WO2022058137A1 - Katalysator für die ammoniaksynthese mit verbesserter aktivität - Google Patents
Katalysator für die ammoniaksynthese mit verbesserter aktivität Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022058137A1 WO2022058137A1 PCT/EP2021/073669 EP2021073669W WO2022058137A1 WO 2022058137 A1 WO2022058137 A1 WO 2022058137A1 EP 2021073669 W EP2021073669 W EP 2021073669W WO 2022058137 A1 WO2022058137 A1 WO 2022058137A1
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 124
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 title description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical class OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 11
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 3
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009620 Haber process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003991 Rietveld refinement Methods 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001479 atomic absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PMVSDNDAUGGCCE-TYYBGVCCSA-L Ferrous fumarate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)\C=C\C([O-])=O PMVSDNDAUGGCCE-TYYBGVCCSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940043430 calcium compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001674 calcium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical group [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NOTVAPJNGZMVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium monoxide Inorganic materials [K]O[K] NOTVAPJNGZMVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000011514 reflex Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/78—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with alkali- or alkaline earth metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/847—Vanadium, niobium or tantalum or polonium
- B01J23/8472—Vanadium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/888—Tungsten
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
- B01J37/0027—Powdering
- B01J37/0036—Grinding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/0081—Preparation by melting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
- B01J37/18—Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
- C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
- C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
- C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
- C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
- C01C1/0411—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst characterised by the catalyst
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an iron-containing catalyst for ammonia synthesis, characterized in that it contains the promoters potassium, calcium and aluminum, the proportion of potassium, calculated as K2O, being 0.08 to 0.6% by weight, the proportion of calcium , calculated as CaO, is 0.8 to 2.2% by weight and the proportion of aluminum, calculated as Al2O3, is 1.0 to 2.3% by weight.
- the invention further relates to the production of the catalyst according to the invention and a method for synthesizing ammonia using the catalyst according to the invention.
- Ammonia is also an important building block for other areas, such as energy storage ("power-to-ammonia").
- the catalysts used for the ammonia synthesis are predominantly selected on the basis of iron-containing catalysts.
- the iron is usually in the form of magnetite or wustite, and the catalysts are also promoted with other elements.
- No. 5,846,507 describes the production of an ammonia catalyst whose main phase is wustite and which was obtained by melting iron and magnetite in a resistance furnace.
- the catalysts are produced on an industrial scale by melting the substances contained in the catalyst as a mixture in an electric arc furnace or resistance furnace, cooling the resulting melt and granulating it (Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Chapter 4.4.1.3., p. 35-36) .
- CN 1235800 C describes a catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia, the 60 to 90% by weight iron (II) oxide, 7 to 35% by weight Fe (III) oxide, 0.1 to 1.8% by weight potassium oxide, 0.5 up to 4.8% by weight alumina, 0.3 to 4.7% by weight calcium oxide, 0.1 to 3.0% by weight titanium dioxide and up to 6% by weight other oxides.
- CN 1193827 C describes a catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia which contains 65 to 92% by weight of iron(II) oxide, 6 to 22% by weight of Fe(III) oxide, 0.2 to 1.8% by weight of potassium oxide, 0.8 to
- the catalyst described in CN 102909030 B contains 92 to 95% by weight Fe ⁇ i- X )O with x in the range from 0.043 to 0.09, 0.3 to 1.2% by weight potassium oxide, 1.5 to 2.5% by weight alumina, 1.2 bis
- Oxygen-containing compounds such as O2 or H2O are catalyst poisons in the ammonia synthesis.
- Fastrup, Catalysis Letters, 14 (1992), 233-239, describes the effect of the O2 concentration on the catalytic properties of the catalyst for the ammonia synthesis.
- an iron-containing catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia which is distinguished by the presence of the promoters K, Al and Ca in specific content ranges.
