WO2020262114A1 - ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤 - Google Patents
ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020262114A1 WO2020262114A1 PCT/JP2020/023600 JP2020023600W WO2020262114A1 WO 2020262114 A1 WO2020262114 A1 WO 2020262114A1 JP 2020023600 W JP2020023600 W JP 2020023600W WO 2020262114 A1 WO2020262114 A1 WO 2020262114A1
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- Prior art keywords
- disease
- mitochondrial function
- alanine
- mitochondrial
- glycine
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a mitochondrial function activator, a food composition for activating mitochondrial function, and a method for activating mitochondrial function. According to the present invention, the number of mitochondria in a cell can be increased and the activity of mitochondria can be improved.
- Mitochondria are eukaryotic organelles, responsible for the production of ATP, and are thought to play an important role in apoptosis. Mitochondria are abundant in cells of metabolically active tissues such as the liver, kidneys, muscles, or brain. For example, muscle fast muscle fibers have few mitochondria, but slow muscle fibers or myocardium have many mitochondria, and glycogen produces ATP via lactic acid. Diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction include various diseases such as mitochondrial disease, neurodegenerative disease, immune neurological disease, cerebral ischemic disease, renal disease, muscle disease, or heart disease, which improve mitochondrial activity. It is expected that the symptoms will be improved. Moreover, even in healthy humans, athletic ability can be improved by activating the function of mitochondria of skeletal muscle.
- Carnosine or anserine (Patent Document 1) and ⁇ -citryl-L-glutamic acid (Patent Document 2) are known as compounds that activate mitochondrial function. However, the activation of their mitochondrial function was not sufficient.
- carnosine, anserine, and ⁇ -citryl-L-glutamic acid are dipeptides that are expensive, and a method capable of activating mitochondria at low cost has been desired. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a drug that activates the function of mitochondria, and to provide a particularly inexpensive drug.
- the present invention [1] A mitochondrial function activator containing ⁇ -alanine or glycine, or a salt thereof. [2] The mitochondrial function activator according to [1], which is used for improving fat burning or aerobic exercise capacity. [3] The mitochondrial function activator according to [1], which is used for the prevention or treatment of diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.
- Activator [5]
- the mitochondrial diseases include Lee encephalopathy, stroke-like attack syndrome (MELAS), chronic progressive external ocular muscle palsy syndrome (CPEO), Kearns-Sayer syndrome (KSS), and myokronus epilepsy syndrome (MERRF) with red rag fibers. , Pearson's disease, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, Bath syndrome, or lactic acid acidosis, the mitochondrial function activator according to [4].
- the neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Friedreich's atrophy, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and spinocerebellar degeneration. , Spinal muscular atrophy, bulbar spinal muscular atrophy, or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, the mitochondrial function activator according to [4].
- ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease
- Huntington's disease Friedreich's atrophy
- multiple system atrophy progressive supranuclear palsy
- spinocerebellar degeneration Spinal muscular atrophy
- bulbar spinal muscular atrophy or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
- the mitochondrial functional activity according to [4] wherein the immune neurological disorder is Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, Fisher syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuritis, or myasthenia gravis.
- the renal diseases include renal failure, amyloid kidney, membranous nephropathy, focal glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, acute tubule necrosis, nephrosis syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, gout kidney, renal edema,
- the muscle disease is progressive muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, congenital myopathy, metabolic myopathy, distal myopathy, inflammatory myopathy, age-related muscle atrophy (sarcopenia), or disused muscle atrophy.
- the mitochondrial function activator according to [4] wherein the heart disease is myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.
- a food composition for activating mitochondrial function which comprises ⁇ -alanine or glycine, or a salt thereof.
- a method for activating mitochondrial function which comprises a step of administering the mitochondrial function activator according to [1] to a subject.
- An exercise training method for enhancing ability or slow muscle in aerobic exercise which comprises a step of ingesting the mitochondrial function activator according to [1].
- a dietary method for enhancing the ability or slow muscle in aerobic exercise which comprises the step of ingesting the mitochondrial function activator according to [1].
- a Pgc-1 ⁇ gene activator which comprises ⁇ -alanine or glycine, or a salt thereof.
- the present specification comprises a step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of [20] ⁇ -alanine or glycine, or a salt thereof, to a disease caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, and a method for preventing or treating a disease caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.
- the disease caused by the mitochondrial dysfunction is mitochondrial disease, neurodegenerative disease, immune neurological disease, cerebral ischemic disease, renal disease, muscle disease, or heart disease, [17]. Prevention or treatment of diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, To disclose.
- the number of mitochondria in cells can be increased and the mitochondrial activity can be improved.
- ⁇ -alanine and glycine are easily available, and inexpensive mitochondrial function activators and the like can be provided.
- 6 is a confocal laser scanning micrograph of undifferentiated mouse skeletal muscle-derived myoblast cell line C2C12 cells treated with ⁇ -alanine for 48 hours. It is a graph which treated the undifferentiated mouse skeletal muscle-derived myoblast cell line C2C12 cell with ⁇ -alanine for 72 hours, and measured the fluorescence of Mito Tracker Red. It is a graph which showed the expression of the Acaa1b gene or the Acaa2 gene when the mouse skeletal muscle-derived myoblast line C2C12 cells differentiated into myotube cells were treated with ⁇ -alanine.
- mitochondrial function activator of the present invention contains ⁇ -alanine or glycine, or a salt thereof. Further, the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention may contain other amino acids having a carboxyl group and an amino group, salts thereof, and the like. The mitochondrial function activator may contain ⁇ -alanine, glycine, or a salt thereof, or another amino acid having a carboxyl group and an amino group, or a salt thereof, or the like alone, but two. The above combinations may be included.
- ⁇ -alanine has the following formula [1]: It is a compound represented by, and is also called 3-aminopropanoic acid.
- the ⁇ -alanine contained in the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention an extract, a concentrate, a purified product or the like from a food or a natural product containing a relatively large amount of ⁇ -alanine can be used.
- ⁇ -alanine can be synthesized, for example, by the ⁇ -alanine synthesis method from ⁇ -propiolactone (Ford, Org. Sys. Coll. Vol. 3, 34 (1955)).
- it can be synthesized from acrylonitrile and ammonia.
- Glycine has the following formula [2]: It is a compound represented by.
- the glycine contained in the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention an extract, a concentrate, a purified product or the like from a food or a natural product containing a relatively large amount of glycine can be used. Moreover, you may use the synthesized glycine.
- aminoacetonitrile glycinonitrile
- is synthesized from formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia is synthesized from formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia, and this is hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide or the like to produce a metal salt of glycine, and then neutralized with an acid such as sulfuric acid.
- the Strecker method of summing can be mentioned. Further, there is a hydantoin method in which glycolonitrile is synthesized from formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, and this is reacted with ammonia and carbon dioxide in the presence of water to produce hydantoin, and then by hydrolysis.
- the salt of ⁇ -alanine or glycine is not limited as long as it is a salt with an inorganic base, an organic base, or the like, or a salt with an acid, and is acceptable as a medicine or food.
- Specific examples of the salt with an inorganic base, an organic base, or the like include a salt with an inorganic base, an organic base, or a metal alkoxide. It can be produced by mixing ⁇ -alanine or glycine with an inorganic base, an organic base, or a metal alkoxide.
- Inorganic bases that can form salts include hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, acetates, or hydrides of alkali metals (eg, lithium, sodium, or potassium); alkaline earth metals (eg, magnesium). , Calcide, or barium) hydroxides, hydrides, and the like.
- alkali metals eg, lithium, sodium, or potassium
- alkaline earth metals eg, magnesium
- Calcide, or barium hydroxides, hydrides, and the like examples include dimethylamine, triethylamine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, 2-phenylethylamine, benzylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, pyridine, colidine and the like.
- the metal alkoxide include sodium methoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, magnesium methoxide and the like.
- a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a calcium salt, or a combination thereof is preferable.
- an inorganic acid or a salt with an organic acid can be mentioned.
- Hydrochloric acid is mentioned as an inorganic acid capable of forming a salt.
- mitochondrial activator in addition to ⁇ -alanine or glycine of the present invention, other amino acids having a carboxyl group and an amino group can also be used.
