolved salts contained in the cooling water. become. Dissolved salts concentrated in the cooling water may precipitate in the cooling water as scale in the circulating cooling water system (in the circulating water channel, heat exchanger, cooling tower), or adhere to the flow path or the device. Often seen. Since this scale inhibits heat transfer in the heat exchanger, a method to properly control the concentration multiple of the cooling water in the open circulation cooling water system so that the scale does not adhere to the circulation water channel of the heat exchanger, and a scale inhibitor is added. Methods and the like are generally practiced.
- microorganisms for example, bacteria, fungi, algae, etc.
- particulate matter for example, PM2.5, sand, etc.
- the mixed microorganisms may form slime on the surface of the circulating water channel provided in the heat exchanger and inhibit heat transfer in the heat exchanger. In order to prevent this, a method of adding a slime control agent so that slime does not adhere is also generally practiced.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a heat exchanger using a photocatalyst that can stably exhibit antifouling property, corrosion resistance and the like for a long period of time regardless of the refrigerant.
- Patent Document 2 photocatalytic technology is used to more effectively prevent the decomposition of organic substances contained in circulating water such as cooling water, and the generation and growth of algae and bacteria that cause the generation of slime and scale.
- a circulating cooling water regeneration device using a photocatalyst is disclosed.
- Patent Document 3 in order to suppress the accumulation and propagation of bacteria such as scales and Legionella spp.
- the equipment used for heat exchange of circulating water inside the cooling tower which can provide the improvement of the above, is disclosed.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a heat transfer tube for an absorption chiller having a coating film having a hydrophilic performance in order to improve the heat exchange performance of the absorption chiller.
- Patent Document 5 discloses that a heat transfer system including any of a steam dryer, a heat exchanger, and a heating element cladding tube is provided with improved thermal efficiency.
- an outdoor air conditioner including an atmospheric heat exchanger in which a refrigerant compressed by a compressor is cooled by the atmosphere to be condensed and liquefied, and a sprinkling means for spraying water on the atmospheric heat exchanger are provided. It is disclosed that in the unit, the water sprayed on the air heat exchanger is provided with a surfactant that improves the wettability to the air heat exchanger.
- Patent Documents 4 and 5 are techniques specialized for a specific heat transfer system, and are not techniques that can be utilized for the entire open circulation cooling water system.
- Patent Document 6 uses an atmospheric heat exchanger in which a refrigerant compressed by a compressor is cooled by the atmosphere to be condensed and liquefied as an essential configuration, this is the heat transfer performance in an air-cooled refrigerant condenser. It is not a technique for improving the cooling performance of a sprinkler system cooling tower (for example, a cooling tower for spraying cooling water on a filler by a sprinkling means above).
- the present inventors have decided to study a technique for improving the cooling performance of a cooling tower in a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower from a new viewpoint. That is, it is a main object of the present invention to provide a technique for improving the cooling performance of a cooling tower in a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower.
- the present inventors also examined the combined use with an antifoaming agent.
- a defoaming agent in a circulating cooling water system, it is necessary to add a new defoaming agent addition device, but such an increase is difficult from the viewpoint of installation space limitation and cost effectiveness. be.
- a one-component drug that uses a surfactant and a defoamer in combination is used in the circulating cooling water system, it is necessary to store this one-component drug for a long period of time. It is considered that the one-component type drug in combination with and is liable to deteriorate in quality during storage, and the effect of the originally expected surfactant is reduced.
- the present inventors examined whether or not a surfactant can actually be applied to a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower, and as a result, as shown in Comparative Examples 2 to 6 described later [Examples]. It was not possible to actually improve the cooling performance of the cooling tower in the circulating cooling water system having the cooling tower by simply using the surfactant.
- the present inventors not only focused on the surfactant used for the cooling tower, but also focused on the properties of the cooling water when the surfactant was added, and circulated the cooling tower in the circulating cooling water system.
- the present inventors have newly found that circulating cooling water that can improve the cooling performance of the cooling tower can be prepared and used in the circulating cooling water system.
- the present inventors have newly found that the circulating cooling water system can be easily operated. That is, the present invention is as follows.
- the present invention is a method for improving the cooling performance of a cooling tower in a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower, wherein the cooling water used for the circulating cooling water system is cooling water to which a chemical containing a surfactant is added.
- the cooling water used for the circulating cooling water system is cooling water to which a chemical containing a surfactant is added.
- the cooling water satisfies (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a foaminess height of 250 mL or less.
- the present invention is a method for preparing cooling water used for a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower.
- a chemical containing a surfactant is added to the cooling water of the circulating cooling water system to prepare cooling water having (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a foaminess height of 250 mL or less. It provides a method for preparing cooling water. Further, the present invention is a method of operating a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower, wherein the cooling water used for the circulating cooling water system is (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a bubble height of 250 mL or less. The present invention provides a method for operating the circulating cooling water system, which comprises adding a chemical containing a surfactant so as to satisfy the above conditions.
- the surfactant may be a nonionic surfactant.
- the surfactant may be a nonionic ether-based surfactant.
- the surfactant may be a polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether.
- the cooling water may have a dynamic contact angle of 52 ° or less and a bubble height of 230 mL or less.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a technique for improving the cooling performance of a cooling tower in a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower.
- the effect of the present invention is not necessarily limited to the effect described here, and may be any effect described in the present specification.
- the present invention is a method for improving the cooling performance of a cooling tower in a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower, wherein the cooling water is cooling water to which a chemical containing a surfactant is added. It is possible to provide a cooling performance improving method, characterized in that the cooling water satisfies (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a foaminess height of 250 mL or less.
- Cooling performance of cooling tower means that the cooling tower can improve the cooling performance of cooling the circulating cooling water. Further, in the present invention, cooling water that can suppress the increase of bubbles in the cooling tower and does not cause foaming of a certain volume or more is more preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing troubles caused by foaming in the cooling tower. ..
- cooling performance of the cooling tower By improving the cooling performance of the cooling tower by the present invention, more cooled cooling water can be sent from the cooling tower to the circulation water channel in the heat exchanger, thereby improving the heat transfer efficiency in the heat exchanger. Can be improved. Further, since the cooling performance of the cooling tower can be improved without causing the problem of foaming, the operation or management of the cooling tower and the circulating cooling water system having the cooling tower can be easily performed.
- the cooling performance for cooling the circulating cooling water can be improved means that the cooling temperature of the cooling water when prepared as in the present invention is further increased as compared with the cooling temperature of the unprepared cooling water. ..
- the "cooling temperature” is (1) the water temperature (° C) when the circulating cooling water heated through the heat exchanger enters the entrance of the cooling tower, and (2) the circulation after the circulation of the cooling water for a predetermined period. It is the temperature difference when the water temperature (° C) when the cooling water exits from the outlet of the cooling tower is subtracted. "The cooling temperature increases” means that this temperature difference is a positive value and becomes large.
- the "index of performance in the cooling tower" used in the present invention includes the cooling temperature and dynamic contact angle of the cooling water as "cooling performance” and the foaminess height as "foaming suppression performance”. Not limited to.
- the circulating cooling water system used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and for example, a water system having a cooling tower installed in an air conditioner, a petroleum chemical complex, a general factory, or the like is preferable.
- the circulating cooling water system is preferably configured to indirectly cool a heat source generated in an air conditioner, a petrochemical complex, or a general factory, and includes a heat exchanger, a circulating water channel, and a cooling tower. It may be a general water system configured as follows.
- the circulating cooling water system used in the present invention may be either an open circulating cooling water system or a closed circulating cooling water system, and the open circulating cooling water system is preferably open and has a structure capable of circulating cooling water, and is sealed. It is preferable that the circulating cooling water system (also referred to as a closed circulating cooling water system) has a closed type structure so that the cooling water can be circulated.
- the cooling tower used in the present invention may be either an open type cooling tower or a closed type cooling tower, and these cooling towers may adopt a known structure or mechanism of the cooling tower.
- the cooling tower is more preferably a watering system cooling tower having at least a watering means and a filler region.
- the performance of the cooling tower (for example, cooling capacity, amount of treated water, etc.) varies depending on the scale of the factory, the purpose of use, etc., but with the method of the present invention, the properties of the cooling water when a surfactant is added are prepared. Since it is controlled, the cooling performance can be improved for various cooling towers.
- the cooling tower used in the present invention is preferably a cooling tower configured to disperse the cooling water to the lower filler by means at the upper side and circulate the sprayed cooling water.
- the system or means may be an apparatus or a processing apparatus.
- the present invention has the effect that by preparing a specific cooling water using a surfactant, both the problem of improving the cooling performance in the cooling tower and the problem caused by the foaming property in the cooling tower can be solved. Have. Since these can be solved with the specific cooling water prepared in this way, there is an advantage that it can be easily applied to a general circulating cooling water system or an existing circulating cooling water system.
- the method of the present invention is preferably used for an open circulation cooling water system having a watering system cooling tower because it has an advantage that foam scattering, which tends to be a problem especially in the watering system, can be reduced.
- Sprinkler cooling towers include closed cooling towers and open cooling towers.
- the closed cooling tower and the closed circulating cooling water system used in the present invention are not particularly limited, but it is preferable to have the following configurations.
- the closed circulation cooling water system may be provided with one or more closed cooling towers.
- the configuration of the cooling tower can also be adopted for a sprinkler system.
