WO2020143203A1 - 一种深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测与抑制方法 - Google Patents

一种深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测与抑制方法 Download PDF

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WO2020143203A1
WO2020143203A1 PCT/CN2019/095846 CN2019095846W WO2020143203A1 WO 2020143203 A1 WO2020143203 A1 WO 2020143203A1 CN 2019095846 W CN2019095846 W CN 2019095846W WO 2020143203 A1 WO2020143203 A1 WO 2020143203A1
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boring
formula
processing
chatter
deep hole
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PCT/CN2019/095846
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French (fr)
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刘志兵
陈掣
潘金秋
刘书尧
王西彬
焦黎
梁志强
解丽静
王耀武
冯彩霞
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北京理工大学
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23BTURNING; BORING
    • B23B47/00Constructional features of components specially designed for boring or drilling machines; Accessories therefor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q11/00Accessories fitted to machine tools for keeping tools or parts of the machine in good working condition or for cooling work; Safety devices specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, machine tools
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q17/00Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools

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  • the invention relates to the technical field of deep hole boring processing, and more particularly relates to an online monitoring and suppression method for chattering of deep hole boring processing.
  • Deep hole parts belong to parts with higher precision requirements in machining. Fine boring is often used as the last process of deep hole parts to ensure the accuracy of the hole. However, due to the large overhang of the boring bar, it often leads to the boring system. The structural rigidity is very low, and chatter easily occurs during processing. However, chattering will greatly affect the precision of precision boring, and even parts will be scrapped in severe cases. Therefore, online monitoring of chatter vibration has become a key factor in improving the efficiency and accuracy of deep hole machining.
  • the direct method uses an external sensor such as a microphone or an acoustic emission sensor to achieve online monitoring of flutter.
  • the direct method device is simple, but the direct method microphone and sound generation sensor are often affected by nearby noise.
  • the sound signal at a certain frequency will be amplified, resulting in a false chatter alarm, reducing the accuracy of the monitoring method.
  • the indirect method detects flutter by evaluating the sensor signals (ie, force, torque, vibration) installed on the main shaft and bracket. Most sensors installed on the main shaft and bracket can guarantee good accuracy, but after installation Reduce the dynamic stiffness of the spindle.
  • the present invention provides an online monitoring and suppression method for chatter chattering of deep hole boring processing that can avoid reducing the dynamic stiffness of the spindle and has high monitoring accuracy.
  • an online monitoring method for chattering of deep hole boring processing is as follows:
  • Step (1) constructing an online monitoring system for deep hole boring machining chatter, which includes: deep hole boring machine, current amplifier, data acquisition card, industrial computer and controller; the current amplifier, data acquisition card, industrial computer and The controllers are arranged in sequence and electrically connected;
  • the deep hole boring machine is fixedly connected with a fixture part, a motor and a boring bar, the motor is fixedly connected with the boring bar, the workpiece is placed in the fixture part, a floating boring cutter is provided at the end of the boring bar, and the floating
  • the boring tool performs deep hole boring processing on the workpiece;
  • the jig portion and the motor are electrically connected to the current amplifier;
  • the jig portion and the motor are electrically connected to the controller respectively;
  • Step (2) build a floating boring tool boring processing dynamic model: including the following steps:
  • the floating boring cutter has a symmetric structure, and half of the cutters are selected as the research object;
  • step (2.8) According to the critical state formula in step (2.6) and the calculation formula of the boring cycle T, the boring cycle T is calculated:
  • Step (3) establishing the relationship between the drive motor current signal and the dynamic characteristics of the boring process, including the following steps:
  • M m the spindle motor torque
  • k the torque constant
  • i the spindle
  • M f the friction cutting torque
  • M c the torque of the machine tool transmission system equivalent to the motor
  • the angular velocity
  • J the rotational inertia
  • the angular acceleration
  • C the system equivalent damping
  • Step (4) provides a state space method to estimate the interference between the current amplifier and the system structure mode.
  • the state space establishment specifically includes the following steps:
  • Ki ⁇ kf[x 1 (t), x 2 (t),..., x n (t)]v(t)+M c ⁇ +C ⁇ 2 +J ⁇ ; the relationship between the drive motor current signal and the system dynamic characteristics;
  • the spatial model in the continuous time domain of system processing consists of state matrix A, input matrix B, output matrix C, and direct transfer matrix D;
  • step (4.7) According to the formula in step (4.5), the transfer function of the monitoring system is:
  • step (5) after removing the interference between the current amplifier and the structural mode through step (4), the actual processing current signal collected by the current amplifier is compared with the theoretical processing current signal to realize online monitoring of early chattering.
  • the beneficial effect of adopting the above technical solution is that, in the present invention, the current signal of the drive motor is collected by using a current sensor, and the manifold learning algorithm is used to extract the chatter feature vector to realize the online monitoring of deep hole boring, and the chatter phenomenon is found in time and corresponding measures are taken. Measures to suppress and improve the accuracy of boring processing.
