WO2020170133A1 - Élément électrique et procédé de fabrication - Google Patents

Élément électrique et procédé de fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020170133A1
WO2020170133A1 PCT/IB2020/051347 IB2020051347W WO2020170133A1 WO 2020170133 A1 WO2020170133 A1 WO 2020170133A1 IB 2020051347 W IB2020051347 W IB 2020051347W WO 2020170133 A1 WO2020170133 A1 WO 2020170133A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
substance
solution
inorganic
active substance
liquid component
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PCT/IB2020/051347
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Skenderbeg Klaiqi
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Skenderbeg Klaiqi
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Application filed by Skenderbeg Klaiqi filed Critical Skenderbeg Klaiqi
Publication of WO2020170133A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020170133A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
    • H10N10/80—Constructional details
    • H10N10/85—Thermoelectric active materials
    • H10N10/851—Thermoelectric active materials comprising inorganic compositions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
    • H10N10/01—Manufacture or treatment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N15/00—Thermoelectric devices without a junction of dissimilar materials; Thermomagnetic devices, e.g. using the Nernst-Ettingshausen effect

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of energy conversion. More precisely, the invention relates to an electrical element, preferably a thermoelectric element for converting thermal energy into electrical energy, and a method for producing a material that brings about this conversion.
  • thermoelectric generator the core of which consists of a series connection of individual thermoelectric elements, a temperature difference, for example between two surfaces, is used to generate a voltage.
  • the thermoelectric elements are based on the use of the so-called Seebeck effect, according to which a temperature difference between two electrical conductors, in particular of semiconductor materials such as bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3 ), lead telluride (PbTe), silicon germanium (SiGe), bismuth antimonide (BiSb) or iron silicon (FeSi2), leads to a thermal voltage.
  • semiconductor materials such as bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3 ), lead telluride (PbTe), silicon germanium (SiGe), bismuth antimonide (BiSb) or iron silicon (FeSi2)
  • thermoelectric generator consisting of a large number of thermoelectric elements
  • thermoelectric generators are therefore typically only a few square centimeters in size. Since a single known thermoelectric element can only produce a very low clamping ⁇ voltage difference, the thermoelectric generator is due to the limited number of economically combinable in benefit to a thermoelectric generator of thermoelectric elements, the resultant of the series connection of the thermoelectric elements Ge feldition limited and is in the range of a few volts.
  • thermoelectric element which is produced by connecting a ceramic semiconductor of the p-type with a ceramic semiconductor of the n- Type is formed.
  • the publication CN 103400933 describes a manufacturing method for a carbon-based nanofilm-thermal electrochemical electrode, which is based on a thermal Seebeck effect, the method is based on electrophoresis and comprises the following steps: Using a carbon-based nanopowder as a raw material as well as an electrolyte (e.g., inorganic salt, alkali or surface active agent); Disperse in a solvent and, after ultrasonic treatment, obtain an electrophoretic liquid. A conductive substrate and a counter electrode are then immersed in the electrophoretic liquid. After applying a direct voltage for a predetermined period of time, a dense film has formed on the conductive substrate and, after heating, a carbon-based electrode is obtained.
  • an electrolyte e.g., inorganic salt, alkali or surface active agent
  • the publication US 10,079,561 B1 describes an Energy harvesting element ("energy harvesting element”), comprising a first leit-capable layer, which is formed from a conductive material and has a first surface and a second surface; a layer with a low work function that formed on the first surface of the first conductive layer; and a second conductive layer made of a conductive material and having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the second conductive layer facing the layer with the low work function and forming a gap therebetween the surface layer with the low work function and the first surface of the second conductive layer, and the has a work function that is much greater than a work function of the layer with the low work function.
  • the structure of the energy harvesting element has the effect that it generates an electrical potential between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer at any temperature above absolute zero.
  • the invention is based on the object of providing a method for obtaining an electrically active substance.
  • a thermoelectrically active substance and a thermoelectric element for converting thermal into electrical energy should preferably be provided, which avoid the disadvantages of the prior art.
  • thermoelectric element according to the independent claim 13.
  • the invention therefore relates to a method for obtaining an electrically active substance, comprising the following steps:
  • An “electrically active substance” generally means a substance in which an electrical voltage or an electric current can be measured by applying electrodes to this substance.