- amino acids constituting proteins such as valine, leucine, isoleucine, alanine, arginine, glutamine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, threonine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, asparagine and serine, phosphoserine , Phosphoethanolamine, hydroxyproline, sarcosin, ⁇ aminoadipic acid, citrulin, ⁇ aminon butyric acid, ⁇ aminoisobutyric acid, ⁇ aminobutyric acid, 3-methylhistidine, 1-methylhistidine, carnosin, anserine, hydroxylysine, ornitine, ethanol Bio-free amino acids such as amine and carnitine can be mentioned, but are not particularly limited.
- a derivative of ⁇ -alanine or glycine can also be used.
- the derivative of ⁇ -alanine or glycine means a compound in which the hydrogen atom bonded to the methylene carbon of the main chain is substituted. Examples of the substituent include an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- Mitochondria are eukaryotic organelles and have their own mitochondrial DNA. It is a place for oxygen respiration (aerobic respiration) and produces ATP. It is also thought to play an important role in apoptosis. Since fast muscle fibers have few mitochondria, lactic acid is easily produced by glycolysis. On the other hand, many mitochondria are present in slow muscle fibers and myocardium, and lactic acid is taken in and used as an energy source to produce ATP. Mitochondria also play an important role in apoptosis.
- cytochrome c leaks from mitochondria and is induced to undergo apoptosis.
- the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention improves aerobic exercise capacity.
- the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention can improve fat burning.
- Aerobic exercises include running, walking, jogging, cycling, cross-country skiing, aerobics dancing, STEP exercise, swimming, or aquabics.
- the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention can be used for enhancing the ability in aerobic exercise. Mitochondria play a role in producing energy mainly by using oxygen in cells. Aerobic energy metabolism takes place in this mitochondria. That is, the ability of aerobic exercise can be enhanced by activating mitochondria.
- the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention is useful for enhancing endurance in aerobic exercise, and endurance in aerobic exercise. It can be used for capacity building in competitions that require, such as long-distance running, swimming, walking, triathlon, road racing, and soccer. Therefore, by administering the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention to a subject, it can be used for an exercise training method related to aerobic exercise. These exercise training methods are not medical practices. Furthermore, the fat burning effect is obtained by improving the aerobic exercise capacity by activating mitochondria.
- the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention can prevent or treat diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.
- Diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction include, but are not limited to, mitochondrial disease, neurodegenerative disease, immune neurological disease, cerebral ischemic disease, renal disease, muscle disease, or heart disease.
- the mitochondrial disease is a disease in which sufficient aerobic energy production cannot be achieved due to mutation of mitochondria.
- various diseases other than mitochondrial diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, immune neurological diseases, cerebral ischemic diseases, renal diseases, and muscle diseases , Or it is known to cause heart disease and the like, and the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention can increase the number of mitochondrial diseases, promote tissue regeneration, and can be treated.
- the mitochondrial disease is accompanied by, but not limited to, Lee encephalopathy, stroke-like attack syndrome (MELAS), chronic progressive external ocular muscle palsy syndrome (CPEO), Kearns-Sayer syndrome (KSS), and red rag fibers.
- MELAS stroke-like attack syndrome
- CPEO chronic progressive external ocular muscle palsy syndrome
- KSS Kearns-Sayer syndrome
- MRF Myokronus epilepsy syndrome
- Pearson's disease Pearson's disease
- mitochondrial encephalomyopathy Bath syndrome
- the neurodegenerative diseases include, but are not limited to, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Friedreich's atrophy, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear disease.
- the immune neurological disorder includes, but is not limited to, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, Miller Fisher's syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuritis, myasthenia gravis and the like.
- the cerebral ischemic disease includes, but is not limited to, cerebral infarction.
- the renal diseases include, but are not limited to, renal failure, amyloid kidney, membranous nephropathy, focal glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, acute tubule necrosis, nephrosis syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, and gout.
- Examples include kidney, renal edema, renal tumor, renal ischemic disorder, renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, or cystic kidney.
- the muscle disease includes, but is not limited to, progressive muscular dystrophy, muscular tonic dystrophy, congenital myopathy, metabolic myopathy, distal myopathy, inflammatory myopathy, age-related muscular atrophy (sarcopenia), or Examples include disused muscular atrophy.
- the heart disease includes, but is not limited to, myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.
- activation of function by the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the function of mitochondria is improved, but for example, an increase in the number of mitochondria or the number of activated mitochondria. There is an increase.
- activation of function by a mitochondrial function activator includes activation of a gene that improves mitochondrial function.
- gene activation includes increased transcription of the gene Pgc-1 ⁇ involved in mitochondrial biosynthesis. Also mentioned is increased transcription of acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 (Acaa2) and acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase 1b (Acaa1b) involved in the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation spiral step.
- the dosage form of the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is, for example, a powder, a fine granule, a granule, a tablet, a capsule, a suspension, an emulsion, a syrup, an extract, or Examples thereof include oral preparations such as pills, or parenteral preparations such as injections, topical solutions, ointments, suppositories, topically administered creams, and eye drops.
- Oral preparations include, for example, gelatin, sodium alginate, starch, corn starch, sucrose, lactose, glucose, mannit, carboxymethyl cellulose, dextrin, polyvinylpyrrolidene, crystalline cellulose, soy lecithin, sucrose, fatty acid ester, talc, magnesium stearate.
- Polyethylene glycol, magnesium silicate, dextrinic acid, or synthetic aluminum silicate and other excipients, binders, disintegrants, surfactants, lubricants, fluidity enhancers, diluents, preservatives, colorants , Fragrance, flavoring agent, stabilizer, moisturizing agent, preservative, antioxidant, etc. can be produced according to a conventional method.
- parenteral preparations include injections. In the preparation of injections, in addition to the active ingredient, for example, a water-soluble solvent such as physiological saline or Ringer's solution, a water-insoluble solvent such as vegetable oil or fatty acid ester, an isotonic agent such as glucose or sodium chloride, and a solubilizing agent.
- Stabilizers, preservatives, suspending agents, emulsifiers and the like can be optionally used.
- the dose when the mitochondrial function activator is used can be appropriately determined according to, for example, the type of active ingredient used, the type of disease, the age, sex, body weight, degree of symptoms, or the administration method of the patient. , Orally or parenterally.
- the daily intake of ⁇ -alanine or glycine is preferably 0.01 to 100 mg / kg.
- the above administration method is an example, and other administration methods may be used. It is desirable that the method of administration of the mitochondrial function activator to humans, the dose, the administration period, the administration interval, etc. be determined by a controlled clinical trial.
- the administration form is not limited to pharmaceutical products, and various forms such as functional foods, health foods (including beverages), or foods and drinks as feed can be given.
- the method for producing a mitochondrial function activator containing ⁇ -alanine or glycine can be produced using a known method for producing a pharmaceutical product, except that ⁇ -alanine or glycine-type phospholipid is contained as an active ingredient.
- the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention can contain other components.
- the other components include edible oils and fats, water, glycerin fatty acid ester, sugar fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester, propylene glycol fatty acid ester, glycerin organic acid fatty acid ester, polyglycerin fatty acid ester, stearoyl calcium lactate, sodium stearoyl lactate, and the like.
- Emulsifiers such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, thickening stabilizers such as locust bean gum, carrageenan, alginic acids, pectin, xanthan gum, crystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, agar, glucomannan, gelatin, starch, or chemical starch, Salt or salting agents such as potassium chloride, acidulants such as acetic acid, lactic acid, or gluconic acid, sweeteners such as sugars or sugar alcohols, stevia, or aspartame, coloring agents such as beta-carotene, caramel, or red koji pigment.
- thickening stabilizers such as locust bean gum, carrageenan, alginic acids, pectin, xanthan gum, crystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, agar, glucomannan, gelatin, starch, or chemical starch
- Salt or salting agents such as potassium chloride,
- Antioxidants such as tocopherol or tea extract, flavoring agents, pH adjusters, food preservatives, or food materials and food additives such as shelf life improvers. It is also possible to contain various vitamins, coenzyme Q, plant sterols, and functional materials such as milk fat bolus membrane.
- the total content of these other components in the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention is preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less, still more preferably 20% by mass or less.
- the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention can be administered to humans, but the administration target may be animals other than humans, and pets such as dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, and squirrels; Livestock such as cows, horses and pigs; experimental animals such as mice and rats; and animals bred in zoos and the like can be mentioned.