  • the manifold motor learning signal is first used to reduce the dimensionality of the drive motor current signal collected in step (4), and then the collected chatter signal is compared with the normal processing signal Then, extract the characteristic vector of flutter signal, observe the change of current signal during processing, and then realize the online monitoring of early flutter.
  • the beneficial effect of adopting the above technical solution is that the above method is used to monitor chatter phenomenon online, which can monitor chatter phenomenon in real time, and suppress chatter phenomenon in time, improve the accuracy of boring processing, and better meet the deep Requirements for machining accuracy of hole boring.
  • Regenerative flutter refers to the self-excited vibration caused by the feedback mechanism of the regenerative effect when the vibration is very large.
  • a method for suppressing chatter in deep hole boring processing includes the following steps:
  • Step (1) the relationship between spindle speed and cutting thickness is obtained by using the online monitoring method for chattering of deep hole boring, wherein the factors affecting the spindle speed and cutting thickness are: system damping C, system stiffness k, period T;
  • step (2) by changing the parameter value in step (1), the chatter vibration is suppressed.
  • the beneficial effect of adopting the above technical solution is that by adjusting the parameters influencing the chattering factors, the chattering phenomenon can be suppressed; by monitoring and suppressing the chattering phenomenon, the accuracy of the boring process can be improved. Reduce the rejection rate of the workpiece.
  • the present invention establishes the transfer function between the measured torque and the disturbance torque, which can reduce the influence of the modal interference of the current amplifier and the system structure, improve the observation accuracy of the drive motor current signal, and then pass the current
  • the sensor collects the drive motor current signal, and uses the manifold learning algorithm to extract the flutter feature vector to achieve online monitoring of deep hole boring;
  • the present invention builds a deep hole boring dynamic model by comprehensively considering the regenerative chatter mechanism and floating boring cutter structure, establishes the relationship between the spindle speed and the limit cutting depth, and appropriately adjusts the corresponding boring parameters, and then Realize the suppression of chattering of deep hole boring;
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of online monitoring of boring chatter provided by the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a structural diagram of online detection of boring provided by the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a drawing of a dynamic model of a floating boring tool provided by the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the feedback of the boring processing system provided by the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a transfer block diagram of the boring processing system provided by the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a monitoring system delivery system provided by the present invention.
  • the embodiment of the present invention discloses an online monitoring method for chattering of deep hole boring.
  • the online monitoring method for chattering is as follows:
  • Step (1) build an online monitoring system for deep hole boring machining chatter, which includes: deep hole boring machine, current amplifier 6, data acquisition card 7, industrial control machine 8 and controller 9; current amplifier 6, data acquisition card 7 , Industrial control machine 8 and controller 9 are arranged in sequence and electrically connected;
  • the fixture part 1, the motor 4 and the boring bar 3 are fixedly connected, the motor 4 is fixedly connected with the boring bar 3, the workpiece 2 is placed in the fixture part 1, the end of the boring bar 3 is provided with a floating boring tool, and the floating boring tool is paired Workpiece 2 is subjected to deep-hole boring;
  • the fixture 1 and the motor 4 are electrically connected to the current amplifier 6;
  • the fixture 1 and the motor 4 are electrically connected to the controller 9;
  • the motor is also connected to a current sensor, a current sensor and a current The amplifier is electrically connected;
  • the current sensor is electrically connected to the current amplifier 6 to amplify the current signal to a readable range; the current signal amplifier 6 is connected to the data acquisition card 7 to amplify After the data is saved and preliminary processed; then the current signal is judged on the industrial computer, and then the boring process is controlled by the controller.
  • Step (2) build a floating boring tool boring processing dynamic model: including the following steps:
  • the floating boring tool has a symmetric structure, and half of the tools are selected as the research object;
  • step (2.7) the critical state formula in step (2.6) is solved to obtain: among them
  • step (2.8) According to the critical state formula in step (2.6) and the calculation formula of the boring cycle T, the boring cycle T is calculated:
  • Step (3) establish the relationship between the drive motor current signal and the boring processing dynamic characteristics, as shown in Figure 3, where D represents the actual boring surface; E represents the ideal boring surface; F represents the previous boring surface; G represents the ideal boring surface in the previous revolution, including the following steps:
  • M m the spindle motor torque
  • k the torque constant
  • i the spindle
  • M f the friction cutting torque
  • M c the torque of the machine tool transmission system equivalent to the motor
  • the angular velocity
  • J the rotational inertia
  • the angular acceleration
  • C the system equivalent damping
  • Step (4) provides a state space method to estimate the interference between the current amplifier and the system structure modalities, thereby improving the accuracy of the observation of the drive motor current signal, specifically for the external input of the known system to completely determine the system
  • the relationship between external input and output variables and internal state variables is established through the description and solution of the state variables; the feedback of the boring processing system is shown in Figure 4, where the establishment of the state space specifically includes the following steps:
  • Ki ⁇ k f [x 1 (t), x 2 (t),..., x n (t)]v(t)+M c ⁇ + C ⁇ 2 +J ⁇ ; It is the relationship between the drive motor current signal and the system dynamic characteristics;
  • the spatial model in the continuous time domain of system processing consists of state matrix A, input matrix B, output matrix C, and direct transfer matrix D;
  • step (4.8) According to the formula in step (4.5), the transfer function of the monitoring system is:
  • Step (5) First, by adopting the manifold learning algorithm, after removing the interference between the current amplifier and the structural mode through step (4), the dimensionality reduction processing is performed on the drive motor current signal collected in step (4), and then The actual processing current collected by the current amplifier is compared with the theoretical processing current, and then the characteristic vector of the flutter signal is extracted to observe the change of the current signal during the processing, thereby realizing the online monitoring of early flutter.
