WO2020114501A1 - 用电保护电路 - Google Patents

用电保护电路 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020114501A1
WO2020114501A1 PCT/CN2019/123722 CN2019123722W WO2020114501A1 WO 2020114501 A1 WO2020114501 A1 WO 2020114501A1 CN 2019123722 W CN2019123722 W CN 2019123722W WO 2020114501 A1 WO2020114501 A1 WO 2020114501A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
switch
main
protection circuit
storage unit
energy storage
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2019/123722
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
蔡金博
但志敏
张伟
侯贻真
郑雄
Original Assignee
宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
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Application filed by 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 filed Critical 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
Priority to EP19894124.7A priority Critical patent/EP3734791A4/en
Priority to US16/966,220 priority patent/US11600992B2/en
Publication of WO2020114501A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020114501A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0031—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using battery or load disconnect circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/20—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for electronic equipment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/18—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for batteries; for accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/22—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for distribution gear, e.g. bus-bar systems; for switching devices
    • H02H7/222—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for distribution gear, e.g. bus-bar systems; for switching devices for switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H02M1/34—Snubber circuits
    • H02M1/344—Active dissipative snubbers

Definitions

  • This application relates to the field of battery power, and in particular to a power protection circuit.
  • new energy can provide power for more and more equipment, such as battery modules, battery packs, etc. can be used as a power source to provide power for new energy vehicles, new energy ships, new energy aircraft and so on.
  • a power circuit In new energy vehicles, new energy ships, new energy aircraft and other equipment, there is a power circuit, and battery modules, battery packs, etc. use the power circuit to supply power to the load.
  • a switch is set in the electric circuit to control the conduction of the electric circuit.
  • When the switch is opened abnormal conditions that may occur in the equivalent capacitance, equivalent inductance, and electrical load will adversely affect the potential at both ends of the switch. For example, after the switch is opened, it may happen that the switch is electrically broken down. Reduced the safety of electrical circuits.
  • the embodiments of the present application provide a power protection circuit, which can improve the safety of the power protection circuit.
  • An embodiment of the present application provides an electrical protection circuit, which is characterized by including a series-connected battery pack, a main positive switch, a load device, and a main negative switch.
  • the main positive switch and/or the main negative switch include at least one semiconductor switch;
  • the main positive switch and/or the main negative switch in the electrical protection circuit are connected in parallel with a protection module. When the main positive switch and/or the main negative switch are off, the protection module absorbs the electric energy across the main positive switch and/or the main negative switch.
  • a protection module is provided in parallel on the main positive switch and/or the main negative switch.
  • the protection module can absorb the electric energy across the main positive switch and/or the main negative switch when the main positive switch and/or the main negative switch is off.
  • the abnormality of other parts of the power circuit causes the voltage across the main positive switch and/or the main negative switch to increase and generate a spike voltage, which causes the main positive switch and/or The main negative switch is broken down or other circuits are damaged.
  • the safety of the power protection circuit is improved.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a power protection circuit in an embodiment of this application
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a power protection circuit in another embodiment of this application.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a power protection circuit in another embodiment of this application.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a power protection circuit in still another embodiment of this application.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a power protection circuit in another embodiment of this application.
  • Embodiments of the present application provide a power protection circuit, which can be applied to a scenario where power from a battery pack is used to power a load device.
  • the battery pack includes at least one battery module or at least one battery unit, which is not limited herein.
  • the battery pack can be used in electric vehicles as a power source for electric vehicles.
  • the load device may be an electric device in an electric vehicle, such as a motor, an air conditioner in a car, a car player, and so on.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a power protection circuit in an embodiment of the present application.
  • the power protection circuit includes a battery pack P1 connected in series, a main positive switch P2, a load device P4, and a main negative switch P3.
  • the main positive switch P2 is connected to the positive electrode of the battery pack P1.
  • the main negative switch P3 is connected to the negative pole of the battery pack P1.
  • the load device P4 is a collection of powered devices, and the number of powered devices may be one or multiple, which is not limited herein. For ease of description, in the embodiments of the present application, all power-consuming devices are equivalent to one load device P4. In the embodiment of the present application, the load device P4 is equivalent to a load capacitor for the sake of description.
  • the anode of the battery pack P1 is connected to the first end of the main positive switch P2.
  • the second end of the main positive switch P2 is connected to one end of the load device P4.
  • the other end of the load device P4 is connected to the first end of the main negative switch P3.
  • the second end of the main negative switch P3 is connected to the negative electrode of the battery pack P1.
  • the parasitic inductance existing in the electrical protection circuit is taken as an example for description.
  • the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 include at least one semiconductor switch.
  • the main positive switch P2 and the main negative switch P3 are both semiconductor switches.
  • the main positive switch P2 is a relay
  • the main negative switch P3 is a semiconductor switch.
  • the main positive switch P2 is a semiconductor switch
  • the main negative switch P3 is a relay.
  • the semiconductor switch may include a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor, MOSFET) or an insulated gate bipolar transistor (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, IGBT).
  • MOSFET Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
  • IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
  • MOSFET Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
  • IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
  • a protection module is connected in parallel with the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 in the power protection circuit.
  • the protection module connected in parallel with the main positive switch P2 may be provided for the main positive switch P2
  • the protection module connected in parallel with the main negative switch P3 may be provided for the main negative switch P3, and may also be the main positive switch P2 and the main negative switch P3 are each provided with a parallel protection module.
  • the protection module is used to absorb the electric energy across the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 when the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 is off.
  • the protection module connected in parallel with the main positive switch P2 and the protection module connected in parallel with the main negative switch P3 may be modules with different structures composed of different devices, or modules with the same structure of the same device. limited.
  • the main positive switch P2 is connected in parallel with the first protection module P51
  • the main negative switch P3 is connected in parallel with the second protection module P52.
  • the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 when the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 is open, various equivalent capacitances (such as parasitic capacitance), equivalent inductance (parasitic inductance), and electrical loads present in the electrical protection circuit
  • the abnormal conditions that may occur may cause the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3, or the entire power protection circuit to adversely affect the voltage across the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3.
  • the protection module can absorb the electric energy across the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3, thereby reducing and stabilizing the voltage across the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3.
  • the protection module includes a first protection module P51 and a second protection module P52.
  • a first protection module P51 is connected in parallel to the main positive switch P2, and a second protection module P52 is connected in parallel to the main negative switch P3.
  • a protection module is provided in parallel on the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3.
  • the protection module may absorb the electric energy across the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 when the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 is off.
  • the voltage across the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 increases to generate a spike voltage, which causes the main positive The switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 are broken down or damaged by other circuits.
  • the safety of the power protection circuit is improved.
  • the protection module absorbs the electric energy across the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3, so that the switching frequency of the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 is no longer limited by the abnormality generated by other parts of the power circuit, Therefore, the switching efficiency of the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 in the power circuit can be improved.
  • the power protection circuit may further include an anti-reverse switch P7.