- the mitochondrial function activation method of the present invention includes a step of administering the mitochondrial function activator to a subject. That is, the ⁇ -alanine or glycine can be used as a method for activating mitochondrial function. By administering an effective amount of the mitochondrial function activator to humans or animals, mitochondrial function can be activated.
- the method for activating mitochondrial function of the present invention may be carried out when the subject suffers from a disease caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.
- the method for activating mitochondrial function of the present invention may be carried out for improving fat burning or aerobic exercise capacity of a subject.
- ⁇ -alanine or glycine can be used as a method for improving aerobic exercise capacity or an exercise training method for strengthening slow muscles through activation of mitochondrial function.
- ⁇ -alanine or glycine can be used as a method for preventing or treating diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction through activation of mitochondrial function. That is, the method for preventing or treating a disease caused by mitochondrial dysfunction of the present invention includes a step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of ⁇ -alanine or glycine or a salt thereof to a patient with a disease caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.
- the disease caused by the mitochondrial dysfunction include mitochondrial disease, neurodegenerative disease, immune neurological disease, cerebral ischemic disease, renal disease, muscle disease, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, sarcopenia and the like.
- ⁇ ⁇ -alanine or glycine used for mitochondrial function activation method The ⁇ -alanine or glycine can be used as a method for activating mitochondrial function. That is, the present specification discloses ⁇ -alanine or glycine used in a method for activating mitochondrial function. Further, ⁇ -alanine or glycine is ⁇ -alanine or glycine used in a method for improving aerobic exercise capacity or an exercise training method for strengthening slow muscles. In addition, ⁇ -alanine or glycine is ⁇ -alanine or glycine used in methods of preventing or treating diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.
- ⁇ -alanine or glycine for the production of mitochondrial function activator. That is, the present specification discloses the use of ⁇ -alanine or glycine in the production of a mitochondrial function activator.
- ⁇ -alanine or glycine can be used for production as an aerobic exercise capacity enhancer, a fat burning agent, or a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for a disease caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.
- the food composition for mitochondrial function activation of the present invention contains ⁇ -alanine or glycine, or a salt thereof.
- the food composition for activating mitochondrial function may contain ⁇ -alanine, glycine, or a salt thereof alone, or may contain a combination of two or more.
- the food composition for activating mitochondrial function of the present invention may contain the above-mentioned mitochondrial function activating agent as long as it can be orally administered. That is, the food composition for activating mitochondrial function of the present invention can use the conditions and the like described in the section of the mitochondrial function activating agent as long as it can be used orally, and the same effect can be obtained. ..
- the food in the food composition for activating mitochondrial function of the present invention is a food or drink and includes a beverage.
- the food in the present invention is not particularly limited, and is not particularly limited, for example, seasonings such as miso, soy sauce, mentsuyu, sauce, dashi, pasta sauce, dressing, mayonnaise, tomato ketchup, Worcestershire sauce, tonkatsu sauce, or sprinkle, soup.
- Instant cooked foods such as Nomoto, curry worcestershire sauce, Ochazuke no Moto, or Soup no Moto, soups such as miso soup, soup, consomme soup, or potage soup, processed livestock products such as roasted meat, ham, or sausage.
- Processed marine products such as kamaboko, dried food, salted, boiled or delicacies, processed vegetable products such as pickles, snacks such as potato chips or roasted rice cakes, bakery foods such as bread, sweet bread, or cookies, boiled foods, fried foods, grilled foods , Curry, stew, gratin, rice, porridge, or onigiri and other cooked foods, pasta, udon, or ramen and other noodle foods, margarine, shortening, fat spreads, or flavored fat spreads and other oil-processed foods, flower paste, or Confectionery such as bean paste Bread ingredients, mixed powder for bread, mixed powder for cake, mixed powder such as mixed powder for fried foods, confectionery such as chocolate, candy, jelly, ice cream, or gum, bun, or castella Japanese sweets such as coffee, coffee milk, tea, milk tea, soy milk, nutritional drinks, vegetable drinks, vinegared drinks, juice, cola, mineral water, or sports drinks such as beer, wine, cocktails, or sour Examples thereof include alcoholic beverages
- the food composition for activating mitochondrial function of the present invention can be produced by using a known method for producing foods and drinks, except that it contains ⁇ -alanine, glycine, or the like.
- the food composition for activating mitochondrial function of the present invention exhibits the same effect as the above-mentioned mitochondrial function activating agent. Therefore, the aerobic exercise capacity of the food composition for activating mitochondrial function of the present invention is improved. In addition, the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention can improve fat burning. Therefore, depending on the dietary method in which the subject ingests the food composition for activating mitochondrial function of the present invention, effects such as enhancement of ability in aerobic exercise or enhancement of slow muscle can be obtained.
- the exercise training method of the present invention includes a step of ingesting the mitochondrial function activator to a subject.
- the exercise training method of the present invention is particularly effective for enhancing ability or slow muscle enhancement in aerobic exercise.
- Aerobic exercises include running, walking, jogging, cycling, cross-country skiing, aerobics dancing, STEP exercise, swimming, or aquabics.
- the exercise training method of the present invention is useful for endurance training. That is, it is useful for enhancing endurance in aerobic exercise, and is used for enhancing ability in sports that require endurance in aerobic exercise, such as long-distance running, swimming, walking, triathlon, road racing, and soccer. be able to.
- These exercise training methods are not medical practices.
- the dietary method of the present invention includes a step of ingesting the mitochondrial function activator to a subject.
- the dietary method of the present invention is effective for enhancing the ability or slow muscle in aerobic exercise.
- the dietary method excludes medical practice.
- ⁇ -alanine or glycine contained in the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention increases the number of mitochondria or activates the function has not been completely elucidated, but ⁇ -alanine or glycine Is inferred to act directly on the activation of cells and their mitochondria.
- the chemical structure of ⁇ -alanine or glycine is exactly the same except that the main chain has two and one methylene carbon atoms, and having a carboxyl group and an amino group is a mitochondrial functional activity. It is considered to be important for the conversion. Therefore, many amino acids can be used as active ingredients of the mitochondrial function activator of the present invention, but ⁇ -alanine, glycine, or ⁇ -aminobutyric acid is particularly preferable.
- Example 1 activation of ⁇ -alanine mitochondrial function was examined using undifferentiated mouse skeletal muscle-derived myoblast cell line C2C12 cells.
- C2C12 cells are 10% deactivated FBS, penicillin (100,000 U / L; Meiji, Tokyo, Japan), streptomycin (100 mg / L: Meiji), NaHCO 3 (2.0 g / L: Wako, Osaka, Japan) , Dulvecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) medium (Nissui, Tokyo, Japan) containing L-glutamine (Wako) was used for subculture at 37 ° C. in the presence of 5% CO 2 .
- DMEM Dulvecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- ⁇ -alanine is obtained by dissolving 0.0089 g of ⁇ -alanine powder (Wako) in 1 ⁇ PBS (1 mL) and filtering and sterilizing it with a 0.22 ⁇ M ⁇ 13 mm filter (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Was used as a 100 mM stock solution.
- the number of mitochondria in C2C12 cells was measured as follows. C2C12 cells were seeded on a 6-well plate at 4.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells / well, and after 24 hours, ⁇ -alanine was added to 500 ⁇ M or 1 mM. In addition, 1 ⁇ PBS was added to the control. After 2 hours from the addition, the medium was removed by suction, and 2 mL / well of Mito Tracker Green FM (Invitrogen) diluted to 200 nM in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS was added, and the temperature was 37 ° C. and 5% under shading. Incubated for 30 minutes in the presence of CO 2 .
- Mito Tracker Green FM Invitrogen
- the diluted solution was removed by suction, and 1 ⁇ PBS was added at 1 mL / well to wash the cells.
- 1 ⁇ PBS was removed by suction and trypsin was added at 500 ⁇ L / well, trypsin was removed by suction and incubated at 37 ° C. in the presence of 5% CO 2 for 5 minutes under shading. After incubation, cells were suspended in 1 mL of DMEM medium containing 10% FBS and collected in 1.5 mL tubes.
- the cells to which the cells were removed and the diluted solution of Mito Tracker Green FM (Invitrogen) was added were used as cells treated with ⁇ -alanine for 48 hours, and the same operation as for cells treated with ⁇ -alanine for 2 hours was performed.