  • An “electrically active substance” is preferably a thermoelectrically active substance, where "thermoelectrically effective "means that the measured electrical voltage or the measured electrical current can be influenced by changing the temperature. In particular, by increasing the temperature, an increase in a measured electrical voltage or a measured electrical current is achieved.
  • heating and “heating” as well as “warming” and “warming up” are used synonymously in the present case and mean an increase in temperature.
  • a body which consists of the substance obtained in this way or comprises it, electrically contacted at two non-identical, preferably opposite points, and then heated on one side, that is, preferably in the area of one of the above-mentioned points, then by means of a voltage or current measuring device an electrical voltage or an electrical current can be determined.
  • Thermal energy can thus be converted into electrical energy with this substance.
  • the fabric it is not necessary here for the fabric to be cooled on the side opposite the heated side. Instead, it is sufficient if one of the two sides is exposed to a temperature; the radiated heat energy is converted into electrical energy.
  • the use of far higher temperatures is possible than is the case, for example, with thermoelectric elements known from the prior art.
  • the substance in other inorganic or organic materials, for example in building materials such as asphalt, or in materials such as ceramics, clay, in fats, paraffin, sugar, etc.
  • Building materials such as asphalt
  • materials such as ceramics, clay, in fats, paraffin, sugar, etc.
  • Direct contact with water is possible in the embodiments Invention harmless, so that the fabric remains functional in water.
  • Such embodiments are achieved in particular when, after the removal of the liquid component of the solution, heating takes place to a temperature at which a coherent body of the electrically active substance results.
  • a temperature is typically beyond 100 ° C, preferably above 200 ° C, 350 ° C, 500 ° C or even 1000 ° C.
  • This material can then also be mechanically loaded and processed in order to give it a certain shape, which it then retains.
  • the heating to the higher temperature can take place with a time interval from the heating, which already gives the substance its inventive property of electrical / thermoelectric effectiveness ver, that is, the substance first cools down again or is kept at the temperature for a while before a further heating takes place to produce the coherent body. It is but it is also possible to let both steps merge into one another, i.e. to let the heating pass directly into the warming.
  • Building blocks from a mixture of the substance according to the invention and another material can also be produced and used in a manner according to the invention for the purpose of energy conversion.
  • the human body the ambient heat in rooms, the heat achievable through solar radiation, geothermal heat, combustion heat from fuel, or the waste heat from machines can serve as a heat source.
  • an inorganic or organic salt which contains sodium ions, potassium ions, magnesium ions or calcium ions as cations.
  • an inorganic salt is provided.
  • a method is very particularly preferred in which an inorganic salt is provided which is selected from sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, potassium hydrogen carbonate, Potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide, and calcium sulfate.
  • sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium sulfate are very particularly preferred, in particular sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide.
  • the inorganic or organic liquid has a boiling point of at least 80.degree.
  • the inorganic or organic liquid is not otherwise limited. Individual solvents or mixtures of solvents can be used. Suitable organic liquids are, for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, g-butyrolactone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, but also mineral, animal or vegetable oils. Suitable inorganic fluids are, for example, water, sulfolane and dimethyl sulphoxide. Water is especially preferred.
  • the invention also relates to a method for obtaining a previously mentioned electrically active substance, the electrically active substance being a thermoelectrically active substance, comprising the following steps:
  • thermoelectrically active substance by the same is heated by adding heat to remove the liquid component of the solution until the liquid component has evaporated ver;
  • the inorganic salt is preferably sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
  • a body which consists of the substance obtained in this way or comprises it, is electrically contacted at two non-identical, preferably opposite points, and then heated on one side, i.e. preferably in the area of one of the aforementioned points, it was surprisingly found that the presence of a voltage or a current flow could be measured by means of a voltage or current measuring device. This means that thermal energy can be converted into electrical energy with said substance. It is clear that the energy conversion is normally not complete, i.e. that only part of the available thermal energy is also converted into electrical energy.
  • thermoelectrically active substance degrading or melting due to energy conversion without the thermoelectrically active substance degrading or melting.