  • the theoretical current signal is a constant value during processing.
  • a method for suppressing chatter in deep hole boring processing includes the following steps:
  • Step (1) using the online monitoring method of deep hole boring machining chatter to obtain the relationship between the spindle speed and the cutting thickness.
  • factors that affect the spindle speed and cutting thickness are: system damping C, system stiffness k, period T;
  • step (2) by changing the parameter value in step (1), the chatter vibration is suppressed.
  • the regeneration effect can be reduced by changing the machining cycle; by designing special The cutting edge geometry can increase the process damping; the stiffness of the system can be improved by different methods such as redesigning the system, using special fixtures, using ribs, using high-performance materials; through passive (using a damper or high internal damping material) or Active technology (active structure chatter suppression, active tool, active spindle system and active fixture) to improve the system damping, such as installing a piezoelectric driver on the boring bar or using magnetic/electrorheological fluid to increase the system damping; the cycle needs to be in the processing process The spindle speed is changed in the middle, and then changed. By changing the above parameters, the chatter vibration can be suppressed.
  • SLD stable lobe diagram

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测方法,颤振的监测和抑制方法:先构建深孔镗削加工的在线监测系统;构建浮动镗刀镗削加工动力学模型;建立驱动电机电流信号与镗削加工动态特性的关系;再针对已知系统外部输入的情况,来完全确定系统在未来各个时刻的状态,通过对状态变量的描述和求解建立外部输入输出变量和内部状态变量之间的关系;然后将颤振信号与正常加工信号进行对比,实现对早期颤振的在线监测。本发明中的在线监测和抑制方法对深孔镗削过程中的颤振进行实时监测和抑制,可以提高工件的加工精度,降低工件的不合格率。

Description

一种深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测与抑制方法 技术领域
本发明涉及深孔镗削加工技术领域,更具体的说是涉及一种深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测与抑制方法。
背景技术
随着科技的发展,深孔的运用越来越广泛,例如:工业中齿轮轴、曲轴和喷油器提供润滑油的孔;武器工业的枪管炮管;航空工业中发动机的冷却孔;医疗工业中的空心植入物或者外科医疗器械等等。深孔零件在机械加工中属于较高精度要求的零件,精镗常作为深孔零件最后一道工序用来保证孔的精度,但由于镗杆的悬伸量较大,往往会导致镗削系统的结构刚度很低,并且在加工的过程中很容易发生颤振。然而颤振会极大地影响精镗的精度,严重时甚至会使零件报废。因此,在线监测颤振成为了提高深孔加工效率和加工精度的关键因素。
目前,深孔镗削加工中主要应用的监测方法分为直接法和间接法。直接法使用外部传感器如麦克风或声发射传感器来实现对颤振的在线监测,直接法装置简单,但是直接法中麦克风和声发生传感器往往会受到附近噪声的影响,当刀具进入零件加工时,在一定频率下的声音信号会被放大,从而导致虚假的颤振报警,降低了监测方法的准确性。间接法通过对安装在主轴、支架的传感器信号(即力、扭矩、振动)进行评估来检测颤振,大多数安装在主轴和支架上的传感器虽然能够保证良好的精度,但是,在安装后会降低主轴的动态刚度。
因此,研究出一种既可以避免降低主轴的动态刚度又能准确的对颤振现象进行在线监测和抑制的方法是本领域技术人员亟需解决的问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明提供了一种可以避免降低主轴的动态刚度,且监测准确性高的深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测与抑制方法。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:一种深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测方法,颤振的在线监测方法如下:
步骤(1),构建深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测系统,其包括:深孔镗床、电流放大器、数据采集卡、工控机和控制器;所述电流放大器、数据采集卡、工控机和控制器依次排布且电性连接;