- the number of activated mitochondria in C2C12 cells was measured as follows. C2C12 cells were seeded on a 6-well plate at 4.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells / well, and after 24 hours, ⁇ -alanine was added to 500 ⁇ M or 1 mM. In addition, 1 ⁇ PBS was added to the control. After 2 hours from the addition, the medium was removed by suction, and 2 mL / well of Mito Tracker Red CMXRos (Invitrogen) diluted to 250 nM in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS was added, and the temperature was 37 ° C. and 5% under shading. Incubated for 30 minutes in the presence of CO 2 .
- the analysis was performed at the FCM analysis software FlowJo (TOMY Digital Biology). In addition, cells were seeded, ⁇ -alanine was added to reach 100 ⁇ M or 1 mM 24 hours later, 24 hours later, a second ⁇ -alanine addition was performed, and 24 hours after the second ⁇ -alanine addition, the medium was added. Was aspirated and removed, and cells to which a diluted solution of Mito Tracker Red CMXRos (Invitrogen) was added were used as cells treated for 48 hours as a sample, and the same operation as for cells treated with ⁇ -alanine for 2 hours was performed.
- Mito Tracker Red CMXRos Invitrogen
- Mito Tracker Green FM is a fluorescent reagent that stains mitochondria independently of the membrane potential. Therefore, the shift of the peak of the flow cytometer histogram to the right by the addition of ⁇ -alanine indicates that the number of mitochondria increased. As shown in FIG. 1, it was confirmed that the number of mitochondria increased in a concentration-dependent manner by adding ⁇ -alanine to undifferentiated cells at both the treatment time of 2 hours and 48 hours.
- Mito Tracker Red CMXRos is a fluorescent reagent that stains mitochondria in a membrane potential-dependent manner.
- Example 2 the activation of mitochondrial function of glycine was examined using undifferentiated mouse skeletal muscle-derived myoblast cell line C2C12 cells. The operation of Example 1 was repeated except that glycine was used instead of ⁇ -alanine.
- the glycine solution was prepared as follows. 0.0075 g of glycine powder (Wako) was dissolved in 1 ⁇ PBS (1 mL) and sterilized by filtration through a 0.22 ⁇ M ⁇ 13 mm filter (Merck Millipore) to prepare a 100 mM stock solution.
- Example 3 activation of mitochondrial function of glycine was examined using mouse skeletal muscle-derived myoblast line C2C12 cells differentiated into myotube cells. The operation of Example 2 was repeated except that C2C12 cells differentiated into myotube cells were used instead of undifferentiated C2C12 cells. Induction of differentiation of C2C12 cells into myotube cells was performed as follows. C2C12 cells were seeded, and after the cells reached about 90% confluence, the medium was replaced with DMEM medium containing 2% Horse Serum (HS) (Invitrogen, Tokyo, Japan) to induce differentiation. After that, cells cultured at 37 ° C.
- HS Horse Serum
- Example 4 transcription of the Pgc-1 ⁇ gene in ⁇ -alanine or glycine-treated mouse skeletal muscle-derived myoblast line C2C12 cells was measured.
- total RNA in cells was prepared using the High Pure RNA Isolation Kit (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). C2C12 cells were seeded in a 6-well plate at 4.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells / well, and after the cells reached about 90% confluence, the medium was replaced with 2% HS-containing DMEM medium to induce differentiation. It was. After that, the medium was exchanged every 48 hours and cultured at 37 ° C. in the presence of 5% CO 2 for about 1 week, which was used in the experiment.
- ⁇ -alanine and glycine were added to the differentiated cells, and 1 ⁇ PBS was added as a control. Twenty-four hours after the addition, the second sample was added, and 24 hours after the second sample addition, the medium was removed by suction, and 1 ⁇ PBS was added at 1 mL / well to wash the cells. The washing was performed twice. Then, 1 ⁇ PBS (200 ⁇ L / well) and Lysis / -binding buffer (400 ⁇ L / well) were added to spread the whole dish, and then the whole amount was collected in a 1.5 mL tube. The collected sample was suspended in a vortex mixer for 60 seconds.
- the filter tube and recovery tube were assembled, the sample solution was added to the filter tube, and the mixture was centrifuged at 4 ° C. and 10000 rpm for 15 seconds. The liquid discharged into the recovery tube was discarded, and the filter tube and the recovery tube were reassembled.
- 90 ⁇ L of DNase Incubation Buffer per sample and 10 ⁇ L of DNase I per sample were mixed. This mixture was added to a filter tube and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. After incubation, Wash buffer I (500 ⁇ L) was added to the filter tube and centrifuged at 4 ° C. and 10000 rpm for 15 seconds.
- wash buffer II 500 ⁇ L was added to the filter tube and centrifuged at 4 ° C. and 10000 rpm for 15 seconds. The liquid discharged into the recovery tube was discarded, and the filter tube and the recovery tube were reassembled. Wash buffer II (200 ⁇ L) was added to the filter tube and centrifuged at 13000 ⁇ g for 2 minutes at 4 ° C. The filter tube was inserted into a new 1.5 mL tube, Elution buffer (70 ⁇ L) was added to the filter tube, and the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 3 minutes and then centrifuged at 4 ° C. and 10000 rpm for 1 minute.
- RNA concentration in the solution was calculated based on the absorption value at 260 nm using a NanoDrop 2000 / 2000c spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and used in the subsequent experiments.
- the cDNA was synthesized as follows. 0.5 ⁇ L of Oligo (dT) 20 primer (10 pmoles / ⁇ L) was added to 1.0 ⁇ g of total RNA extracted from cells, and RNase Free water was added so that the total liquid volume was 13.5 ⁇ L. After tapping, suspending, and spinning down, a heat treatment reaction was carried out at 65 ° C. for 5 minutes at Thermal Cycler PTC-200 (MJ Research, Waltham, MA, USA), immediately transferred to ice and allowed to stand for 5 minutes.
- Oligo (dT) 20 primer 10 pmoles / ⁇ L
- Quantitative RT-PCR was performed using the prepared cDNA as a template.
- a PCR tube (0.2 mL)
- the template cDNA (1/5 for the primer Pgc-1 ⁇ , ⁇ - 7.0 ⁇ L (diluted to 1/50 for actin) was added, and after spinning down, 24.5 ⁇ L of THUNDERBIRD SYBR qPCR Mix (TOYOBO) was added and suspended well on ice.
- TOYOBO THUNDERBIRD SYBR qPCR Mix
- ⁇ -actin forward 5'-GGCCAGGTCATCACTATTG-3'(SEQ ID NO: 1)
- ⁇ -actin reverse 5'-GAGGTCTTTACGGATGTCAAC-3'(SEQ ID NO: 2)
- Pgc-1 ⁇ forward 5'-AATGCAGCGGTCTTAGCACT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 3)
- Pgc-1 ⁇ reverse 5'-TGTTGACAAATGCTCTTCGC-3'(SEQ ID NO: 4)
- ⁇ -alanine 500 ⁇ M and 1 mM treatment and glycine 500 ⁇ M treatment enhanced the expression of Pgc-1 ⁇ in differentiated C2C12 cells.
- Example 5 a capsule-shaped mitochondrial function activator containing ⁇ -alanine and glycine was produced. After mixing 1.0 part by weight of ⁇ -alanine, 1.0 part by weight of glycine and 0.5 part by weight of dextrin to homogenize, the mixture is filled in a hard capsule and has a content of 250 mg ( ⁇ -alanine 100 mg / capsule, Glycine 100 mg / capsule) was produced.
- Example 6 a food composition for activating mitochondrial function in the form of a beverage containing ⁇ -alanine and glycine was produced. Water was added to 35.5 g of sports drink powder, 0.5 g of ⁇ -alanine, and 0.5 g of glycine to produce a beverage having a total volume of 500 mL.
- Example 7 a gel-form mitochondrial function activator containing capsules containing ⁇ -alanine and glycine was produced. 7.1 parts by weight of sports drink powder, 2 parts by weight of gelatin hydrolyzate, and an appropriate amount of water were added and dissolved by heating. Next, 0.1 part by weight of ⁇ -alanine, 0.1 part by weight of glycine and an appropriate amount of water were added to make the total amount 100 parts by weight, and 150 g of a gel-like preparation was prepared per serving.
- Example 8 mitochondrial activation was examined using a confocal laser scanning microscope.