  • the main positive switch P2, the main negative switch P3, and the anti-reverse switch P7 are all semiconductor switches, and the semiconductor switch is a MOSFET as an example for description.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a power protection circuit in another embodiment of this application. As shown in FIG. 2, on the basis of FIG. 1, the power protection circuit may further include an anti-reverse switch P7, a voltage stabilizing module P6, and a voltage clamping module P8.
  • the first end of the anti-reverse switch P7 is connected to the first end of the main negative switch P3, and the second end of the anti-reverse switch P7 is connected to one end of the load device P4.
  • the anti-reverse switch P7 can be used as the main negative control switch in the power protection circuit during the charging process.
  • the anti-reverse switch P7, the main negative switch P3, and the main positive switch P2 are all turned on. In case of emergency, it is necessary to open the circuit, the anti-reverse switch P7 and the main positive switch P2 can be turned on, and the main negative switch P3 is controlled to open.
  • the voltage stabilizing module P6 is used to stabilize the potential difference between the first end of the main positive switch P2 and the second end of the main negative switch P3.
  • the voltage stabilizing module P6 has the function of storing electrical energy, so that when the main positive switch P2 and/or the main negative switch P3 is turned off, it absorbs a large current generated momentarily, thereby connecting the first end of the main positive switch P2 and the main negative switch P3.
  • the potential difference between the second ends is stable within a standard range.
  • the voltage clamping module P8 is connected in parallel with the load device P4.
  • the voltage clamping module P8 is used to stabilize the voltage across the load device P4. If the induced electromotive force generated by the parasitic capacitance of the load device P4 causes the potential difference across the load device P4 to be too large, the voltage clamping module P8 is used to reduce the potential difference across the load device P4 so that the potential difference across the load device P4 is stable within a standard range .
  • the first protection module P51 connected in parallel with the main positive switch P2 may specifically include a first energy storage unit P511, a first slow charging branch P512, and a first fast charging branch P513.
  • One end of the first energy storage unit P511 is connected to the first end of the main positive switch P2.
  • the other end of the first energy storage unit P511 is connected to one end of the first slow charging branch P512 and one end of the first fast charging branch P513.
  • the first energy storage unit P511 is used to store electrical energy across the main positive switch P2.
  • the other end of the first slow charge branch P512 is connected to the second end of the main positive switch P2.
  • the first slow charging branch P512 is used to transmit the electric energy across the main positive switch P2 to the first energy storage unit P511.
  • the first slow charging branch P512 is also used to transmit the electrical energy released by the first energy storage unit P511 when the main positive switch P2 is turned on. That is, when the main positive switch P2 is turned on, the first energy storage unit P511 releases electrical energy through the first slow charge branch P512.
  • the other end of the first fast charge branch P513 is connected to the second end of the main positive switch P2.
  • the first fast charge branch P513 is used to transmit the main charge to the first energy storage unit P511 if the potential difference between the first end of the main positive switch P2 and the second end of the main positive switch P2 is higher than or equal to the threshold value of the fast charge open potential difference The energy across the positive switch P2.
  • the first slow charging branch P512 flows toward the first energy storage unit P511 transmits the power across the main positive switch P2.
  • the first slow charge branch P512 and the first fast charge branch P513 The electric energy across the main positive switch P2 is transmitted to the first energy storage unit P511.
  • the speed of the first slow-charging branch P512 to transfer the electrical energy across the main positive switch P2 to the first energy storage unit P511 is slower than that of the first fast-charging branch P513 to the first energy storage unit P511 The speed of electrical energy across P2.
  • the first slow charging branch P512 and the first fast charging branch P513 are turned on to transmit the electric energy across the main positive switch P2 and stabilize the main positive switch The potential difference across P2.
  • the first protection module P51 connected in parallel with the main negative switch P3 may specifically include a second energy storage unit P521, a second slow charging branch P522, and a second fast charging branch P523.
  • One end of the second energy storage unit P521 is connected to the first end of the main negative switch P3.
  • the other end of the second energy storage unit P521 is connected to one end of the second slow charge branch P522 and one end of the second fast charge branch P523.
  • the second energy storage unit P521 is used to store electrical energy across the main negative switch P3.
  • the other end of the second slow charge branch P522 is connected to the second end of the main negative switch P3.
  • the second slow charging branch P522 is used to transmit the electric energy across the main negative switch P3 to the second energy storage unit P521.
  • the second slow charge branch P522 is also used to transmit the electrical energy released by the second energy storage unit P521 when the main negative switch P3 is turned on. That is, when the main negative switch P3 is turned on, the second energy storage unit P521 releases electrical energy through the second slow charge branch P522.
  • the other end of the second fast charge branch P523 is connected to the second end of the main negative switch P3.
  • the second fast charge branch P523 is used to transmit the main charge to the second energy storage unit P521 if the potential difference between the first end of the main negative switch P3 and the second end of the main negative switch P3 is higher than or equal to the threshold value of the fast charge opening potential difference The electrical energy across the negative switch P3.
  • the second slow charge branch P522 leads to the second energy storage unit P521 transmits the electrical energy across the main negative switch P3.
  • the second slow charge branch P522 and the second fast charge branch P523 share The electric energy across the main negative switch P3 is transmitted to the second energy storage unit P521.
  • the speed of the second slow-charging branch P522 transmitting the electric energy across the main negative switch P3 to the second energy storage unit P521 is slower than that of the second fast-charging branch P523 transmitting the main negative switch to the second energy storage unit P521 The speed of the electrical energy at both ends of P3.
  • the second slow charge branch P522 and the second fast charge branch P523 are turned on to transmit the electric energy across the main negative switch P3 and stabilize the main negative switch The potential difference across P3.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a power protection circuit in another embodiment of this application.
  • the first energy storage unit P511 in the above embodiment includes a first capacitor C1.
  • the first slow charge branch P512 includes a first resistor set R1.
  • the first fast charging branch P513 includes a first diode D1 and a second resistor set R2.
  • the second energy storage unit P521 includes a second capacitor C2.
  • the second slow charge branch P512 includes a third resistor set R3.
  • the second fast charge branch P523 includes a second diode D2 and a fourth resistor set R4.
  • the voltage stabilizing module P6 includes a third capacitor C3.
  • the voltage clamping module P8 includes a third diode D3.
  • the load device P4 in FIG. 3 is represented by load capacitance.
  • One end of the first capacitor C1 is connected to the first end of the main positive switch P2.
  • the other end of the first capacitor C1 is connected to one end of the first slow charge branch P512 and one end of the first fast charge branch P513.
  • One end of the first resistor set R1 is connected to the other end of the first energy storage unit P511 and one end of the first fast charging branch P513.
  • the other end of the first resistor set R1 is connected to the second end of the main positive switch P2.
  • the illustrated first resistance set R1 includes at least one resistance.
  • the anode of the first diode D1 is connected to one end of the first resistance set R1 and the other end of the first energy storage unit P511.
  • the cathode of the first diode D1 is connected to one end of the second resistor set R2.
  • the other end of the second resistance set R2 is connected to the second end of the main positive switch P2 and the other end of the first resistance set R1.
  • the illustrated second resistor set R2 includes at least one resistor.