- the circulating water (first cooling water) is cooled by indirect cooling using a metal coil such as copper, and the ventilation means, sprinkling means, filler area, and pit are above.
- the cooling towers to be provided are listed in order from the beginning.
- the watering means is configured to sprinkle the second cooling water on the filler region below the watering means.
- the pit is configured to store the sprayed water in the lower pit.
- the second cooling water is configured to be circulated and used again as cooling water.
- the filler region is a region in which a metal coil layer and a filler (for example, PVC) layer are laminated, and air is taken in from the side of the cooling tower, passes through the filler region, and the passing air is blown. It is preferable that the means is configured to be discharged to the outside. When the second cooling water comes into contact with the atmosphere in the filler region, the coil layer in the filler region can be cooled and the cooling water can be cooled in the atmosphere.
- the configuration of the cooling tower can also be adopted for a sprinkler system.
- the open cooling tower and the open circulation cooling water system used in the present invention will be described in detail below.
- the cooling tower used in the method of the present invention is not limited to the open cooling tower, and the closed cooling tower is not limited to the open cooling tower. May be.
- the open circulation cooling water system may be provided with one or more open cooling towers.
- the cooling tower is preferably a watering system including a watering means, a blowing means and a filler region.
- the open circulation cooling water system in the present invention may have a configuration or a mechanism that further includes a single or a plurality of closed cooling towers in addition to the open cooling tower, and cools the heat source by combining these. You may.
- the open circulating cooling water system having an open cooling tower used in the present invention includes, for example, at least an open cooling tower, a heat exchanger, and a circulating water channel, and is configured to cool a heat source, as shown in FIG. It is preferable to have.
- the present invention has the effect that the performance of the open cooling tower can be improved depending on the properties of the cooling water to which the agent containing the surfactant is added.
- the open cooling tower used in the present invention is circulated using cooling water having both improved heat dissipation efficiency and low foaming property. Therefore, regardless of a known device or a new device, the cooling processing capacity is further increased. It is not particularly limited by the device performance, the device scale, the device model, and the like.
- the method of the present invention can be easily used for a general open cooling tower.
- the open cooling tower used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a countercurrent type (round type) and a orthogonal flow type (square type), but the present invention is not limited to these, and among these, the countercurrent type. Is preferable.
- the open cooling tower has a heat exchanger arranged outside the cooling tower and has a circulation channel arranged so that cooling water can circulate between the cooling tower and the heat exchanger. It is more preferable to provide a transfer pump for circulation so that the cooling water can be circulated. As a result, the cooling water cooled by the open cooling tower is transferred to the heat exchanger through the circulation water channel, and the cooling water heated by the heat exchanger is transferred to the open cooling tower through the circulation water channel.
- the inlet and / or outlet of the open cooling tower connected to the circulation channel may be equipped with various measuring devices such as a water temperature meter, a pH meter, a dynamic contact angle measuring device, and a foam height measuring device. good.
- the open cooling tower is provided with a blowing means, a watering means, a filler area, and a pit, and may be further provided with a make-up water supply means and a chemical injection means. Further, it is preferable to provide a control unit for controlling the open cooling tower inside or outside the circulating cooling water system.
- the inside or outside may be, for example, a computer, a database, a cloud system, a network system, or the like.
- the ventilation means is provided with a blower and is configured to blow air to the filler region.
- the sprinkling means is provided with a sprinkling pipe and is configured to sprinkle cooling water on the filler region.
- the filler region includes a plurality of fillers.
- the pit is provided with a cooling water storage tank and is configured so that the cooling water can be cooled and the cooling water transferred to the heat exchanger can be stored.
- the open cooling tower is a cooling tower that cools the open circulation cooling water that has passed through the heat exchanger, and the watering means for spraying the cooling water on the filler and the atmosphere on the filler.
- a filler region including a filler region configured to cool the cooling water by contacting the cooling water with the atmosphere and evaporating the cooling water is provided, and a surfactant is added to the cooling water. It is configured so that a drug containing the above can be added.
- a plurality of fillers are configured in a laminated manner so that the cooling water can evaporate a part of the cooling water while contacting the surface of the filler while the remaining cooling water can pass through the filler region. It is more preferable that there is a filler region that is provided from the viewpoint of improving cooling performance.
- the arrangement of the filler region in the open cooling tower is not particularly limited, but may be arranged in the upper region or the inner peripheral region of the cooling tower.
- the filler region is provided in the upper region of the cooling tower and is arranged in the blowing means, the sprinkling means, the filler region, and the pit in order from above the cooling tower.
- the cooling tower is provided with a space between the filler region and the pit, or a gap through which air can flow in from the outside.
- the base material of the filler is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include synthetic resin and metal (for example, aluminum, copper, etc.), and synthetic resin (for example, polyvinyl chloride resin, polypropylene resin, etc.). ), More preferably made of polyvinyl chloride resin, and more preferably made of rigid vinyl chloride resin.
- the contact method of the filler is not particularly limited as long as it is a contact method configured to cool the cooling water, and examples thereof include a splash type (droplet type) and a film type (water film type) contact method. However, a film-type contact method is preferable.
- the open cooling tower has a make-up water supply flow path for supplying make-up water for compensating for the loss due to evaporation and scattering of the cooling water, and a drug injection flow path for injecting the drug into the cooling water. , It is preferable that they are connected. Further, a water source and a pump for transferring water from the water source are connected to the make-up water supply flow path, and a make-up water supply means including these and configured to supply the make-up water to the water system can be used. It is preferably provided in an open circulation cooling water system. By supplying make-up water, the water level in the pit of the cooling tower can be kept constant, and stable operation in the open circulation cooling water system can be performed.
- a drug tank and a pump for transferring the drug from the drug tank are connected to the drug injection flow path, and a drug supply means configured to inject various drugs into the water system, including these, is an open circulation cooling water system. It is preferable that it is provided in. By supplying the drug, the drug can be injected into the cooling water in the pit.
- the agent is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a agent containing a surfactant, a corrosion inhibitor, a scale formation inhibitor, a slime formation inhibitor, and the like, and one or more selected from these can be used. can. Stable operation can be performed in the open circulation cooling water system by suppressing scale generation by such a chemical.
- the cooling water used in the present invention is preferably cooling water to which a chemical containing a surfactant is added.
- the cooling water can be used for a sprinkling system cooling tower, and may be used for either an open type or a closed type cooling tower, but an open type is preferable. Further, the cooling water may be either an open or closed circulating cooling water system, but an open circulating cooling water system is preferable.
- Cooling water to which a chemical containing a surfactant is added has (a) a dynamic contact angle (°) of a specific range or less, and (b) a foaminess height (mL) of a specific range or less. It is preferable that the cooling water has such a property, so that the wettability between the filler provided in the cooling tower and the cooling water can be improved. By improving the wettability, the temperature of the cooling water that can be cooled by the cooling tower can be further increased, which can improve the cooling performance of the cooling tower.
- the properties of the cooling water used in the present invention have the advantages of improving the cooling performance of the cooling tower and suppressing the occurrence of problems caused by the bubbling of the cooling water.
- the properties of the cooling water used in the present invention are characterized by (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a bubble height of 250 mL or less.
- the (a) dynamic contact angle of the more preferable cooling water is preferably 56 ° or less, more preferably 55 ° or less, still more preferably 53 ° or less, still more preferably 52 ° or less, still more preferably 50 ° or less. Yes, 40 ° or less, 30 ° or less, 20 ° or less, 10 ° or less, 5 ° or less, which is even more preferable from the viewpoint of improving cooling performance. From the viewpoint of reducing the amount of the drug used and suppressing foaming, the dynamic contact angle of the cooling water is preferably 5 ° or more, more preferably 10 ° or more, still more preferably 30 ° or more, still more preferably 40 ° or more. More preferably, it is 50 ° or more.
- the foaminess height of the more preferable cooling water (b) is preferably 300 mL or less, more preferably 280 mL or less, still more preferably 250 mL or less, still more preferably 230 mL or less, more preferably 200 mL or less, and 100 mL or less. Therefore, it is even more preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing foaming. From the viewpoint of improving wettability, the foaminess height of the cooling water is preferably 100 mL or more, more preferably 200 mL or more.
- the properties of the cooling water used in the present invention are more preferably (a) a dynamic contact angle of 53 ° or less, (b) a bubble height of 230 mL or less, and even more preferably (a) a dynamic contact angle of 50 ° to 52. ° And (b) foam height 200-230 mL.
- the dynamic contact angle (°) of the cooling water is the dropping 1 when the cooling water (4 ⁇ L, 25 ° C) to which the chemical is added is dropped onto the test plate at room temperature (25 ° C). It is preferable that it is the dynamic contact angle of the cooling water after a second.
- the foaminess height (mL) of the cooling water is preferably the foaminess height when 300 mL of the cooling water to which the drug is added is aerated at 2 mL / min for 20 seconds.
- the "cooling water to which the drug is added" at the (a) dynamic contact angle and (b) foaminess is such that after the drug is added to the cooling water, the cooling water in the water system has a substantially uniform concentration. It is preferable to measure after circulating between the cooling tower and the heat exchanger. Further, it is preferable to measure the cooling water collected under the condition that the fan of the blower means in the cooling tower is rotating. In the following [Example], the cooling temperature and the foaming state were constant when the cooling water to which the chemical was added was circulated in the circulating cooling water system for a certain period of time after the chemical was added to the cooling water in the water system. The circulation time for measurement may be appropriately adjusted according to the cooling tower used.
