WO2019044636A1 - リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスの段階的作出方法 - Google Patents
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- C12N2760/16051—Methods of production or purification of viral material
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- C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
- C12N2760/00011—Details
- C12N2760/16011—Orthomyxoviridae
- C12N2760/16111—Influenzavirus A, i.e. influenza A virus
- C12N2760/16151—Methods of production or purification of viral material
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- C12N2760/16211—Influenzavirus B, i.e. influenza B virus
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a reassortment influenza virus having genome segments of two or more influenza viruses, and to a method for producing a reassortment influenza virus comprising at least two resort steps.
- Influenza is an infectious disease that is prevalent worldwide every year and is caused by the influenza virus. Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have an envelope with a lipid bilayer structure. It is classified into three genera of A type, B type and C type, respectively called influenza A virus, influenza B virus and influenza C virus. In general, influenza virus particularly refers to type A or B. The difference between A-type, B-type and C-type is based on the difference in the antigenicity of M1 protein and NP protein among the proteins constituting the virus particle.
- HA hemagglutinin
- NA neuraminidase
- Influenza viruses are highly susceptible to antigenic changes and produce new types of influenza viruses.
- Influenza A viruses are classified into 16 HA (H1-H16) subtypes and 9 NA (N1-N9) subtypes based on their antigenicity of HA and NA.
- the three HA (H1, H2 and H3) subtypes of influenza A virus are particularly important pathogens.
- the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes of influenza A virus spread seasonally and cause human infections.
- the highly lethal avian influenza virus H5 subtype developed as a human pathogen.
- H1N1 subtype virus was developed as a new type of influenza virus and spread rapidly in the human population.
- Influenza vaccines are also required to be secured in quantity, as influenza is also at risk of pandemic.
- the influenza vaccine is a method of propagating influenza virus using embryonated chicken eggs.
- methods for propagating influenza virus in cultured cells are also being put to practical use.
- Influenza vaccine strains are forecasted and will be selected for the next fiscal year based on information such as the status of domestic epidemic, the antigenicity of domestic segregating viruses and the results of genetic analysis obtained by the infectious disease development trend survey project. Be done.
- the culture supernatant may have a low infectivity titer, and improvement of the proliferative activity is an important issue.
- it is a problem that the virus proliferative ability in the host is reduced depending on the subtype or strain of influenza virus.
- RG method a reverse genetics method
- a seed virus that exhibits high proliferative ability in cultured cells, and efficient supply of the vaccine is required to efficiently produce the seed virus.
- Patent Document 1 a reassortant virus produced by the RG method using a nucleotide having a backbone sequence from the influenza virus A subtype identical to that of the antigen strain, or a nucleotide having an attenuation mutation introduced into the HA sequence is used in cells. It is disclosed that it showed high proliferation.
- the RG method imposes a heavy burden on host cells because multiple plasmids are introduced into cells simultaneously.
- it takes time to prepare various plasmids there is a problem that it is difficult to rapidly produce recombinants.
- a host is coinfected with two or more types of influenza viruses, genome segments are exchanged in the process of growth, and genetic recombination is produced by reassortment (Non-Patent Documents 2 and 3) .
- Production of influenza virus gene recombinants by the reassortment method has been carried out using chicken eggs as a host. Specifically, by carrying out mixed infection of a highly proliferative donor strain such as PR8 strain and a pandemic strain (antigen strain) on a developing chicken egg, genetic recombination is carried out which has both a highly proliferative backbone gene and a pandemic strain antigen gene. Create a body.
- Patent No. 5686741 International Publication WO2011 / 145081
- the present invention provides a method of producing a reassortant influenza virus having genome segments of two or more influenza viruses, in a case where the antigen strain and the donor strain have similar antigenicity, and providing the obtained influenza virus. It will be an issue.
- the inventor has found that the above problems can be solved by using a method including at least two types of rear sort steps using at least three types of influenza viruses.
- the present invention has been completed.