- An object of the present invention is therefore an iron-containing catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia, characterized in that it contains potassium, calculated as K2O, in the range from 0.08 to 0.6% by weight, calcium, calculated as CaO, in the range 0.8 to 2.2% by weight and aluminium, calculated as Al2O3, in the range 1.0 to 2.3% by weight contains, based on the total weight of the catalyst.
- the content of potassium, calculated as K2O, is 0.08 to 0.6% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 0.5% by weight, more preferably 0.15 to 0.4% by weight, most preferably 0.15 to 0.3% by weight based on the total weight of the catalyst.
- the content of calcium, calculated as CaO, is 0.8 to 2.2% by weight, preferably 0.8 to 2.0% by weight, more preferably 1.1 to
- the aluminum content calculated as Al2O3, is 1.0 to 2.3% by weight, preferably 1.2 to 2.0% by weight, more preferably 1.3 to
- the iron present in the catalyst according to the invention is mainly in the oxidic form, usually as magnetite or wustite or a mixture thereof.
- the proportion of wustite in the iron compounds in the catalyst is at least 50% by weight, preferably 80% by weight, more preferably 85% by weight, more preferably 90% by weight, very particularly preferably 100% by weight.
- other iron compounds can also be present as secondary components. The proportion of these secondary components is usually below 10% by weight, preferably below 5% by weight, particularly preferably below 1% by weight.
- the proportion of iron compounds in the catalyst according to the invention is in the range from 80.0 to 100.0% by weight, preferably in the range from 80.0 to 99.9% by weight, more preferably in the range from 90 to 99.9% by weight , more preferably in the range of 90.0 to 97.0% by weight based on the total weight of the catalyst.
- promoters K, Ca and Al other promoters can also be present in the catalyst.
- the proportion of these promoters, calculated as oxides, in the catalyst according to the invention is usually 0.1 to 20.0% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 10.0% by weight, particularly preferably 1.0 to 5.0% by weight , most preferably 1.5 to 2.5% by weight based on the total weight of the catalyst.
- the subject matter of the present invention is also a process for preparing the catalyst according to the invention.
- the process is characterized by the following steps: a) mixing elemental iron, an iron-containing compound, compounds of the promoters potassium, aluminum, calcium and optionally compounds of other promoters to obtain a mixture b) melting the mixture obtained in step a) c) cooling the Melt from step b) to obtain a solid of the catalyst d) comminution of the solid obtained in step c), the compounds of the promoters potassium, calcium and aluminum being introduced in step a) in such a way that the catalyst resulting after step d) contains potassium, calculated as K2O, in a proportion of 0.08 to 0.6% by weight, calcium, calculated as CaO, from 0.8 to 2.2% by weight and aluminum, calculated as Al2O3 from 1.0 to 2.3 % by weight.
- step d) The solid obtained after step d) can then be subjected to a sieving step in order to obtain catalyst granules with a desired size distribution.
- the powdered starting compounds of elemental iron, the at least one iron-containing compound, the compounds of the promoters potassium, calcium and aluminum and optionally the compounds of other promoters are mixed together and melted in an electric arc furnace at a temperature above 1500°C brought.
- the glowing melt is poured out and cooled until it has solidified completely.
- the solid catalyst is crushed using jaw crushers and/or other suitable methods.
- the comminuted catalyst can then be screened in order to obtain catalyst granules of a desired size distribution.
- iron compounds with an oxidation state of the iron of II and/or III are suitable as iron-containing compounds.
- Preferred compounds are Fei- x O with 0 ⁇ 1/3,
- a mixture of elemental Fe and at least one of the compounds FeO, Fe2O3 or Fe3O4, preferably a mixture of Fe and FeO4, is used.
- Fe(0) and FesO4 in the form of magnetite are at least partially converted into wustite, the proportion of wustite in the catalyst obtained, based on the total proportion of iron compounds, being at least 50% by weight, preferably 80% by weight, more preferably at least 85% by weight, more preferably at least 90% by weight and most preferably 100% by weight.
- Wustite is an iron compound with the empirical formula Fei- x 0, where x can have values from 0 to less than 1/3, x is usually between 0.05 and 0.17.