- the circulation time after the addition of the chemical is, for example, more preferably 20 minutes or more, still more preferably 30 minutes or more, still more preferably 30 when an open cooling tower having a treated water amount of 100 to 150 L / min is used. ⁇ 60 minutes.
- the "cooling water to which the drug is added" at the (a) dynamic contact angle and (b) foaminess height may be at the same time or at different times.
- the "test plate” in (a) is preferably a synthetic resin plate, more preferably a polyvinyl chloride resin plate, and further preferably a rigid vinyl chloride resin plate. It is preferable that the "test plate” in (a) is made of the same material as the filler provided in the cooling tower from the viewpoint of preparing more suitable cooling water. As the "test plate” in (a) above, it is preferable to use a test plate having a dynamic contact angle of 67 to 73 ° when measured with pure water, and the measuring device at this time is the DAT1100 MkII Dynamic manufactured by FIBRO. Absorption Tester is preferred.
- the dynamic contact angle in (a) is preferably a value obtained by a measurement method based on ASTM D5725, and preferably a value obtained by image analysis with a CCD camera, and the measurement time. Is 1 second as described in (a) above. It is more preferable that the dynamic contact angle in (a) is a dynamic contact angle (°) according to ASTM D5725 with a measurement time of 1 second using image analysis with a CCD camera. Further, a more preferable and specific method for measuring the "(a) dynamic contact angle (°) of the cooling water" is as described in the ⁇ Dynamic contact angle evaluation test> described later [Example]. , You can refer to this.
- the foaminess height in (b) is the value when 300 mL of cooling water (25 ° C.) containing a drug is placed in a 1 L graduated cylinder and then aerated at 2 mL / min for 20 seconds using an air diffuser. It is preferable that the foaminess is high.
- the "1L graduated cylinder" in (b) is preferably one having an inner diameter of 58 mm, a scale of 10 mL, and an ASTM tolerance of 6 ⁇ mL. It is preferable to arrange the diffuser tube at the bottom of a 1 L graduated cylinder.
- the air diffuser tube in (b) is preferably one having a filter diameter of 20 mm, a tube diameter of 8 mm, and a pore size of 20 to 30 ⁇ m. Further, a more suitable and specific method for measuring "(b) foaminess height (mL) of cooling water” is as described in the ⁇ foaming evaluation test> described later [Example], which is referred to. can do.
- the content of the surfactant in the cooling water to which the agent containing the surfactant used in the present invention is added is not particularly limited, but the suitable lower limit thereof is preferably 10 mg / L or more, more preferably 50 mg / L. It is L or more, more preferably 150 mg / L or more, still more preferably 200 mg / L or more, more preferably 250 mg / L or more, still more preferably 300 mg / L or more, and its preferred upper limit is preferably 1000 mg. / L or less, more preferably 900 mg / L or less, still more preferably 800 mg / L or less, still more preferably 600 mg / L or less, still more preferably 500 mg / L or less.
- the concentration of the surfactant is more preferably 10 to 900 mg / L, still more preferably 10 to 500 mg / L in a suitable numerical range. From the viewpoint of reducing the environmental load, the amount of the surfactant used is preferably as low as possible.
- the pH (25 °) of the cooling water to which the agent containing the surfactant used in the present invention is added is not particularly limited, but is preferably 6.5 to 10.0, more preferably 7.0 to 9.5. More preferably, it is 7.5 to 9.0.
- the water temperature of the cooling water is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 10 to 50 ° C.
- the agent used in the present invention is an agent containing at least a surfactant.
- the cooling water to which the chemical is added can improve the wettability to the filler. Further, a chemical containing a surfactant is added so as to satisfy the above-mentioned "(a) dynamic contact angle of cooling water (°)" and "(b) bubble height (mL) of cooling water”.
- Cooling water can be prepared.
- the prepared cooling water can suppress the foaminess height while increasing the cooling temperature in the cooling tower.
- the prepared cooling water can be used as cooling water for improving the cooling performance of the cooling tower. Further, the prepared cooling water can improve the cooling performance of the cooling tower, and since foaming in the cooling tower is suppressed, the operation of the cooling tower is easy.
- the agent used in the present invention can be applied for improving wetting, low foaming, improving cooling performance, and the like.
- the chemical is preferably used for a cooling tower of a sprinkler system.
- the agent may be used for either an open type or a closed type cooling tower, but an open type is preferable.
- the agent may be either an open or closed circulating cooling water system, but an open circulating cooling water system is preferable.
- the surfactant used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, and amphoteric surfactants, and one selected from these. Two or more may be used as a drug. Further, by selecting a surfactant that satisfies the above-mentioned "(a) dynamic contact angle of cooling water” and "(b) foaminess height of cooling water” of the present invention, it is made of a surfactant. Even a one-component chemical can have both properties of improving heat dissipation efficiency and low foaming property, and from the viewpoint of ensuring long-term stability of the chemical, the defoaming agent can exert the defoaming effect. It has the advantage that it does not have to be contained in the drug.
- the surfactant used in the present invention is not limited to these.
- the surfactant may be produced by a known production method, or a commercially available product may be used.
- the salts used for these are not particularly limited, but are alkali metal salts (eg, lithium, sodium, potassium, etc.), alkaline earth metal salts (eg, calcium, magnesium, etc.), primary to quaternary ammonium salts, and the like. One or more selected from these may be used.
- the anionic surfactant is not particularly limited, and for example, alkylbenzene sulfonic acid and its salt, alpha olefin sulfonic acid and its salt, alkyl sulfate ester and its salt, polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether sulfuric acid and its salt, N-acylmethyl.
- alkyleneallylphenyl ether sulfate and salts thereof alkyldiphenyl ether disulfonic acid and salts thereof, alkylnaphthalene sulfonic acid and salts thereof, alkyl phosphate esters and salts thereof, polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether phosphoric acid esters and salts thereof, and the like.
- One or more selected from the above may be used as a drug.
- the cationic surfactant is not particularly limited, and for example, an alkyltrimethylammonium salt, an alkyldimethylbenzylammonium salt, a dialkyldimethylammonium salt, an alkylbis-2-hydroxyethylmethylammonium salt, a polyoxyalkylenealkylammonium salt, and a tetra.
- alkylammonium salt a trialkylphenylammonium salt, a benzyltrialkylammonium salt, an alkylamine acetate, and one or more selected from these may be used as a drug.
- the nonionic surfactant is not particularly limited, and for example, polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether, polyoxyalkylene secondary alkyl ether, polyoxyalkylene alkylamine, polyoxyalkylene polystyrylphenyl ether, polyoxyalkylene cumylphenyl ether. , Polyoxyalkylene naphthyl ether, polyoxyalkylene fatty acid ester, trimethylolpropane tridecanoate, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene condensate, etc., and one or more selected from these can be used as a drug. May be good.
- amphoteric tenside is not particularly limited, and is, for example, ⁇ -alkylaminopropionate, fatty acid amide propyldimethylaminoacetic acid betaine, 2-alkyl-N-carboxymethyl-N-hydroxyethyl imidazolinium betaine, and lauryl amino. Examples thereof include dipropionate, and one or more selected from these may be used as a drug.
- nonionic surfactants are preferable, and among the nonionic surfactants, ether-based nonionic surfactants are preferable, and among them, polyoxyalkylene alkyl ethers are preferable. Is more suitable.
- the "alkylene" of the "polyoxyalkylene” in the polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether is preferably, for example, having 2 to 3 carbon atoms such as ethylene and propylene, and the "polyoxyalkylene” is, for example, ethylene oxide, propyleneoxy, or Examples thereof include ethylene oxide and propyleneoxy, and the “poly” of the “polyoxyalkylene” is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include 2 to 50, preferably 2 to 30.
- the "alkyl” in the polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether may be linear, branched or cyclic, and the carbon number of the "alkyl" is preferably 4 to 30, more preferably 4 to 22, for example.
- polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether one kind or two or more kinds can be selected from these.
- any component may be appropriately contained as long as the effect of the present invention is not impaired.
- the optional component is not particularly limited, but is one or more selected from various water treatment agents such as pH adjusters, antifoaming agents, anticorrosive agents, antiscale agents, fungicides, and algae killing agents. May be used. It is preferable that the defoaming agent is not substantially contained in the drug used in the present invention from the viewpoint of storage stability of the drug, and for example, 0.001% by mass or less is preferable.
- the place where the agent containing the surfactant used in the present invention is added is not particularly limited, but may be any place in the circulating cooling water system, and may be any one place or a plurality of places.
- the chemical addition place is more preferably a circulating water channel and / or a cooling tower, further preferably a cooling tower and a circulating water channel near the inlet and / or outlet thereof, and even more preferably a cooling tower.
- the agent containing the surfactant is added to the cooling water by the agent injecting means.
- the agent containing the surfactant used in the present invention may be continuously or intermittently added to the circulating cooling water system. Further, the amount of the agent containing the surfactant used in the present invention is added so as to satisfy the above-mentioned "(a) dynamic contact angle of cooling water" and "(b) bubble height of cooling water”. Is preferable.
- the present invention is a method for preparing cooling water to be used in a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower, wherein a chemical containing a surfactant is added to the cooling water of the circulating cooling water system to (a) a dynamic contact angle. It is possible to provide a method for preparing cooling water having a temperature of 55 ° or less and (b) a bubble height of 250 mL or less.