- a method for producing a reassortment influenza virus which comprises at least three types of influenza viruses of (1) to (3) shown below, and at least two stages of rear sort step of the following step (A) and step (B):
- influenza virus (X) containing antigenic protein (x) characterized in that: (1) a first influenza virus containing an antigenic protein (x); (2) A second influenza virus having an antigenic antigenic protein (x ') similar to that of (1) influenza virus; (3) Third influenza virus having antigenic protein (y) different from (1) influenza virus:
- Step (A) Influenza virus (2) and influenza virus (3) are infected with the host and cocultured to produce reassortment influenza virus, from which reassortment influenza virus has antigenic protein (y) Selecting influenza virus (Y);
- Step (B) Influenza virus (1) and the influenza virus (Y) produced in the step (A) are infected with a host and cocultured to produce a reassortant influenza virus, from the reassortant influenza virus Selecting
- the treatment Prior to co-culturing the influenza virus (2) of the step (A) and the influenza virus (3), the treatment has an initial infectivity against the influenza virus (3) and the virus proliferative ability is lost or reduced The manufacturing method of the influenza virus (X) of the preceding clause 1 including the process of doing. 3. Prior to co-culturing the influenza virus (1) of the step (B) with the influenza virus (Y), the treatment has an initial infectivity against the influenza virus (1) and the virus proliferative ability is lost or reduced The manufacturing method of the influenza virus (X) of the preceding clause 1 or 2 including the process of doing. 4.
- step of selecting the influenza virus (Y) having the antigen protein (y) in the step (A) comprises a step of contacting an antibody reactive to the antigen protein (x ') To produce influenza virus (X).
- step of selecting the influenza virus (X) having the antigen protein (x) in the step (B) comprises the step of contacting an antibody reactive with the antigen protein (y).
- Method of producing influenza virus (X). 6.
- influenza virus (X) Production of influenza virus (X) according to any one of items 1 to 6, comprising selecting influenza virus (X) having antigen protein (x) from reassortant influenza virus in step (B). Method. 8. The influenza virus (X) produced by the production method according to any one of items 1 to 7 above. 9. A reassortant influenza virus comprising a protein derived from at least two influenza viruses of an antigen strain influenza virus and a donor strain influenza virus, wherein the antigen strain influenza virus and the donor strain influenza virus have similar antigenicity .
- a reassortant influenza virus having genome segments of two or more influenza viruses is produced in the case where the antigen strain and the donor strain have similar antigenicity.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a reassortant influenza virus having genome segments of two or more influenza viruses, where the antigen strain and the donor strain have similar antigenicity.
- Influenza viruses have an envelope of lipid bilayer structure.
- the inner layer of the envelope consists mainly of matrix proteins and RNP, a complex of RNA and proteins.
- the influenza virus has eight genes (genome segments) of PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, M and NS, and the outer layer is covered with NA and HA which are major antigen proteins.
- the HA and NA genome segments encode HA and NA antigen proteins, respectively, and the other six genome segments of PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M and NS segments encode backbone proteins.
- a protein having antigenicity refers to a protein expressed from any of genomic segments encoding HA and NA, and a protein of backbone (hereinafter, backbone protein) is PB2 , A protein expressed from any of six genome segments of PB1, PA, NP, M and NS segments.
- an influenza virus having a genomic segment encoding a desired antigenic protein is referred to as an antigenic strain.
- an influenza virus having a genomic segment encoding a desired backbone protein is referred to herein as a donor strain.
- Patent Document 2 listed in the background art section describes that it takes about 35 days to obtain a highly proliferative reassortant influenza virus. That is, in the reassortment method, since the virus itself is used to produce a recombinant, the time and cost required for preparation of a plasmid and cells can be reduced compared to the RG method, but as a result, the objective is as a result of the low genetic recombination efficiency. It is feared that it takes a long time to obtain the highly proliferative reassortment influenza virus.
- examples of the treatment that has virus initial infectivity and that loses or reduces virus proliferative ability include ultraviolet radiation.
- the ultraviolet irradiation dose may be an irradiation dose that has initial infectivity to influenza virus and that the proliferation of the influenza virus is lost or reduced.