- the catalyst is particularly preferably a compound containing wustite, which is converted into Fe(0) in the reactor by reduction, usually with hydrogen.
- the weight ratio of Fe(0) and the compound Fe1-xO, FeO, Fe2O3 or FesO4 in the mixture is in the range from 0.1 to 0.5, preferably from 0.25 to 0.4.
- a mixture of Fe(0) and FesO4 is used in the form of magnetite, in which the weight ratio of Fe(0) and FesO4 is in the range from 0.1 to 0.5, preferably 0.25 to 0.4 lies.
- the solids resulting from the melt contain potassium, calculated as K2O, in a proportion of 0.08 to 0.6% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 0.5% by weight, more preferably 0.15 to 0.4% by weight, most preferably 0.15 to 0.3% by weight, calcium, calculated as CaO, from 0.8 to 2.2% by weight, preferably 0.8 to 2.0% by weight, more preferably 1.1 to 1.8% by weight, even more preferably 1.2 to 1.6% by weight, most preferably 1.25 to 1.55% by weight, and aluminum calculated as Al2O3 from 1.0 to 2 3% by weight, preferably 1.2 to 2.0% by weight, more preferably 1.3 to 1.9% by weight, most preferably 1.35 to 1.75% by weight, based on the total weight of the solid.
- the corresponding oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates or nitrates are usually used as compounds of the promoters potassium, calcium and aluminum.
- the corresponding oxides, carbonates or nitrates are preferably used.
- promoters potassium, calcium and aluminum other compounds of suitable promoters can also be present in the starting mixture. These are usually compounds of the elements V, Co, Mg, the rare earths, or a combination thereof. Preferred compounds are those of elements V or Mg or a combination thereof.
- the catalyst obtainable using the process according to the invention can then be subjected to a reduction step in order to convert the metal compounds into the corresponding metals.
- a reduction step in order to convert the metal compounds into the corresponding metals. This can be done either at room temperature or at elevated temperature, for example a temperature in the range from 150 to 800° C., in order to convert reducible metal compounds into the corresponding metals.
- the reduction is carried out by exposing the catalyst to a hydrogen-containing gas stream at a temperature in the range from 150 to 800° C., preferably in the range from 150 to
- the catalysts according to the invention can be used in ammonia synthesis, in which ammonia is formed from hydrogen and nitrogen. Areas of application are on the one hand large-scale ammonia synthesis, e.g. B. according to the Haber-Bosch process. However, the catalyst can also be used for other applications, e.g. B. use the energy storage of hydrogen in the form of ammonia.
- the reaction fluid used in the synthesis of ammonia contains nitrogen and hydrogen. Other gases which are inert under the reaction conditions, such as Ar, can also be present.
- the reaction fluid can also contain catalyst poisons such as H2O or O2.
- H2O and O2 in particular are suitable for oxidizing the reduced iron-containing catalyst and reducing its activity.
- the proportion of H 2 O in the reaction fluid is usually up to 100, particularly 1 to 10 ppmv.
- the subject matter of the present invention is also a method for synthesizing ammonia using the catalyst according to the invention.
- the reaction fluid has up to 100 ppmv H 2 O, preferably 1 to 10 ppmv.
- the process for synthesizing ammonia is usually characterized by a preceding step of reducing the catalyst.
- the catalyst in the oxidic form is placed in a reactor and a stream of hydrogen and nitrogen is passed through the reactor while the reactor temperature is increased.
- at least the iron compound is reduced, during which H2O is formed as a result of the elimination of oxygen.
- the concentration of H2O during the reduction for a period of 12 - 120 h is in a range from 100 to 5000 ppmv, based on the gas flow after exiting the reactor.
- the inventors have found that the catalyst according to the invention compared to such temporarily increased H2O Concentrations is more stable than catalysts known from the prior art.
- the process for ammonia synthesis therefore comprises an upstream step of reducing the catalyst, in which the H 2 O concentration is in the range from 100 to 5000 ppmv for a period of 12-120 h, based on the gas stream after exiting the reactor.