- the circulating cooling water system having the cooling tower is preferably an open circulating cooling water system having an open cooling tower. It is preferable that the cooling water has (a) a dynamic contact angle of 52 ° or less and (b) a bubble height of 230 mL or less.
- a nonionic surfactant is preferable, and among them, a polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether is more preferable.
- the content or amount of the surfactant used in the cooling water is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 10 to 500 mg / L in the cooling water.
- the cooling water obtained by the preparation method of the present invention has a wetting improving effect, a cooling performance improving effect, and a foaming suppressing effect, it is used as a cooling water for improving wetting, a cooling water for improving cooling performance, and a cooling water for suppressing foaming. can do.
- the agent containing the surfactant used in the present invention can impart these effects to the cooling water.
- the cooling water obtained by the preparation method of the present invention can be used for the purposes of improving wetting, improving cooling performance, and suppressing foaming.
- the cooling water obtained by the preparation method of the present invention can be used in a method for improving wetting, a method for improving cooling performance, and a method for suppressing foaming.
- the cooling water preparation method may be used for either an open type or a closed type cooling tower, but the open type is preferable.
- the cooling water preparation method may be either an open or closed circulating cooling water system, but an open circulating cooling water system is preferable.
- the present invention is a method of operating a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower, wherein the cooling water used for the circulating cooling water system satisfies (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a bubble height of 250 mL or less.
- a method for operating a circulating cooling water system which comprises adding a chemical containing a surfactant.
- the operation method may be applied as a management method.
- the operation method is preferably used for a sprinkler system cooling tower. Further, the operation method may be used for either an open type or a closed type cooling tower, but the open type is preferable. Further, the operation method may be either an open or closed circulating cooling water system, but an open circulating cooling water system is preferable.
- the open circulation cooling water system 1 includes an open cooling tower 10, a circulation water channel 20 including a transfer pump, and a heat exchanger 30.
- the open cooling tower 10 includes an air blowing means 11, a watering means 12, a filler region 13, a space 14 for taking in air from the side, and a pit 15, in order from above, and further, a make-up water supply means 16 and a chemical injection means 17. To prepare for.
- the open cooling tower 10 may also include a watering system cooling tower configuration.
- the agent containing the surfactant used in the present invention is added to the cooling water stored in the pit 15 from the agent injecting means 17.
- the chemical and the cooling water can be sufficiently mixed by a mixing means such as stirring with a stirring blade, circulation in a flow path, and pump discharge.
- the cooling water containing the chemical is transferred to the circulation water channel 20 connected to the outlet of the open cooling tower 10, and is transferred to the heat exchanger 30 through the circulation water channel 20 using the transfer pump 21.
- the cooling water containing the chemical receives heat from the heat exchanger 30 as it passes through the circulating water channel of the heat exchanger 30, and is heated.
- the heated cooling water containing the chemical is transferred to the open cooling tower 10 through the circulation water channel 20 connected to the inlet of the open cooling tower 10.
- the transferred cooling water containing the chemical is sprayed downstream from the sprinkler pipe provided in the sprinkler means to the filler provided in the filler region 13 below the blower means.
- the air flowing in from the gap between the loopers 18 below the filler region 13 is transferred upward by the blower means 11 and passes through the filler region 13 at this time.
- a part of the cooling water on the filler is evaporated to allow cooling, and the cooling water containing the chemical is cooled. Since the cooling water containing the chemical has improved wettability with respect to the filler, it spreads and flows on the surface of the filler, thereby increasing the heat transfer area and further increasing the heat exchange efficiency. As a result, the cooling performance of the cooling tower can be improved as compared with the cooling water without the addition of chemicals.
- the cooled cooling water containing the chemical passes through the filler region 13 and knocks down into the pit 15 in which the cooling water is stored under the space 14. At this time, since the surfactant is adjusted so that the cooling water containing the agent containing the surfactant is suppressed from foaming, the foaming caused by the surfactant in the pit 15 is not increased in the cooling tower. It has become.
- the pit 15 is supplied with make-up water for replenishing the water evaporated from the cooling water by the make-up water supply means, and the cooling water containing the chemical is adjusted to have a constant pit amount.
- the cooling water containing the chemicals stored in the pit is transferred to the heat exchanger 30 from the outlet of the open cooling tower 10 through the circulation water channel.
- thermometer for measuring the water temperature of the cooling water may be installed at the inlet and the outlet of the open cooling tower 10 in order to measure the cooling temperature.
- the cooling temperature during operation of the water system of the open type or closed type cooling tower may be the average cooling water temperature calculated from the average value of the water temperature at the inlet of the cooling tower and the average value of the water temperature at the outlet of the cooling tower.
- the dynamic contact angle is according to the above-mentioned ⁇ characteristics of the cooling water to which the chemical containing the surfactant is added>. It can be measured by a measuring device such as a measuring device and a foam height measuring device. The measurement location is preferably the pit 15 or the exit of the open cooling tower. This measurement result is transmitted to a control unit that controls the preparation of cooling water.
- the control unit injects the drug and so that the cooling water containing the drug satisfies (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a foaminess height of 250 mL or less. / Or the make-up water supply can be adjusted.
- the control unit may control the operation of each measuring device such as the thermometer described above, or may send and receive signals such as these measurement results and instructions to them.
- the control unit may operate or manage an open or closed circulating cooling water system, an open or closed cooling tower, or the like.
- the control unit determines whether or not the cooling water containing the drug satisfies the above-mentioned (a) dynamic contact angle and (b) foaminess height. Based on this determination result, the control unit performs the following steps S100 and / or S200 to satisfy the above-mentioned (a) dynamic contact angle and (b) foaminess height. May be prepared. It is also possible to manually prepare the cooling water that satisfies the above-mentioned (a) dynamic contact angle and (b) foaminess height by the operator's manual operation.
- Step S100 (a) Adjustment of dynamic contact angle)
- the control unit determines that the content of the surfactant in the cooling water is insufficient when the above-mentioned predetermined (a) dynamic contact angle is exceeded without being satisfied.
- the control unit instructs or controls the drug injection means 17 to start or increase the injection amount of the drug containing the surfactant to the drug injection site (preferably the pit 15). .. And / or, the control unit instructs or controls the make-up water supply means 16 to stop or reduce the supply of the make-up water to the make-up water supply place (preferably the pit 15).
- Step S200 (b) Adjustment of foam height
- the control unit determines that the content of the surfactant in the cooling water is excessive when the above-mentioned predetermined (b) foaminess height is not satisfied and exceeds. In the case of excess, the control unit instructs or controls the drug injection means 17 to stop or reduce the injection amount of the drug containing the surfactant to the drug injection site (preferably the pit 15). .. And / or, the control unit instructs or controls the make-up water supply means 16 to start or increase the supply of the make-up water to the make-up water supply place (preferably the pit 15).
- the present invention comprises (a) a dynamic contact angle and (b) a measurement step for measuring the bubble height of the cooling water used in the cooling tower.
- Cooling including (a) a drug adjusting step of adjusting a drug containing a surfactant so that the cooling water used in the cooling tower satisfies (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a foaminess height of 250 mL or less.
- a method of operating a circulating cooling water system having a tower can be provided.
- the drug adjusting step it is preferable to adjust the injection amount of the drug containing the surfactant and / or the supply amount of the make-up water.
- a watering system is suitable for the cooling tower.
- the cooling tower may be either an open type or a closed type, but an open type cooling tower is preferable.
- the circulating cooling water system may be either open or closed, but an open circulating cooling water system is preferable.
- the method of operating the circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower which includes the measurement step and the drug adjusting step of the present invention described above, may be applied to the cooling performance improving method of the cooling tower and the cooling water preparation method.
- an apparatus for example, a computer, a laptop computer, etc.
- a computer for example, a computer, a laptop computer, etc.
- implementing or managing the method of the present invention such as the above-mentioned method for improving the cooling performance or operating method of the circulating cooling water system, and the method for preparing the cooling water used for the method.
- It can also be realized by a desktop personal computer, a tablet PC, a PLC, a server, a cloud service, etc.) or a control unit provided in the device (the control unit includes a CPU, etc.).
- the method of the present invention is applied as a program to a hardware resource including a recording medium (nonvolatile memory (USB memory, etc.), SSD (SolidStateDrive), HDD (HardDiskDrive), CD, DVD, Blu-ray, etc.). It can also be stored and realized by the control unit.
- the control unit provides the control unit or a device including the system, such as (a) a system for improving the cooling performance of a circulating cooling water system that controls the dynamic contact angle and (b) the foaminess height of the cooling water. It is also possible.
- the management device may be provided with an input unit such as a touch panel or a keyboard, a communication unit such as a network, a display unit such as a touch panel or a display, and the like.
- the present invention provides a computer with a function of measuring (a) dynamic contact angle (b) foam height of cooling water used for a cooling tower.
- the cooling tower includes (a) a function of adjusting a chemical containing a surfactant so that the cooling water used for the cooling tower satisfies (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a foaminess height of 250 mL or less. It is possible, but not limited to, to provide a program for realizing the operation of the circulating cooling water system having the above.
- a watering system is suitable for the cooling tower.
- the cooling tower may be either an open type or a closed type, but an open type is preferable.
- the circulating cooling water system may be open or closed, but an open circulating cooling water system is preferable.
- the present technology can adopt the following configurations.
- the cooling water used for the circulating cooling water system is cooling water to which a chemical containing a surfactant is added.
