WO2020136450A1 - 一种混溶纳米农药悬浮剂 - Google Patents
一种混溶纳米农药悬浮剂 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
- A01N25/04—Dispersions, emulsions, suspoemulsions, suspension concentrates or gels
Definitions
- a miscible nano pesticide suspension agent belongs to the technical field of pesticides, and particularly relates to a miscible nano pesticide suspension agent and a preparation method of a nano pesticide suspension agent. Background technique
- Nanopesticides have been selected as the top of emerging technologies based on the growing population of the world. It is predicted that the world’s population will approach 10 billion by 2050. In order to feed a large number of people, it is necessary to increase agricultural output and minimize the environmental impact on land use, including reducing pesticide pollution, reducing water consumption, and reducing the number of people. Nanometer pesticides and their delivery systems will be a good tool to solve the main problems of traditional pesticides. These problems include environmental pollution, the accumulation of pesticides in organisms and the substantial increase in resistance to diseases and insect pests. Nano pesticide particles are small in size, and the target has better absorption. Although it cannot be said that it is the only path for sustainable development of agriculture, it is certain that it has less impact on the ecological environment and human health.
- Nanometer also known as nanometer, is a unit of length. 1 nm is one billionth of a meter (10 _9 m) or a millionth of a millimeter (10- 6 mm).
- nano pesticides refer to pesticide preparations whose particle size of the active ingredient of the pesticide is in the nanometer order. The order of nanometers usually includes a few to several hundred nanometers.
- nanopesticide can be used to describe any pesticide formulation including the following: 1
- the active ingredient particles of the formulation are in the nanometer size range, generally a few to several hundred nanometers; 2
- the formulation is formed with the specified "nano" as the prefix Substances, such as nano-grains, nano-hybrids, nano-composites, nano-microspheres, nano-capsules, etc.; 3 Preparations with novel characteristics related to small-sized particles, such as huge surface area and excellent control effect.
- pesticides can be roughly divided into three categories: One is water-soluble pesticides, the number of these types of pesticides is not much, about 8%; the second category is pesticides that are hardly soluble in water or insoluble in water, but can be dissolved in a certain type of organic solvent, this type of pesticide accounts for about 50%; the third category is both insoluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents The pesticide is close to 20%.
- the remaining pesticides are of unclear nature, or biological or gaseous pesticides.
- Pesticides soluble in water are monomolecularly dispersed in water and belong to true solutions. Since most pesticides are small molecular organic compounds, the molecular size is generally less than 1 nanometer. Since the molecular size is smaller than the nano size, this part of water-soluble pesticide need not be prepared as nano pesticide. It can be seen that nano pesticides are aimed at pesticides that are insoluble in water. Since they cannot be dissolved in water, they can only aggregate. Therefore, it is hoped that the aggregates in water are dispersed in the smallest possible size, that is, the nano size, from several nanometers , To tens or hundreds of nanometers, this is nanometer pesticides.
- nano-pesticides Compared with traditional pesticide preparations, nano-pesticides have four obvious advantages: First, the efficacy of drugs is improved. Due to the small particle size of the active ingredient, the same quality of drugs, the number of particles is larger, and the area contacting the crop target is larger, so under the same plant protection effect, the amount of pesticides can be significantly reduced. Second, the preparation is stable. The smaller the size of the nano pesticide particles dispersed in water, the better the transparency of the preparation, achieving apparent water solubility and thermodynamic stability. Through performance control, it can be diluted with water without precipitation or precipitation of pesticides, which makes the use of pesticides more efficient and convenient. The third is green.
- nano pesticides can be developed into a green and environmentally friendly preparation that uses water as a dispersion medium, natural substances or their derivatives as additives, and does not use highly toxic benzene solvents and additives.
- the fourth is manufacturing safety.
- the original intention of researching nano pesticides is to improve the efficacy of pesticides and reduce the amount of pesticides. In this process, high-toxic organic solvents and additives are not used. Organic solvents are replaced or partially replaced with water. All these measures not only mark Nano-pesticides are highly efficient and environmentally friendly, and also show that they are safer than traditional pesticide formulations such as emulsifiable concentrates in production, storage, transportation, and operation. Because of this, nano-pesticides have become a hotspot in the world for research and development.
- the first category is nano pesticides that improve the apparent solubility of pesticides.
- the purpose of this type of nano pesticide formulation is to increase the apparent solubility of the active ingredients of water-insoluble pesticides.
- the size of pesticide particles dispersed in water is smaller than the wavelength of visible light (400 ⁇ 760 nm) At a quarter, the incident light does not cause serious refraction and reflection, and the solution exhibits apparent water solubility and transparent appearance, thereby improving the apparent solubility of nano pesticides in water.
- Such nano pesticides include: microemulsion, nanoemulsion, nanodispersant, etc.
- the second category is nano-pesticides that protect nano-pesticide particles and impart slow-release or controlled-release properties.
- the original intention of developing slow-release or controlled-release preparations was mainly to address the problem of premature degradation or deviation from targeting of the active ingredients of pesticides, but also to the cases of active ingredients with low water solubility. It is recognized that after spraying, most of the active ingredients of pesticides will be degraded or decomposed by the influence of environmental factors (ultraviolet light, oxygen, heat), which will affect the effectiveness of the drug. In order to achieve slow or controlled release of pesticides, it is necessary to protect the active ingredients from premature decomposition. The way to protect is to use carrier substances.