  • the substance obtained in this process can also be incorporated into other inorganic or organic materials, for example in building materials such as asphalt, or in materials such as ceramics, clay, fats, paraffin, sugar, etc. Direct contact with water is harmless, see above that the fabric remains functional even in water. Building blocks from a mixture of the substance according to the invention and another material can also be produced and used in the manner according to the invention for the purpose of energy conversion.
  • the human body for example, can also serve as a heat source here, as can the ambient heat in rooms, the heat that can be achieved through solar radiation, geothermal energy, combustion heat from fuel, or the waste heat from machines.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing a layer from the above-mentioned electrically active substance, wherein either an aqueous solution of the inorganic salt is applied to a first metallic surface and then the liquid component of the solution is evaporated, or first the liquid component of the solution is evaporated, and then the remaining solid substance is applied to the first metallic surface, and this is heated until the substance adheres to her.
  • a second metallic surface is applied to the substance, so that the substance is positioned between the two metallic surfaces and touches them, the two metallic surfaces being spaced from one another everywhere.
  • first and second metallic surface made of the same metal or are coated with, or made of different metals hen best ⁇ or are coated therewith.
  • thermoelectric element for converting thermal into electrical energy
  • thermoelectric generator comprising this thermoelectric element
  • method for providing electrical energy using the thermoelectric element or the thermoelectric generator for providing electrical energy using the thermoelectric element or the thermoelectric generator.
  • the inorganic salt i. before preferably sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or the aqueous solution prepared therefrom, at least one further material component is added.
  • the water is applied to a metallic surface to produce a layer from the aforementioned thermoelectrically active substance and this is heated until the substance adheres to it.
  • the heating can take place by means of a flame, in an oven, or by means of eddy currents induced in the metallic surface.
  • the layer can preferably have a thickness of a few micrometers to a few centimeters. A higher thickness can bring about an improved service life, less degradation and / or a better yield of electrical energy.
  • a further metallic surface is applied to the substance already on the first surface, ie brought into mechanical contact with it, so that the substance is now positioned between the two upper surfaces and touches them, the two metallic surfaces are spaced from each other everywhere.
  • the Both metallic surfaces serve as electrodes with which the temperature-induced charge shifts occurring in the substance can be picked up over a large area and thus made usable.
  • each of the metallic surfaces also offers the possibility of certain interfacial reactions which promote or enable the desired result.
  • the layer is created by first evaporating the liquid component of the solution and only then applying the remaining solid substance to the first metallic surface.
  • Evaporation can, for example, take place in a vessel. After evaporation, what remains is a typically powder-like or granular material, which can then be further processed in the manner according to the invention. It is non-flammable and does not react recognizably with the ambient air, so that no special measures need to be taken to avoid possible dangers.
  • the layer is created by first applying the solution in liquid form to the first metallic surface, for example by dipping the surface into the solution, and only then evaporating the liquid component of the solution.
  • the substance will form directly on the metallic surface.
  • This embodiment is helpful when the surface is to be coated over the largest possible area and / or evenly with a rather thin layer of the thermoelectrically active substance.
  • the evaporation and the subsequent “burn-in” on the first metallic surface take place in separate steps.
  • the addition of heat simultaneously removes the liquid component of the solution and at the same time causes it to adhere to the first metallic surface.
  • evaporation and baking take place in the same work step. In this way, time can be saved in the production of the substance or a thermoelectric element based on this substance.
  • the metallic surface (s) is or are plate-shaped.
  • the plates can be rigid, or they can be present as thin films. In this way, large-area thermoelectric elements can also be produced, which can also be easily stacked in order to generate correspondingly higher thermal voltages or currents by means of series connection.
  • the metallic surfaces are cylindrical. They can be in the form of wires or hollow cylinders nested inside one another. In this way, too, thermoelectric elements can be connected in series.
  • a wire-like surface can be coated particularly advantageously by immersion, as described above, since powder that has already been dried will normally only adhere insufficiently to it.
  • the inorganic salt is preferably sodium ⁇ chloride (NaCl) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Studies have shown that these starting materials can be used to achieve satisfactory test results.
  • the first and second metallic surfaces consist of the same metal or are coated with it.