  • the second energy storage unit P521 in the above embodiment includes a first capacitor C1.
  • the second slow charge branch P522 includes a third resistor set R3.
  • the second fast charging branch P523 includes a second diode D2 and a fourth resistor set R4.
  • the voltage stabilizing module P6 includes a second capacitor C2.
  • the voltage clamping module P8 includes a second diode D2.
  • the load device P4 in FIG. 3 is represented by load capacitance.
  • One end of the first capacitor C1 is connected to the first end of the main negative switch P3.
  • the other end of the first capacitor C1 is connected to one end of the second slow charge branch P522 and one end of the second fast charge branch P523.
  • One end of the third resistor set R3 is connected to the other end of the second energy storage unit P521 and one end of the second fast charging branch P523.
  • the other end of the third resistor set R3 is connected to the second end of the main negative switch P3.
  • the illustrated third set of resistors R3 includes at least one resistor.
  • the anode of the second diode D2 is connected to one end of the third resistor set R3 and the other end of the second energy storage unit P521.
  • the cathode of the second diode D2 is connected to one end of the fourth resistor set R4.
  • the other end of the fourth resistance set R4 is connected to the second end of the main negative switch P3 and the other end of the third resistance set R3.
  • the illustrated fourth set of resistors R4 includes at least one resistor.
  • One end of the third capacitor C3 is connected to the first end of the main positive switch P2, and the other end of the third capacitor C3 is connected to the second end of the main negative switch P3.
  • the third diode D3 is connected in parallel with the load device P4. Specifically, the anode of the third diode D3 is connected to one end of the load device P4, and the cathode of the third diode D3 is connected to the other end of the load device P4.
  • the following uses a parasitic inductance in the electrical protection circuit to increase the voltage across the semiconductor switch as an example. If the main positive switch P2 is turned off, the current in the circuit of the electrical protection circuit is reduced, and the parasitic inductances all generate an induced electromotive force in the direction opposite to that of the battery pack P1.
  • the equivalent parasitic inductance in Figure 3 includes L1, L2, L3 and L4. Let the induced electromotive forces of the parasitic inductances L1, L2, L3, and L4 be E1, E2, E3, and E4, respectively.
  • the "+" and "-" marked on the parasitic inductances L1, L2, L3, and L4 indicate the positive and negative poles of the induced electromotive force, respectively.
  • the first end of the main positive switch P2 is denoted as point E
  • the second end of the main positive switch P2 is denoted as point A
  • the first end of the main negative switch P3 and the first end of the anti-reverse switch P7 The connection point is denoted as point C
  • the second end of the main negative switch P3 is denoted as point D.
  • the second end of the anti-reverse switch P7 is recorded as point B.
  • the voltage stored in the capacitor equivalent to the load device P4 is V_C_Load
  • the potential of the positive pole of the battery pack P1 is V_PACK
  • the induced electromotive forces generated by the parasitic inductances L1, L2, L3, and L4 are E1, E2, E3, and E4, respectively.
  • the directions of the induced electromotive forces generated by the parasitic inductances L1, L2, L3, and L4 are all opposite in the direction of the current when the battery pack P1 is discharged.
  • the potential VA at point A V_C_Load-E4-E3-E2.
  • the potential VE at point E V_PACK+E1.
  • VE-VA is less than the forward voltage VF1 of the first diode D1 in the first protection module P51
  • the first diode D1 in the first protection module P51 is turned off, and the first fast in the first protection module P51
  • the charging branch P513 is cut off, that is, the first fast charging branch P513 in the first protection module P51 is not conductive.
  • the first slow charging branch P512 in the first protection module P51 can be turned on.
  • the first capacitor C1 in the first protection module P5 can be slowly charged through the first slow charge branch P512.
  • VE-VA is greater than or equal to the forward voltage VF1 of the first diode D1
  • the first diode D1 in the first protection module P51 conducts, and the first fast charge branch P513 in the first protection module P51 Turn on, the first slow charging branch P512 in the first protection module P51 is turned on.
  • the first capacitor C1 in the first protection module P51 can be quickly charged through the first fast charging branch P513 and the first slow charging branch P512 in the first protection module P51. Fast charging here is relative to slow charging.
  • the first capacitor C1 in the first protection module P51 charges so that the potentials at points A and E tend to be the same.
  • the total resistance of the first resistance set R1 is greater than the total resistance of the second resistance set R2.
  • the charging speed of the first capacitor C1 in the first protection module P51 through the first fast charging branch P513 is faster than the charging speed of the first capacitor C1 in the first protection module P51 through the first slow charging branch P512.
  • the potential VA at point A V_C_Load-E4-E3-E2.
  • the potential VB at point B -E2. If the potential difference VB-VA between point B and point A is greater than the forward voltage VF3 of the third diode D3, the third diode D3 is turned on to ensure that the potential difference between point B and point A is stable at VF3. Avoid a large potential difference between points B and A.
  • the first fast charging branch P53 corresponding to the main positive switch P2 includes the first diode D1. Due to the function of the first diode D1, the first fast charging branch P513 in the first protection module P51 is no longer conducting when the main positive switch P2 is conducting. Therefore, the first energy storage unit P511 in the first protection module P5 releases electrical energy through the first slow charging branch P512 in the first protection module P51.
  • the potential VD at point D -E2. If VC-VD is less than the forward voltage VF2 of the second diode D2 in the second protection module P52, the second diode D2 in the second protection module P52 is turned off, and the second fast in the second protection module P52
  • the charging branch P523 is cut off, that is, the second fast charging branch P523 in the second protection module P52 is not conducting.
  • the second slow charging branch P522 in the second protection module P52 can be turned on.
  • the second capacitor C2 in the second protection module P52 can be slowly charged through the second slow charge branch P522. If VC-VD is greater than or equal to the forward voltage VF2 of the second diode D2 in the second protection module P52, the second diode D2 in the second protection module P52 conducts, and the The second fast charging branch P523 is turned on, and the second slow charging branch P522 in the second protection module P52 is turned on. The second capacitor C2 in the second protection module P52 can be quickly charged through the second fast charging branch P523 and the second slow charging branch P522 in the second protection module P52. Fast charging here is relative to slow charging. The second capacitor C2 in the second protection module P52 is charged so that the potentials of points C and D tend to be the same.
  • the total resistance of the third resistor set R1 is greater than the total resistance of the fourth resistor set R2. Then, the charging speed of the second capacitor C2 in the second protection module P52 through the second fast charging branch P523 is faster than the charging speed of the second capacitor C2 in the second protection module P52 through the second slow charging branch P522.
  • the potential VA at point A V_PACK+E1.
  • the potential VB at point B V_PACK+E1+E3-V_C_Load+E4. If the potential difference VB-VA between point B and point A is greater than the forward voltage VF3 of the third diode D3, the third diode D3 is turned on to ensure that the potential difference between point B and point A is stable at VF3. Avoid a large potential difference between points B and A.