- Carrier materials are divided into soft carriers (polymers, solid liposomes) and hard carriers (porous hollow nano-SiO 2 , layered bimetallic hydroxide (LDH) and clay).
- these types of nano pesticides include nano pesticide microspheres, nano pesticide gels, nano pesticide fibers, nano pesticide liposomes, nano pesticide hollow porous SiCh, nano pesticide LDH, nano pesticide clay, etc.
- Nano metal or nano metal oxide pesticide preparations are typical inorganic materials, each having a respective specific properties. They can be used alone or in combination with pesticide nanoparticles to form nanometal or nanometal oxide pesticide formulations. Ag has well-known antibacterial properties. Nano Ag can significantly inhibit the growth of plant pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. Nano photocatalyst Ti0 2 is referred to, under the action of ultraviolet light, can catalyze the decomposition of organic matter.
- This type of nano pesticide formulation includes two types: one is nano metal and nano metal oxide used alone; the other is nano pesticide used in combination with active ingredients of pesticide and nano metal or nano metal oxide.
- nano pesticides for application in agricultural production. To be honest, it is to improve the efficacy of drugs, reduce the use of pesticides, and reduce the impact on the ecological environment.
- problems in the research and development of nano pesticides including: (1) Lack of research on common technologies. Most research and development are isolated, divergent research and exploration, usually for the preparation and characterization of nano pesticides for a certain pesticide variety; (2) Lack of directionality and overall thinking and design for the development of nano pesticide research, research is not systematic, Not deep. (3) Lack of knowledge of relevant interdisciplinary subjects, and some studies have deviations without realizing it. (4) Lack of practicality. The vast majority of research is limited to laboratory results, and it is difficult to realize the industrialization and commercialization of nano pesticides. For the latter, it is mainly related to the difficulty of the preparation method of nano pesticides, the control of process operation flow, the performance control of nano pesticides, and the availability and cost performance of additives.
- nano-pesticide does not mean that it is inherently environmentally friendly. Only by establishing a green concept in the research and development process, without using highly toxic benzene solvents and toxic additives, such as nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether feminizing agents; without using highly toxic benzene solvents, can we obtain a green environment-friendly type Nano pesticides. Summary of the invention
- the present invention relates to some specific terms. Among these specialized terms, some of them are well known to those skilled in the art The technical terms, and others are for the convenience of the description of the present invention, some components and the obtained intermediate products are specially marked, and only represent the specified meanings. Some terms are described in Table-1.
- the primary purpose of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, and to provide a new type of green and environmentally friendly miscible nano pesticide suspension agent, nano pesticide suspension agent and nano pesticide solid powder.
- the miscible nano-suspending agent, nano-suspending agent and nano-powder described in the present invention have the characteristics of better than existing emulsifiable concentrates, suspending agents, water emulsions, wettable powders, dispersible granules, water-dispersible granules and other dosage forms: (1) pesticide The nano-size of the particles is dispersed, which is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the micron size of the existing pesticide dosage form particles.
- the active ingredient of the same quality pesticide has more particles and a larger specific surface area, which is more conducive to improving the efficacy .
- the performance of miscible nano-suspension agent, nano-suspension agent and nano-powder is stable, and the performance index conforms to relevant national regulations.
- the technology of the present invention is relatively uncomplicated, which is beneficial to the industrialization of nano pesticides.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a green and environmentally friendly miscible nanosuspension agent, nanosuspension agent and nanosolid powder.
- the preparation process is also different.
- the preparation of the traditional suspending agent requires the use of a high-speed shearing machine for initial pulverization, and then it is transferred to a continuous sand mill for grinding with additives. Therefore, the preparation of traditional suspending agents requires the purchase of corresponding high-speed pulverizers, grinders and other mechanical equipment, and the preparation operations go through different processes. In addition, the performance of the formulation is different.
- the method and process for preparing the miscible nanosuspension agent and the nanosuspension agent of the present invention have the following significant advantages: (1) The equipment used is simple. The only equipment required is a stirred tank with a controlled stirring speed, a reflux condenser, and a vacuum distillation operation under heating conditions.
- the operation is not complicated, including controlling the drop acceleration, heating and decompressing the solvent recovery.
- (3) The manufacturing process is green and energy-saving. During the preparation process, although a certain amount of organic solvent was used, the low-toxic organic solvent was selected and the solvent can be recovered through subsequent operations.
- the invention provides a universal and effective method for preparing miscible nano-suspending agents, nano-suspending agents and nano-solid powders for many kinds of pesticides.
- the first step of the present invention is to select a mixed solvent miscible with pesticides.
- a mixed solvent is a mixture of at least two solvents in a certain ratio.
- the selection principles include: (1) The solubility of the pesticide should be as good as possible so that the amount of solvent used is not too large; (2) The boiling point of the solvent should not be too high to facilitate recovery; (3) The toxicity should be as low as possible. When choosing, choose a solvent with low toxicity; (4) In a mixed solvent, each solvent must be able to dissolve the pesticide pesticide; divided into two categories: one is a solvent soluble in water; the other is a solvent insoluble in water . (5) Mixed solvent At least include a solvent soluble in water and a solvent insoluble in water.
- organic solvents There are many types of organic solvents. According to different structure types, they are mainly divided into: benzene solvents, alkane solvents, ketone solvents, ester solvents, alcohol solvents, and oil solvents.