所述深孔镗床上固定连接夹具部、电机及镗杆,所述电机与所述镗杆固定连接,工件置于所述夹具部内,所述镗杆的端部设置浮动镗刀,所述浮动镗刀对所述工件进行深孔镗削加工;所述夹具部及电机分别与所述电流放大器电性连接;所述夹具部及电机分别与所述控制器电性连接;
步骤(2),构建浮动镗刀镗削加工动力学模型:包括以下步骤:
(2.1),所述浮动镗刀为对称结构,选取其中一半刀具作为研究对象;
(2.2),依据动力学公式:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000001
对刀具进行动力学分析;其中,M为系统质量、C为阻尼系数、k为刚度矩阵,β为刀具切削方向与竖直平面的夹角,F(t)为颤振状态下切削力的大小,x(t)为浮动镗刀位移量,
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000002
为浮动镗刀镗削速度,
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000003
为浮动镗刀镗削加速度;
(2.3),在再生型颤振的影响下计算得到浮动镗刀实际切削量为:y(t)=y 0-[x(t)-x(t-T)];其中,y 0为理论切削量,单位mm,T为镗刀旋转的周期,单位s,x(t)为浮动镗刀位移量,x(t-T)为镗削一个周期后浮动镗刀位移量;
(2.4),假设所述颤振状态下切削力的大小为:F(t)=k sby(t);其中,b为镗削宽度系数,k s为镗削刚度系数;
(2.5),将所述步骤(2.3)和(2.4)中的公式代入步骤(2.2)中的动力学公式中,对y(t)进行拉普拉斯变换得到传递函数1+(1-e -sT)k sbФ(s)=0;其中,Ф(s)是对x(t)进行拉普拉斯变换得到传递函数,
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000004
其中,ζ为镗削振动系统的阻尼比,
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000005
p为镗削系统的固有频率,
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000006
拉普拉斯变换是将一个有参数实数t(t≥0)的函数转换为一个参数为复数s的函数;
(2.6),依据所述步骤(2.5),当s=ji时,再生型颤振处于临界状态,利用Nyquist稳定性判据,将s=ji带入到公式1+(1-e -sT)k sbФ(s)=0中计算得到再生型颤振临界状态下的公式:(-j 2+2ζpji+p 2)M+[1-cos(jT)+i sin(jT)]k sb cosβ=0;其中,j为虚部常数,i为虚数单位;
(2.7),对所述步骤(2.6)中的临界状态公式进行求解得到:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000007
其中
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000008
(2.8),根据所述步骤(2.6)中的临界状态公式以及镗削加工周期T的计算公式,计算得到镗削加工周期T:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000009
(2.9),根据所述步骤(2.6)中的临界状态公式以及步骤(2.8)中的加工周期T,计算得到临界状态下的转速和极限切削厚度:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000010
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000011
步骤(3),建立驱动电机电流信号与镗削加工动态特性的关系,包括如下步骤:
(3.1),计算主轴电机转矩和有效电流的比例关系:M m=Ki=M f+M c+Cω+Jε;其中,M m为主轴电机转矩,k为转矩常数,i为主轴电机输出有效电流,M f为摩擦切割转矩,M c为机床传动系统等效到电机上的转矩,ω为角速度,J为转动惯量,ε为角加速度,C为系统等效阻尼;
(3.2),假设镗削系统净切削功率为p,系统载荷磨损系数为k,M fω=kp;
(3.3),镗削系统随着时间的变化,机床动态特性也会发生改变,假设随时间变化的机床动态特性为:[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)];
(3.4),根据所述步骤(2.4)和步骤(3.3)计算得到切削力与机床动态特性的关系式:F(t)=k sby(t)=f[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)];f表示F(t)是关于x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)的一个函数;
(3.5),根据所述步骤(3.4)中的公式计算得到镗削系统的净切削功率:p=F(t)v(t)=f[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)]v(t);其中,v(t)为加工过程中的瞬时速度;
(3.6),将所述步骤(3.2)-(3.5)的公式带入到步骤(3.1)的公式中,并进行整理得到:Kiω=kf[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)]v(t)+M cω+Cω 2+Jεω;由上式可知,系统的动态特性发生改变会直接影响驱动电机电流信号的改变;
步骤(4),提供一种基于状态空间法估计电流放大器和系统结构模态的干扰,其中,状态空间建立具体包括如下步骤:
(4.1),所述步骤(3.6)中整理得到的公式:Kiω=kf[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)]v(t)+M cω+Cω 2+Jεω;为驱动电机电流信号与系统动态特性相关的关系式;
(4.2),系统加工连续时域中的空间模型由状态矩阵A、输入矩阵B、输出矩阵C、直接传递矩阵D组成;