- influenza is an infectious disease that spreads around the world every year, and it is difficult to predict influenza strains that occur in the year (hereinafter referred to as pandemic strains) because they are highly likely to undergo antigenic change. .
- pandemic strains influenza strains that occur in the year
- pandemic strains because they are highly likely to undergo antigenic change.
- pandemic strains the conventional reassortment method is used when a donor strain having a backbone protein with excellent growth ability and the pandemic strain have similar antigenicity
- the present inventors found that it is difficult to produce recombinants. Therefore, there is a need for a method capable of producing a reassortant influenza virus even when the antigen strain and the donor strain have similar antigenicity.
- the present invention is a method for producing influenza virus using a method for producing a reassortant influenza virus, which comprises at least three influenza viruses of (1) to (3) described below, and the following steps (A) And a method of producing influenza virus (X) containing an antigen protein (x) (see FIG. 1), which comprises at least a two-step reassortment step of step (B)).
- influenza virus targeted by the present invention is an influenza virus containing a desired antigenic protein (x) and having a desired backbone protein.
- influenza virus (1) is a first influenza virus (antigen strain) having a desired antigenic protein (x).
- influenza virus (2) is a second influenza virus (donor strain) having an antigenic antigenic protein (x ') similar to said antigenic protein (x) and a desired backbone protein.
- influenza virus (3) is a third influenza virus having an antigenic protein (y) which is different from the antigenic protein (x).
- influenza virus (Y) is a reassortant influenza virus produced by infecting a host with the above influenza virus (2) and the above influenza virus (3) and cocultivating the virus, and the antigen protein (y) And a reassortment donor strain having a desired backbone protein.
- influenza virus (X) is a reassortant influenza virus produced by infecting a host with the above influenza virus (1) and the above influenza virus (Y), and cocultivating the virus, and a desired antigen protein (the influenza virus of the present invention having x) and a desired backbone protein.
- Influenza virus (X) which is an influenza virus of interest obtained in the present invention, is derived from influenza virus (1), at least one of the HA and NA encoding genome segments (preferably, at least the HA encoding genome segment) And at least one other genome segment is derived from influenza virus (2).
- the method for producing influenza virus (X) containing the antigenic protein (x) of the present invention is characterized in that it comprises at least two stages of rear sort steps of the following step (A) and step (B).
- influenza virus (3) Prior to the production of reassortant influenza virus, influenza virus (3) is treated to have initial viral infectivity and to lose or reduce viral proliferative activity. Specifically, the influenza virus (3) is irradiated with ultraviolet light to inactivate the influenza virus.
- the irradiation dose of the ultraviolet light is preferably such that the influenza virus after the ultraviolet irradiation has an initial infectivity to the host but that the virus proliferation after infection is lost or reduced.
- the loss or reduction of viral proliferative ability after infection means that when the host is infected with the first influenza virus alone, the proliferative ability of the virus in the host is not confirmed, or UV irradiation is not performed.
- virus proliferative ability is reduced compared to the influenza virus of Virus proliferative ability can be evaluated using a known index such as virus infectivity titer, PFU (Plaque Forming Unit) and the like.
- virus infectivity titer PFU (Plaque Forming Unit) and the like.
- PFU Plaque Forming Unit
- the state of being capable of initial infecting means that when the host is a cultured cell, CPE (cytopathic effect) by the UV-irradiated virus is observed.
- UV irradiation when UV irradiation is performed for 1 to 60 seconds, preferably 5 to 50 seconds, more preferably 10 to 40 seconds, and most preferably 10 to 30 seconds in Time mode of Spectrolinker XL-1000 (Spectronics Corporation) It is preferable to irradiate the first influenza virus with the same ultraviolet radiation dose as in the above.
- the apparatus used for the UV irradiation UV intensity, distance from the light source, etc. is described in the following examples
- irradiation conditions such as irradiation time is an example, and if the ultraviolet irradiation amount is similar to the irradiation conditions These conditions can be adjusted or changed as appropriate.