- the pesticides targeted by the present invention are mainly pesticide varieties that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
- the physical properties of pesticide varieties are generally listed, including the solubility of some solvents, but the information is not complete.
- the dissolution properties of these solvents can be used as the choice of the solvent and mixed solvent used in the present invention.
- Table-2 lists some important pesticide active ingredients, including fungicides, insecticides and herbicides.
- the solvents that can be used are selected.
- the data unit in parentheses is g/L, which is the grams of active ingredient that can dissolve pesticides per liter.
- acetone soluble in water
- water-insoluble ketone solvents formulated with it include cyclohexanone, methyl ethyl ketone, acetophenone, and their derivatives It has similar solubility to acetone.
- water-soluble solvents for methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran
- water-insoluble solvent compounded with it except for ketone solvents water-insoluble ethyl acetate is less toxic
- the boiling point is not high, it is an alternative ester solvent, its homologues propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, etc., have similar solubility.
- the miscible nano pesticide suspension agent and nano pesticide suspension agent prepared in the present invention need a compound auxiliary agent (system) in addition to the mixed solvent.
- Compound additives include small molecule additives and polymer additives. Their components and functions are described below.
- Small molecule additives are all surfactants, mainly including anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants.
- Anionic surfactant molecules are composed of hydrophilic polar groups and hydrophobic hydrocarbon groups. In the aqueous solution, it dissociates into an ionic state, with negatively charged acid radicals and positively charged metal ions around it. In terms of chemical structure, it can be a carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, or phosphate of 8 to 18 carbon atoms of a linear or branched hydrocarbon group (including alkanes and alkenes), or of 8 to 18 carbon atoms Carboxylates, sulfonates, sulfates or phosphates composed of linear or branched hydrocarbon groups (including alkanes and alkenes) and aryl groups. In terms of environmentally friendly performance, the order of environmentally friendly performance from good to poor is: various salts of linear hydrocarbon groups> various salts of branched hydrocarbon groups> various salts of aryl groups.
- anionic surfactants have the properties of reducing surface tension, emulsifying and solubilizing.
- CMC critical micelle concentration
- the so-called micelle means that the anionic surfactant is below the CMC concentration, and is dissolved in water in a single-molecule dispersed state. When the concentration exceeds the CMC, the molecules will aggregate, and several anionic surfactant molecules will aggregate in a state with the lowest energy.
- Hydrophilic polar groups face the water phase, while hydrophobic non-polar groups (lipophilic groups) gather together to form a spherical micelle with a diameter of a few nanometers.
- the morphological structure is shown in Figure-1. When the concentration of anionic surfactant is higher, rod-shaped micelles may be formed in addition to spherical micelles.
- the outside is a hydrophilic group such as carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate or phosphate
- the inside is a lipophilic hydrocarbon group, a hydrophobic and lipophilic environment
- it can accommodate solutions of water-insoluble pesticides or its hydrophobic solvents.
- the CMC of an anionic surfactant generally the smaller the value, the higher the activity.
- the second is the Krafft temperature, which is the temperature at which the anionic surfactant forms micelles, and the temperature at which the molecules are dissolved, the micelles, and the gel are in three-phase equilibrium.
- HLB hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
- non-ionic surfactants are required for small molecule additives.
- This surfactant does not dissociate into an ionic state in an aqueous solution, but exists in the solution in the state of molecules or micelles, so it is called a nonionic surfactant.
- Its lipophilic group is generally a hydrocarbon chain or a polyoxypropylene chain, and the hydrophilic part is a polyoxyethylene, hydroxyl or ether group, amide group and the like.
- Most nonionic surfactant products are liquid or slurry, which is different from anionic surfactants.
- Nonionic surfactants differ in their hydrophilic group structure and mainly include polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactants, polyol-type ionic surfactants, and alkyl alcohol amide-type nonionic surfactants. Among them, the former is the most important type of non-ionic surfactant, especially polyoxyethylene ethers of fatty alcohols have many varieties and large output. The performance of such nonionic surfactants depends not only on the hydrophobic group, but also on the length of the polyoxyethylene ether chain.
- Several nonionic surfactant molecules in water form spherical micelles above the CMC. The morphological structure of the micelles is similar to that of micelles. The volume of hydrophilic polyoxyethylene chains is outside, towards the water phase, lipophilic hydrocarbon-based structure Internally, the size is slightly larger than the micelle, see Figure-3. Table -3 HLB range of surfactants and their approximate applications
- the biodegradation of nonionic surfactants includes two parts: hydrocarbon chain and polyoxyethylene chain.
- the part of the hydrocarbon chain is still straight chain which is easier to degrade than branched chain, and the degradation of aromatic group is more difficult than the degradation of fatty group.
- the longer the polyoxyethylene chain the worse the degradability.
- alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether especially degradation of nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether occurs on phenolic ether, and nonylphenol is generated.
- Nonylphenol is proved to be a feminine toxic substance, and entering the environment, especially into the water body, will feminize aquatic organisms. Humans eat feminized aquatic organisms, and they also produce infertility, so this type of non-ionic Although surfactants have good emulsifying properties, they have been banned.