  • the first and second metallic surfaces consist of different metals or are coated with them.
  • metal or metal alloy it is therefore possible to choose a suitable metal or metal alloy depending on the requirements;
  • an inert metal such as titanium can be used in the case of direct body contact, while aluminum or steel can be used in other, unproblematic cases. It should be added, however, that the choice of metal or metal combinations will typically also have an impact on the efficiency of the energy conversion.
  • Isolation with e.g. Glass or epoxy resin, accompanied by an exclusion of air, is unproblematic for observing the desired effect of the energy conversion.
  • thermoelectric element for converting thermal energy into electrical energy
  • element comprises a body consisting of a thermoelectrically active substance or comprising it.
  • thermoelectrically effective base material a substance is used which has been obtained in the manner described above.
  • a first area which can be heated, for example by means of a flame, but also by body temperature etc. (see above).
  • second area different from the first area.
  • the first area and the second area can each be contacted directly or indirectly by means of an electrical conductor.
  • This means that the areas are directly or indirectly accessible from the outside and can be contacted accordingly, whereby they can also be covered, for example covered with a non-conductive layer, through which, however, corresponding contacts are led to the outside via which the areas then can be contacted indirectly.
  • thermoelectric element is characterized in that the body has been obtained from a substance or a layer of a substance obtained by a method according to the above definition. To avoid repetition, reference is made to the explanations above.
  • thermoelectric element based on a body that was obtained by means of the method according to the invention has the advantages over the prior art also already described above, such as in particular the possibility of converting thermal energy into electrical energy over a very wide range can, with very high temperatures are also included, but also the elimination of the need for active cooling, as well as the very easy production of large-area thermoelectric elements.
  • the second area is (also) arranged on the outside of the body. According to another embodiment, this second area is arranged inside the body; it is only necessary that this area also lies on a metallic surface and can be electrically contacted. This means that heat that is absorbed via the first area does not necessarily have to be removed from the second area; rather, energy is converted into electrical energy, which can then be removed by means of the electrical conductor.
  • the first area and / or the second area are plate-shaped.
  • the size of such a plate can be from a few square millimeters to several square decimeters or more. It is clear that a thermoelectric element with a larger area can also provide higher electrical energy.
  • the first area and / or the second area are cylindrical.
  • a cylindrical thermoelectric element can be provided which can, for example, have the shape of a commercially available battery.
  • the inner “core” of the thermoelectric element can also be present as a wire, that is to say consisting of a solid material.
  • a wire is attached to the first area and / or the second area, which wire can be electrically contacted in a simple manner from the outside in order to be able to draw off the converted electrical energy.
  • thermoelectric element is electrically isolated from the outside world, for example by coating with a silicone coating, and has openings in the coating at points provided for this purpose, which allow direct contact to be made with the above-mentioned areas.
  • the openings can be filled with metallic material in such a way that it is flush finishes with the surface of the coating, or even protrudes slightly beyond this ge.
  • thermoelectric generator comprising a plurality of series and / or series-connected thermoelectric elements of the type described above.
  • a thermoelectric generator has the advantages of a thermoelectric element already mentioned, and can also have a higher voltage and / or provide amperage as a single thermoelectric element. In this way, voltages from 1.2 volts to several thousand volts and currents from a few microamperes to several hundred amperes can be provided.
  • the invention also relates to a method for providing electrical energy, wherein a thermoelectric element or a thermoelectric generator according to the above definition is only exposed on one side to a temperature of up to 1000 ° C or more, which is higher than the environment, and the means the thermoelectric element or the thermoelectric generator's converted energy is removed by means of suitable electrically conductive connections.
  • a thermoelectric element or a thermoelectric generator according to the above definition is only exposed on one side to a temperature of up to 1000 ° C or more, which is higher than the environment, and the means the thermoelectric element or the thermoelectric generator's converted energy is removed by means of suitable electrically conductive connections.
  • thermoelectric element or a thermoelectric generator according to the above definition is exposed as a whole to a temperature different from 0 ° K, preferably at least 20 ° C.
  • the outside of the element or the generator which represents the first area, is brought to any temperature, in principle, and converts the thermal energy that can be drawn from it into electrical energy.