- the ultraviolet irradiation amount under the above conditions is preferable because it has an initial infectivity to the host, but can efficiently obtain influenza virus whose virus proliferative ability is lost or reduced.
- genetic recombination efficiency in the host can be improved by losing or reducing the virus proliferative ability of the first influenza virus while having the initial infectivity to the host.
- Step (A) -2 Production step of reassortment influenza virus Reassortment influenza virus of influenza virus (2) and influenza virus (3) comprises an influenza virus (2) and the above-mentioned UV-irradiated influenza virus (3) It can be produced by infecting the host and co-culturing.
- influenza virus (3) is infected with influenza virus (3) and then infected with influenza virus (2).
- Infection of the host with influenza virus is carried out by contacting the host with influenza virus.
- the influenza virus (3) is preferably brought into contact with the host at a moi of preferably 1 ⁇ 10 -6 to 10, more preferably 0.001 to 1, more preferably 0.1 to 1.
- the influenza virus (2) is preferably brought into contact with the host at a moi of preferably 0.001 to 10, more preferably 0.01 to 1, more preferably 0.1 to 1.
- influenza virus can co-infect the host, and transgenic plants can be produced efficiently.
- moi of influenza virus (3) is a value before irradiating an ultraviolet-ray.
- Infectious virus titer (TCID 50 / mL) of influenza virus is "Part IV" (hereinafter referred to as "Reference 1") of "Influenza Diagnostic Manual (3rd edition, September 2014)” by National Institute of Infectious Diseases Research The moi can be calculated by dividing the infectivity titer by the number of cells.
- the host infected with influenza virus (3) and influenza virus (2) is cultured to obtain a culture.
- influenza virus is resorted in the host.
- the culture conditions of the host such as culture temperature, may be any conditions that allow influenza virus to grow in the host.
- the medium used for culture is preferably a liquid medium.
- serum derived from animals is often added to the liquid medium, it is not possible to deny the possibility that serum derived from animals contains a factor that inhibits the growth of the target influenza virus, so use a serum-free medium not containing that factor. Is more preferred.
- the culture time is preferably about 1 to 5 days, more preferably about 2 to 3 days.
- a culture is obtained after the culture.
- the culture contains a reassortant influenza virus resorted in a host.
- the reassortant influenza virus is contained in the allantoic fluid when the host is a developmental chicken egg, and is contained in the culture supernatant when the host is a cultured cell.
- Step (A) -3 Selection Step of Influenza Virus (Y) From the reassortant influenza virus produced in step (A) -2, selection of influenza virus (Y) having an antigen protein (y) is carried out in the culture. This is achieved by inactivating influenza virus containing antigenic protein (x ') from reassortant influenza virus. Inactivation of the influenza virus containing the antigenic protein (x ') may be achieved using physical means, chemical means, or any other means, but preferably the reassortment produced in step (A) -2 Tant influenza virus is achieved by treatment with an antibody that is reactive to the antigenic protein (x '). The obtained culture itself may be treated with an antibody.
- the amount of virus in the culture to be subjected to this step can be expressed as the product of virus infectivity titer (TCID 50 / mL) and dose (mL).
- the amount of virus may be any value as long as the culture contains the desired reassortment influenza virus, preferably at least 10 2 TCID 50 , more preferably at least 10 3 TCID 50 , still more preferably It is preferable that it is 10 4 TCID 50 or more.
- the amount of virus can be appropriately adjusted by dilution or concentration by a known method.
- the antibody may be any antibody that reacts with the antigen protein (x '), and may be a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody.
- antiserum against influenza virus (2) may be used.
- the antiserum is preferably added to the culture at a final dilution ratio of preferably 2 to 1000 times, more preferably 4 to 10 times. If it is within the range of such concentration, it can be suitably reacted with the antigen protein of influenza virus (2), and the influenza virus having the antigen protein can be efficiently inactivated.
