WO2022017830A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung eines katalysatormaterials für eine elektrode einer elektrochemischen zelle - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung eines katalysatormaterials für eine elektrode einer elektrochemischen zelle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022017830A1 WO2022017830A1 PCT/EP2021/069145 EP2021069145W WO2022017830A1 WO 2022017830 A1 WO2022017830 A1 WO 2022017830A1 EP 2021069145 W EP2021069145 W EP 2021069145W WO 2022017830 A1 WO2022017830 A1 WO 2022017830A1
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- WO
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- Prior art keywords
- carbon material
- temperature
- carbon
- doped
- doping
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
- H01M4/80—Porous plates, e.g. sintered carriers
- H01M4/801—Sintered carriers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8689—Positive electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a catalyst material for an electrode of an electrochemical cell.
- Electrochemical cells such as fuel cells or electrolytic cells, are increasingly being used as energy carriers.
- One of the most common problems with electrochemical cells is their high performance loss over time. This is very clear in low-temperature fuel cells, which have a lower catalyst loading, which is caused by an inhomogeneous ionomer distribution.
- attempts have been made to incorporate nitrogen atoms into the carbon skeleton of a carbon support for the catalyst. For this purpose, a carbon material was reacted with gaseous NH3 (see e.g.
- the object is achieved by a method that includes a step of doping a carbon material with nitrogen atoms.
- the doping can be carried out in different ways, namely by bringing the carbon material into contact with urea at a temperature in a temperature range of 550° C. to 900° C. or by bringing the carbon material into contact with cyanamide at a temperature in a temperature range from 700°C to 900°C, or by contacting an oxidized carbon material with cyanamide at a temperature in a temperature range of 550°C to 650°C, or by contacting an oxidized carbon material with melamine at a temperature in a temperature range of 550 °C to 650 °C.
- the doping of the carbon material with urea is particularly advantageously carried out in a temperature range around 600.degree. C. or around 800.degree. C., ie in particular from 550.degree. C. to 650.degree. C. and from 750.degree. C. to 850.degree.
- the doping of non-oxidized carbon material using cyanamide is particularly advantageously carried out at a temperature around 800°C.
- the doping of oxidized carbon material using cyanamide is particularly advantageously carried out at a temperature around 600°C, and the doping using melamine is particularly advantageously carried out at a temperature around 600°C. As a result, further increases in the power density in an electrochemical cell can be achieved.
- a carbon material doped with nitrogen atoms prepared in this way is a high performance support for catalysts commonly used in electrochemical cells. By doping the carbon material with nitrogen atoms, nitrogen atoms are incorporated directly into the carbon skeleton.
- NHx groups are formed, which are positively charged during the production of the catalyst material or the electrode and thus react with the mostly negatively charged groups of an ionomer also used in the production of the electrode (in particular SO 3 groups) with strong Coulomb interactions can, which leads to a very homogeneous distribution of the ionomer, whereby a permanently high power density can be achieved.
- the carbon material doped with nitrogen atoms according to the method of the present invention is used for the production of a catalyst for an electrode of an electrochemical cell.
- the catalyst is used, for example, as catalyst ink, which is applied directly to a membrane, for example, and can thus form an electrode. The catalyst is thereby coated directly onto the membrane.
- the carbon material is doped with nitrogen atoms in a tube furnace, since the doping reaction can be controlled particularly well here and resources can be conserved.
- the carbon material is doped with nitrogen atoms for 1.5 to 12 hours, in particular for 2 to 7 hours and in particular for 2 to 4 hours. Doping times of less than 1.5 h that are too short can lead to insufficient nitrogen doping, while doping times that are too long not only entail economic disadvantages by increasing the reaction times, but can also lead to decomposition of the carbon material. Doping times of 2 to 4 hours and especially about 2.5 hours are particularly preferred to overcome the above disadvantages. Due to very good conductivities with high temperature stability, the carbon material is preferably selected from carbon black, graphite and graphitized carbon. Exemplary carbon materials are available under the tradename Ketjen Black.
- suitable carbon black has a low specific surface area of less than 200 m 2 /g carbon, or an average specific surface area of 250 to 600 m 2 /g carbon, or a high specific surface area of more than 600 m 2 /g carbon.
- Suitable graphitized carbon has a low specific surface area of less than 200 m 2 /g carbon, or an average specific surface area of 250 to 600 m 2 /g carbon, or a high specific surface area of more than 600 m 2 /g carbon.