  • the second fast charging branch P523 includes a second diode D2. Due to the function of the second diode D2, the second fast charging branch P523 in the second protection module P52 is no longer conducting when the main positive switch P2 is conducting. Therefore, the second energy storage unit P521 in the second protection module P52 releases electrical energy through the second slow charging branch P522 in the second protection module P52.
  • a shunt resistor Ra can also be provided between the battery pack P1 and the main negative switch P3, and this shunt resistor Ra can be used to sample the current in the loop of the electrical protection circuit. Specifically, one end of the shunt resistor Ra is connected to the negative electrode of the battery pack P1, and the other end of the shunt resistor Ra is connected to the second end of the main negative switch P3.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a power protection circuit in still another embodiment of the present application. The difference between FIG. 4 and FIG. 3 is that the main positive switch P2 is a relay. Then, the main positive switch P2 does not have to connect the first protection module P51 in parallel.
  • the switching frequency of the semiconductor switch is high, the heat loss caused by the conduction of the semiconductor switch is also high.
  • the main positive switch P2 can be set as a relay, thereby reducing the heat loss of the entire power protection circuit.
  • the cost of the relay is lower than that of the semiconductor switch, the cost of the power protection circuit can also be reduced.
  • connection modes and functions of the other parts in FIG. 4 are the same as the related content in FIG. 3 and will not be repeated here.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a power protection circuit in another embodiment of this application. 5 is different from FIG. 3 in that the power protection circuit may further include a controller P9, a switch driving module P10, and a sensor.
  • the controller P9 may specifically be a device such as a microcontroller P9 (Micro Controller Unit, MCU).
  • the controller P9 is connected to the switch drive module P10.
  • the switch drive module P10 is connected to the main positive switch P2 and the main negative switch P3. If the power protection circuit includes an anti-reverse switch P7, the switch drive module P10 may also be connected to the anti-reverse switch P7. Specifically, the switch driving module P10 may be connected to the control terminal of the main positive switch P2, the control terminal of the main negative switch P3, and the control terminal of the anti-reverse switch P7, respectively.
  • the number of the switch driving module P10 may be one or plural. One switch driving module P10 can drive one switch or multiple switches, which is not limited herein.
  • the controller P9 is used to send control commands to the switch drive module P10.
  • the switch drive module P10 is used to send a drive signal to the main positive switch P2 and the main negative switch P3 according to the control instruction.
  • the driving signal includes an on signal or an off signal.
  • the turn-on signal drives the switch to turn on.
  • the open signal drives the switch to open.
  • the sensor can be connected to the controller P9.
  • the sensor can be used to collect safety parameters, and if the safety parameters exceed the safety threshold range, send a control command to the switch drive module P10, and control the switch drive module P10 to send a disconnect signal to the target switch.
  • the above safety parameters include one or more of the voltage across the target switch, the temperature of the target switch, and the current flowing through the target switch.
  • the target switch includes one or more of a main positive switch P2, a main negative switch P3, and an anti-reverse switch P7.