- Antisera to influenza virus (2) can be prepared by known methods and may be immune serum or infected serum. Preferably, infected sera are selected. These antisera can be produced by known methods. Antisera can be obtained by administering or infecting a mammal with influenza virus (2) and collecting blood of the mammal. For example, mammals such as rabbits, goats, sheep, mice and rats are immunized with influenza virus (2) as an immunogen. As an administration means, intraperitoneal injection, intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection and the like are adopted, and in some cases, intradermal injection is also adopted. Boosting can be repeated several times, and mammals can be bled 3 to 10 days after the final immunization to obtain immune serum.
- mammals such as ferrets and mice can be infected with influenza virus (2).
- methods such as spray inoculation and nasal inoculation are adopted.
- Mammals can be bled after 10-14 days of infection to obtain infected sera.
- the obtained antisera is made to inactivate the nonspecific neutralizing activity to influenza virus (2) derived antigen by known methods such as RDE (Receptor Destroying Enzyme) treatment, trypsin treatment, potassium periodate treatment and the like. It is preferable to keep the
- the antibody titer of the neutralizing antibody is preferably measured in advance.
- the antibody titer may be, for example, particle agglutination (PA), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), immunoadhesion hemagglutination (IAHA), neutralization (NT), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), complement binding (CF) ), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), latex agglutination turbidimetry (LA) and the like.
- PA particle agglutination
- IFA indirect fluorescent antibody
- IAHA immunoadhesion hemagglutination
- NT neutralization
- HI hemagglutination inhibition
- CF complement binding
- EIA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- RIA radioimmunoassay
- CLIA chemiluminescence immunoassay
- LA late
- viral infectivity of the culture is 10 7 ⁇ 10 8 TCID 50 / 100 ⁇ L, antibody titers of 10 or more as measured by HI method, preferably 12.8 or more, more preferably 80 or more, more preferably 128 Antisera showing the above can be used.
- the antigen protein of influenza virus (2) present in the culture and the neutralizing antibody are suitably combined, and the influenza virus having the antigen protein can be efficiently inactivated.
- a culture containing the reassortant influenza virus produced in step (A) -2 is treated with an antibody reactive to the antigen protein (x '), and the influenza virus containing the antigen protein (x') is inactivated.
- the target influenza virus (Y) can be collected. Specifically, a mixture of the culture and a neutralizing antibody is contacted with a host, and the infected host is cultured under the suitable conditions shown in step A) -2 to selectively grow the desired reassortment virus. Let When the host is a cultured cell, CPE (cytopathic effect) caused by the target reassortment virus is confirmed.
- Influenza virus (Y) can be selected more accurately by analyzing genome segments. A publicly known method can be used for the analysis method of the genome segment.
- Step (B) -1 Inactivation Step of Influenza Virus (1) Similar to Step (A) -1, the virus has an initial infectivity for influenza virus (1) prior to production of reassortment influenza virus. And treatment to lose or reduce viral proliferative potential. It emits ultraviolet light to inactivate the influenza virus.
- the processing conditions at which the virus proliferative ability is lost or reduced can refer to the conditions of step (A) -1.
- Step (B) -2 Production step of reassortment influenza virus Reassortment influenza virus of influenza virus (1) and influenza virus (Y) comprises influenza virus (Y) and influenza virus (1) irradiated with ultraviolet light It can be produced by infecting the host and co-culturing.
- the co-culture conditions can refer to the conditions of step (A) -2.
- influenza virus (1) is preferably contacted with the host at a moi of preferably 1 ⁇ 10 -6 to 10, more preferably 0.001 to 1, more preferably 0.1 to 1.
- the influenza virus (Y) is preferably brought into contact with the host at a moi of preferably 0.001 to 10, more preferably 0.01 to 1 and still more preferably 0.1 to 1.
- a high concentration of influenza virus it has been necessary to bring the host into contact with a high concentration of influenza virus.
- even a low concentration of influenza virus can co-infect a host and efficiently produce a recombinant.
- a culture is obtained by culturing a host infected with influenza virus (1) and influenza virus (Y).
- Culture conditions can refer to the conditions of step (A) -2.