  • at least one of the two surfaces and / or the thermoelectrically active substance itself are additionally moistened in order to increase the energy yield. Tests have surprisingly shown that by moistening at least one of the two surfaces, but in particular the thermoelectrically active substance, with water, an aqueous solution, or another liquid containing water molecules, or with a vapor obtained from this liquid (e.g.
  • the efficiency of the (ther o) electrical element can be increased. It is possible that the liquid or the vapor are constantly exchanged ("open" embodiment), and that the liquid or the vapor are housed in a hermetically sealed volume together with the thermoelectrically active substance (" closed "embodiment), where appropriate humidification can take place without a constant exchange of moisture taking place.
  • thermoelectric element under water is accordingly not disadvantageous.
  • thermoelectric element when operated under water, an electrolytic reaction, that is to say a splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen, takes place.
  • electrolytic reaction that is to say a splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen.
  • the invention can also be used to generate hydrogen gas by supplying thermal energy.
  • the invention is based on the knowledge of the use of an inorganic or organic salt, in particular an inorganic salt such as in particular sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for production of a substance or a layer of a substance or a body as defined above.
  • an inorganic salt such as in particular sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for production of a substance or a layer of a substance or a body as defined above.
  • NaCl sodium chloride
  • NaOH sodium hydroxide
  • thermoelectric element which comprises the substance obtained in the manner according to the invention, and also a thermoelectric generator comprising a multiplicity of such thermoelectric elements, is very simple, since the constructions known from the prior art (e.g. Peltier element) are omitted here.
  • thermoelectric generators with significantly larger dimensions and thus performances can be produced than known from the prior art.
  • FIG. 1 shows a flow chart for obtaining the electrically active, in particular thermoelectrically active substance
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a simple thermoelectric element
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a simple thermoelectric generator
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a further simple thermoelectric generator
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of a thermoelectric element
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of this thermoelectric element which is heated from one side
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation of this thermoelectric element which is heated from another side.
  • FIG. 1 shows a flow chart for obtaining the thermoelectrically active substance. Accordingly, an inorganic salt is first provided. To this, water is added with mixing until the salt has completely dissolved. The solution is then heated, the mixture being heated at least once to or above the boiling point. The heating leads to an evaporation of the liquid components of the mixture. What remains is the (ther o) electrically active substance that can be used for further processing.
  • thermoelectrically active substance 1 is preferably applied to a metallic surface 1, which is heated so that the thermoelectrically active substance 1 adheres to it and forms a solid body 7.
  • a first area 8 of the same is in contact with the inside of the metallic surface 2.
  • a further metallic surface 3 can then be applied, so that the thermoelectrically active substance 1 is between the two metallic surfaces and makes contact with both metallic surfaces.
  • the further metallic surface 3 touches the body 7 at its second area 9.
  • FIG. the plate-shaped metallic surfaces 2, 3 are spaced from one another everywhere in order to avoid a short circuit.
  • wires 4, 5 are attached to the outer sides of the metallic surfaces 2, 3. Accordingly, FIG. 2 shows a simple thermoelectric element 6.
  • FIG. 3 shows a simple thermoelectric generator 10. This comprises three thermoelectric elements 6, which are stacked so that two metallic surfaces (reference characters omitted) touch each other.
  • a variant of the thermoelectric generator 10 is shown in FIG. According to this embodiment, adjacent thermoelectric elements 6 each share a metallic surface 2, 3 (reference numerals omitted). The wires are not shown for reasons of clarity, but contact the upper and lower metallic surface in the picture.
  • FIG. 5 shows schematically a simple thermoelectric element 6, in which both areas 8, 9 are present as cylindrical wires 4, 5.
  • the thermoelectric element is provided by producing a layer of the substance 1 on one of the two wires 4, 5 and producing a composite of the two wires, the same not being allowed to touch without the interlayer according to the invention.
  • thermoelectric element 6 is heated on one side.
  • the thermoelectric element 6 is first heated on the left in the picture. This leads to an excess of charges on that end; a measuring device connected to the wires indicates a voltage.
  • thermoelectric element 6 If the thermoelectric element 6 is heated on the side in the picture on the right (FIG. 7), this leads to a provision of charges on this side; the meter shows a deflection in the opposite direction.