- the concentration of H2O can rise sharply in the meantime and noticeably damage the catalyst.
- the concentration of H2O during the reduction for a period of 10 minutes to 8 hours is 2000 to 5000 ppmv, based on the gas stream after exiting the reactor.
- FIG. 1 shows the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of catalysts Ia to Id, If to II and comparative catalyst Ie.
- FIG. 2 shows the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of catalysts 2a and 2d.
- FIG. 3 shows the yield of ammonia from catalyst 2a and from comparative catalyst 1e over the course of several cycles.
- FIG. 4 shows the yield of ammonia from catalyst 2b and from comparative catalyst 1e as a function of the reaction temperature.
- FIG. 5 shows an illustration of the H2O and NH3 concentrations generated by the catalytic converter 2a and the comparative catalytic converter 1e as a function of the temperature increase.
- the crystal structures contained in the catalyst and their proportion by weight were determined by means of X-ray diffractometry and Rietveld refinement.
- the sample was measured in a D4 Endeavor from BRUKER over a range from 5 to 90°20 (step sequence 0.020°20, 1.5 seconds measuring time per step).
- CuKal radiation (wavelength 1.54060 ⁇ , 40 kV, 35 mA) was used as the radiation.
- the sample plate was rotated about its axis at a speed of 30 revolutions/min.
- the obtained diffractogram of the reflection intensities was calculated quantitatively by means of Rietveld refinement and the proportion of the respective crystal structure in the sample was determined.
- the TOPAS software, version 6, from BRUKER was used to determine the proportion of the respective crystal structure.
- the chemical elements were determined using TCP measurement (inductively coupled plasma) in accordance with DIN EN ISO 11885.
- Potassium was determined by means of AAS measurement (atomic absorption spectrometry) in accordance with the “E13/E14 German Unity Method for Water Wastewater and Sludge Analysis Volume
- the catalysts la to Id, If to 11 and the comparison catalyst le were prepared by mixing a mixture of magnetite and iron powder in a stoichiometric ratio 1:1, adding KNOs, Al2O3 and CaCOs and other metal oxide-based promoters, homogenizing and then in one Arc furnace was melted, only the proportion of KNO3 was varied for the production of the catalysts la to Id, for the comparison catalyst le the proportion of Al2O3 was also varied.
- the proportions of K2O, Al2O3 and CaO were varied. After the mixture was completely melted, the melt was cast in a melt mold cooled and the cooled mass converted into particles by crushing the material in a jaw crusher.
- the powder X-ray diffractograms of the individual catalysts are shown in FIG.
- the catalysts la to Id, If to II according to the invention and the comparison catalyst le were used in a reaction for the synthesis of ammonia.
- the catalysts according to the invention bring about a higher yield of ammonia than the comparative catalyst for which, at the latest in the 2nd cycle Catalysts 1a, 1b, 1c, If, 1g, 1h, 1j, 1k and 11 can even be observed to increase in activity with increasing cycle time.
- Example 2 Catalyst 2a and 2b
- the catalysts 2a and 2b were prepared according to the procedure in Example 1, the amounts of potassium, aluminum and calcium compounds being chosen such that the resulting catalysts had the following elemental composition, based on the corresponding oxides:
- Catalyst 2a 0.25% by weight K2O, 1.46% by weight CaO, 1.64% by weight Al2O3
- Catalyst 2b 0.31% by weight K 2 O, 1.48% by weight CaO, 1.70% by weight Al2O3
- wustite was identified as the only iron oxide structure, as shown in FIG.
- the reflex layers of the wustite are also shown in the diffractogram for orientation.
- Catalyst 2a according to the invention and comparative catalyst le were used in a reaction for ammonia synthesis.
- Catalyst 2b and comparative catalyst le were tested in a process for ammonia synthesis in which the gas mixture used also contained gaseous H2O.
- the gas mixture used also contained gaseous H2O.