- Cells treated with ⁇ -alanine for 48 hours were prepared by the same procedure as in Example 1.
- C2C12 cells were seeded at a concentration of 3.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells / mL or 5.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells / mL, and Mito Tracker Green FM (Invitrogen) and Mito Tracker Red CMXRos (Invitrogen) were used together. Added. The obtained cells were observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope (Olympus).
- the addition of 500 ⁇ M ⁇ -alanine strengthened the red fluorescence of Mito Tracker Red CMX Ros, and the addition of 1 mM ⁇ -alanine further strengthened the red fluorescence.
- Example 9 the fluorescence of Mito Tracker Red CMX Ros was measured using flow cytometry.
- Cells were prepared by repeating the procedure of Mito Tracker Red CMX Ros of Example 1 except that the treatment with ⁇ -alanine was set to 72 hours. The obtained cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (Beckman Coulter). As shown in FIG. 9, the addition of ⁇ -alanine increased the fluorescence of Mito Tracker Red. Therefore, the addition of ⁇ -alanine activated mitochondria.
- Example 10 transcription of the genes of Acaa1b and Acaa2 in ⁇ -alanine-treated mouse skeletal muscle-derived myoblast cell line C2C12 cells was measured. The operation of Example 4 was repeated except that the Acaa1b forward primer and the Acaa1b reverse primer or the Acaa2 forward primer and the Acaa2 reverse primer were used instead of the Pgc-1 ⁇ forward primer and the Pgc-1 ⁇ reverse primer.
- Acaa1b forward 5'-TGAGCGGTTTGGCGTTT-3'(SEQ ID NO: 5)
- Acaa2 forward 5'-TGCCCCTCAGTTCTTGTCTGT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 7)
- ⁇ -alanine 500 ⁇ M treatment enhanced the expression of Acaa1b and Acaa2 in differentiated C2C12 cells.
- the mitochondrial function activator and the food composition for mitochondrial function activation of the present invention are used for prevention or treatment of diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, or for strengthening slow muscles, strengthening exercise training, or increasing fat metabolism. Can be used.
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Abstract
Description
ミトコンドリアの機能障害に起因する疾患として、ミトコンドリア病、神経変性疾患、免疫性神経疾患、脳虚血性疾患、腎疾患、筋疾患、又は心疾患など様々な疾患が挙げられるが、ミトコンドリアの活性を向上させることにより、症状の改善が期待される。また、健康なヒトにおいても、骨格筋のミトコンドリアの機能を活性化させることにより、運動能力を向上させることができる。
従って、本発明の目的は、ミトコンドリアの機能を活性化する薬剤を提供することであり、特に安価な薬剤を提供することである。
本発明は、こうした知見に基づくものである。
従って、本発明は、
[1]β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む、ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤、
[2]脂肪燃焼の向上、又は有酸素運動能力向上用である、[1]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤、
[3]ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患の予防又は治療用である、[1]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤、
[4]前記ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患が、ミトコンドリア病、神経変性疾患、免疫性神経疾患、脳虚血性疾患、腎疾患、筋疾患、又は心疾患である、[3]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤、
[5]前記ミトコンドリア病が、リー脳症、脳卒中様発作症候群(MELAS)、慢性進行性外眼筋麻痺症候群(CPEO)、カーンズ・セイヤー症候群(KSS)、赤色ぼろ線維を伴うミオクローヌスてんかん症候群(MERRF)、ピアソン病、レーバー遺伝性視神経症(LHON)、ミトコンドリア脳筋症、バース症候群、又は乳酸アシドーシスである、[4]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤、
[6]前記神経変性疾患が、筋委縮性側索硬化症(ALS)、パーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病、ハンチントン病、フリードライヒ失調症、多系統萎縮症、進行性核上性麻痺、脊髄小脳変性症、脊髄性筋萎縮症、球脊髄性筋萎縮症、又はシャルコー・マリー・トゥース病である、[4]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤、
[7]前記免疫性神経疾患が、ギラン・バレー症候群、多発性硬化症、フィッシャー症候群、慢性炎症性脱髄性多発神経炎、又は重症筋無力症である、[4]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤、
[8]前記脳虚血性疾患が脳梗塞である、[4]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤、
[9]前記腎疾患が、腎不全、アミロイド腎、膜性腎症、巣状糸球体硬化症、IgA腎症、急性尿細管壊死、ネフローゼ症候群、糖尿病性腎症、痛風腎、腎性浮腫、腎腫瘍、腎臓虚血障害、腎臓虚血再灌流障害、又は嚢胞腎である、[4]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤、
[10]前記筋疾患が、進行性筋ジストロフィー、筋強直性ジストロフィー、先天性ミオパチー、代謝性ミオパチー、遠位性ミオパチー、炎症性ミオパチー、加齢性筋萎縮(サルコペニア)、又は廃用性筋委縮である、[4]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤、
[11]前記心疾患が、心筋梗塞、心不全、虚血性心疾患、又は心筋症である、[4]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤、
[12]β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む、ミトコンドリア機能活性化用食品組成物、
[13][1]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を、対象に投与する工程を含む、ミトコンドリア機能の活性化方法、
[14]前記対象の脂肪燃焼の向上又は有酸素運動能力向上のための、[13]に記載のミトコンドリア機能の活性化方法、
[15][1]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を、対象に摂取させる工程を含む、有酸素運動における能力の増強又は遅筋増強のための、運動トレーニング方法、
[16][1]に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を、対象に摂取させる工程を含む、有酸素運動における能力の増強又は遅筋増強のための、食餌方法、
[17]β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む、Pgc-1α遺伝子活性化剤、
[18]β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む、Acaa1b遺伝子活性化剤、及び
[19]β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む、Acaa2遺伝子活性化剤、
に関する。
また、本明細書は
[20]β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩の治療有効量を、ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患に投与する工程を含む、ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患の予防又は治療方法、及び