- the nonionic surfactants are characterized by cloud point and HLB value. Slowly heat the transparent water solution of the non-ionic surfactant. After reaching a certain temperature, the solution will become cloudy, indicating that the surfactant begins to precipitate. The lowest temperature at which a solution appears cloudy is called the “cloud point”, which is the temperature at which the aqueous solution separates as the temperature increases. In the homologous series of nonionic surfactants with the same lipophilic group, the longer the polyoxyethylene chain, the stronger the hydrophilicity and the higher the cloud point. From the practical point of view, if a system requires a heating process, then the cloud point of the non-ionic surfactant used must be considered, otherwise the stability of the system will be destroyed due to the cloud point.
- the HLB value of nonionic surfactants is the same as the description of anionic surfactants, and they are a qualitative characterization of the hydrophilic and lipophilic properties.
- the HLB value of the surfactant can be obtained by various methods of analysis, determination and calculation, and can also be found in the manual and literature.
- the range of HLB values can be roughly estimated based on the dissolved state of the surfactant in water. For example, Table-4 lists a quick method for estimating the range of surfactant HLB values.
- the small molecule adjuvant selected for use in the present invention is composed of at least one anion and at least one nonionic surfactant, and its purpose is to form micelles and micelles with solubilizing properties in the aqueous solution. Therefore, the principles for selecting small molecular compound additives are: first, considering the stability of the system, the krafft temperature of the anionic surfactant should be as low as possible, preferably close to 0 ° C; second, the nonionic surfactant The cloud point temperature should be as high as 60 ° C as much as possible to avoid the heating temperature exceeding the cloud point temperature when the solvent is recovered under reduced pressure. Third, the miscible prodrug solution of the mixed solvent that dissolves the active ingredients of the pesticide must be realized in micelles and gums.
- the HLB value of the small molecule composite additive should be above 13 and preferably above 14. Because the solution is transparent at this time, the transparency means that the pesticide particle size is less than a quarter of the visible wavelength, that is, below 100 nanometers.
- Polymer additives are also polymer surfactants, usually referring to substances with a relative molecular mass greater than 10,000 and having surface activity. Compared with small molecule surfactants, macromolecular surfactants are less capable of reducing surface tension, but have other special properties, such as dispersion, suspension, and viscosity enhancement. Polymer surfactants can be divided into natural polymers and their derivatives and synthetic polymers according to their source. Polymer surfactants have a hydrophobic main chain and suspended hydrophilic functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxymethyl, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, and amino groups, so they are all water-soluble polymers.
- Water-soluble natural polymer and its derivatives including starch, dextrin and various derivatives, water-soluble starch, oxidized starch, carboxymethyl starch, modified starch, cellulose and its derivatives, carboxymethyl cellulose, Hydroxyethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose; carboxymethyl chitosan, modified guar gum, tea saponin, water-soluble humic acid, sodium lignosulfonate, etc.
- Synthetic water-soluble polymers including polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polystyrene-horse Anhydride copolymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, etc. Since the main chain of water-soluble synthetic polymer is mostly carbon chain, it is not easy to be biodegraded. For environmental friendliness, water-soluble natural polymer and its derivatives should be selected as much as possible to minimize the impact on the ecological environment.
- the reason for selecting the polymer adjuvant in the present invention is to use the functions of dispersion and suspension of the water-soluble polymer in the aqueous solution.
- a water-soluble polymer with a relative molecular mass of tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or hundreds of thousands is usually a linear high molecular chain structure that can be dissolved in water.
- the linear polymer is dissolved in water, the length-to-diameter ratio of the linear polymer is very large, but it is not presented in a straight linear state, but due to the flexibility of the molecular chain, it exhibits a curled state, namely The morphological structure of "random coil" is shown in Figure-5.
- the hydrophilic groups in the random coil are oriented toward the water phase as much as possible, while the lipophilic chain structure is curled inside the random coil.
- the size of the random coil depends on the relative molecular mass of the polymer additive, the concentration, and the aggregated structure of the polymer. The larger the molecular weight, the larger the volume of random coils formed by a single molecule; when the concentration of water-soluble polymer is higher, the random coils formed by different molecules will gather together, so the volume is also larger. Generally, when the molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands, the size of the random coil formed is usually tens to hundreds of nanometers.
- the lipophilic nanocrystals tend to enter the lipophilic random coils according to the principle of similar miscibility, and doped in different parts of the random coils.
- the size of pesticide nanocrystals is small, several nanocrystals can be dispersed inside the random coil.
- water-soluble polymer additives can act as a dispersant and stabilizer for the generated nano-grains.
- Traditional pesticide suspending agents also use this principle, but their pesticide particles are in the micron size. Due to the size of the micron particles It is larger and has a greater gravitational effect, so there is a greater uncertainty in the stability of the suspending agent. When the size of pesticide particles is reduced by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude, the gravitational force of the particles is much smaller.
- the same water-soluble polymer surfactant can obtain a more stable suspension and dispersion system to achieve apparent water solubility and transparent appearance.
- the components of the miscible nano pesticide suspension agent and nano pesticide suspension agent of the present invention include: pesticide active ingredients, solvents (including water-soluble solvents and water-insoluble solvents), auxiliary agents (including small molecule anionic auxiliary agents) Agents, small molecule non-ionic additives and polymer additives) and water.
- pesticide active ingredients include: pesticide active ingredients, solvents (including water-soluble solvents and water-insoluble solvents), auxiliary agents (including small molecule anionic auxiliary agents) Agents, small molecule non-ionic additives and polymer additives) and water.
- solvents including water-soluble solvents and water-insoluble solvents
- auxiliary agents including small molecule anionic auxiliary agents
- Agents small molecule non-ionic additives and polymer additives
- water water.