- the specific surface area is determined using gas adsorption isotherms using the BET method.
- a step of washing the doped carbon material with water can advantageously be provided. Also, following washing, the doped carbon material may be dried prior to further processing or storage.
- a further advantageous development provides that the carbon material is oxidized before doping with nitrogen atoms when using cyanamide for doping.
- the oxidation of the carbon material eg for doping with melamine but also for doping with cyanamide at 550° C. to 650° C., can be carried out in particular by reacting the carbon material with a 70% strength by weight aqueous HNO 3 solution under reflux .
- the reaction time for this is advantageously 15 minutes to 3 hours and in particular 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
- the one containing nitrogen atoms doped carbon material is preferably added a catalytically active metal, such as in particular platinum and/or a platinum-containing alloy.
- a catalytically active metal such as in particular platinum and/or a platinum-containing alloy.
- the content of platinum or platinum-containing alloy is 5 to 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the carbon material doped with nitrogen atoms.
- the doping of the carbon material with nitrogen atoms is advantageously carried out in such a way that the carbon material contains from 0.4% by weight to 2% by weight, in particular from 0.8% by weight to 1 5 wt .-% nitrogen is doped.
- the electrode is particularly advantageously designed as a cathode and further advantageously as a cathode for a fuel cell.
- FIG. 1 shows a diagram illustrating power densities of an electrochemical cell using carbon materials doped at 600° C. with different dopants
- FIG. 2 shows a diagram illustrating power densities of an electrochemical cell using carbon materials doped at 800° C. with different dopants and
- Figure 3 is a graph illustrating power densities of an electrochemical cell using at 600°C oxidized carbon materials doped with different dopants.
- the diagram in FIG. 1 shows in detail the power densities i of electrochemical cells, measured in A/cm 2 against the voltage in volts.
- the temperature of the cell was 90°C and the pressure was 170 kPa a,c . Unless explicitly defined otherwise, all percentages relate to weight % (% by weight).
- the cell was made as follows:
- Ketjenblack EC-300J was charged with 100 ml of aqueous 70 wt .-% - strength HN0 3 solution stirred under reflux for 0.5 hours with an oil bath was used to produce the reflux, with the a temperature of 70°C. After the reaction time, the oxidized carbon was filtered and washed with hot water to remove any residual acid. Thereafter, the oxidized carbon was dried in an oven.
- the oxidized carbon (see table below for details) was then mixed with different nitrogen sources (i.e. with melamine, urea or cyanamide). Also shown in the table below is the carbon to nitrogen source ratio.
- the mixture was then heated in a tube furnace under a constant flow of nitrogen at the indicated temperatures (see T set °C) at a heating rate of 400 K/h and held for 2.5 hours.
- a catalyst was prepared by depositing platinum on the respective carbon by a polyol process.
- the polyol process involved mixing 300 mg of functionalized carbon with 200 mL of ethylene glycol,
- catalyst inks were prepared by mixing a catalyst powder prepared as above with water followed by 1-propanol and at least one water-containing ionomer dispersion (725 EW 3M dry powder dispersed in 40% H 2 O/60% 1-propanol, resulting in an 18 wt. % strength ionomer solution resulted). Thereafter, the catalyst inks were coated onto PTFE using a Mayer bar. The coated decal was then dried.
- the ionomer carbon weight ratio (l/C) was adjusted to 0.65 for both electrodes.
- the catalyst with the modified nitrogen used (melamine, urea, cyanamide), with 20 wt .-% Pt were deposited on the carbon support.
- the nitrogen weight percent of all carbons ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 weight percent nitrogen.
- All anode electrodes contained 30 wt% Pt on graphitized Ketjenblack (TEC10EA30E, sold by Tanaka Kikinzoco).
- the polarization curves of FIGS. 1 to 3 were recorded at a cell temperature of 90° and a relative humidity (RH) at 30% RH.
- the flow remained constant at 1000 nccm H2 on the anode side and 2000 nccm air on the cathode side while the outlet pressure was set at 170kPa on both sides.
- the very small amount of water produced and the excess of reaction gases ensured that the inlet humidity (RH) equaled the outlet humidity (RH), also taking into account a pressure drop across the active area of the MEA of about 1kPa.
- Curve 1 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using a carbon material doped with urea at a temperature of 600°C.