[21]前記ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患が、ミトコンドリア病、神経変性疾患、免疫性神経疾患、脳虚血性疾患、腎疾患、筋疾患、又は心疾患である、[17]に記載のミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患の予防又は治療方法、
を開示する。
本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤は、β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む。また、本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤は、カルボキシル基及びアミノ基を有する他のアミノ酸、又はその塩等を含んでもよい。ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤は、β-アラニン、グリシン、若しくはそれらのいずれかの塩、又はカルボキシル基及びアミノ基を有する他のアミノ酸若しくはそれらのいずれかの塩等を単独で含んでもよいが、2つ以上の組み合わせを含んでもよい。
塩を形成しうる無機塩基としては、アルカリ金属(例えば、リチウム、ナトリウム、又はカリウム等)の水酸化物、炭酸塩、炭酸水素塩、酢酸塩、又は水素化物;アルカリ土類金属(例えば、マグネシウム、カルシウム、又はバリウム)の水酸化物、又は水素化物等が挙げられる。塩を形成しうる有機塩基としては、ジメチルアミン、トリエチルアミン、ピペラジン、ピロリジン、ピペリジン、2-フェニルエチルアミン、ベンジルアミン、エタノールアミン、ジエタノールアミン、ピリジン、又はコリジン等が挙げられる。また、金属アルコキシドとしては、ナトリウムメトキシド、カリウムtert-ブトキシド、又はマグネシウムメトキシド等が挙げられる。β-アラニン又はグリシンの塩としては、ナトリウム塩、カリウム塩、カルシウム塩、又はそれらの組み合わせが好ましい。
また、具体的な酸との塩としては、無機酸、又は有機酸との塩が挙げられる。塩を形成しうる無機酸としては、塩酸が挙げられる。
また、ミトコンドリアの活性化剤として、本発明のβ-アラニン又はグリシンに加え、カルボキシル基及びアミノ基を有する他のアミノ酸も使用することが出来る。具体的には、バリン、ロイシン、イソロイシン、アラニン、アルギニン、グルタミン、リジン、アスパラギン酸、グルタミン酸、プロリン、スレオニン、ヒスチジン、フェニルアラニン、チロシン、トリプトファン、アスパラギン、セリン等のタンパク質を構成するアミノ酸の他、ホスホセリン、ホスホエタノールアミン、ヒドロキシプロリン、サルコシン、αアミノアジピン酸、シトルリン、αアミノn酪酸、βアミノイソ酪酸、γアミノ酪酸、3-メチルヒスチジン、1-メチルヒスチジン、カルノシン、アンセリン、ヒドロキシリジン、オルニチン、エタノールアミン、カルニチン等の生体遊離アミノ酸が挙げられるが、特に限定されるものではない。
また、本発明のβ-アラニン又はグリシンに加え、β-アラニン又はグリシンの誘導体を使用することもできる。本明細書において、β-アラニン又はグリシンの誘導体とは、主鎖のメチレン炭素に結合している水素原子が置換された化合物を意味する。置換基としては、例えば、炭素数1~3のアルキル基が挙げられる。
ミトコンドリアは、真核生物の細胞小器官であり、独自のミトコンドリアDNAを有している。酸素呼吸(好気呼吸)の場であり、ATPを産生する。また、アポトーシスに重要な役割を果たすと考えられている。
速筋繊維にはミトコンドリアが少ないため、糖分解によって乳酸が産生されやすい。一方、遅筋繊維及び心筋にはミトコンドリアが多く存在し、乳酸を取り込んでエネルギー源として使用し、ATPを産生する。
また、ミトコンドリアは、アポトーシスに重要な役割を果たしている。DNA損傷などのストレスにより、アポトーシス誘導分子p53又はアポトーシスを調節するBcl-2ファミリータンパク質を介して、ミトコンドリアの膜電位が変化する。その結果、ミトコンドリアからシトクロムcが漏出し、アポトーシスへ誘導される。
本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤によって、有酸素運動能力が向上する。また、本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤によって、脂肪燃焼を向上させることができる。有酸素運動としては、ランニング、ウォーキング、ジョギング、サイクリング、クロスカントリースキー、エアロビクスダンス、STEPエクササイズ、水泳、又はアクアビクスが挙げられる。
本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤は、有酸素運動における能力の増強のために用いることができる。ミトコンドリアは、細胞中では主に酸素を使ってエネルギーを生産する役割を担っている。有酸素性のエネルギー代謝はこのミトコンドリアで行われる。すなわち、有酸素運動の能力はミトコンドリアを活性化することで高めることができる。また、ミトコンドリアの活性化は、持久力トレーニングと同様の効果があると考えられるから、本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤は、有酸素運動における持久力の増強に役立ち、また有酸素運動における持久力が必要とされる競技、例えば長距離走、競泳、競歩、トライアスロン、ロードレース、サッカーにおける能力の増強のために用いることができる。従って、本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を対象者に投与することによって、有酸素運動に関連する運動トレーニング方法に用いることができる。これらの運動トレーニング方法は、医療行為ではない。
更に、ミトコンドリアの活性化による有酸素運動能力の向上によって、脂肪燃焼効果が得られる。
本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤によって、ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患を予防又は治療することができる。ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患としては、特に限定されるものではないが、ミトコンドリア病、神経変性疾患、免疫性神経疾患、脳虚血性疾患、腎疾患、筋疾患、又は心疾患が挙げられる。前記ミトコンドリア病は、ミトコンドリアの変異が原因で、十分な好気的エネルギー産生が行えなくなる疾患である。また、ミトコンドリアの機能低下は、エネルギー要求性の高い組織の活動を阻害することから、ミトコンドリア病以外の種々の疾患である神経変性疾患、免疫性神経疾患、脳虚血性疾患、腎疾患、筋疾患、又は心疾患等を引き起こすことが知られており、本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤によってミトコンドリアの数を増加させ、組織の再生を促進することができ、治療することができる。
前記神経変性疾患としては、限定されるものではないが、筋委縮性側索硬化症(ALS)、パーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病、ハンチントン病、フリードライヒ失調症、多系統萎縮症、進行性核上性麻痺、脊髄小脳変性症、脊髄性筋萎縮症、球脊髄性筋萎縮症、又はシャルコー・マリー・トゥース病などが挙げられる。
前記免疫性神経疾患としては、限定されるものではないが、ギラン・バレー症候群、多発性硬化症、フィッシャー症候群、慢性炎症性脱髄性多発神経炎、又は重症筋無力症などが挙げられる。
前記脳虚血性疾患としては、限定されるものではないが、脳梗塞が挙げられる。
前記腎疾患としては、限定されるものではないが、腎不全、アミロイド腎、膜性腎症、巣状糸球体硬化症、IgA腎症、急性尿細管壊死、ネフローゼ症候群、糖尿病性腎症、痛風腎、腎性浮腫、腎腫瘍、腎臓虚血障害、腎臓虚血再灌流障害、又は嚢胞腎などが挙げられる。
前記筋疾患としては、限定されるものではないが、進行性筋ジストロフィー、筋強直性ジストロフィー、先天性ミオパチー、代謝性ミオパチー、遠位性ミオパチー、炎症性ミオパチー、加齢性筋萎縮(サルコペニア)、又は廃用性筋委縮などが挙げられる。
前記心疾患としては、限定されるものではないが、心筋梗塞、心不全、虚血性心疾患、又は心筋症があげられる。
また、ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤による「機能の活性化」は、ミトコンドリアの機能を向上させる遺伝子の活性化を含む。例えば、遺伝子の活性化として、ミトコンドリアの生合成に係る遺伝子Pgc-1αの転写の増加が挙げられる。また、ミトコンドリアの脂肪酸ベータ酸化スパイラルのステップに関与するアセチル-コエンザイムAアシルトランスフェラーゼ2(Acaa2)、及びアセチル-コエンザイムAアシルトランスフェラーゼ1b(Acaa1b)の転写を増加が挙げられる。
経口剤は、例えば、ゼラチン、アルギン酸ナトリウム、澱粉、コーンスターチ、白糖、乳糖、ブドウ糖、マンニット、カルボキシメチルセルロース、デキストリン、ポリビニルピロリデン、結晶セルロース、大豆レシチン、ショ糖、脂肪酸エステル、タルク、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、ポリエチレングリコール、ケイ酸マグネシウム、無水ケイ酸、又は合成ケイ酸アルミニウムなどの賦形剤、結合剤、崩壊剤、界面活性剤、滑沢剤、流動性促進剤、希釈剤、保存剤、着色剤、香料、矯味剤、安定化剤、保湿剤、防腐剤、又は酸化防止剤等を用いて、常法に従って製造することができる。
非経口剤としては、例えば注射剤を挙げることができる。注射剤の調製においては、有効成分の他に、例えば生理食塩水若しくはリンゲル液等の水溶性溶剤、植物油若しくは脂肪酸エステル等の非水溶性溶剤、ブドウ糖若しくは塩化ナトリウム等の等張化剤、溶解補助剤、安定化剤、防腐剤、懸濁化剤、又は乳化剤などを任意に用いることができる。
β-アラニン又はグリシンを含有するミトコンドリア機能活性化剤の製造方法は、β-アラニン又はグリシン型リン脂質を有効成分として含むこと以外は、公知の医薬品の製造方法を用いて製造することができる。
本発明のミトコンドリア機能の活性化方法は、前記ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を、対象に投与する工程を含む。すなわち、前記β-アラニン又はグリシンは、ミトコンドリアの機能活性化方法に用いることができる。前記ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤の有効量を、ヒト又は動物に投与することにより、ミトコンドリアの機能を活性化することができる。また、本発明のミトコンドリアの機能活性化方法は、前記対象が、ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患に罹患している場合に、実施してもよい。また、本発明のミトコンドリアの機能活性化方法は、対象の脂肪燃焼の向上又は有酸素運動能力向上のために実施してもよい。