(4.3),假设镗削加工系统是一个线性定常系统,该系统的状态方程和输出方程的经验公式为:x(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+w(t),y(t)=Cx(t)+Du(t)+v(t),其中,w(t)是系统干扰噪声,v(t)是测量噪声,u(t)是系统中的输入向量;电流放大器和系统结构模态的干扰导致的扰动转矩为τ(t),在实际计算中为简化计算不考虑噪声的干扰,且系统中直接传递矩阵D也忽略不计;
(4.4),在不考虑噪声的情况下镗削加工系统的传递函数为:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000012
其中I是单位矩阵;
(4.5),设在线监测系统中状态矩阵为A 1、输入矩阵为B 1、输出矩阵为C 1,系统中反馈增益系数为U,系统检测的周期为T,根据所述步骤(4.3)中的经验公式,计算得到监测系统的状态函数为x 1(t)=A 1x 1(t)+B 1u 1(t)=A 1x 1(t-T)+U[y(t)-y 1(t)];输出函数为:y 1(t)=C 1x 1(t);
(4.6),实际监测系统与理论检测系统的误差为:e(t)=C 1x 1(t)-Cx(t),经过一个周期后的监测系统误差为:e(t+T)=(A 1-UC 1)e(t),由误差公式表明滤波器误差传递与输入矩阵B 1无关;
(4.7),根据所述步骤(4.5)中的公式,得到监测系统的传递函数为:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000013
(4.8),根据所述步骤(4.4)、(4.7)中的公式得到测量转矩与扰动转矩之间的传递函数为:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000014
步骤(5),通过步骤(4)去除电流放大器与结构模态的干扰后,将电流放大器采集到的实际加工电流信号与理论加工电流信号进行对比,实现对早期颤振的在线监测。
采用上述技术方案的有益效果是,本发明中通过使用电流传感器采集驱动电机电流信号,采用流形学习算法提取颤振特征向量实现深孔镗削的在线监测,及时发现颤振现象并采取相应的措施进行抑制,提高镗削加工的精度。
优选的,所述步骤5中首先通过采用流形学习算法,对所述步骤(4)中采集到的驱动电机电流信号进行降维处理,再将采集到的颤振信号与正常加工信号进行对比,然后提取颤振信号的特征向量,观察加工中电流信号的变化,进而实现对早期颤振的在线监测。
采用上述技术方案的有益效果是,选用上述方法对颤振现象进行在线监测,可以实时监测颤振的现象,并及时的对颤振现象进行抑制,提高镗削加工的精度,更好的满足深孔镗削加工精度的要求。
再生颤振是指在振动很大的场合,多数是由于再生效应的反馈机制所引起的自激振动。
一种深孔镗削加工颤振的抑制方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤(1),采用所述深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测方法获得主轴转速、切削厚度的关系式,其中,影响主轴转速、切削厚度的因素有:系统阻尼C、系统刚度k、周期T;
步骤(2),通过改变所述步骤(1)中的参数值,进而实现对颤振的抑制。
采用上述技术方案的有益效果是,通过对影响颤振因素中的参数进行相应的调整,实现对颤振现象的抑制;通过对颤振现象的监测和抑制,使镗削加工的精度得到提升,降低工件的不合格率。
本发明的有益效果:
(1)本发明基于状态空间法,建立测量转矩与扰动转矩之间的传递函数,可以减少电流放大器和系统结构模态干扰的影响,提高驱动电机电流信号的观测准确性,进而通过电流传感器采集驱动电机电流信号,并采用流形学习算法提取颤振特征向量实现深孔镗削的在线监测;
(2)本发明通过综合考虑再生型颤振机理、浮动镗刀结构,构建深孔镗削动力学模型,建立主轴转速与极限切深之间的关系,并适当调整相应的镗削参数,进而实现对深孔镗削颤振的抑制;
(3)本发明中通过对镗削加工过程中颤振现象的在线监测和抑制,进而使镗削加工的精度更加准确,更好的满足工件精度的要求,降低工件的不合格率,提高工作效率。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据提供的附图获得其他的附图。
图1附图为本发明提供的镗削颤振在线监测示意图;
图2附图为本发明提供的镗削在线检测结构图;
图3附图为本发明提供的浮动镗刀动力学模型;
图4附图为本发明提供的镗削加工系统反馈示意图;
图5附图为本发明提供的镗削加工系统传递框图;
图6附图为本发明提供的监测系统传递系统框图。
其中,图中,
1-夹具;2-工件;3-镗杆;4-电机;5-底座;6-电流放大器;7-数据采集卡;8-工控机;9-控制器。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明实施例公开了一种深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测方法,颤振的在线监测方法如下:
步骤(1),构建深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测系统,其包括:深孔镗床、电流放大器6、数据采集卡7、工控机8和控制器9;电流放大器6、数据采集卡7、工控机8和控制器9依次排布且电性连接;
深孔镗床上固定连接夹具部1、电机4及镗杆3,电机4与镗杆3固定连接,工件2置于夹具部1内,镗杆3的端部设置浮动镗刀,浮动镗刀对工件2进行深孔镗削加工;夹具部1及电机4分别与电流放大器6电性连接;夹具部1及电机4分别与控制器9电性连接;电机上还连接电流传感器,电流传感器与电流放大器电性连接;
在电机4处安装电流传感器,采集电机4的输出电流信号,电流传感器与电流放大器6电性连接,将电流信号放大至可以读取的范围;电流信号放大器6与数据采集卡7连接,将放大后的数据进行保存和初步处理;然后在工控机上对电流信号进行判断,之后再通过控制器对镗削加工进行控制。
步骤(2),构建浮动镗刀镗削加工动力学模型:包括以下步骤:
(2.1),浮动镗刀为对称结构,选取其中一半刀具作为研究对象;
(2.2),依据动力学公式:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000015
对刀具进行动力学分析;其中,M为系统质量、C为阻尼系数、k为刚度矩阵,β为刀具切削方向与竖直平面的夹角,F(t)为颤振状态下切削力的大小,x(t)为浮动镗刀位移量,