- the mass ratio between the three components is:
- miscible original drug solution compound additive: water ⁇ 35%: 25%: 40% «0.875: 0.625: 1.
- miscible drug solution and the compound auxiliary agent are about 0.875 and 0.625 times the mass of water, respectively.
- Miscellaneous original drug solution Aqueous solution of compound additives 35%: 65% 7: 13 The ratio relationship between them is discussed as follows: (1) Make sure that the mass percentage of the miscible drug solution is about 35%. The reasons are as follows: The miscible original drug solution includes the quality of the active ingredient of the original drug and the quality of the mixed solvent. There are two different ways to express the content of active ingredients in the original medicine: one is the mass percentage, %; the other is the volume mass, g/L. The former is mostly used, and the present invention is also expressed as a mass percentage when referring to the mass of components. In traditional pesticide formulations, although the pesticides have different activities and different usage amounts, manufacturers often like to pursue high effective ingredient content of pesticides when preparing pesticide formulations.
- the high content can reduce the volume and transportation cost of the package, because the content of the auxiliary agent is relatively small, it will affect the dispersion performance of the pesticide solution diluted with water and the prevention and control effect on diseases and insect pests.
- each different pesticide variety should have different effective ingredient content suitable for itself according to the activity level and physical solubility of the pesticide.
- the present invention prepares its miscible nano pesticide suspension agent and nano pesticide suspension agent (nano dispersant) according to the solubility (Sb St 2 Sti) of a certain pesticide in a certain type of solvent system, considering There is a rough upper limit to the amount of solvent used, for example 30%, so it also determines the final content of pesticide active ingredients in the formulation.
- the fungicide with serial number 4, phenoxyquinoline, its solubility in acetone is 116 g/L. That is, 10g of acetone (a solvent that is soluble in water) can dissolve about 1.16g of the active ingredient of the pesticide, while insoluble solvents in water such as methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone have similar solubility. In this way, if 30 g of mass of solvent is used, 3.48 g of active ingredient can be dissolved. Considering that the saturated solution easily precipitates solutes, the miscible drug solution cannot be prepared in a saturated state, so in the miscible drug solution, the mass percentage of the active ingredient in the drug can be set to 3.3%.
- the miscible drug solution is 3.3%, and the remaining components are compound additives and water.
- the solvent was recovered by distillation under reduced pressure. Assuming that all the solvents used are recovered, and water is distilled as part of the azeotrope composition, the final active ingredient content can reach about 5%.
- the amount of solvent can be increased to dissolve more pesticide active ingredients, but this will inevitably reduce the ratio of the amount of compound additives and water, which may affect the uniformity and stability of the pesticide nano-grains. Therefore, the upper limit of the miscible drug solution is set to 35%. Although it can be prepared slightly beyond this content, if it exceeds too much, it will obviously affect the proportion of other components.
- the upper limit of the mass ratio of the mixed solvent is about 30%, which in turn can check the solubility of the original drug, and thus select the type of the original drug and the mixed solvent .
- the above example is the case where the solubility of the original drug is about 100 g/L.
- the solubility of the original drug in a mixed solvent is greater than 100 g/L, the mass of the solvent used can be less than 30%, and the mass percentage of the active ingredient of the original drug can be appropriately increased to between 3% and 12%.
- the sum of the two original drugs that is, the mixed original drug solution
- the proportion of other components in the system is selected from the remaining mass percentages.
- the solubility of the original drug in a mixed solvent is less than 100 g/L, only the target product with a lower content of active ingredients can be obtained.
- the mass percentage of the active ingredient, W,,% is set in the range of 3% to 12%. In theory, it is equal to the mass percentage of solvent Si Si% times the solubility of the original drug in this solvent Sb plus the mass percentage of solvent S 2 S 2 % multiplied by the solubility of pesticides in this solvent St 2 , as follows The formula shows:
- W ai % Sl% Stl + S 2 %- St 2 +
- Compound additives include small molecule additives and polymer additives.
- Small molecule adjuvants include anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants.
- anionic surfactants the factors to consider include: chemical structure, critical micelle concentration (CMC), three-phase equilibrium point (krafft) temperature, and affinity-to-phobic balance (HLB) value; for nonionic surfactants, need to be considered
- CMC critical micelle concentration
- HLB affinity-to-phobic balance
- nonionic surfactants need to be considered
- the factors include: chemical structure, CMC value, cloud point temperature, HLB value. The two have in common: 1 chemical structure.
- the type of biodegradable surfactant 2 CMC value. Considering the activity of the surfactant, choosing a variety with a low CMC value can reduce the dosage. 3 HLB value. Considering the characteristics of the surfactant and generating a transparent solution (transparency involves whether the particles are nano-sized), choose a surfactant type with an HLB value greater than 13. The difference between the two is that the kraflft temperature of the anionic surfactant is the temperature at which the molecule dissolves, micelles, and gel are in three-phase equilibrium.
- the cloud point temperature of a nonionic surfactant is the temperature at which its aqueous solution separates as the temperature increases. It is considered that the temperature needs to be increased for vacuum distillation in the later stage of the preparation process to recover the solvent. The temperature of vacuum distillation must be lower than the cloud point temperature of the non-ionic surfactant, otherwise the non-ionic surfactant will condense out from the water and the stability of the system will be destroyed. Therefore, the cloud point temperature should be higher, the best temperature is 60 ° C.