- a method for improving cooling performance wherein the cooling water satisfies (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a foaminess height of 250 mL or less.
- a watering system is suitable for the cooling tower.
- the cooling tower may be either an open type cooling tower or a closed type cooling tower, and the circulating cooling water system may be either an open circulating cooling water system or a closed circulating cooling water system.
- a method for preparing cooling water used for a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower Preparation of cooling water by adding a chemical containing a surfactant to the cooling water of the cooling water system to prepare cooling water having (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a foaminess height of 250 mL or less.
- a watering system is suitable for the cooling tower.
- It is a method of operating a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower. The cooling water used for the circulating cooling water system is (a) dynamic contact angle 55 °.
- a method for operating a circulating cooling water system which comprises adding a chemical containing a surfactant so as to satisfy the following and (b) foaminess height of 250 mL or less.
- a watering system is suitable for the cooling tower.
- Cooling water used for the cooling tower (a) Dynamic contact angle (b) Measurement step to measure foam height, and A method comprising: (a) a drug adjusting step of adjusting a drug containing a surfactant so that the cooling water used for the cooling tower satisfies (a) a dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less and (b) a foaminess height of 250 mL or less. ..
- the method according to any one of [1] to [3] is a method for improving the cooling performance of a cooling tower in a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower, a method for preparing cooling water to be used in the circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower, or a method for preparing cooling water.
- a method of operating a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower is preferable.
- the method according to any one of [1] to [3] is preferably an open cooling tower and / or an open circulation cooling water system, and the open circulation cooling water system having an open cooling tower is further closed cooling. It may be equipped with a tower.
- the dynamic contact angle (°) of the (a) cooling water is the dropping when the cooling water (4 ⁇ L, 25 ° C.) to which the chemical is added is dropped onto the test plate at room temperature (25 ° C.).
- the dynamic contact angle of the cooling water after 1 second. It is preferable that the test plate is made of a rigid vinyl chloride resin.
- the foaminess height (mL) of the cooling water is the foaminess height when 300 mL of the cooling water to which the drug is added is aerated at 2 mL / min for 20 seconds.
- a circulating cooling water system having a cooling tower configured to carry out or manage any one of the methods [1] to [9].
- the circulating cooling water system may be an open circulating cooling system or a closed circulating cooling water system.
- the circulating cooling water system may be a circulating cooling water device or a circulating cooling water plant.
- a cooling tower, a circulating water channel equipped with a transfer pump, a heat exchanger, and a device for carrying out or managing any one of the above [1] to [9] are provided, and cooling water is provided between them.
- a circulating cooling water system with a cooling tower that is configured to allow circulation.
- the circulating cooling water system may be an open circulating cooling system or a closed circulating cooling water system.
- the circulating cooling water system may be a circulating cooling water device or a circulating cooling water plant.
- Test Examples 1 to 3 were carried out under the conditions of the following ⁇ cooling tower test> and the test water shown in Tables 1 to 3, and the respective test results are shown in Tables 1 to 3.
- the water temperature (° C) when the heated cooling water that has passed through the heat exchanger enters the inlet of the cooling tower is defined as the water temperature of the cooling water at the inlet of the cooling tower, and the water temperature (° C) when it exits from the outlet of the cooling tower is defined as the water temperature.
- the temperature of the cooling water at the outlet of the cooling tower was set.
- the water temperature of each cooling water in the cooling tower was obtained, and the temperature difference between the water temperature at the inlet and the water temperature at the outlet was defined as the cooling temperature (° C.).
- Each evaluation was carried out by collecting cooling water under the condition that the fan of the cooling tower was rotating. At the time of the test, it was visually confirmed whether the bubbles in the cooling tower increased with time.
- the pH (25 ° C.) of the cooling water to which the surfactant was added was 7.8 to 8.0.
- the water temperature of the cooling water was in the range of 10 to 50 ° C.
- the basic configuration of the open-type round countercurrent cooling tower used in this embodiment is to arrange a heat exchanger outside the cooling tower and cool water between the cooling tower and the heat exchanger. Has a circulating water channel that can be circulated.
- An open circulating cooling water system having an open cooling tower includes a cooling tower, a heat exchanger, and a circulating water channel, and is configured to cool a heat source.
- the open type round countercurrent cooling tower is an open type countercurrent cooling tower that cools the open circulating cooling water that has passed through the heat exchanger, and sprays the cooling water on the filler.
- the cooling tower has a sprinkling system configuration.
- a plurality of fillers made of hard vinyl chloride resin are present, and the plurality of fillers are arranged in a laminated manner so that the atmosphere can pass through.
- the cooling tower is connected to a flow path for supplying make-up water for compensating for the loss due to evaporation and scattering of the cooling water, and a drug injection flow path for injecting the drug into the cooling water. ..
- a flow path for supplying make-up water for compensating for the loss due to evaporation and scattering of the cooling water
- a drug injection flow path for injecting the drug into the cooling water. ..
- Test water> In Test Examples 1 to 3, the following surfactants were used.
- ⁇ Dynamic contact angle evaluation test> The contact angle 1 second after the test water (4 ⁇ L, 25 ° C.) was dropped onto a rigid vinyl chloride plate made of the same material as the cooling tower filler was measured by the dynamic contact angle tester (DAT1100 MkII Dynamic Absorption Tester, FIBRO). It was measured at room temperature (25 ° C.) using (manufactured by the same company).
- the cooling water when it came out from the outlet of the cooling tower was collected as the test water between the cooling tower and the heat exchanger.
- the hard vinyl chloride plate used for the dynamic contact angle evaluation test Uni-Sunday PVC sheet (EB235-5, manufactured by Hikari) was used.
- the hard vinyl chloride plate used in the test had an average dynamic contact angle of 69.7 ° (measured twice:) when "pure water (ion-exchanged water)" was dropped instead of "test water”. It had a surface showing 72.2 °, 67.1 °).
- the dynamic contact angle was 55 ° or less, the cooling temperature (° C.) increased and it was good. Therefore, the dynamic contact angle of 55 ° or less was regarded as acceptable.
- the dynamic contact angle tester can dynamically evaluate the contact angle that correlates with the surface size.
- the dynamic contact angle tester can measure the contact angle (wetting characteristic), the volume of the dripped liquid (absorption characteristic), and the diameter of the droplet (spread) with respect to time change by image analysis with a CCD camera.
- the liquid surface tension can be measured by the pendant drop method.
- Shutter speed 0.001 seconds
- Measurement interval 0.02 seconds (50 images / second) ⁇ ASTM D5725 compliant
- Test Example 1 In Test Example 1, the above ⁇ cooling tower test> was performed at the concentrations of the surfactant shown in Table 1 and the surfactant in the test water. As a result, even if the concentration was the same, the hydrophilization performance differed depending on the type of surfactant. Further, as the concentration of the surfactant increased, the hydrophilization performance improved.
- Test Example 2 In Test Example 2, the above ⁇ cooling tower test> was performed at the concentrations of the surfactant shown in Table 2 and the surfactant in the test water. As a result, even if the concentration was the same, the foaming property was different depending on the type of the surfactant. As the concentration of the surfactant increased, the foamability increased.
- ⁇ Test Example 3> In Test Example 3, the above ⁇ cooling tower test> was carried out at the concentrations of the surfactant shown in Table 3 and the surfactant in the test water.
- Polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether A which is a nonionic surfactant characterized by high hydrophilization performance and low foaming property, was used.
- a surfactant preferably a nonionic surfactant
- the cooling temperature in the cooling tower increased (Comparative Examples 1, 2 and 3. 3, Examples 1 and 2).
- the dynamic contact angle of the cooling water to which the surfactant (preferably nonionic surfactant) was added is less than 55 °, the cooling temperature is increased. Further, when the foam height (foaming property) of the cooling water to which the surfactant (preferably nonionic surfactant) is added becomes 250 mL or less, the relationship that the foam does not increase in the cooling tower can be obtained. rice field.
- a surfactant (preferably a nonionic surfactant) is added to the cooling water so that the dynamic contact angle of the cooling water is 55 ° or less and the bubble height of the cooling water is 250 mL or less.
- a surfactant preferably a nonionic surfactant
- the cooling performance of the cooling tower can be improved.
- the cooling performance of the cooling tower can be easily improved, so that the circulation cooling water can be easily operated.
- the cooling tower since the cooling water is prepared and used, the cooling tower does not need to be specially modified, existing equipment may be used, and the cooling performance of the cooling tower can be easily improved.
- the cooling tower is preferably a sprinkling system cooling tower including at least a sprinkling means and a filler region.
- a sprinkling system cooling tower including at least a sprinkling means and a filler region.
- an open type or a closed type may be used, but an open type cooling tower is preferable.
- the circulating cooling water system may be either an open circulating cooling water system or a closed circulating cooling water system, but open circulating cooling water is preferable.