また、β-アラニン又はグリシンは、ミトコンドリアの機能活性化を介して、有酸素運動能力向上方法、又は遅筋増強のための運動トレーニング方法に用いることができる。
更に、β-アラニン又はグリシンは、ミトコンドリアの機能活性化を介して、ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患の予防又は治療方法に用いることができる。すなわち、本発明のミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患の予防又は治療方法は、β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩の治療有効量を、ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患患者に投与する工程を含む。前記ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患としては、例えば、ミトコンドリア病、神経変性疾患、免疫性神経疾患、脳虚血性疾患、腎疾患、筋疾患、心疾患、アルツハイマー病、又はサルコペニアなどが挙げられる。
前記β-アラニン又はグリシンは、ミトコンドリアの機能活性化方法に使用することができる。すなわち、本明細書はミトコンドリアの機能活性化方法に使用するβ-アラニン又はグリシンを開示する。
また、β-アラニン又はグリシンは、有酸素運動能力向上方法、又は遅筋増強のための運動トレーニング方法に使用するβ-アラニン又はグリシンである。更に、β-アラニン又はグリシンは、ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患の予防又は治療方法に使用するβ-アラニン又はグリシンである。
前記β-アラニン又はグリシンは、ミトコンドリアの機能活性化剤の製造に使用することができる。すなわち、本明細書は、β-アラニン又はグリシンのミトコンドリアの機能活性化剤の製造への使用を開示する。
また、β-アラニン又はグリシンは、有酸素運動能力向上剤、脂肪燃焼剤、又はミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患の予防又は治療剤への製造への使用に用いることができる。
本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化用食品組成物は、β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む。ミトコンドリア機能活性化用食品組成物は、β-アラニン、グリシン、又はそれらのいずれかの塩を単独で含んでもよいが、2つ以上の組み合わせを含んでもよい。
本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化用食品組成物は、経口的に投与することができる限りにおいて、前記ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を含むものでもよい。すなわち、本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化用食品組成物は、経口的に使用できる限りにおいて、前記ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤の項に記載の条件等を用いることができ、同様の効果を得ることができる。
本発明の運動トレーニング方法は、前記ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を、対象に摂取させる工程を含む。本発明の運動トレーニング方法は、特に有酸素運動における能力の増強又は遅筋増強に有効である。
有酸素運動としては、ランニング、ウォーキング、ジョギング、サイクリング、クロスカントリースキー、エアロビクスダンス、STEPエクササイズ、水泳、又はアクアビクスが挙げられる。
本発明の運動トレーニング方法は、持久力トレーニングに有用である。すなわち、有酸素運動における持久力の増強に役立ち、また有酸素運動における持久力が必要とされる競技、例えば長距離走、競泳、競歩、トライアスロン、ロードレース、サッカーにおける能力の増強のために用いることができる。これらの運動トレーニング方法は、医療行為ではない。
本発明の食餌方法は、前記ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を、対象に摂取させる工程を含む。本発明の食餌方法は、有酸素運動における能力の増強又は遅筋増強に有効である。なお、前記食餌方法は、医療行為を除く。
本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤等に含まれるβ-アラニン又はグリシンが、ミトコンドリアの数を増加させたり、機能を活性化させるメカニズムは完全に解明されているわけではないが、β-アラニン又はグリシンが、細胞及びそのミトコンドリアの活性化に直接作用していると推論される。また、β-アラニン又はグリシンの化学構造は、主鎖のメチレン炭素数が2個と1個であることを除いては、まったく同じであり、カルボキシル基及びアミノ基を有することが、ミトコンドリア機能活性化に重要であると考えられる。従って、多くのアミノ酸が本発明のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤の有効成分として使用できるが、特にはβ-アラニン、グリシン、又はγアミノ酪酸が好ましい。
本実施例では、未分化のマウス骨格筋由来筋芽細胞株C2C12細胞を用いて、β-アラニンのミトコンドリア機能の活性化を検討した。
C2C12細胞は、10%非働化FBS、ペニシリン(10万U/L;Meiji, Tokyo, Japan)、ストレプトマイシン(100mg/L:Meiji)、NaHCO3(2.0g/L:Wako, Osaka, Japan)、L-glutamine(Wako)を含むDulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium(DMEM)培地(Nissui, Tokyo, Japan)を用い、37℃、5%のCO2存在下で継代培養した。
β-アラニンは、0.0089gのβ-アラニン粉末(Wako)を1×PBS(1mL)に溶解し、0.22μM×13mmのフィルター(Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA)にて濾過滅菌したものを100mMストック溶液とした。
また、細胞を播種し、24時間後に100μM又は1mMとなるようにβ-アラニンを添加し、24時間後、2度目のβ-アラニンの添加を行い、2度目の添加の24時間後に培地を吸引除去し、Mito Tracker Green FM(Invitrogen)の希釈液を添加する細胞をβ-アラニン48時間処理の細胞とし、β-アラニンの2時間処理の細胞と同様の操作を行った。
また、細胞を播種し、24時間後に100μM又は1mMとなるようにβ-アラニンを添加し、24時間後、2度目のβ-アラニン添加を行い、2度目のβ-アラニン添加の24時間後に培地を吸引除去し、Mito Tracker Red CMXRos(Invitrogen)の希釈液を添加する細胞をサンプル48時間処理の細胞とし、β-アラニン2時間処理の細胞と同様の操作を行った。
一方、Mito Tracker Red CMXRos(Invitrogen)は、膜電位依存的にミトコンドリアを染色する蛍光試薬である。従って、β-アラニンの添加により、フローサイトメーターのヒストグラムのピークが右にシフトすることは、ミトコンドリアの活性が増強したことを示す。図2に示すように、2時間及び48時間のいずれの処理時間においても、β-アラニンの未分化細胞への添加により濃度依存的にミトコンドリアの活性化が確認された。
本実施例では、未分化のマウス骨格筋由来筋芽細胞株C2C12細胞を用いて、グリシンのミトコンドリア機能の活性化を検討した。
β-アラニンに代えてグリシンを用いたことを除いては、実施例1の操作を繰り返した。グリシン溶液は以下のように調製した。0.0075gのグリシン粉末(Wako)を1×PBS(1mL)に溶解し、0.22μM×13mmのフィルター(Merck Millipore)にて濾過滅菌したものを100mMストック溶液とした。
本実施例では、筋管細胞に分化したマウス骨格筋由来筋芽細胞株C2C12細胞を用いて、グリシンのミトコンドリア機能の活性化を検討した。未分化のC2C12細胞に代えて、筋管細胞に分化したC2C12細胞を用いたことを除いては、実施例2の操作を繰り返した。C2C12細胞の筋管細胞への分化誘導は、以下のように行った。
C2C12細胞を播種し、細胞が約90%コンフルエントに達した後、培地を2%Horse Serum(HS)(Invitrogen, Tokyo, Japan)含有DMEM培地に交換し、分化誘導を行った。その後48時間ごとに培地交換を行いながら37℃、5%のCO2存在下で1週間程度培養した細胞を筋管細胞として実験に用いた。また、Mito Tracker Green FM(Invitrogen)及び Mito Tracker Red CMXRos(Invitrogen)は、2%HS含有DMEM培地にて希釈し、染色後の細胞は2%HS含有DMEM培地にて回収した。
図5に示すように、2時間及び48時間のいずれの処理時間においても、グリシンの分化細胞への添加により、濃度依存的にミトコンドリア数の増加が確認された。また、図6に示すように、2時間及び48時間のいずれの処理時間においても、グリシンの分化細胞への添加により濃度依存的にミトコンドリアの活性化が確認された。
本実施例では、β-アラニン又はグリシン処理したマウス骨格筋由来筋芽細胞株C2C12細胞におけるPgc-1α遺伝子の転写を測定した。
まず、細胞中の全RNAをHigh Pure RNA Isolation Kit(Roche, Basel, Switzerland)を用いて調製した。