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000016
为浮动镗刀镗削速度,
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000017
为浮动镗刀镗削加速度;
(2.3),在再生型颤振的影响下计算得到浮动镗刀实际切削量为:y(t)=y 0-[x(t)-x(t-T)];其中,y 0为理论切削量,单位mm,理论切削量是假设得到的,T为镗刀旋转的周期,单位s,x(t)为浮动镗刀位移量,x(t-T)为镗削一个周期后浮动镗刀位移量;
(2.4),假设颤振状态下切削力的大小为:F(t)=k sby(t);其中,b为镗削宽度系数;k s为镗削刚度系数;
(2.5),对步骤(2.3)和(2.4)中的公式代入步骤(2.2)中的动力学公式中,对y(t)进行拉普拉斯变换得到传递函数1+(1-e -sT)k sbФ(s)=0;其中,Ф(s)是对x(t) 进行拉普拉斯变换得到传递函数,
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000018
其中,ζ为镗削振动系统的阻尼比,
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000019
p为镗削系统的固有频率,
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000020
(2.6),依据所述步骤(2.5),当s=ji时,再生型颤振处于临界状态,利用Nyquist稳定性判据,将s=ji带入到公式1+(1-e -sT)k sbФ(s)=0中计算得到再生型颤振临界状态下的公式:(-j 2+2ζpji+p 2)M+[1-cos(jT)+i sin(jT)]k sb cosβ=0;其中,j为虚部常数,i为虚数单位;
(2.7),对步骤(2.6)中的临界状态公式进行求解得到:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000021
其中
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000022
(2.8),根据步骤(2.6)中的临界状态公式以及镗削加工周期T的计算公式,计算得到镗削加工周期T:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000023
(2.9),根据步骤(2.6)中的临界状态公式以及步骤(2.8)中的加工周期T,计算得到临界状态下的转速和极限切削厚度:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000024
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000025
步骤(3),建立驱动电机电流信号与镗削加工动态特性的关系,如图3所示,其中,D表示实际镗削表面;E表示理想镗削表面;F表示上一转镗削表面;G表示上一转理想镗削表面,包括如下步骤:
(3.1),计算主轴电机转矩和有效电流的比例关系:M m=Ki=M f+M c+Cω+Jε;其中,M m为主轴电机转矩,k为转矩常数,i为主轴电机输出有效电流,M f为摩擦切割转矩,M c为机床传动系统等效到电机上的转矩,ω为角速度,J为转动惯量,ε为角加速度,C为系统等效阻尼;
(3.2),假设镗削系统净切削功率为p,系统载荷磨损系数为k,M fω=kp;
(3.3),镗削系统随着时间的变化,机床动态特性也会发生改变,假设随时间变化的机床动态特性为:[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)];
(3.4),根据步骤(2.4)和步骤(3.3)计算得到切削力与机床动态特性的关系式:F(t)=k sby(t)=f[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)];
(3.5),根据步骤(3.4)中的公式计算得到镗削系统的净切削功率:p=F(t)v(t)=f[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)]v(t);
(3.6),将步骤(3.2)-(3.5)的公式带入到步骤(3.1)的公式中,并进行整理得到:Kiω=kf[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)]v(t)+M cω+Cω 2+Jεω;由上式可知,系统的动态特性发生改变会直接影响驱动电机电流信号的改变;
步骤(4),提供一种基于状态空间法估计电流放大器和系统结构模态的干扰,进而提高驱动电机电流信号的观测的准确性,具体针对已知系统外部输入的情况,来完全确定系统在未来各个时刻的状态,通过对状态变量的描述和求解建立外部输入输出变量和内部状态变量之间的关系;镗削加工系统反馈如图4所示,其中,状态空间建立具体包括如下步骤:
(4.1),步骤(3.6)中整理得到的公式:Kiω=k f[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)]v(t)+M cω+Cω 2+Jεω;为驱动电机电流信号与系统动态特性相关的关系式;
(4.2),系统加工连续时域中的空间模型由状态矩阵A、输入矩阵B、输出矩阵C、直接传递矩阵D组成;
(4.3),假设镗削加工系统是一个线性定常系统,该系统的状态方程和输出方程的经验公式为:x(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+w(t),y(t)=Cx(t)+Du(t)+v(t),其中,w(t)是系统干扰噪声,v(t)是测量噪声,u(t)是系统中的输入向量;电流放大器和系统结构模态的干扰导致的扰动转矩为τ(t),在实际计算中为简化计算不考虑噪声的干扰,且系统中直接传递矩阵D也忽略不计,镗削加工系统传递框图如图5所示,其中,H表示扰动转矩;I表示额定电流;
(4.4),在不考虑噪声的情况下镗削加工系统的传递函数为:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000026
其中I是单位矩阵;