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Abstract
Description
これを防止するために、スライムが付着しないようにスライムコントロール剤を添加する方法も一般的に実施されている。
例えば、特許文献2では、光触媒技術を用いて、冷却水などの循環水中に含まれる有機物の分解、スライムやスケールの発生原因となる藻類や細菌類の発生及び増殖の防止をより効果的に実施する、光触媒を用いた循環冷却水再生装置が開示されている。
例えば、特許文献5では、蒸気乾燥器、熱交換器、発熱体被覆管のいずれかを具備する伝熱システムにおける熱的効率の向上を図ることが開示されている。
特許文献4及び5に記載の技術では、特定の伝熱システムに特化した技術であり、開放循環冷却水系全般に活用できる技術ではない。
また、特許文献6では、圧縮機で圧縮された冷媒を大気により冷却して凝縮液化される大気熱交換器を必須構成として用いているように、これは空冷式の冷媒凝縮器における伝熱性能を向上させる技術であり、散水系冷却塔(例えば、上方にある散水手段により冷却水を充填材に散布する冷却塔)の冷却性能を向上させる技術ではない。
すなわち、本発明は、冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系における、冷却塔の冷却性能を向上させる技術を提供することを主な目的とする。
すなわち、本発明は、以下のとおりである。
また、本発明は、冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系に使用する冷却水の調製方法であって、
当該循環冷却水系の冷却水に、界面活性剤を含む薬剤を添加して、(a)動的接触角55°以下、かつ、(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下の冷却水に調製する、前記冷却水の調製方法を提供するものである。
また、本発明は、冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系の運転方法であって、 当該循環冷却水系に使用する冷却水が(a)動的接触角55°以下かつ(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下を満たすように、界面活性剤を含む薬剤を添加することを特徴とする、前記循環冷却水系の運転方法を提供するものである。
前記界面活性剤が、ノニオン性エーテル系界面活性剤であってもよい。
前記界面活性剤が、ポリオキシアルキレンアルキルエーテルであってもよい。
前記冷却水が、動的接触角52°以下、かつ、泡かさ高さが230mL以下であってもよい。
なお、本発明の効果は、ここに記載された効果に必ずしも限定されるものではなく、本明細書中に記載されたいずれかの効果であってもよい。
本発明は、冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系における、冷却塔の冷却性能向上方法であって、前記冷却水が、界面活性剤を含む薬剤が添加された冷却水であり、当該冷却水が、(a)動的接触角55°以下、かつ、(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下を満たすことを特徴とする、冷却性能向上方法を提供することができる。
本発明における「冷却塔の冷却性能向上」とは、冷却塔が、循環冷却水を冷却する冷却性能を向上できることをいう。さらに、本発明では、冷却塔内において泡の増加が抑制でき、一定容量以上の泡立ちにならないような冷却水が、冷却塔内における泡立ちに起因するトラブルの抑制などの観点から、より好適である。
さらに、冷却塔の冷却性能を発泡の問題を引き起こすことなく向上させることができるので、冷却塔及びこれを有する循環冷却水系の運転又は管理も容易に行うことができる。
「循環冷却水を冷却する冷却性能を向上できる」とは、本発明のように調製した際の冷却水の冷却温度が、未調製の冷却水の冷却温度と比較し、より増加することをいう。
「冷却温度」とは、(1)熱交換器を通過し加熱された循環冷却水が冷却塔の入口に入るときの水温(℃)から、(2)所定期間の冷却水の循環後に、循環冷却水が冷却塔の出口から出るときの水温(℃)を引いたときの温度差である。「冷却温度が増加する」とは、この温度差が、正の値であって、大きくなることをいう。
このことから、本発明に用いる「冷却塔における性能の指標」として、「冷却性能」として冷却水の冷却温度や動的接触角、「泡立ち抑制性能」として泡かさ高さが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
本発明に用いられる循環冷却水系は、特に限定されず、例えば、空調、石油化学コンビナート、一般工場などに設置されている冷却塔を系内に備える水系であることが好適である。本発明において、循環冷却水系は、空調、石油化学コンビナート、一般工場で発生する熱源を間接的に冷却するように構成されていることが好適であり、熱交換器、循環水路、冷却塔を含むように構成されている一般的な水系であってもよい。
また、本発明に用いられる冷却塔は、開放式冷却塔又は密閉式冷却塔のいずれでもよく、これら冷却塔は、公知の冷却塔の構成又は機構を採用してもよい。当該冷却塔は、散水手段と充填材領域を少なくとも備える散水系冷却塔がより好適である。冷却塔の性能(例えば冷却能力、処理水量など)は、工場の規模、使用目的などによって様々であるが、本発明の方法であれば、界面活性剤を添加したときの冷却水の性状を調製し制御するため、様々な冷却塔に対して冷却性能を向上させることができる。
また、本発明に用いられる冷却塔は、上方にある手段により冷却水を下方の充填材に散布し、散布された冷却水が循環するように構成されている冷却塔が好適である。
また、本発明において、系又は手段は、装置又は処理装置であってもよい。
本発明に用いる密閉式冷却塔及び密閉循環冷却水系は、特に限定されないが、以下のような構成を有することが好適である。密閉循環冷却水系には、単数又は複数の密閉式冷却塔を備えてもよい。
本発明に用いる開放式冷却塔及び開放循環冷却水系について、以下に詳細を説明するが、上述のとおり、本発明の方法に使用する冷却塔は開放式冷却塔に限定されず、密閉式冷却塔であってもよい。開放循環冷却水系には、単数又は複数の開放式冷却塔を備えてもよい。当該冷却塔は、散水手段、送風手段及び充填材領域を備える散水系であることが好適である。
なお、本発明における開放循環冷却水系には、開放式冷却塔に加えて、密閉式冷却塔をさらに単数又は複数備えるような構成又は機構であってもよく、これらを組み合わせて熱源の冷却を行ってもよい。
本発明に用いる開放式冷却塔は、本発明では放熱効率向上及び低発泡性の両方を有する冷却水を用いて循環運転を行うため、公知の装置又は新規の装置を問わず、さらに冷却処理能力などの装置性能、装置規模や装置機種などの装置によって特に限定されない。また、本発明の方法は、一般的な開放式冷却塔にも容易に使用することができる。
本発明に用いられる開放式冷却塔として、特に限定されないが、例えば、向流型(丸形)、直交流型(角型)などが挙げられるがこれらに限定されず、このうち、向流型が好適である。
開放式冷却塔における充填材領域の配置は、特に限定されないが、当該冷却塔の上部領域又は内周領域に配置されてもよい。
本発明において、充填材領域を前記冷却塔の上部領域に設け、前記冷却塔の上方から順に、送風手段、散水手段、充填材領域、ピットにて配置されることが好適である。さらに、前記冷却塔に、充填材領域とピットとの間に空間を設けたり、外部から大気が流入可能な隙間を設けたりすることが好適である。
また、補給水供給流路には、水源及び当該水源から水を移送するポンプなどが接続されており、これらを含み、補給水を水系に供給するように構成されている補給水供給手段が、開放循環冷却水系に備えられていることが好適である。補給水の供給により、冷却塔のピットの水位を一定に保つことができ、開放循環冷却水系における安定的な運転を行うことができる。
本発明に用いる冷却水は、界面活性剤を含む薬剤が添加された冷却水であることが好適である。当該界面活性剤を含む薬剤の説明は、後述する。当該冷却水は、散水系冷却塔に使用することができ、さらに開放式又は密閉式の冷却塔のいずれに使用してもよいが、開放式が好適である。また、当該冷却水は、開放又は密閉の循環冷却水系のいずれでもよいが、開放循環冷却水系が好適である。
界面活性剤を含む薬剤が添加された冷却水は、(a)動的接触角(°)が、特定の範囲以下であること、かつ(b)泡かさ高さ(mL)が特定の範囲以下であることが、好適であり、このような性状を冷却水が有することにより、冷却塔に備える充填材と冷却水との濡れ性を向上させることができる。濡れ性を向上させることで、冷却塔によって冷却できる冷却水の温度をより大きくさせることができ、これにより冷却塔の冷却性能を向上させることができる。本発明に用いる冷却水の性状によって冷却塔の冷却性能を向上させるとともに、冷却水の泡立ちに起因する問題発生を抑制できるという利点を有する。
(a)冷却水の動的接触角(°)は、室温(25℃)にて、薬剤が添加された冷却水(4μL、25℃)を、試験板の上に滴下した場合における、滴下1秒後の当該冷却水の動的接触角であることが好適である。
(b)冷却水の泡かさ高さ(mL)は、薬剤が添加された冷却水300mLを、2mL/minで20秒間曝気したときの泡かさ高さであることが好適である。
後記〔実施例〕において、水系内の冷却水に薬剤を添加した後に薬剤が添加された冷却水を循環冷却水系にて一定時間循環させたときに冷却温度及び泡立ちの状態が一定していたため、使用する冷却塔に応じて測定のための循環時間を適宜調整してもよい。薬剤添加後の循環時間は、例えば、100~150L/minの処理水量である開放式冷却塔を用いた場合には、より好ましくは20分間以上、さらに好ましくは30分間以上、さらにより好ましくは30~60分間である。
なお、前記(a)動的接触角及び(b)泡かさ高さにおける「薬剤が添加された冷却水」は、同時期又は別々の時期であってもよい。
前記(a)における「試験板」は、前記冷却塔内に備える充填材の素材と同じ素材であることが、より適した冷却水が調製できる観点から、好ましい。
前記(a)における「試験板」は、純水で測定したときに動的接触角が67~73°の試験板を使用することが好ましく、このときの測定装置はFIBRO社製のDAT1100 MkII Dynamic Absorption Testerが好ましい。
前記(a)における動的接触角は、ASTM D5725準拠による測定方法によって得られた値であることが好適であり、CCDカメラによる画像解析によって得られた値であることが好適であり、測定時間は前記(a)のとおり、1秒である。