- Curve 2 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using a carbon material doped with melamine at a temperature of 600°C.
- Curve 3 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using a carbon material doped with NH3 at a temperature of 600 °C.
- Curve 4 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using the same carbon material as for the electrochemical cells above, but without nitrogen doping.
- Curve 5 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using a carbon material doped with cyanamide at a temperature of 600°C.
- FIG. 2 shows a diagram in which the power densities of electrochemical cells i, measured in A/cm 2 , are plotted against the voltage in volts. the electrochemical cells were produced analogously to those from FIG. 1 and measured.
- Curve 1 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using a carbon material doped with cyanamide at a temperature of 800°C.
- Curve 2 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using a carbon material doped with urea at a temperature of 800°C.
- Curve 3 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using a carbon material doped with NH3 at a temperature of 800 °C.
- Curve 4 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using a carbon material doped with melamine at a temperature of 800°C.
- Curve 5 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using the same carbon material as for the electrochemical cells above, but without nitrogen doping.
- FIG. 3 shows a diagram in which the power densities of electrochemical cells i, measured in A/cm 2 , are plotted against the voltage in volts.
- the electrochemical cells were manufactured and measured analogously to those in FIG. 1, but with the difference that the carbon material before the Doping was oxidized, namely for 30 min with a 70 wt .-% aqueous HN0 3 solution under reflux, wherein the oxidized carbon material was washed before doping to remove residues of the oxidation reagents.
- Curve 1 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using an oxidized carbon material doped with cyanamide at a temperature of 600°C.
- Curve 2 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using an oxidized carbon material doped with melamine at a temperature of 600°C.
- Curve 3 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using an oxidized carbon material doped with NH 3 at a temperature of 600°C.
- Curve 4 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using an oxidized carbon material doped with melamine at a temperature of 600°C.
- Curve 5 shows the test results of an electrochemical cell using the same oxidized carbon material as for the electrochemical cells above, but without nitrogen doping.
- oxidized carbon material doped with cyanamide or melamine at 600° C. achieves significantly better and thus higher power densities than all other oxidized and doped carbon materials and in particular also the carbon material doped with NH 3 and which serves as a comparative example.
- oxidized carbon materials of all doping materials showed advantageous improvements in power densities compared to the oxidized but undoped carbon material.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US18/017,320 US12586795B2 (en) | 2020-07-21 | 2021-07-09 | Method for producing a catalyst material for an electrode of an electrochemical cell |
| CN202180060660.7A CN116157939A (zh) | 2020-07-21 | 2021-07-09 | 用于制造用于电化学的电池单体的电极的催化剂材料的方法 |
| JP2023504291A JP2023535410A (ja) | 2020-07-21 | 2021-07-09 | 電気化学セルの電極用触媒材料の製造方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102020119154.5A DE102020119154A1 (de) | 2020-07-21 | 2020-07-21 | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Katalysatormaterials für eine Elektrode einer elektrochemischen Zelle |
| DE102020119154.5 | 2020-07-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2022017830A1 true WO2022017830A1 (de) | 2022-01-27 |
Family
ID=77168212
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2021/069145 Ceased WO2022017830A1 (de) | 2020-07-21 | 2021-07-09 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines katalysatormaterials für eine elektrode einer elektrochemischen zelle |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US12586795B2 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2023535410A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN116157939A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102020119154A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2022017830A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7108939B2 (en) * | 2002-12-12 | 2006-09-19 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Covalently bonded catalyst carrier and catalytic component |