(4.5),设在线监测系统中状态矩阵为A 1、输入矩阵为B 1、输出矩阵为C 1,系统中反馈增益系数为U,系统检测的周期为T,根据步骤(4.3)中的经验公式,计算得到监测系统的状态函数为x 1(t)=A 1x 1(t)+B 1u 1(t)=A 1x 1(t-T)+U[y(t)-y 1(t)];输出函数为:y 1(t)=C 1x 1(t);
(4.6),实际监测系统与理论检测系统的误差为:e(t)=C 1x 1(t)-Cx(t),经过一个周期后的监测系统误差为:e(t+T)=(A 1-UC 1)e(t),由误差公式表明滤波器误差传递与输入矩阵B 1无关;
(4.7)建立监测系统信号传递系统框图,如图6所示,其中,I表示额定电流;J表示测量转矩;
(4.8),根据步骤(4.5)中的公式,得到监测系统的传递函数为:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000027
(4.9),根据步骤(4.4)、(4.7)中的公式得到测量转矩与扰动转矩之间的传递函数为:
Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-000028
步骤(5),首先通过采用流形学习算法,通过步骤(4)去除电流放大器与结构模态的干扰后,再对步骤(4)中采集到的驱动电机电流信号进行降维处理,再将电流放大器采集到的实际加工电流与理论加工电流进行对比,然后提取颤振信号的特征向量,观察加工中电流信号的变化,进而实现对早期颤振的在线监测。其中,理论电流信号在加工过程中是不变的定值。
一种深孔镗削加工颤振的抑制方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤(1),采用深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测方法获得主轴转速、切削厚度的关系式,其中,影响主轴转速、切削厚度的因素有:系统阻尼C、系统刚度k、周期T;
步骤(2),通过改变步骤(1)中的参数值,进而实现对颤振的抑制。
进一步地,通过改变稳定性叶瓣图(SLD)选择合适的工艺参数a、τ,可以避免颤振问题;利用特殊刀具几何形状或主轴变速技术,通过改变加工周期可以减少再生效应;通过设计特殊的切削刃几何形状可以增加过程阻尼;系统的刚度可以通过重新设计系统、采用特殊夹具、使用加强筋、采用高性能材料等不同的方法提高;通过被动(使用阻尼器或高内阻尼材料)或主动技术(主动结构颤振抑制,主动刀具,主动主轴系统和主动夹具)来提高系统的阻尼,例如在镗杆上安装压电驱动器或采用磁/电流变液提高系统阻尼;周期需要在加工过程中改变主轴转速,进而得到改变。通过改变上述参数可以实现对颤振的抑制。
本说明书中各个实施例采用递进的方式描述,每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处,各个实施例之间相同相似部分互相参见即可。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。

Claims (3)

  1. 一种深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测方法,其特征在于,颤振的在线监测方法如下:
    步骤(1),构建深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测系统,其包括:深孔镗床、电流放大器、数据采集卡、工控机和控制器;所述电流放大器、数据采集卡、工控机和控制器依次电性连接;
    所述深孔镗床上固定连接夹具部、电机及镗杆,所述电机与所述镗杆固定连接,工件置于所述夹具部内,所述镗杆的端部设置浮动镗刀,所述浮动镗刀对所述工件进行深孔镗削加工;所述夹具部及电机分别与所述电流放大器电性连接;所述夹具部及电机分别与所述控制器电性连接;
    步骤(2),构建浮动镗刀镗削加工动力学模型:包括以下步骤:
    (2.1),所述浮动镗刀为对称结构,选取其中一半刀具作为研究对象;
    (2.2),依据动力学公式:
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100001
    对刀具进行动力学分析;其中,M为系统质量、C为阻尼系数、k为刚度矩阵,β为刀具切削方向与竖直平面的夹角,F(t)为颤振状态下切削力的大小,x(t)为浮动镗刀位移量,
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100002
    为浮动镗刀镗削速度,
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100003
    为浮动镗刀镗削加速度;
    (2.3),在再生型颤振的影响下计算得到浮动镗刀实际切削量为:y(t)=y 0-[x(t)-x(t-T)];其中,y 0为理论切削量,单位mm,T为镗刀旋转的周期,单位s,x(t)为浮动镗刀位移量,x(t-T)为镗削一个周期后浮动镗刀位移量;
    (2.4),假设所述颤振状态下切削力的大小为:F(t)=k sby(t);其中,b为镗削宽度系数,k s为镗削刚度系数;
    (2.5),将所述步骤(2.3)和(2.4)中的公式代入步骤(2.2)中的动力学公式中,对y(t)进行拉普拉斯变换得到传递函数1+(1-e -sT)k sbΦ(s)=0;其中,Φ(S)是对x(t)进行拉普拉斯变换得到传递函数,
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100004
    其中,ζ为镗削振动系统的阻尼比,
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100005
    p为镗削系统的固有频率,
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100006
    (2.6),依据所述步骤(2.5),当s=ji时,再生型颤振处于临界状态,利用Nyquist稳定性判据,将s=ji带入到公式1+(1-e -sT)k sbΦ(s)=0中计算得到再生型颤振临界 状态下的公式:(-j 2+2ζpji+p 2)M+[1-cos(jT)+i sin(jT)]k s b cosβ=0;其中,j为虚部常数,i为虚数单位;