  • thermoelectric element with a volume of about 0.5 cubic centimeters was produced in the manner according to the invention. This has metallic surfaces, one of which is made of a noble metal and the other of a base metal. The measurement was carried out at room temperature (24 degrees). It was found that the thermoelectric element remained functional for several years. The power required to operate an LED was permanently available.
  • a voltage of 0.7 volts to 1.2 volts was measured at ambient temperature (24 degrees Celsius). The measured current was between 0.5 and 1.1 mA. When the temperature was increased to 36 degrees on one side of the element, the measured current increased up to 2.0 mA. The voltage remained constant at around 1.2 volts.
  • thermoelectric element with a body with a volume of about 0.5 cubic centimeters comprises a layer of the substance according to the invention lying around an electrical conductor, which in turn is in contact with a metallic surface, similar to that in Fig 5 structure shown.
  • the two opposite ends were connected with a 0.1 mm thick wire.
  • Were at room temperature measured a voltage of approx. 0.3 volts and a current strength of up to 50 microamps.

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  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un élément électrique ou thermoélectrique pour convertir de l'énergie thermique en énergie électrique, ainsi qu'un procédé de fabrication de cet élément. Un procédé d'obtention d'une substance électriquement active comprend les étapes suivantes : préparation d'un sel inorganique ou organique comme premier constituant ; ajout d'un liquide inorganique ou organique présentant un point d'ébullition d'au moins 50 °C comme deuxième constituant à ce sel inorganique ou organique et mélange des constituants pour produire une solution ; et production de la substance électriquement active, la solution étant chauffée par apport de chaleur jusqu'à évaporation du constituant liquide pour extraire ce dernier de la solution. Un élément thermoélectrique comprend un corps qui est constitué d'une substance thermoélectriquement active obtenue par ce procédé ou qui comprend une telle substance.
PCT/IB2020/051347 2019-02-18 2020-02-18 Élément électrique et procédé de fabrication WO2020170133A1 (fr)

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Citations (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH04273483A (ja) 1991-02-28 1992-09-29 Murata Mfg Co Ltd ＮｉＯ系熱電素子用半導体磁器材料粉末の製造方法
WO2007044400A1 (fr) * 2005-10-05 2007-04-19 Thomas Beretich Generateur a etat solide ameliore thermiquement
US20090151766A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2009-06-18 Junya Murai Method of producing thermoelectric conversion element
CN103400933A (zh) 2013-08-20 2013-11-20 温州大学 基于电泳法的碳基纳米薄膜热电化学电极的制备方法
DE102013110854A1 (de) * 2013-10-01 2015-04-02 Terrawater Gmbh Verfahren zur getrennten Abscheidung von Natriumchlorid und Kaliumchlorid aus einem wässrigen Medium
WO2018012377A1 (fr) * 2016-07-11 2018-01-18 富士フイルム株式会社 Élément de conversion thermoélectrique
US10079561B1 (en) 2016-04-09 2018-09-18 Face International Corporation Energy harvesting components and devices

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JPH04273483A (ja) 1991-02-28 1992-09-29 Murata Mfg Co Ltd ＮｉＯ系熱電素子用半導体磁器材料粉末の製造方法
WO2007044400A1 (fr) * 2005-10-05 2007-04-19 Thomas Beretich Generateur a etat solide ameliore thermiquement
US20090151766A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2009-06-18 Junya Murai Method of producing thermoelectric conversion element
CN103400933A (zh) 2013-08-20 2013-11-20 温州大学 基于电泳法的碳基纳米薄膜热电化学电极的制备方法
DE102013110854A1 (de) * 2013-10-01 2015-04-02 Terrawater Gmbh Verfahren zur getrennten Abscheidung von Natriumchlorid und Kaliumchlorid aus einem wässrigen Medium
US10079561B1 (en) 2016-04-09 2018-09-18 Face International Corporation Energy harvesting components and devices
WO2018012377A1 (fr) * 2016-07-11 2018-01-18 富士フイルム株式会社 Élément de conversion thermoélectrique
US20190112192A1 (en) * 2016-07-11 2019-04-18 Fujifilm Corporation Thermoelectric conversion element

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