- small molecule additives include anionic and nonionic surfactants, and when they are dissolved in water, they form micelles or micelles in water, see Figure-1 and figure -3.
- miscible prodrug solutions When the miscible prodrug solutions are dropped into the aqueous solution of small molecule adjuvants, they function to disperse, solubilize, and stabilize the pesticide solution droplets.
- the droplets of the miscible drug solution contain water-soluble and water-insoluble organic solvents. After entering the aqueous solution of the small molecule adjuvant, the water-soluble solvent is immediately miscible with water and enters the aqueous phase, where it dissolves A part of the pesticide will be precipitated from the water.
- the rate of precipitation of the pesticide grains is also controllable.
- the size of the pesticide particles is controlled when the system solution is transparent It is controlled below 100 nanometers.
- the remaining water-insoluble pesticide solution belongs to the oil phase in the system and cannot be miscible with water.
- the oil-soluble pesticide solution can enter the micelles and micelles formed by small molecule additives In, it becomes the sol-enhancing beam (see Figure-2) and the sol-enhancing cluster ( Figure-4).
- the system is clear and transparent. Because the sol-enhancing beam and sol-enhancing mass formed by this part of the original drug solution are very small, they are thermodynamically stable. To achieve this goal, a large number of micelles and micelles are required, and the formation of a large number of micelles and micelles requires a large amount of small molecule surfactants.
- the mass percentage of small molecule additives to meet this requirement should be 20% or more. There is no strict ratio between anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants, only that the morphology and number of micelles and micelles produced by the two are different, but the HLB value formed by them must be controlled above 13, Make sure to generate OAV emulsion. Considering comprehensively, the principles for the optimization of small molecule additives are summarized in Table-6.
- the proportion of high molecular additives Polymer additives must be soluble in water, including natural polymers and synthetic polymers.
- the selection principles include: 1 Performance should be environmentally friendly. From the standpoint of conducive to biodegradation and the safety of degradation products, natural water-soluble polymers and their derivatives are preferred. Synthetic water-soluble polymers can also be used as a choice if they have good performance and little impact on the environment. 2
- the dissolution performance is better. The dissolution of macromolecules is different from the dissolution of small molecules. The dissolution process often goes through the swelling stage, which is more difficult than the dissolution of small molecules, and some takes longer time. Their solubility is affected by the variety of polymers, the aggregate structure of the polymers, and the relative molecular mass.
- the precipitated pesticide grains are oleophilic (hydrophobic), and will diffuse into the hydrophobic interior of the random coil formed by the polymer additive. Due to the small grain size (keeping the system transparent, indicating less than 100 nanometers), Disperse into the random coil formed by the polymer additives suspended in water, see Figure 6. Therefore, the polymer additives actually play a role in suspending, dispersing and stabilizing the generated nano pesticide grains. Because the relative molecular mass of a water-soluble polymer is large, the viscosity of its aqueous solution is much greater than that of small molecules of the same concentration. This is the basic feature of polymer solutions. In order to not only suspend nano-grains, but also maintain a slightly higher viscosity than the microemulsion, for example 300 ⁇ 500 mPas, the mass percentage of this component should be controlled at about 5%.
- the compound adjuvant is composed of small molecule adjuvant (20%) and high molecular adjuvant (5%), so the mass percentage of the sum of the two is about 25%.
- the remaining component is water.
- the mass percentage of water is about 40%.
- Water is a dispersion medium, which plays a role in the dispersion and stabilization of each component in the maintenance system, and its proportion of components is also very important.
- the proportion of water is too large, and the proportion of active ingredients and components in the system is relatively small, which is not conducive to obtaining nano pesticides with high effective ingredient content.
- the proportion of water is small and the viscosity of the system is large, which is not conducive to the formation, dispersion and stability of nano pesticide grains. Proper water ratio is necessary to prepare nano pesticide suspension.
- the mass percentage of water should be around 40%.
- miscible nano pesticide suspension agent of the present invention The components of the miscible nano pesticide suspension agent of the present invention and the mass percentages of the combined three components and two components are shown in Table -8 and Table -9.
- the pesticide species choose a solvent system that can dissolve it, including water/insoluble mixed solvent systems, including at least one water-soluble solvent and at least one water-insoluble solvent. Based on the solubility in Table -2, determine the amount of pesticide active ingredient and the amount of mixed solvent (in mass percent). This method is not limited to the types of pesticides and solvents collected in Table-2.
- a certain mass percentage of solvent including water-soluble and water-insoluble solvents, and mix with appropriate stirring to prepare a mixed solvent.
- a certain quality percentage of the pesticide active ingredient is added, and after proper stirring and dissolution, a miscible pesticide active ingredient mixed original drug solution is obtained.
- the active ingredient of the pesticide is a single molecule dispersed in it, resulting in a true solution, which is transparent and stable.
- Adjuvants include small molecule adjuvants and high molecular adjuvants, and small molecule adjuvants include anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants.
- the preparation of the aqueous solution of the compound additives should first dissolve the polymer additives, then the small molecule additives, and finally obtain the aqueous solution of the compound additives.
- the preparation process is as follows: In a vessel equipped with stirring, reflux condenser and capable of heating and vacuum distillation, add a certain mass percentage of water, under stirring, add a certain mass percentage of one or more polymer additives, necessary Swelling at rest.