  • safety parameters include the voltage across the target switch, the temperature of the target switch, and the current flowing through the target switch. If at least one of the three safety parameters exceeds the safety threshold range corresponding to the safety parameter, a control instruction is sent to the switch drive module, and the control switch drive module sends a disconnect signal to the target switch, thereby disconnecting the target switch, The damage of the power protection circuit is avoided, and the safety of the power protection circuit is improved.
  • the switch is a semiconductor switch
  • the semiconductor switch is a MOSFET or IGBT.
  • the first end of the semiconductor switch is a drain stage
  • the second end of the semiconductor switch is a source stage
  • the control end of the semiconductor switch is a gate.
  • the scheme of changing the type of the semiconductor switch and adjusting the direction of the semiconductor switch according to the embodiment of the present application also belongs to the protection scope of the embodiment of the present application.

Abstract

本申请提供了一种用电保护电路，涉及电池电力领域。该用电保护电路，包括串联的电池包、主正开关、负载器件和主负开关，主正开关和/或主负开关包括至少一个半导体开关；用电保护电路中的主正开关和/或主负开关并联有保护模块，保护模块用于主正开关和/或主负开关断开时，吸收主正开关和/或主负开关两端的电能。利用本申请的技术方案能够提高用电保护电路的安全性。

Description

用电保护电路
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求享有于2018年12月06日提交的名称为“用电保护电路”的中国专利申请201811488440.0的优先权，该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电池电力领域，尤其涉及一种用电保护电路。
背景技术
随着新能源的快速发展，新能源可以为越来越多的设备提供动力，比如电池模组、电池包等可作为动力源为新能源汽车、新能源船舶、新能源飞机等等提供动力。
在新能源汽车、新能源船舶、新能源飞机等设备中，存在用电电路，电池模组、电池包等通过用电电路为用电负载供电。在具体实施过程中，在用电电路中设置开关来控制用电电路的导通。用电电路中存在各种等效电容、等效电感等。在开关断开时，等效电容、等效电感以及用电负载可能会发生的异常情况会对开关两端的电势造成不良影响。比如，开关断开后，可能会发生开关被电击穿的情况。降低了用电电路的安全性。
发明内容
本申请实施例提供了一种用电保护电路，能够提高了用电保护电路的安全性。
本申请实施例提供了一种用电保护电路，其特征在于，包括串联的电池包、主正开关、负载器件和主负开关，主正开关和/或主负开关包括至少一个半导体开关；用电保护电路中的主正开关和/或主负开关并联有保护模 块，保护模块用于主正开关和/或主负开关断开时，吸收主正开关和/或主负开关两端的电能。
在本申请实施例的用电保护电路中，在主正开关和/或主负开关上并联设置有保护模块。保护模块可在主正开关和/或主负开关断开时，吸收主正开关和/或主负开关两端的电能。避免主正开关和/或主负开关断开时，用电电路的其他部分产生异常使得主正开关和/或主负开关两端的电压增大产生尖峰电压，而导致的主正开关和/或主负开关被击穿或其他电路损坏。从而提高了用电保护电路的安全性。
附图说明
从下面结合附图对本申请的具体实施方式的描述中可以更好地理解本申请其中，相同或相似的附图标记表示相同或相似的特征。
图1为本申请一实施例中一种用电保护电路的结构示意图；
图2为本申请另一实施例中一种用电保护电路的结构示意图；
图3为本申请又一实施例中一种用电保护电路的结构示意图；
图4为本申请再一实施例中一种用电保护电路的结构示意图；
图5为本申请又一实施例中的用电保护电路的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面将详细描述本申请的各个方面的特征和示例性实施例。在下面的详细描述中，提出了许多具体细节，以便提供对本申请的全面理解。但是，对于本领域技术人员来说很明显的是，本申请可以在不需要这些具体细节中的一些细节的情况下实施。下面对实施例的描述仅仅是为了通过示出本申请的示例来提供对本申请的更好的理解。本申请决不限于下面所提出的任何具体配置和算法，而是在不脱离本申请的精神的前提下覆盖了元素、部件和算法的任何修改、替换和改进。在附图和下面的描述中，没有示出公知的结构和技术，以便避免对本申请造成不必要的模糊。
本申请实施例提供了一种用电保护电路，可应用于利用电池包的电能为负载器件供电的场景中。电池包包括至少一个电池模组或至少一个电池 单元，在此并不限定。电池包可应用于电动汽车，作为电动汽车的动力源。负载器件可为电动汽车中的用电器件，比如电机、车内空调、车载播放器等等。
图1为本申请一实施例中一种用电保护电路的结构示意图。如图1所示，该用电保护电路包括串联的电池包P1、主正开关P2、负载器件P4和主负开关P3。
主正开关P2与电池包P1的正极连接。主负开关P3与电池包P1的负极连接。负载器件P4是用电器件的集合，用电器件的数目可以为一个，也可以为多个，在此并不限定。为了便于说明，在本申请实施例中，将所有用电器件等效为一个负载器件P4。负载器件P4在本申请实施例中等效为负载电容，以便进行说明。
在一个示例中，如图1所示，电池包P1的正极与主正开关P2的第一端连接。主正开关P2的第二端与负载器件P4的一端连接。负载器件P4的另一端与主负开关P3的第一端连接。主负开关P3的第二端与电池包P1的负极连接。
在本申请实施例中，以用电保护电路中存在的寄生电感为例进行说明。电池包P1的正极与主正开关P2之间存在寄生电感。主正开关P2与负载器件P4之间存在寄生电感。负载器件P4与主负开关P3之间存在寄生电感。主负开关P3与电池包P1之间存在寄生电感。在主正开关P2由闭合至断开时，主正开关P2两端的寄生电感会产生感应电动势，使得主正开关P2两侧的电压增大，形成尖峰电压。而且根据电感电流以及电感电压的特性，主正开关P2的开关频率越高，主正开关P2导通时通过的电流越大，主正开关P2的两端产生的感应电动势越大。同理，主负开关P3的两端也会在主负开关P3断开时产生感应电动势。为了便于理解，在图1中示出了等效出的寄生电感L1、L2、L3和L4。
其中，主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3包括至少一个半导体开关。比如，主正开关P2和主负开关P3均为半导体开关。又比如，主正开关P2为继电器，主负开关P3为半导体开关。还比如，主正开关P2为半导体开关，主负开关P3为继电器。
在一些示例中，半导体开关可包括金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor，MOSFET)或绝缘栅双极型晶体管(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor，IGBT)。需要说明的是，MOSFET具有栅极、源级和漏级。MOSEFT从源级到漏级之间存在寄生二极管，即存在一个导通方向为源级到漏级的二极管。IGBT中也可设置有二极管，该二极管的导通方向为源级到漏级。IGBT中也可不设置二极管，在此并不限定。
用电保护电路中的主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3并联有保护模块。具体的，在一些示例中，可为主正开关P2设置与主正开关P2并联的保护模块，也可为主负开关P3设置与主负开关P3并联的保护模块，还可同时为主正开关P2和主负开关P3各设置一个并联的保护模块。该保护模块用于主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3断开时，吸收主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3两端的电能。