6ウエルプレートにC2C12細胞を4.0×105cells/wellとなるように播種し、細胞が約90%コンフルエントに達した後、培地を2%HS含有DMEM培地に交換し、分化誘導を行った。その後48時間ごとに培地交換を行いながら37℃、5%のCO2存在下で1週間程度培養したものを実験に用いた。分化した細胞に、β-アラニンおよびグリシンを添加し、コントロールには1×PBSを添加した。添加から24時間後、2度目のサンプル添加を行い、2度目のサンプル添加の24時間後に培地を吸引除去し、1×PBSを1mL/well添加して細胞を洗浄した。洗浄は2回行った。その後、1×PBS(200μL/well)およびLysis/-binding buffer(400μL/well)を添加してディッシュ全体に行き渡らせたあと、全量を1.5mLチューブに回収した。回収したサンプルはボルテックスミキサーで60秒間懸濁した。フィルターチューブと回収用チューブを組み立て、サンプル溶液をフィルターチューブに添加し、4℃、10000rpmにて15秒間遠心分離した。回収用チューブに排出された液を捨て、再びフィルターチューブと回収用チューブを組み立てた。1.5mLチューブにて、1サンプルあたり90μLのDNase Incubation Bufferと1サンプルあたり10μLのDNase Iを混合した。この混合液をフィルターチューブに添加し、室温にて15分間インキュベートした。インキュベート後、Wash buffer I(500μL)をフィルターチューブに添加し、4℃、10000rpmにて15秒間遠心分離した。回収用チューブに排出された液を捨て、再びフィルターチューブと回収用チューブを組み立てた。Wash buffer II(500μL)をフィルターチューブに添加し、4℃、10000rpmにて15秒間遠心分離した。回収用チューブに排出された液を捨て、再びフィルターチューブと回収用チューブを組み立てた。Wash buffer II(200μL)をフィルターチューブに添加し、4℃、13000×gにて2分間遠心分離した。フィルターチューブを新しい1.5mLチューブに挿し込み、Elution buffer(70μL)をフィルターチューブに添加し、室温にて3分間静置後、4℃、10000rpmにて1分間遠心分離した。以上の操作によって得られた溶出液をRNA溶液とした。溶液中のRNA濃度は、NanoDrop 2000/2000c分光光度計(Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA)を用いて260nmにおける吸光値を元に算出し、以後の実験に使用した。
β-actin forward:5’-GGCCAGGTCATCACTATTG-3’(配列番号1)
β-actin reverse:5’-GAGGTCTTTACGGATGTCAAC-3’(配列番号2)
Pgc-1α forward:5’-AATGCAGCGGTCTTAGCACT-3’(配列番号3)
Pgc-1α reverse:5’-TGTTGACAAATGCTCTTCGC-3’(配列番号4)
本実施例では、β-アラニン及びグリシンを含むカプセル形態のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を製造した。
β-アラニン1.0重量部、グリシン1.0重量部およびデキストリン0.5重量部を混合して均一化した後、ハードカプセルに充填し、内容量250mgのカプセル剤(β-アラニン100mg/カプセル、グリシン100mg/カプセル)を製造した。
本実施例では、β-アラニン及びグリシンを含む飲料形態のミトコンドリア機能活性化用食品組成物を製造した。
スポーツドリンク粉末35.5g、β-アラニン0.5g、グリシン0.5gに水を加えて全量500mLの飲料を製造した。
本実施例では、β-アラニン及びグリシンを含むカプセルを含む、ゲル形態のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を製造した。
スポーツドリンク粉末7.1重量部、ゼラチン加水分解物2重量部、及び適量の水を加え、加熱溶解した。次に、β-アラニン0.1重量部、グリシン0.1重量部と適量の水を加え全量を100重量部とし、一食あたり150gのゲル状製剤を調製した。
本実施例では、共焦点レーザー走査型顕微鏡を用いて、ミトコンドリアの活性化を検討した。
実施例1と同じ操作で、β-アラニンの48時間時間処理の細胞を調製した。なお、C2C12細胞は、3.0×104cells/mL又は5.0×104cells/mLの濃度で播種し、Mito Tracker Green FM(Invitrogen)及びMito Tracker Red CMXRos(Invitrogen)は、一緒に添加した。得られた細胞を共焦点レーザー走査型顕微鏡(オリンパス社)で観察した。
図8に示すように、β-アラニン500μMの添加で、特にMito Tracker Red CMXRosの赤の蛍光が強くなり、β-アラニン1mMの添加で、更に赤い蛍光が強くなっていた。
本実施例では、フローサイトメトリーを用いて、Mito Tracker Red CMXRosの蛍光を測定した。
β-アラニンの処理を72時間としたことを除いては、実施例1のMito Tracker Red CMXRosの操作を繰り返して、細胞を調製した。
得られた細胞を、フローサイトメトリー(ベックマンコールター社)によって解析した。図9に示すように、β-アラニンの添加により、Mito Tracker Redの蛍光が増加した。従って、β-アラニンの添加により、ミトコンドリアが活性化した。
本実施例では、β-アラニン処理したマウス骨格筋由来筋芽細胞株C2C12細胞におけるAcaa1b及びAcaa2の遺伝子の転写を測定した。
Pgc-1α forwardプライマー及びPgc-1α reverseプライマーに代えて、Acaa1b forwardプライマー及びAcaa1b reverseプライマー、又はAcaa2 forwardプライマー及びAcaa2 reverseプライマーを用いることを除いては、実施例4の操作を繰り返した。
Acaa1b forward:5’-TGAGCGGTTTGGCGTTT-3’(配列番号5)
Acaa1b reverse:5’-CTTGTCACCCTTGTCATTCAGG-3’(配列番号6)
Acaa2 forward:5’-TGCCCCTCAGTTCTTGTCTGT-3’(配列番号7)
Acaa2 reverse:5’-AGGTGTGCGGTGATTCTGG-3’(配列番号8)
図10に示すように、β-アラニン500μM処理によって、分化C2C12細胞においてAcaa1b及びAcaa2の発現が増強された。
Claims (19)
- β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む、ミトコンドリア機能活性化剤。
- 脂肪燃焼の向上、又は有酸素運動能力向上用である、請求項1に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤。
- ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患の予防又は治療用である、請求項1に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤。
- 前記ミトコンドリア機能障害に起因する疾患が、ミトコンドリア病、神経変性疾患、免疫性神経疾患、脳虚血性疾患、腎疾患、筋疾患、又は心疾患である、請求項3に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤。
- 前記ミトコンドリア病が、リー脳症、脳卒中様発作症候群(MELAS)、慢性進行性外眼筋麻痺症候群(CPEO)、カーンズ・セイヤー症候群(KSS)、赤色ぼろ線維を伴うミオクローヌスてんかん症候群(MERRF)、ピアソン病、レーバー遺伝性視神経症(LHON)、ミトコンドリア脳筋症、バース症候群、又は乳酸アシドーシスである、請求項4に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤。
- 前記神経変性疾患が、筋委縮性側索硬化症(ALS)、パーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病、ハンチントン病、フリードライヒ失調症、多系統萎縮症、進行性核上性麻痺、脊髄小脳変性症、脊髄性筋萎縮症、球脊髄性筋萎縮症、又はシャルコー・マリー・トゥース病である、請求項4に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤。
- 前記免疫性神経疾患が、ギラン・バレー症候群、多発性硬化症、フィッシャー症候群、慢性炎症性脱髄性多発神経炎、又は重症筋無力症である、請求項4に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤。
- 前記脳虚血性疾患が脳梗塞である、請求項4に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤。
- 前記腎疾患が、腎不全、アミロイド腎、膜性腎症、巣状糸球体硬化症、IgA腎症、急性尿細管壊死、ネフローゼ症候群、糖尿病性腎症、痛風腎、腎性浮腫、腎腫瘍、腎臓虚血障害、腎臓虚血再灌流障害、又は嚢胞腎である、請求項4に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤。
- 前記筋疾患が、進行性筋ジストロフィー、筋強直性ジストロフィー、先天性ミオパチー、代謝性ミオパチー、遠位性ミオパチー、炎症性ミオパチー、加齢性筋萎縮(サルコペニア)、又は廃用性筋委縮である、請求項4に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤。
- 前記心疾患が、心筋梗塞、心不全、虚血性心疾患、又は心筋症である、請求項4に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤。
- β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む、ミトコンドリア機能活性化用食品組成物。
- 請求項1に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を、対象に投与する工程を含む、ミトコンドリア機能の活性化方法。
- 前記対象の脂肪燃焼の向上又は有酸素運動能力向上のための、請求項13に記載のミトコンドリア機能の活性化方法。
- 請求項1に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を、対象に摂取させる工程を含む、有酸素運動における能力の増強又は遅筋増強のための、運動トレーニング方法。
- 請求項1に記載のミトコンドリア機能活性化剤を、対象に摂取させる工程を含む、有酸素運動における能力の増強又は遅筋増強のための、食餌方法。
- β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む、Pgc-1α遺伝子活性化剤。
- β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む、Acaa1b遺伝子活性化剤。
- β-アラニン若しくはグリシン、又はその塩を含む、Acaa2遺伝子活性化剤。
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JP7319445B1 (ja) | 2022-11-11 | 2023-08-01 | ザ コカ・コーラ カンパニー | 飲料、及び飲料の塩味を改善する方法 |
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JP7319445B1 (ja) | 2022-11-11 | 2023-08-01 | ザ コカ・コーラ カンパニー | 飲料、及び飲料の塩味を改善する方法 |
JP2024070538A (ja) * | 2022-11-11 | 2024-05-23 | ザ コカ・コーラ カンパニー | 飲料、及び飲料の塩味を改善する方法 |
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JPWO2020262114A1 (ja) | 2020-12-30 |
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