- miscible nano pesticide suspension agent Formation of pesticide nano-grain-preparation of miscible nano pesticide suspension agent
- the miscible original drug solution Add dropwise to the aqueous solution of compound additives. Control the drop acceleration and stirring speed to generate nano pesticide grains, which is also a miscible nano pesticide suspension agent. If solvent recovery is not considered, this miscible nano pesticide suspension can also be used as a nano pesticide.
- the miscible prodrug solution contains a solvent that is miscible with water.
- the solvents that can be selected include acetone, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile.
- the water-soluble solvent quickly dissolves with water and enters the aqueous phase, leaving only the original drug solution insoluble in water in the aqueous solution. Since the amount of solvent that dissolves the original drug in the solution is reduced, it is not enough to dissolve the original drug, so a part of the drug will precipitate out in water.
- the particle size of the drug uniformly precipitated can be controlled.
- the addition of solvents and ratios that are insoluble in water plays an important role in controlling the rate of precipitation of the original drug, not to mention the formation of large-sized crystal aggregates due to the excessive precipitation of the original drug. Therefore, the ratio of water-soluble/water-insoluble solvents is also an important factor in controlling the precipitation speed of pesticide nanocrystals.
- each original drug is different, the physical properties and dissolution properties are different, the mixing ratio between the two or more solvents selected is generally different, generally the mass ratio between the two is about 1: 2, but it is best to pass the experiment and enter the Ding Appropriate adjustment can be determined.
- the generated nano crystal grains cannot be stably stored in water. Due to its own gravity, the grains will gather and grow when they are at rest, so that large-sized grains will precipitate out. In order to prevent this phenomenon, the polymer additives added to the system play a role in dispersion and stability.
- Water-soluble polymers exist in the form of random coils. Random coils are loose spherical structures formed spontaneously by water-soluble polymer chains. The inner part is a main chain of lipophilic and hydrophobic molecules, and the outside is a hydrophilic polar group.
- miscible solvents remain in the miscible drug solution.
- the droplets of this original drug solution are also lipophilic, and they are much larger than micelles, micelles, and random coils. Their best places are micelles and micelles. According to the principle of "similar miscibility", they can quickly and spontaneously enter the inside of micelles and micelles, becoming sol-enriched sols and sol-enriched micelles. As long as the number of micelles and micelles is sufficient, the remaining miscible prodrug solution can be solubilized, and the size below 1(8)nm can be maintained, so the system still looks clear and transparent.
- the dropping acceleration and The stirring speed of the aqueous solution of the auxiliary additive which relates to the amount of the aqueous phase added in a unit time and the degree of uniformity of dispersion, is an important factor that affects the grain size of the nano-pesticide produced.
- the drop acceleration if the grain size of the nano-pesticide precipitated is less than 100 nanometers, whether the system is clear and transparent is the criterion. Its theoretical basis is that when the particle size is less than a quarter of the wavelength of visible light, it does not produce severe refraction and reflection, so the system is transparent.
- the wavelength of visible light is 400 to 760 nanometers, and less than a quarter is less than 100 nanometers. Conversely, if the system for generating nano pesticide grains is clear and transparent, it indicates that the size of the generated grains is less than 100 nanometers.
- the drop acceleration of the miscible drug solution should not be too fast. If it is too fast, the pesticide grains will be generated too quickly. If too many nano-pesticide grains are produced in the water phase at the same time, there is a possibility of aggregation between the nano-crystal grains, thereby increasing the grain size. If the system has opalescence, it means that the grain size is already in the hundreds of nanometers, and the opalescence becomes more and more serious or even opaque, which means that the grain size has approached or exceeded one micron. Therefore, the drop acceleration is subject to keeping the system always transparent. 2 The method of dropping the solution may also affect the grain size.
- dropping can be performed in a more uniformly dispersed manner, such as multi-drop dropping, spray dropping, etc.
- the stirring speed of the system should be properly accelerated.
- the stirring speed of the system involves the generation and dispersion speed of the nano-pesticide grains generated by the aqueous phase. The faster the stirring, the faster the dispersion, the less likely the aggregation and collision between the grains, and the more beneficial it is to keep the grains of a smaller size Of dispersion.
- the stirring speed of the system is greater than the stirring speed of the original drug dissolved in the mixed solvent, and also higher than the stirring speed of the polymer adjuvant and small molecule adjuvant dissolved in water. It can be combined with the dropping acceleration of the miscible original drug solution to obtain the nanometer pesticide grains with smaller and uniform size.
- the miscible nano pesticide suspension agent has been obtained at this time, and it can also be used as a nano pesticide formulation.
- the miscible nano pesticide suspension agent obtained above also contains a certain mass percentage of organic solvent.
- the active ingredient of the pesticide dissolved in this part of the solvent does not exist in the form of nano grains. To this end, this last process needs to be completed.
- the final preparation process of the present invention is vacuum distillation.
- the purpose of vacuum distillation is as follows: 1 Complete the transformation of all pesticide active ingredients into nano pesticide grains, and convert all or most of all pesticide active ingredients in the system into nano grains. 2
- the organic solvent in the system is recycled to further improve the environmentally friendly performance of the nano pesticide suspension agent. 3
- the organic solvent can be recovered by vacuum distillation to concentrate and disperse the nano-pesticide suspension agent, which can increase the effective ingredient content of the nano-pesticide suspension agent.
- the miscible nano pesticide suspension agent obtained above contains organic solvents, including water-soluble solvents and water-insoluble solvents.