需要说明的是，与主正开关P2并联的保护模块和与主负开关P3并联的保护模块可以为不同器件组成的不同结构的模块，也可为相同器件的相同结构的模块，在此并不限定。比如，主正开关P2与第一保护模块P51并联，主负开关P3与第二保护模块P52并联。
在实际操作中，主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3断开时，用电保护电路中存在的各种等效电容(如寄生电容)、等效电感(寄生电感)，以及用电负载可能出现的异常状态，均有可能为主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3，或者整个用电保护电路带来不良影响，使得主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3两端的电压增大。保护模块可吸收主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3两端的电能，从而降低并稳定主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3两端的电压。
比如，假设图1中的主正开关P2与主负开关P3均为半导体开关。如图1所示，保护模块包括第一保护模块P51和第二保护模块P52。主正开关P2并联有第一保护模块P51，主负开关P3并联有第二保护模块P52。
在本申请实施例的用电保护电路中，在主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3上并联设置有保护模块。保护模块可在主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3断开时，吸收主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3两端的电能。避免主正开关P2和/ 或主负开关P3断开时，用电电路的其他部分产生异常使得主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3两端的电压增大产生尖峰电压，而导致的主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3被击穿或其他电路损坏。从而提高了用电保护电路的安全性。而且，保护模块吸收主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3两端的电能，使得主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3的开关频率不再受用电电路的其他部分产生的异常的限制，从而可提高主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3在用电回路中的开关效率。
在另一个实施例中，用电保护电路还可包括防反开关P7。为了便于说明，以主正开关P2、主负开关P3、防反开关P7均为半导体开关，且半导体开关为MOSFET为例进行说明。图2为本申请另一实施例中一种用电保护电路的结构示意图。如图2所示，在图1的基础上，该用电保护电路还可包括防反开关P7、稳压模块P6和电压钳制模块P8。
防反开关P7的第一端与主负开关P3的第一端连接，防反开关P7的第二端与负载器件P4的一端连接。在用电保护电路中充电过程与放电过程共用主负开关的情况下，防反开关P7可作为充电过程中用电保护电路中的主负控制开关。
在电池包P1放电的过程中，防反开关P7、主负开关P3、主正开关P2均导通。若遇到紧急工况需要断开回路，防反开关P7和主正开关P2可导通，控制主负开关P3断开。
稳压模块P6的一端与主正开关P2的第一端连接，稳压模块P6的另一端与主负开关P3的第二端连接。稳压模块P6用于稳定主正开关P2的第一端与主负开关P3的第二端之间的电势差。稳压模块P6具有储存电能的作用，从而在主正开关P2和/或主负开关P3断开时，吸收瞬间产生的大电流，从而将主正开关P2的第一端与主负开关P3的第二端之间的电势差稳定在一个标准范围内。
电压钳制模块P8与负载器件P4并联。电压钳制模块P8用于稳定负载器件P4两端的电压。若负载器件P4的的寄生电容产生的感应电动势导致负载器件P4两端电势差过大，电压钳制模块P8用于减小负载器件P4两端的电势差，使得负载器件P4两端的电势差稳定在一个标准范围内。
如图2所示，与主正开关P2并联的第一保护模块P51可具体包括第一储能单元P511、第一慢充支路P512和第一快充支路P513。
第一储能单元P511的一端与主正开关P2的第一端连接。第一储能单元P511的另一端与第一慢充支路P512的一端及第一快充支路P513的一端连接。第一储能单元P511用于存储主正开关P2两端的电能。
第一慢充支路P512的另一端与主正开关P2的第二端连接。第一慢充支路P512用于向第一储能单元P511传输主正开关P2两端的电能。第一慢充支路P512还用于主正开关P2导通时，传输第一储能单元P511释放的电能。即主正开关P2导通时，第一储能单元P511通过第一慢充支路P512释放电能。
第一快充支路P513的另一端与主正开关P2的第二端连接。第一快充支路P513用于若主正开关P2的第一端与主正开关P2的第二端之间的电势差高于或等于快充开启电势差阈值，向第一储能单元P511传输主正开关P2两端的电能。
需要说明的是，主正开关P2的第一端与主正开关P2的第二端之间的电势差低于快充开启电势差阈值的情况下，第一慢充支路P512向第一储能单元P511传输主正开关P2两端的电能。主正开关P2的第一端与主正开关P2的第二端之间的电势差高于或等于快充开启电势差阈值的情况下，第一慢充支路P512和第一快充支路P513共同向第一储能单元P511传输主正开关P2两端的电能。
在一些示例中，第一慢充支路P512向第一储能单元P511传输主正开关P2两端的电能的速度，慢于第一快充支路P513向第一储能单元P511传输主正开关P2两端的电能的速度。
根据主正开关P2的第一端与第二端之间的电势差的大小，导通第一慢充支路P512、第一快充支路P513传输主正开关P2两端的电能，稳定主正开关P2两端的电势差。
如图2所示，与主负开关P3并联的第一保护模块P51可具体包括第二储能单元P521、第二慢充支路P522和第二快充支路P523。
第二储能单元P521的一端与主负开关P3的第一端连接。第二储能单 元P521的另一端与第二慢充支路P522的一端及第二快充支路P523的一端连接。第二储能单元P521用于存储主负开关P3两端的电能。
第二慢充支路P522的另一端与主负开关P3的第二端连接。第二慢充支路P522用于向第二储能单元P521传输主负开关P3两端的电能。第二慢充支路P522还用于主负开关P3导通时，传输第二储能单元P521释放的电能。即主负开关P3导通时，第二储能单元P521通过第二慢充支路P522释放电能。
第二快充支路P523的另一端与主负开关P3的第二端连接。第二快充支路P523用于若主负开关P3的第一端与主负开关P3的第二端之间的电势差高于或等于快充开启电势差阈值，向第二储能单元P521传输主负开关P3两端的电能。
需要说明的是，主负开关P3的第一端与主负开关P3的第二端之间的电势差低于快充开启电势差阈值的情况下，第二慢充支路P522向第二储能单元P521传输主负开关P3两端的电能。主负开关P3的第一端与主负开关P3的第二端之间的电势差高于或等于快充开启电势差阈值的情况下，第二慢充支路P522和第二快充支路P523共同向第二储能单元P521传输主负开关P3两端的电能。
在一些示例中，第二慢充支路P522向第二储能单元P521传输主负开关P3两端的电能的速度，慢于第二快充支路P523向第二储能单元P521传输主负开关P3两端的电能的速度。
根据主负开关P3的第一端与第二端之间的电势差的大小，导通第二慢充支路P522、第二快充支路P523传输主负开关P3两端的电能，稳定主负开关P3两端的电势差。
以主正开关P2、主负开关P3、防反开关P7均为主正开关P2，且主正开关P2为MOSFET为例进行说明。图3为本申请又一实施例中一种用电保护电路的结构示意图。如图3所示，上述实施例中的第一储能单元P511包括第一电容C1。第一慢充支路P512包括第一电阻集合R1。第一快充支路P513包括第一二极管D1和第二电阻集合R2。第二储能单元P521包括第二电容C2。第二慢充支路P512包括第三电阻集合R3。第二 快充支路P523包括第二二极管D2和第四电阻集合R4。稳压模块P6包括第三电容C3。电压钳制模块P8包括第三二极管D3。图3中的负载器件P4用负载电容表示。
第一电容C1的一端与主正开关P2的第一端连接。第一电容C1的另一端与第一慢充支路P512的一端及第一快充支路P513的一端连接。
第一电阻集合R1的一端与第一储能单元P511的另一端及第一快充支路P513的一端连接。第一电阻集合R1的另一端与主正开关P2的第二端连接。所示第一电阻集合R1包括至少一个电阻。
第一二极管D1的阳极与第一电阻集合R1的一端及第一储能单元P511的另一端连接。第一二极管D1的阴极与第二电阻集合R2的一端连接。第二电阻集合R2的另一端与主正开关P2的第二端及第一电阻集合R1的另一端连接。所示第二电阻集合R2包括至少一个电阻。