- Step (B) -3 Selection step of influenza virus (X) From the reassortant influenza virus produced in step (B) -2, selection of influenza virus (X) having an antigen protein (x) is carried out in the culture This is achieved by inactivating influenza virus containing antigenic protein (y) from reassortant influenza virus. Specifically, inactivation of the influenza virus containing the antigenic protein (y) is achieved by treating the reassortant influenza virus produced in step (B) -2 with an antibody reactive to the antigenic protein (y). Ru.
- the obtained culture itself may be treated with an antibody.
- the antibody may be a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody as long as it reacts with the antigen protein (y).
- antisera to influenza virus may be used.
- the antiserum is preferably added to the culture at a final dilution ratio of preferably 2 to 1000 times, more preferably 4 to 10 times. Within such a concentration range, it can be suitably reacted with the antigenic protein of influenza virus (Y) to efficiently inactivate the reassortant influenza virus containing the antigenic protein.
- the antiserum against influenza virus (Y) can be prepared and obtained by the same method as the antiserum against influenza virus (2).
- a culture containing the reassortant influenza virus produced in step (B) -2 is treated with an antibody reactive to the antigen protein (y) to inactivate the influenza virus containing the antigen protein (y).
- the target influenza virus (X) can be recovered. Specifically, a mixture of the culture and a neutralizing antibody is contacted with a host, and the infected host is cultured under the suitable conditions shown in step A) -2 to selectively grow the desired reassortment virus. Let When the host is a cultured cell, CPE (cytopathic effect) caused by the target reassortment virus is confirmed.
- Influenza virus (X) can be selected more accurately by analyzing genome segments. A publicly known method can be used for the analysis method of the genome segment.
- inactivation of influenza virus indicates a state in which the proliferation of the influenza virus is suppressed.
- the suppression of proliferation means lowering the infectivity titer of the virus measured by a general infectivity assay method represented by the plaque method or TCID 50 method to below the detection limit and culturing the virus with an appropriate substrate In this case, it means that the infectivity titer will be below the detection limit even in about 2 to 3 days of culture.
- the means for suppressing the proliferation is not particularly limited, but is achieved by treatment with the antibody to which the virus reacts.
- the ease of producing recombinants of influenza virus is shown by the efficiency of genetic recombination.
- the recombination efficiency indicates the ratio of the number of clones of plaques that are influenza virus (X) to the number of all clones that isolated plaques in the reassortment virus production experiment.
- the reassortment virus production experiment means the experiment which infects a host with two types of influenza viruses and produces reassortment influenza virus.
- the gene recombination efficiency can be preferably 60% or more, more preferably 80% or more, still more preferably 95% or more, and most preferably 100%.
- influenza virus (1), (2) or (3) of the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to the target reassortant influenza virus. For example, it may be selected from all currently known subtypes and subtypes to be isolated and identified in the future.
- influenza viruses comprising combinations of various HA subtypes and NA subtypes are conceivable.
- influenza B virus influenza viruses including combinations of Victoria strains and Yamagata strains are considered.
- Influenza reported to have spread worldwide after being recognized in Mexico in April 2009 is called pandemic influenza, swine flu, pandemic influenza A (H1N1), swine flu, A / H1N1 pdm, etc. ing.
- the virus that had been prevalent among pigs was directly transmitted from pigs to humans on farms, etc.
- influenza A virus H1N1 subtype influenza A virus H1N1 subtype
- influenza A virus H3N2 subtype influenza A virus H3N2 subtype
- viruses are distinguished according to the time and place of isolation even among the same subtypes of influenza A virus.
- Influenza B virus continues irreversible mutations, but it is relatively late than mutations in influenza A virus, and its epidemic cycle is about 2 years. Since influenza B virus was first isolated in 1940 in New York, the epidemic has often been repeated and the resulting mortality has been recorded. Although the infection has been confirmed only in humans, there is no subtype, and only two strains, Yamagata and Victoria, exist.
- influenza virus (1), (2) or (3) may be a strain currently isolated and identified, or a strain to be isolated and identified in the future, Or B type.