- 120 g of catalyst sample in the form of granules with a diameter of 1.5-3.0 mm were introduced into a reactor and a gas stream consisting of nitrogen (22.5% by volume), hydrogen (67 .5% by volume, 80 ppm by volume H2O and argon (difference to 100% by volume) passed through.
- the temperature inside the reactor was continuously increased to 520°C and kept at this temperature until reduction of the catalyst was completed.
- the pressure was then increased to 100 bar, cooled to a temperature of 400°C and these conditions maintained for 24 hours. After the 24 hours, the concentration of ammonia formed was detected. This test was repeated for different reaction temperatures, with each temperature step being held for 8 h. The results of the ammonia concentrations are shown in FIG.
- Catalyst 2b and comparative catalyst le were tested with regard to their reduction behavior.
- 120 g of catalyst sample in the form of granules with diameters of 1.5-3.0 mm were introduced into a reactor and a gas stream consisting of nitrogen (22.5% by volume), hydrogen (67 .5% by volume and argon (10% by volume).
- the temperature inside the reactor was continuously increased to 520°C and kept at this temperature until reduction of the catalyst was completed.
- the course of the reduction is shown in FIG. Shown is a plot of the water concentration and ammonia concentration as a function of Temperature inside the catalyst bed. It is clear that the catalyst 2a according to the invention is reduced to the metallic state more quickly than the comparative catalyst le, recognizable from an earlier increase in the water concentration.
- catalyst 2a can also convert some of the nitrogen and hydrogen contained in the gas flow into ammonia earlier. Because of the improved reduction behavior of the catalyst according to the invention, the synthesis of ammonia can also be carried out on an industrial scale with a considerable saving in time.
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CN202180050383.1A CN115956004A (zh) | 2020-09-16 | 2021-08-26 | 具有改进活性的用于氨合成的催化剂 |
EP21769949.5A EP4213988A1 (de) | 2020-09-16 | 2021-08-26 | Katalysator für die ammoniaksynthese mit verbesserter aktivität |
AU2021346160A AU2021346160B2 (en) | 2020-09-16 | 2021-08-26 | Catalyst for ammonia synthesis with improved activity |
US18/018,283 US20240033716A1 (en) | 2020-09-16 | 2021-08-26 | Catalyst for ammonia synthesis with improved activity |
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CN116408079A (zh) * | 2022-11-21 | 2023-07-11 | 石河子大学 | 一种负载型铜铁双金属合成氨催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
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CN1485135A (zh) * | 2002-09-26 | 2004-03-31 | 浙江工业大学 | 超低温高活性氨合成催化剂 |
CN1235800C (zh) | 2001-10-12 | 2006-01-11 | 陈能 | 高活性氧化亚铁基氨合成催化剂及制备方法 |
CN102909030A (zh) | 2012-09-12 | 2013-02-06 | 浙江工业大学 | 一种氧化亚铁基氨合成催化剂 |
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AT252957B (de) * | 1964-10-23 | 1967-03-10 | Chemie Linz Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Eisenoxyd-Katalysatoren |
AT273173B (de) * | 1967-05-29 | 1969-08-11 | Chemie Linz Ag | Verfahren zur Reduktion von Eisenoxydkatalysatoren für die Ammoniaksynthese |
US3951862A (en) * | 1974-10-30 | 1976-04-20 | The Lummus Company | Process for the preparation of ammonia synthesis catalyst |
GB2092016B (en) * | 1981-01-30 | 1985-01-03 | Lytkin Viktor Petrovich | Process for producing granluated catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia |
CN101676026B (zh) * | 2008-09-18 | 2011-12-07 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 一种铁系氨合成催化剂及制备方法 |
MY190789A (en) * | 2016-08-08 | 2022-05-12 | Tokyo Inst Tech | Method for manufacturing ammonia synthesis catalyst, and method for manufacturing ammonia |
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CN116408079A (zh) * | 2022-11-21 | 2023-07-11 | 石河子大学 | 一种负载型铜铁双金属合成氨催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
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DE102020124179A1 (de) | 2022-03-17 |
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