上述实施例中的第二储能单元P521包括第一电容C1。第二慢充支路P522包括第三电阻集合R3。第二快充支路P523包括第二二极管D2和第四电阻集合R4。稳压模块P6包括第二电容C2。电压钳制模块P8包括第二二极管D2。图3中的负载器件P4用负载电容表示。
第一电容C1的一端与主负开关P3的第一端连接。第一电容C1的另一端与第二慢充支路P522的一端及第二快充支路P523的一端连接。
第三电阻集合R3的一端与第二储能单元P521的另一端及第二快充支路P523的一端连接。第三电阻集合R3的另一端与主负开关P3的第二端连接。所示第三电阻集合R3包括至少一个电阻。
第二二极管D2的阳极与第三电阻集合R3的一端及第二储能单元P521的另一端连接。第二二极管D2的阴极与第四电阻集合R4的一端连接。第四电阻集合R4的另一端与主负开关P3的第二端及第三电阻集合R3的另一端连接。所示第四电阻集合R4包括至少一个电阻。
第三电容C3的一端与主正开关P2的第一端连接，第三电容C3的另一端与主负开关P3的第二端连接。
第三二极管D3与负载器件P4并联，具体的，第三二极管D3的阳极与负载器件P4的一端连接，第三二极管D3的阴极与负载器件P4的另一 端连接。
下面以用电保护电路中的寄生电感导致半导体开关的两端的电压升高为例进行说明。若主正开关P2断开，用电保护电路的回路中电流减小，寄生电感均产生了与电池包P1方向相反的感应电动势。图3中等效出的寄生电感包括L1、L2、L3和L4。将寄生电感L1、L2、L3和L4各自的感应电动势分别记为E1、E2、E3和E4。寄生电感L1、L2、L3和L4上标示的“+”和“-”分别表示感应电动势的正极和负极。
为了便于说明，主正开关P2的第一端记为E点，主正开关P2的第二端记为A点，主负开关P3的第一端与防反开关P7的第一端之间的连接点记为C点，主负开关P3的第二端记为D点。防反开关P7的第二端记为B点。
记负载器件P4等效出的电容存储的电压为V_C_Load，电池包P1的正极的电位为V_PACK，寄生电感L1、L2、L3和L4产生的感应电动势分别为E1、E2、E3和E4。寄生电感L1、L2、L3和L4产生的感应电动势的方向均电池包P1放电时的电流方向相反。
根据图3可得，若主正开关P2断开，A点的电位VA＝V_C_Load-E4-E3-E2。E点的电位VE＝V_PACK+E1。若VE-VA小于第一保护模块P51中的第一二极管D1的正向导通电压VF1，第一保护模块P51中的第一二极管D1截止，第一保护模块P51中的第一快充支路P513截止，即第一保护模块P51中的第一快充支路P513并不导通。第一保护模块P51中的第一慢充支路P512可导通。第一保护模块P5中的第一电容C1可通过第一慢充支路P512进行慢速充电。若VE-VA大于或等于第一二极管D1的正向导通电压VF1，第一保护模块P51中的第一二极管D1导通，第一保护模块P51中的第一快充支路P513导通，第一保护模块P51中的第一慢充支路P512导通。第一保护模块P51中的第一电容C1可通过第一保护模块P51中的第一快充支路P513和第一慢充支路P512进行快速充电。这里的快速充电是相对于慢速充电而言的。第一保护模块P51中的第一电容C1充电使得A点和E点的电位趋于相同。
在一些示例中，第一电阻集合R1的总阻值大于第二电阻集合R2的总 阻值。第一保护模块P51中的第一电容C1通过第一快充支路P513充电的速度，要快于第一保护模块P51中的第一电容C1通过第一慢充支路P512充电的速度。
若主正开关P2断开，A点的电位VA＝V_C_Load-E4-E3-E2。B点的电位VB＝-E2。若B点的电位与A点的电位差VB-VA大于第三二极管D3的正向导通电压VF3，第三二极管D3导通，保证B点与A点的电位差稳定在VF3。避免B点和A点之间产生大电位差。
若主正开关P2断开，主负开关P3未断开，则C点的电位与D点的电位相等，主负开关P3两端的电位未发生变化。
需要说明的是，主正开关P2对应的第一快充支路P53包括第一二极管D1。由于第一二极管D1的作用，第一保护模块P51中的第一快充支路P513在主正开关P2导通的情况下不再导通。因此，第一保护模块P5中的第一储能单元P511通过第一保护模块P51中的第一慢充支路P512释放电能。
同理，若主负开关P3断开，B点的电位VB与C点的电位VC相等，VB＝VC＝V_PACK+E1+E3-V_C_Load+E4。D点的电位VD＝-E2。若VC-VD小于第二保护模块P52中的第二二极管D2的正向导通电压VF2，第二保护模块P52中的第二二极管D2截止，第二保护模块P52中的第二快充支路P523截止，即第二保护模块P52中的第二快充支路P523并不导通。第二保护模块P52中的第二慢充支路P522可导通。第二保护模块P52中的第二电容C2可通过第二慢充支路P522进行慢速充电。若VC-VD大于或等于第二保护模块P52中的第二二极管D2的正向导通电压VF2，第二保护模块P52中的第二二极管D2导通，第二保护模块P52中的第二快充支路P523导通，第二保护模块P52中的第二慢充支路P522导通。第二保护模块P52中的第二电容C2可通过第二保护模块P52中的第二快充支路P523和第二慢充支路P522进行快速充电。这里的快速充电是相对于慢速充电而言的。第二保护模块P52中的第二电容C2充电使得C点和D点的电位趋于相同。
在一些示例中，第三电阻集合R1的总阻值大于第四电阻集合R2的总 阻值。则第二保护模块P52中的第二电容C2通过第二快充支路P523充电的速度，要快于第二保护模块P52中的第二电容C2通过第二慢充支路P522充电的速度。
若主负开关P3断开，A点的电位VA＝V_PACK+E1。B点的电位VB＝V_PACK+E1+E3-V_C_Load+E4。若B点的电位与A点的电位差VB-VA大于第三二极管D3的正向导通电压VF3，第三二极管D3导通，保证B点与A点的电位差稳定在VF3。避免B点和A点之间产生大电位差。
若主负开关P3断开，主正开关P2未断开，则A点的电位与E点的电位相等，主正开关P2两端的电位未发生变化。
需要说明的是，第二快充支路P523包括第二二极管D2。由于第二二极管D2的作用，第二保护模块P52中的第二快充支路P523在主正开关P2导通的情况下不再导通。因此，第二保护模块P52中的第二储能单元P521通过第二保护模块P52中的第二慢充支路P522释放电能。
值得一提的是，在电池包P1与主负开关P3之间还可设置分流电阻Ra，该分流电阻Ra可用于对用电保护电路的回路中的电流进行采样。具体的，分流电阻Ra的一端与电池包P1的负极连接，分流电阻Ra的另一端与主负开关P3的第二端连接。
图4为本申请再一实施例中一种用电保护电路的结构示意图。图4与图3的不同之处在于，主正开关P2为继电器。则主正开关P2不必并联第一保护模块P51。
虽然半导体开关的开关频率高，但半导体开关导通产生的热损耗也较高。综合考虑开关频率和热损耗，可将主正开关P2设置为继电器，从而减小整个用电保护电路的热损耗。而且，由于继电器成本低于半导体开关，因此也可降低用电保护电路的成本。
图4中其他部分的连接方式和功能均与图3中的相关内容相同，在此不再赘述。
图5为本申请又一实施例中的用电保护电路的结构示意图。图5与图3的不同之处在于，用电保护电路还可包括控制器P9、开关驱动模块P10和传感器。控制器P9具体可为微控制器P9(Micro Controller Unit， MCU)等器件。
控制器P9与开关驱动模块P10连接。开关驱动模块P10与主正开关P2及主负开关P3连接。若用电保护电路包括防反开关P7，则开关驱动模块P10还可与防反开关P7连接。具体的，开关驱动模块P10可分别与主正开关P2的控制端、主负开关P3的控制端及防反开关P7的控制端连接。开关驱动模块P10的数目可为一个，也可为多个。一个开关驱动模块P10可驱动一个开关，也可驱动多个开关，在此并不限定。
控制器P9用于向开关驱动模块P10发送控制指令。
开关驱动模块P10用于根据控制指令，向主正开关P2和主负开关P3发送驱动信号。
驱动信号包括导通信号或断开信号。导通信号驱动开关导通。断开信号驱动开关断开。
传感器可与控制器P9连接。传感器可用于采集安全参数，以及用于若安全参数超出安全阈值范围，则向开关驱动模块P10发送控制指令，控制开关驱动模块P10向目标开关发送断开信号。
在一些示例中，上述安全参数包括目标开关两端的电压、目标开关的温度、流过目标开关的电流中的一项或多项。目标开关包括主正开关P2、主负开关P3、防反开关P7中的一项或多项。
比如，安全参数包括目标开关两端的电压、目标开关的温度和流过目标开关的电流这三项。若三项安全参数中至少一项安全参数超出了该安全参数对应的安全阈值范围，则向开关驱动模块发送控制指令，控制开关驱动模块向目标开关发送断开信号，从而使目标开关断开，避免用电保护电路损坏，提高了用电保护电路的安全性。
需要说明的是，在上述实施例中，若开关为半导体开关，且半导体开关为MOSFET或IGBT。则半导体开关的第一端为漏级，半导体开关的第二端为源级，半导体开关的控制端为栅极。但可根据本申请实施例改变半导体开关的类型，以及调整半导体开关的方向的方案也属于本申请实施例的保护范围。