- the organic solvent soluble in water is miscible in the aqueous phase.
- a solution in which the water-insoluble solvent dissolves the active ingredient is solubilized in the micelle or micelle.
- the lower boiling point is distilled first.
- acetone is miscible with water and has a low boiling point.
- the first boiling point is acetone.
- the boiling point is 56.12 ° C.
- methyl ethyl ketone-water begins to be distilled (composition ratio 88.7/11.3 ) Azeotrope, boiling point 73.41 ° C. Because methyl ethyl ketone also dissolves the active ingredient of pesticides, and exists inside the micelles or micelles, during the decompression process, with the evaporation of methyl ethyl ketone solvent, As the number of steps decreases, the active ingredient of the pesticide dissolved in the solvent is continuously precipitated, generating pesticide nano-crystal grains.
- Pesticide nanocrystals may continue to remain inside the micelles or micelles, or they may be precipitated from the micelles or micelles and transferred into the random coils formed by the polymer additives. Until all or most of the methyl ethyl ketone solvent is distilled off.
- the method of solvent evaporation depends on the boiling point of the solvent and the cloud point temperature of the nonionic surfactant.
- the cloud point temperature of commonly used non-ionic surfactants is usually around 60 ° C, the boiling point of acetone is less than 60 ° C, and it can be distilled at atmospheric pressure; while the azeotropic point of methyl ethyl ketone-water is 74V, which exceeds the cloud point temperature, it must be at Distillation under reduced pressure.
- the vacuum distillation of the organic solvent in the system will involve the type and boiling point of the organic solvent, and whether it forms an azeotrope with water, including the composition, boiling point, and the relationship between the boiling point and the pressure of the azeotrope. In order to speed up the distillation of the azeotrope, the system can be heated. There are a few points to pay attention to:
- the boiling points of azeotropes composed of different solvents and water are different.
- the azeotropes and compositions of some solvents involved in the present invention are shown in Table -10.
- the solvent with a low azeotropic point is distilled off first, and then the solvent with a high azeotropic point is distilled off.
- the mass of water carried by the solvent with different percentages of mass can be roughly calculated. From this, the mass percentage of the active ingredient of the pesticide in the finally produced miscible nano pesticide suspension is further calculated. It should be pointed out that not all organic solvents can be completely distilled off. When a certain solvent has a high boiling point, the solvent is difficult to be distilled off, such as dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, etc. Be careful when using solvents.
- the maximum temperature for system heating is limited.
- the heating temperature of the system must be below the cloud point temperature of the nonionic surfactant. Otherwise, as the nonionic surfactant in the system rises to the cloud point temperature or above, turbidity and aggregation will occur, and the stability of the system will be destroyed.
- the content of pesticide active ingredients changes before and after vacuum distillation. After distillation under reduced pressure, the organic solvent in the system can be distilled out as much as possible, and a part of the water is also brought out through the azeotrope, so that the mass percentage of the system changes, resulting in the mass percentage of the active ingredient of the pesticide.
- Formula (1) indicates that the sum of the mass percentages of each component is 100%.
- Formula (2) is the expression of the mass percentage of the pesticide active ingredient before vacuum distillation;
- Formula (3) is the expression of the mass percentage of the pesticide active ingredient after vacuum distillation.
- W a. , .;, ⁇ .,. 2 are the mass percentages of pesticide active ingredients before and after vacuum distillation, W a. ,; ⁇ W a. , 2; W wl , W w2 is the mass of water before and after vacuum distillation, W wl > W w2 .
- Figure -7 Schematic diagram of the micro-morphology of small molecular additives and high molecular additives in water
- Figure -8 Schematic diagram of the microscopic distribution of pesticide nanocrystals and pesticide-insoluble aqueous solution beads
- Example 1 8% Prothioconazole Nanosuspension
- component C 1 Dissolve the carboxymethyl starch and tea saponin in water to obtain an aqueous solution of a polymer additive, which is denoted as component C 1;
- the effective component content of fenfluricide is determined, and the water is replenished until the effective component is 16%, and the fenfluricide nano pesticide suspension is obtained to be about 75 kg.
- the product has a transparent appearance. According to the Tyndall phenomenon, the particle size of the active ingredient of the pesticide is below 100 nanometers. The particle size and size distribution can be measured with a laser nanoparticle size analyzer.
- Example 4 18% pyridoxamine nano-suspending agent
- component D 4 Dissolve sodium dodecyl monophosphate, sodium linoleate, AEO 2Q , alkyl polyglycoside in component c 4 to obtain an aqueous solution of a composite additive, denoted as component D 4;
- Styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and sodium lignin sulfonate are dissolved in water to obtain an aqueous solution of a polymer additive, denoted as component c 5;
- the content of the active ingredient of cyanfluxate is determined, and the water is replenished until the content of the active ingredient is 10%, and the nanofluidate of cyanfluxate is obtained to be about 70 kg.
- the appearance of the product is transparent.
- the particle size of the active ingredient of the pesticide is below 100 nanometers. The particle size and size distribution were measured with a laser nanometer particle size analyzer.
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CN201980086511.0A CN113260257B (zh) | 2018-12-28 | 2019-12-26 | 纳米农药制剂及其制备方法 |
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CN201811634818.3A CN109792993A (zh) | 2018-12-29 | 2018-12-29 | 一种环境友好型氯虫苯甲酰胺纳米粉剂及其制备方法 |
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