| US7629285B2 (en) * | 2006-10-31 | 2009-12-08 | University Of South Carolina | Carbon-based composite electrocatalysts for low temperature fuel cells |
| JP5404195B2 (ja) * | 2009-06-09 | 2014-01-29 | 国立大学法人京都大学 | 燃料電池用電極触媒の製造方法 |
| CN102487142A (zh) | 2010-12-01 | 2012-06-06 | 大连融科储能技术发展有限公司 | 一种液流储能电池用电极 |
| JP6174790B2 (ja) | 2013-09-19 | 2017-08-02 | カウンスィル オブ サイエンティフィック アンド インダストリアル リサーチCouncil Of Scientific & Industrial Research | 窒素ドープ多孔質炭素電極触媒およびその製造方法 |
| WO2015059718A1 (en) * | 2013-10-25 | 2015-04-30 | Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research | A process for the preparation of nitrogen doped carbon nanohorns for oxygen reduction electrocatalysis |
| JP6281906B2 (ja) | 2014-05-15 | 2018-02-21 | 国立大学法人 名古屋工業大学 | 空気極、金属空気電池、並びに窒素がドープされたカーボンナノチューブ及び空気極の製造方法 |
| KR101831830B1 (ko) * | 2015-07-01 | 2018-02-23 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 연료전지 촉매용 탄소 지지체 및 이의 제조방법 |
| JP6757933B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-02 | 2020-09-23 | 地方独立行政法人東京都立産業技術研究センター | 白金担持体とそれを用いた酸素還元触媒およびその製造方法ならびに燃料電池、金属空気電池 |
| CN110248731B (zh) * | 2016-12-30 | 2022-11-29 | 香港大学 | 用于氧还原反应的源自废生物质的无金属催化剂 |
| EP3589403B1 (de) * | 2017-02-28 | 2021-03-31 | Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology School Corporation | Verfahren zur herstellung eines geträgertern katalysatormaterials und geträgertes katalysatormaterial |
| CN108855184B (zh) * | 2018-06-14 | 2020-03-13 | 中南大学 | 一种高性能析氧CoO@Co-NC/C复合催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN109761235A (zh) * | 2018-11-01 | 2019-05-17 | 南昌航空大学 | 一种生物质材料核桃壳碳材料掺氮的合成方法及其在微生物燃料电池阳极方面的应用 |
| CN111224112A (zh) * | 2020-01-10 | 2020-06-02 | 中自环保科技股份有限公司 | 一种用于氢燃料电池的电催化剂制备方法 |
| CN114188511B (zh) * | 2020-09-14 | 2024-02-27 | 湖南中科星城石墨有限公司 | 一种氮掺杂碳包覆石墨复合材料及其制备方法和应用 |
| KR20230040661A (ko) * | 2021-09-16 | 2023-03-23 | 테라릭스 주식회사 | 우레아 용액을 사용한 질소 도핑 탄소체의 제조방법 |
-
2020
- 2020-07-21 DE DE102020119154.5A patent/DE102020119154A1/de active Pending
-
2021
- 2021-07-09 US US18/017,320 patent/US12586795B2/en active Active
- 2021-07-09 WO PCT/EP2021/069145 patent/WO2022017830A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2021-07-09 JP JP2023504291A patent/JP2023535410A/ja active Pending
- 2021-07-09 CN CN202180060660.7A patent/CN116157939A/zh active Pending
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| F. JAOUEN ET AL.: "Non-Noble Electrocatalysts for 0 Reduction: How Does Heat Treatment Affect THeir Activity and Structure? Part I. Model for Carbon Black Gasification by NH : Parametric Calibration and Electrochemical Validation", J. PHYS. CHEM. C 2007, vol. 111, 1 December 2006 (2006-12-01), pages 5963 - 5970 |
| SEBASTIAN OTT ET AL.: "lonomer distribution control in porous carbon-supported catalyst layers for high-power and low Pt-loaded proton exchange membrane fuel cells", NATURE MATERIALS, January 2020 (2020-01-01) |
| TACHIBANA NAOKI ET AL: "Highly porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles synthesized via simple thermal treatment and their electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction", CARBON, ELSEVIER OXFORD, GB, vol. 115, 16 January 2017 (2017-01-16), pages 515 - 525, XP029924135, ISSN: 0008-6223, DOI: 10.1016/J.CARBON.2017.01.034 * |
| YANG HEENA ET AL: "Nitrogen-doped carbon black supported Pt-M (M = Pd, Fe, Ni) alloy catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell", MATERIALS TODAY ENERGY, vol. 13, 1 September 2019 (2019-09-01), pages 374 - 381, XP055856126, ISSN: 2468-6069, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468606919301200/pdfft?md5=bb2ae4d4d2b12ea32cbcb2d489200aab&pid=1-s2.0-S2468606919301200-main.pdf> DOI: 10.1016/j.mtener.2019.06.007 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102020119154A1 (de) | 2022-01-27 |
| US12586795B2 (en) | 2026-03-24 |
| CN116157939A (zh) | 2023-05-23 |
| US20230290964A1 (en) | 2023-09-14 |
| JP2023535410A (ja) | 2023-08-17 |
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