需要明确的是，本说明书中的各个实施例均采用递进的方式描述，各 个实施例之间相同或相似的部分互相参见即可，每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处。本申请并不局限于上文所描述并在图中示出的特定结构。本领域的技术人员可以在领会本申请的精神之后，作出各种改变、修改和添加。
本领域技术人员应能理解，上述实施例均是示例性而非限制性的。在不同实施例中出现的不同技术特征可以进行组合，以取得有益效果。本领域技术人员在研究附图、说明书及权利要求书的基础上，应能理解并实现所揭示的实施例的其他变化的实施例。在权利要求书中，术语“包括”并不排除其他装置或步骤；不定冠词“一个”不排除多个；术语“第一”、“第二”用于标示名称而非用于表示任何特定的顺序。权利要求中的任何附图标记均不应被理解为对保护范围的限制。权利要求中出现的多个部分的功能可以由一个单独的硬件或软件模块来实现。某些技术特征出现在不同的从属权利要求中并不意味着不能将这些技术特征进行组合以取得有益效果。

Claims (21)

  1. 一种用电保护电路，包括串联的电池包、主正开关、负载器件和主负开关，所述主正开关和/或所述主负开关包括至少一个半导体开关；
    所述用电保护电路中的所述主正开关和/或所述主负开关并联有保护模块，所述保护模块用于所述主正开关和/或所述主负开关断开时，吸收所述主正开关和/或所述主负开关两端的电能。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述保护模块包括第一保护模块，所述第一保护模块与所述主正开关并联，
    所述第一保护模块包括：
    第一储能单元，所述第一储能单元的一端与所述主正开关的第一端连接，所述第一储能单元的另一端与第一慢充支路的一端及第一快充支路的一端连接，所述第一储能单元用于存储所述主正开关两端的电能；
    所述第一慢充支路，所述第一慢充支路的另一端与所述主正开关的第二端连接，所述第一慢充支路用于向所述第一储能单元传输所述主正开关两端的电能；以及，用于所述主正开关导通时，传输所述第一储能单元释放的电能；
    所述第一快充支路，所述第一快充支路的另一端与所述主正开关的第二端连接，所述第一快充支路用于若所述主正开关的第一端与所述主正开关的第二端之间的电势差高于或等于第一快充开启电势差阈值，向所述第一储能单元传输所述主正开关两端的电能。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述储能单元包括第一电容，所述第一电容的一端与所述主正开关的第一端连接，所述第一电容的另一端与所述第一慢充支路的一端及所述第一快充支路的一端连接。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述慢充支路包括第一电阻集合，所述第一电阻集合包括至少一个电阻，
    所述第一电阻集合的一端与所述第一储能单元的另一端及所述第一快充支路的一端连接，所述第一电阻集合的另一端与所述主正开关的第二端 连接。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述第一快充支路包括第一二极管和第二电阻集合，所示第二电阻集合包括至少一个电阻，
    所述第一二极管的阳极与所述第一电阻集合的一端及所述第一储能单元的另一端连接，所述第一二极管的阴极与所述第二电阻集合的一端连接，所述第二电阻集合的另一端与所述主正开关的第二端及所述第一电阻集合的另一端连接。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述第一电阻集合的总阻值大于所述第二电阻集合的总阻值。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述保护模块包括第二保护模块，所述第二保护模块与所述主负开关并联，
    所述第二保护模块包括：
    第二储能单元，所述第二储能单元的一端与所述主负开关的第一端连接，所述第二储能单元的另一端与第二慢充支路的一端及第二快充支路的一端连接，所述第二储能单元用于存储所述主负开关两端的电能；
    所述第二慢充支路，所述第二慢充支路的另一端与所述主负开关的第二端连接，所述第二慢充支路用于向所述第二储能单元传输所述主负开关两端的电能；以及，用于所述主负开关导通时，传输所述第二储能单元释放的电能；
    所述第二快充支路，所述第二快充支路的另一端与所述主负开关的第二端连接，所述第二快充支路用于若所述主负开关的第一端与所述主负开关的第二端之间的电势差高于或等于第二快充开启电势差阈值，向所述第二储能单元传输所述主负开关两端的电能。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述储能单元包括第二电容，所述第二电容的一端与所述主负开关的第一端连接，所述第二电容的另一端与所述第二慢充支路的一端及所述第二快充支路的一端连接。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述慢充支路包括第三电阻集合，所述第三电阻集合包括至少一个电阻，
    所述第三电阻集合的一端与所述第二储能单元的另一端及所述第二快充支路的一端连接，所述第三电阻集合的另一端与所述主负开关的第二端连接。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述第一快充支路包括第二二极管和第四电阻集合，所示第四电阻集合包括至少一个电阻，
    所述第二二极管的阳极与所述第三电阻集合的一端及所述第二储能单元的另一端连接，所述第二二极管的阴极与所述第四电阻集合的一端连接，所述第四电阻集合的另一端与所述主负开关的第二端及所述第三电阻集合的另一端连接。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述第三电阻集合的总阻值大于所述第四电阻集合的总阻值。
  12. 根据权利要求1所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述用电保护电路还包括稳压模块，所述稳压模块的一端与所述主正开关的第一端连接，所述稳压模块的另一端与所述主负开关的第二端连接，
    所述稳压模块用于稳定所述主正开关的第一端与所述主负开关的第二端之间的电势差。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述稳压模块包括第三电容，
    所述第三电容的一端与所述主正开关的第一端连接，所述第三电容的另一端与所述主负开关的第二端连接。
  14. 根据权利要求1所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述用电保护电路还包括电压钳制模块，所述电压钳制模块与所述负载器件并联，
    所述电压钳制模块用于稳定所述负载器件两端的电压。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述电压钳制模块包括第三二极管，所述第三二极管的阳极与所述负载器件的一端连接，所述第三二极管的阴极与所述负载器件的另一端连接。
  16. 根据权利要求1或14所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述用电保护电路还包括防反开关，所述防反开关的第一端与所述主负开关的第一端连接，所述防反开关的第二端与所述负载器件的一端连接。
  17. 根据权利要求16所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述防反开关为所述半导体开关。
  18. 根据权利要求1所述的用电保护电路，其中，
    所述主正开关与所述主负开关均为所述半导体开关；
    或者，
    所述主正开关为继电器，所述主负开关为所述半导体开关。
  19. 根据权利要求1、17或18所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述半导体开关包括金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管MOSFET或绝缘栅双极型晶体管IGBT。
  20. 根据权利要求1所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述用电保护电路还包括控制器和开关驱动模块，所述控制器与所述开关驱动模块连接，所述开关驱动模块与所述主正开关及所述主负开关连接，
    所述控制器用于向所述开关驱动模块发送控制指令；
    所述开关驱动模块用于根据所述控制指令，向所述主正开关和所述主负开关发送驱动信号，所述驱动信号包括导通信号或断开信号。
  21. 根据权利要求20所述的用电保护电路，其中，所述用电保护电路还包括传感器，所述传感器与所述控制器连接，
    所述传感器用于采集安全参数，所述安全参数包括目标开关两端的电压、所述目标开关的温度、流过所述目标开关的电流中的一项或多项，所述目标开关包括所述主正开关、所述主负开关、防反开关中的一项或多项；
    所述控制器还用于若所述安全参数超出安全阈值范围，则向所述开关驱动模块发送控制指令，控制所述开关驱动模块向所述目标开关发送断开信号。
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