    (2.7),对所述步骤(2.6)中的临界状态公式进行求解得到:
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100007
    其中
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100008
    (2.8),根据所述步骤(2.7)中的临界状态公式推导得到镗削加工周期T:
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100009
    a为任意常数;
    (2.9),根据所述步骤(2.6)中的临界状态公式以及步骤(2.8)中的加工周期T,计算得到临界状态下的转速和极限切削厚度:
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100010
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100011
    步骤(3),建立驱动电机电流信号与镗削加工动态特性的关系,包括如下步骤:
    (3.1),计算主轴电机转矩和有效电流的比例关系:M m=Ki=M f+M c+Cω+Jε;其中,M m为主轴电机转矩,k为转矩常数,i为主轴电机输出有效电流,M f为摩擦切割转矩,M c为机床传动系统等效到电机上的转矩,ω为角速度,J为转动惯量,ε为角加速度,C为系统等效阻尼;
    (3.2),假设镗削系统净切削功率为p,系统载荷磨损系数为k,M fω=kp;
    (3.3),镗削系统随着时间的变化,机床动态特性也会发生改变,假设随时间变化的机床动态特性为:[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)];
    (3.4),根据所述步骤(2.4)和步骤(3.3)计算得到切削力与机床动态特性的关系式:F(t)=k sby(t)=f[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)];
    (3.5),根据所述步骤(3.4)中的公式计算得到镗削系统的净切削功率:p=F(t)v(t)=f[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)]v(t);其中,v(t)为加工过程中的瞬时速度;
    (3.6),将所述步骤(3.2)-(3.5)的公式带入到步骤(3.1)的公式中,并进行整理得到:Kiω=kf[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)]v(t)+M cω+Cω 2+Jεω;由上式可知,系统的动态特性发生改变会直接影响驱动电机电流信号的改变;
    步骤(4),提供一种基于状态空间法估计电流放大器和系统结构模态的干扰,其中,状态空间建立具体包括如下步骤:
    (4.1),所述步骤(3.6)中整理得到的公式:Kiω=kf[x 1(t),x 2(t),...,x n(t)]v(t)+M cω+Cω 2+Jεω;为驱动电机电流信号与系统动态特性相关的关系式;
    (4.2),系统加工连续时域中的空间模型由状态矩阵A、输入矩阵B、输出矩阵C、直接传递矩阵D组成;
    (4.3),假设镗削加工系统是一个线性定常系统,该系统的状态方程和输出方程的经验公式为:x(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+w(t),y(t)=Cx(t)+Du(t)+v(t),其中,w(t)是系统干扰噪声,v(t)是测量噪声,u(t)是系统中的输入向量;电流放大器和系统结构模态的干扰导致的扰动转矩为τ(t),在实际计算中为简化计算不考虑噪声的干扰,且系统中直接传递矩阵D也忽略不计;
    (4.4),在不考虑噪声的情况下镗削加工系统的传递函数为:
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100012
    其中I是单位矩阵;
    (4.5),设在线监测系统中状态矩阵为A 1、输入矩阵为B 1、输出矩阵为C 1,系统中反馈增益系数为U,系统检测的周期为T,根据所述步骤(4.3)中的经验公式,计算得到监测系统的状态函数为x 1(t)=A 1x 1(t)+B 1u 1(t)=A 1x 1(t-T)+U[y(t)-y 1(t)];输出函数为:y 1(t)=C 1x 1(t);
    (4.6),实际监测系统与理论检测系统的误差为:e(t)=C 1x 1(t)-Cx(t),经过一个周期后的监测系统误差为:e(t+T)=(A 1-UC 1)e(t),由误差公式表明滤波器误差传递与输入矩阵B 1无关;
    (4.7),根据所述步骤(4.5)中的公式,得到监测系统的传递函数为:
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100013
    (4.8),根据所述步骤(4.4)、(4.7)中的公式得到测量转矩与扰动转矩之间的传递函数为:
    Figure PCTCN2019095846-appb-100014
    步骤(5),通过步骤(4)去除电流放大器与结构模态的干扰后,将电流放大器采集到的实际加工电流与理论加工电流进行对比,实现对早期颤振的在线监测。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测方法,其特征在于,所述步骤5中首先通过采用流形学习算法,对所述步骤(4)中采集到的驱动电机电流信号进行降维处理,再将电流放大器采集到的实际加工电流与理论加工电流进行对比,然后提取颤振信号的特征向量,观察加工中电流信号的变化,进而实现对早期颤振的在线监测。
  3. 一种深孔镗削加工颤振的抑制方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
    步骤(1),采用权利要求1至2任一项所述深孔镗削加工颤振的在线监测方法获得主轴转速、切削厚度的关系式,其中,影响主轴转速、切削厚度的因素有:系统阻尼C、系统刚度k、周期T;
    步骤(2),通过改变所述步骤(1)中的参数值,进而实现对颤振的抑制。
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