- influenza A viruses have 16 HA (H1 to H16) subtypes and 9 NA (N1 to N9) subtypes based on their antigenicity of HA and NA. ) Is classified into subtypes.
- the influenza virus (1) is not particularly limited as long as it is a strain containing a desired antigenic protein (x).
- a strain selected as a vaccine strain can be used.
- the A-type strain (A / California / 7/2009 (X-179A) (H1N1) pdm09, A / Swiss / 9715293/2013 (NIB-88) (H3N2) selected as a strain for fiscal 2015 And B) (B / nostri / 3073/2013 (Yamagata strain) and B / Texas / 2/2013 (Victoria strain)).
- any strain selected in the future can be used.
- influenza viruses (2) and (3) are influenza viruses having antigen proteins that meet the conditions of antigenic proteins (y) and (x '), respectively, and have backbone proteins that meet the object of the present invention. Is preferred.
- influenza virus (X) produced by the method of the present invention as a seed virus for influenza vaccine
- influenza virus (2) it is preferable to have a backbone protein excellent in proliferative ability in the desired host.
- the host is a hen egg, it is preferable that the host be of the H1N1 subtype. Examples of the H1N1 subtype include A / Puerto Rico / 8/34 (H1N1) and the like.
- the host when it is a cultured cell, particularly when it is a MDCK cell, it is preferably H3N2 subtype.
- H3N2 subtype include A / Ibaraki / N12232 / 2012 (H3N2), A / Hiroshima / 52/2005 (H3N2), A / Panama / 2007/99 (H3N2) and the like.
- influenza virus (1) or (3) a strain having a target antigen protein may be used, and is not particularly limited. It may be a strain currently isolated and identified, or a strain to be isolated and identified in the future, and may be influenza A virus or influenza B virus.
- Specific examples of influenza virus (1), (2) or (3) include A / California / 7/2009 (H1N1) pdm09, A / California / 4/2009 (H1N1) pdm09, A / New Caledonia / 20 / 99 (H1N1), A / Solomon Islands / 3/2006 (H1N1), A / Brisbane / 59/2007 (H1N1), A / Panama / 2007/99 (H3N2), A / Wyoming / 3/2003 (H3N2), A / New York / 55/2004 (H3N2), A / Hiroshima / 52/2005 (H3N2), A / ought / 716/2007 (H3N2), A / Victoria / 210/2009
- the influenza virus used in the present invention can be attenuated, adapted for growth of chicken eggs, adapted for cell culture growth, temperature-sensitive phenotyping so that it can be applied to influenza vaccines in addition to influenza virus isolated from the living body as described above. It may be a recombinant virus produced by adding a modification such as mucosal administration adaptation. In addition, as a means for making modifications, a method of introducing mutations into eight RNA segments such as influenza virus antigen site and polymerase site, a method of producing attenuated virus by low temperature passage, mutagenesis to a virus culture system The method etc. by adding an agent are mentioned.
- Antigenic similarity can generally be determined by antigenicity analysis by HI test or neutralization test.
- the homo antibody titer of the antisera obtained from the animal infected with the first virus or the animal immunized with the virus is within a 2-fold difference from the antibody titer against the second virus
- the homo antibody titer of the antisera obtained from the animal infected with the second virus or the animal immunized with the virus is within two-fold difference with the antibody titer against the first virus
- the first The virus and the second virus are determined to have similar antigenicity.
- viruses having antibody titers compared by this method have a similar antigenicity for viruses having a difference of up to four times.
- the host used for the production method of the present invention may be a embryonated chicken egg or a cultured cell.
- SPF specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs
- any cultured cells may be used as long as they can be infected and replicated by influenza virus.
- Mammalian cells are preferable as cultured cells, and hamster, bovine, primate (including human and monkey) and canine cells are exemplified, but not limited thereto. More specifically, MDCK cells derived from Madin-Darby canine kidney, Vero cells derived from African green monkey kidney, etc. are exemplified. More specifically, the MDCK cell in the present invention is the MDCK cell specified by International Deposit Accession No. NITE BP-02014.