前記(a)における動的接触角は、CCDカメラによる画像解析を用い、測定時間1秒で、ASTM D5725準拠による動的接触角(°)であることが、より好適である。
さらに、より好適な具体的な前記「(a)冷却水の動的接触角(°)」の測定方法は、後記〔実施例〕の<動的接触角評価試験>にて説明したとおりであり、これを参照することができる。
前記(b)における「1L容のメスシリンダー」は、内径58mm、一目盛り10mL、ASTM公差:6±mLのものが好適である。散気管は、1L容のメスシリンダーの底部に配置することが好適である。
前記(b)における散気管は、フィルター径20mm、管径8mm、細孔20~30μmのものが好適である。
さらに、より好適な具体的な前記「(b)冷却水の泡かさ高さ(mL)」の測定方法は、後記〔実施例〕の<発泡性評価試験>にて説明したとおりであり、これを参照することができる。
本発明に用いる薬剤は、界面活性剤を少なくとも含む薬剤である。当該薬剤が添加された冷却水は、充填材に対する濡れ性を向上させることができる。さらに、界面活性剤を含む薬剤を、上述の「(a)冷却水の動的接触角(°)」及び「(b)冷却水の泡かさ高さ(mL)」の条件を満たすように添加して冷却水を調製することができる。この調製された冷却水は、冷却塔における冷却温度を増加させつつ、泡かさ高さを抑制することができる。この調製された冷却水は、冷却塔の冷却性能向上に使用するための冷却水とすることができる。さらに、この調製された冷却水は、冷却塔の冷却性能を向上させることができ、冷却塔内の泡立ちも抑制されていることから、冷却塔の運転も容易である。なお、本発明に用いる薬剤は、濡れ向上用、低発泡用、冷却性能向上用などに適用することができる。なお、当該薬剤は、散水系の冷却塔に使用することが好適である。また、当該薬剤は、開放式又は密閉式の冷却塔のいずれに使用してもよいが、開放式が好適である。また、当該薬剤は、開放又は密閉の循環冷却水系のいずれでもよいが、開放循環冷却水系が好適である。
また、本発明の上述の「(a)冷却水の動的接触角」及び「(b)冷却水の泡かさ高さ」の条件を満たすような界面活性剤を選定することで、界面活性剤からなる一液型薬剤であっても、放熱効率向上及び低発泡性の両方の性質を有することができ、薬剤の長期間安定性確保の観点から、消泡剤を消泡効果が発揮し得るように薬剤に含有させなくともよいという利点を有する。
薬剤添加場所として、より好ましくは循環水路及び/又は冷却塔であり、さらに好ましくは冷却塔及びこの入口及び/又は出口付近の循環水路であり、さらにより好ましくは冷却塔である。より好適には、薬剤注入手段にて、界面活性剤を含む薬剤を、冷却水に添加することである。
本発明に用いる界面活性剤を含む薬剤は、循環冷却水系に、連続的に又は断続的に添加してもよい。
また、本発明に用いる界面活性剤を含む薬剤の添加量は、上述の「(a)冷却水の動的接触角」及び「(b)冷却水の泡かさ高さ」の条件を満たすように添加することが好適である。
本発明の実施形態に係る調製方法では、上記「1.」、後述する「3.」などの構成と重複する、界面活性剤、冷却塔などの各構成などの説明については適宜省略するが、当該「1.」、「3.」などの説明が、本実施形態にも当てはまり、当該説明を適宜採用することができる。
前記冷却水が、前記(a)動的接触角52°以下、かつ、(b)泡かさ高さ230mL以下が好適である。
前記界面活性剤は、ノニオン性界面活性剤が好適であり、このうち、ポリオキシアルキレンアルキルエーテルがより好適である。
前記冷却水中における界面活性剤の含有量又は使用量は、特に限定されないが、例えば前記冷却水中に、10~500mg/Lであってもよい。
本発明の調製方法にて得られた冷却水は、濡れ向上作用、冷却性能向上作用、泡立ち抑制作用の目的のために使用することができる。本発明の調製方法にて得られた冷却水は、濡れ向上方法、冷却性能向上方法、泡立ち抑制方法に用いることができる。
当該冷却水の調製方法は、開放式又は密閉式の冷却塔のいずれに使用してもよいが、開放式が好適である。また、当該冷却水の調製方法は、開放又は密閉の循環冷却水系のいずれでもよいが、開放循環冷却水系が好適である。
本発明の実施形態に係る運転方法では、上記「1.」、「2.」などの構成と重複する、界面活性剤、冷却塔などの各構成などの説明については適宜省略するが、当該「1.」、「2.」などの説明が、本実施形態にも当てはまり、当該説明を適宜採用することができる。
開放循環冷却水系1は、開放式冷却塔10と、移送ポンプを備える循環水路20と、熱交換器30とを有する。開放式冷却塔10は、上方から順に、送風手段11、散水手段12、充填材領域13、側方から大気を取り込む空間14、ピット15を備え、さらに、補給水供給手段16及び薬剤注入手段17を備える。当該開放式冷却塔10は、散水系の冷却塔の構成も備えていてもよい。
なお、開放式又は密閉式の冷却塔の水系運転時の冷却温度は、冷却塔の入口の水温の平均値と、冷却塔の出口の水温の平均値から、算出した、平均冷却水温でもよい。
制御部は、上述の所定の(a)動的接触角を満たさずに越える場合には、冷却水中の界面活性剤の含有量が不足していると判断する。不足の場合には、制御部は、薬剤注入手段17に、薬剤注入場所(好適にはピット15)に、界面活性剤を含む薬剤の注入を開始又は注入量を増加させるように指示又は制御する。及び/又は、制御部は、補給水供給手段16に、補給水供給場所(好適にはピット15)に、補給水の供給を停止又は供給量を減少させるように指示又は制御する。
また、制御部は、上述の所定の(b)泡かさ高さを満たさず越える場合には、冷却水中の界面活性剤の含有量が過剰であると判断する。過剰の場合には、制御部は、薬剤注入手段17に、薬剤注入場所(好適にはピット15)に、界面活性剤を含む薬剤の注入を停止又は注入量を減少させるように指示又は制御する。及び/又は、制御部は、補給水供給手段16に、補給水供給場所(好適にはピット15)に、補給水の供給を開始又は供給量を増加させるように指示又は制御する。
冷却塔で使用する冷却水が(a)動的接触角55°以下かつ(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下を満たすように、界面活性剤を含む薬剤を調整する薬剤調整工程とを含む、冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系の運転方法を提供することができる。
さらに、前記薬剤調整工程において、界面活性剤を含む薬剤の注入量及び/又は補給水の供給量を調整することが好適である。前記冷却塔は、散水系が好適である。また、前記冷却塔は、開放式又は密閉式のいずれでもよいが、開放式冷却塔が好適である。循環冷却水系は、開放又は密閉のいずれでもよいが、開放循環冷却水系が好適である。
冷却塔に使用する冷却水が(a)動的接触角55°以下かつ(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下を満たすように、界面活性剤を含む薬剤を調整する機能と、を含む、冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系の運転を、実現させるプログラムを提供することができ、これに限定されない。前記冷却塔は、散水系が好適である。また、前記冷却塔は、開放式又は閉鎖式のいずれでもよいが、開放式が好適である。循環冷却水系は、開放又は閉鎖のいずれでもよいが、開放循環冷却水系が好適である。
〔1〕
冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系における、冷却塔の冷却性能向上方法であって、
当該循環冷却水系に使用する冷却水が、界面活性剤を含む薬剤が添加された冷却水であり、
当該冷却水が、(a)動的接触角55°以下、かつ、(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下を満たすことを特徴とする、冷却性能向上方法。なお、当該冷却塔は、散水系が好適である。また、当該冷却塔は開放式冷却塔又は閉鎖式冷却塔のいずれでもよく、循環冷却水系は、開放循環冷却水系又は閉鎖循環冷却水のいずれでもよい。
〔2〕
冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系に使用する冷却水の調製方法であって、
当該冷却水系の冷却水に、界面活性剤を含む薬剤を添加して、(a)動的接触角55°以下かつ(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下の冷却水に調製する、冷却水の調製方法。当該冷却塔は、散水系が好適である。
〔3〕
冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系の運転方法であって、
当該循環冷却水系に使用する冷却水が(a)動的接触角55°
以下かつ(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下を満たすように、界面活性剤を含む薬剤を添加することを特徴とする、循環冷却水系の運転方法。当該冷却塔は、散水系が好適である。
〔4〕
冷却塔に使用する冷却水の(a)動的接触角(b)泡かさ高さを測定する測定工程と、
冷却塔に使用する冷却水が(a)動的接触角55°以下かつ(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下を満たすように、界面活性剤を含む薬剤を調整する薬剤調整工程とを含む、方法。
前記〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれかに記載の方法は、冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系における冷却塔の冷却性能向上方法、冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系に使用する冷却水の調製方法、又は冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系の運転方法が好適である。
前記〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれかに記載の方法は、開放式冷却塔及び/又は開放循環冷却水系が、好適であり、開放式冷却塔を有する開放循環冷却水系は、さらに閉鎖式冷却塔を備えてもよい。
前記界面活性剤が、ノニオン性界面活性剤である、前記〔1〕~〔4〕のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
〔6〕
前記界面活性剤が、ポリオキシアルキレンアルキルエーテルである、前記〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
〔7〕
前記界面活性剤の使用量が、前記冷却水中に200~900mg/Lである、前記〔1〕~〔6〕のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
〔8〕
前記冷却水が、動的接触角52°以下、かつ、泡かさ高さが230mL以下である、前記〔1〕~〔7〕のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
〔9〕
以下の(a)及び(b)である、前記〔1〕~〔8〕のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
前記(a)冷却水の動的接触角(°)は、室温(25℃)にて、薬剤が添加された冷却水(4μL、25℃)を、試験板の上に滴下した場合における、滴下1秒後の当該冷却水の動的接触角であること。当該試験板が、硬質塩化ビニル樹脂製板であることが好適である。
(b)冷却水の泡かさ高さ(mL)は、薬剤が添加された冷却水300mLを、2mL/minで20秒間曝気したときの泡かさ高さであること。
〔10〕
前記〔1〕~〔9〕のいずれか1つの方法を実施又は管理するための装置であり、当該装置はCPUなどを含む制御部を備えてもよい。
〔11〕
前記〔1〕~〔9〕のいずれか1つの方法を実施又は管理するように構成されている、冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系。当該循環冷却水系は、開放循環冷却系又は閉鎖循環冷却水系であってもよい。当該循環冷却水系は、循環冷却水装置又は循環冷却水プラントであってもよい。
〔12〕
冷却塔と、移送ポンプを備える循環水路と、熱交換器と、前記〔1〕~〔9〕のいずれか1つの方法を実施又は管理するための装置とを備え、これらの間にて冷却水が循環できるように構成されている、冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系。当該循環冷却水系は、開放循環冷却系又は閉鎖循環冷却水系であってもよい。当該循環冷却水系は、循環冷却水装置又は循環冷却水プラントであってもよい。
開放式の丸形向流型冷却塔(NSクーリングタワー、日本ピストンリング製)に、35℃に加温した試験水を、35L/minの流量で通水を開始し、当該冷却塔内で冷却水を冷却処理し、当該冷却塔から熱交換器へと冷却水を循環させた。通水を開始し、30分経過したときに、冷却塔の入口と出口とにおける冷却水の水温(℃)を測定した。熱交換器を通過した加温された冷却水が冷却塔の入口に入るときの水温(℃)を冷却塔の入口の冷却水の水温とし、冷却塔の出口から出るときの水温(℃)を冷却塔の出口の冷却水の水温とした。冷却塔におけるそれぞれの冷却水の水温を求め、この入口の水温と出口の水温との温度差を冷却温度(℃)とした。
各評価は、冷却塔のファンが回転している条件において冷却水を採取し、実施した。また、試験時には、目視で冷却塔内の泡が経時的に増加するかを確認した。
界面活性剤が添加された冷却水のpH(25℃)は、7.8~8.0であった。冷却水の水温は、10~50℃の範囲内にあった。
NSクーリングタワー(日本スピンドル製)
型式 CTA-10NL
冷却能力 45.35kW
処理水量 7.8 t/h (130L/min)
充填材 硬質塩化ビニル樹脂製
より具体的には、開放式の丸形向流型冷却塔は、熱交換器を通過した開放循環冷却水を冷却する開放式向流型冷却塔であり、充填材に前記冷却水を散布する散水手段と、充填材に大気を送風する送風手段と、前記冷却水を前記大気と接触させて蒸発させることで当該冷却水を冷却するように構成されている充填材を含む充填材領域を備え、前記冷却水に、界面活性剤を含む薬剤が添加されるように構成されている。当該冷却塔は、散水系の構成を有している。充填材領域には、硬質塩化ビニル樹脂製の充填材が複数存在し、複数の充填材は、大気が通過可能なようにかつ積層状に配置されている。
さらに、当該冷却塔には、冷却水の蒸散飛散による損失分を補うための補給水を供給するための流路、及び薬剤を冷却水に注入するための薬剤注入流路が、接続されている。補給水の補給により、ピットの水位を一定に保つことができる。ピット内の冷却水への薬剤を注入することができる。
試験例1~3において、以下の界面活性剤を使用した。当該界面活性剤を、冷却水中に表1及び2に示す濃度(mg/L)になるように、添加した冷却水を、試験水とした。
・ポリオキシエチレンポリオキシプロピレンブロックポリマー:BASF製品 Burst EP6200
・ポリオキシアルキレンアルキルエーテルA:BASF製品 PLURAFAC LF901(エチレンオキシド・プロピレンオキシド重合物のモノ(2-プロピルヘプチル)エーテル(CAS番号:166736-08-9))
・ポリオキシアルキレンアルキルエーテルB:栗田工業製品 クリフォーム C-803
・アルキルジフェニルエーテルジスルホン酸ナトリウム:三洋化成工業製品 サンデットALH
冷却塔充填材と同材質である硬質塩化ビニル板に、試験水(4μL、25℃)を滴下した時点から1秒後の接触角を、動的接触角試験装置(DAT1100 MkII Dynamic Absorption Tester、FIBRO社製)を用いて、室温(25℃)にて、測定した。
動的接触角評価試験に用いた硬質塩化ビニル板は、ユニサンデー塩ビシート(EB235-5、光製)を用いた。試験に用いる硬質塩化ビニル板は、「試験水」に代えて「純水(イオン交換水)」を滴下したときに、当該純水の動的接触角が平均69.7°(2回測定:72.2°,67.1°)を示す表面を有するものであった。
動的接触角が55°以下のときに冷却温度(℃)が増加し良好であったので、動的接触角55°以下を合格とした。
当該動的接触角試験装置は、表面サイズ性に相関する接触角を動的評価することができる。当該動的接触角試験装置は、時間変化に対する接触角(濡れ特性)、滴下液容量(吸収特性)、液滴直径(広がり)をCCDカメラによる画像解析により測定することができる。
・ペンダントドロップ法により液表面張力の測定することができる。
・シャッター速度:0.001秒
・測定間隔:0.02秒(50画像/秒)
・ASTM D5725準拠
1L容のメスシリンダーに300mLの試験水(25℃)を添加し、散気管を1L容のメスシリンダーの底部に配置した。散気管を用いて2mL/minで試験水中に大気をおくり曝気を開始し、曝気開始から20秒後の泡かさ高さをメスシリンダーの目盛りを読み取り、この発泡させたときの容量(mL)-発泡前の容量300mLの値を発泡性(mL)とし、これを発泡性の評価とした。
評価基準として、発泡性250mL以下では冷却塔での泡の増加が発生しなかったので、この発泡性250mLを合格とした。
・試験水は、冷却塔から熱交換器の間で、冷却塔の出口から出たときの冷却水を試験水として採取した。
・1L容のメスシリンダー:内径58mm、一目盛り10mL、ASTM公差:6±mL。
・散気管:旭製作所製 ボールフィルター3970-20/3、フィルター径20mm、管径8mm、細孔20~30μm。
試験例1において、表1に示す界面活性剤及び当該界面活性剤の試験水中の濃度にて、上記<冷却塔試験>を行った。その結果、同一濃度であっても、界面活性剤の種類によって親水化性能が異なった。また、界面活性剤の濃度が増加するに従って、親水化性能が向上した。
試験例2において、表2に示す界面活性剤及び当該界面活性剤の試験水中の濃度にて、上記<冷却塔試験>を行った。その結果、同一濃度であっても、界面活性剤の種類によって発泡性が異なった。界面活性剤の濃度が増加するに従って、発泡性が増加した。
試験例3において、表3に示す界面活性剤及び当該界面活性剤の試験水中の濃度にて、上記<冷却塔試験>を実施した。親水化性能が高く、発泡性の低いという特徴がみられたノニオン性界面活性剤であるポリオキシアルキレンアルキルエーテルAを用いた。この結果、界面活性剤(好適にはノニオン性界面活性剤)を300mg/冷却水1L以上になるように冷却水に含有させることで、冷却塔における冷却温度が増加した(比較例1、2、3、実施例1、2)。
また、界面活性剤(好適にはノニオン性界面活性剤)が添加された冷却水の動的接触角が、55°を下回ると、冷却温度が増加するという関係が得られた。また、界面活性剤(好適にはノニオン性界面活性剤)が添加された冷却水の泡かさ高さ(発泡性)が250mL以下になると、冷却塔での泡の増加がみられないという関係が得られた。
Claims (7)
- 冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系における、冷却塔の冷却性能向上方法であって、
当該循環冷却水系に使用する冷却水が、界面活性剤を含む薬剤が添加された冷却水であり、
当該冷却水が、(a)動的接触角55°以下、かつ、(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下を満たすことを特徴とする、前記冷却性能向上方法。 - 前記界面活性剤が、ノニオン性界面活性剤である、請求項1に記載の冷却性能向上方法。
- 前記界面活性剤が、ノニオン性エーテル系界面活性剤である、請求項1又は2に記載の冷却性能向上方法。
- 前記界面活性剤が、ポリオキシアルキレンアルキルエーテルである、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の冷却性能向上方法。
- 前記冷却水が、動的接触角52°以下、かつ、泡かさ高さが230mL以下である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の冷却性能向上方法。
- 冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系に使用する冷却水の調製方法であって、
当該循環冷却水系の冷却水に、界面活性剤を含む薬剤を添加して、(a)動的接触角55°以下かつ(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下の冷却水に調製する、前記冷却水の調製方法。 - 冷却塔を有する循環冷却水系の運転方法であって、
当該循環冷却水系に使用する冷却水が(a)動的接触角55°以下、かつ、(b)泡かさ高さ250mL以下を満たすように、界面活性剤を含む薬剤を添加することを特徴とする、前記循環冷却水系の運転方法。
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