- the present invention also extends to a reassortant influenza virus produced by the method for producing a reassortant influenza virus of the present invention.
- the reassortant influenza virus produced by the production method of the present invention contains at least two types of influenza virus-derived proteins of an antigenic strain influenza virus and a donor strain influenza virus.
- the antigenic strain influenza virus and the donor strain influenza virus may have similar antigenicity.
- the step-wise reassortment virus production method of the present invention can be applied particularly when the antigenic strain influenza virus and the donor strain influenza virus have similar antigenicity.
- the reassortant influenza virus produced by the production method of the present invention can be used as a seed virus for influenza vaccine.
- known methods or any methods developed in the future can be used.
- Example 1 Production of Influenza Virus (X) by Reassortment Method
- a method for producing influenza virus (X) by two-stage reassortment method using influenza viruses (1) to (3) will be described.
- reassortant influenza virus was produced using influenza virus (2) as a donor strain and influenza virus (3) as an antigen strain, and influenza virus (Y) was selected as a reassortment donor strain.
- influenza virus (X) was produced using influenza virus (1) as an antigen strain using the reassortment donor strain.
- each influenza virus is described as strain (1), strain (2), strain (3), strain (Y) and strain (X).
- Strains (1) to (3) used and viruses used for strain (Y) are shown in Table 1.
- Strain (Y) is a strain selected by producing a reassortant influenza virus using strain (2) as a donor strain and strain (3) as an antigen strain.
- MDCK cells specified by International Deposit Accession No. NITE BP-02014 were used. Hereinafter, in the present example, it is also simply referred to as "MDCK cell”.
- a culture solution of influenza virus having an antigenicity similar to the donor strain or donor strain was prepared to a concentration of about 10 7 to 10 8 TCID 50 / mL, and 6 mL thereof was infected with a ferret by spraying with a nebulizer.
- cardiac blood sampling was performed under anesthesia, and the collected blood was allowed to stand at normal temperature for 1 hour, at 36 ° C. for 1 hour, and further at 4 ° C. for 24 hours. Thereafter, centrifugation was performed at about 700 ⁇ g for 10 minutes at room temperature, and the supernatant was recovered as ferret-infected serum.
- This ferret infected serum is mixed with an equal amount of RDE (II) “Seiken” (Denka Seiken) to make a final dilution ratio 2 times, and after standing for 18 to 20 hours at 37 ° C., 1 hour at 56 ° C. Allowing for RDE inactivation was used as anti-donor strain serum.
- RDE “Seiken” (Denka Seiken)
- strain (Y) was produced by the first step reassortment method before producing strain (X).
- Strain (2) was used as a donor strain for producing strain (Y), and strain (3) was used as an antigen strain.
- a virus culture medium was used to prepare a 10 7 TCID 50 / mL donor strain (2) solution, and a 10 7 TCID 50 / mL antigen strain (3) solution was prepared, respectively.
- the influenza virus concentration infectious titer: TCID 50 / mL
- the antigen strain (3) solution was dispensed in 2 mL portions into 3.5 cm dishes.
- the dish 1) was placed in a Spectrolinker XL-1000 (Spectronics Corporation, UV tube 254 nm, 8 W ⁇ 5), the lid of the dish was removed, and UV irradiation of 500 J / m 2 was performed.
- 3) In a 25 cm 2 flask, culture MDCK cells to confluence (about 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells / flask), remove the medium and 2) inoculate 200 ⁇ L of UV-irradiated antigen strain at 34 ° C., 5% The cells were cultured in CO 2 for 30 minutes. Thereafter, 10 mL of virus culture medium was added to inoculate 200 ⁇ L of a donor strain (2) solution.
- strain (X) which is the desired product of the present invention, was produced by the second step reassortment method.
- a strain (Y) is used as a donor strain
- a strain (1) is used as an antigen strain
- the anti-donor strain serum is an anti-strain (3) serum.
- culture supernatants of plaques were produced as strain (X).
- Example 1 Gene Analysis Result Gene analysis was performed on each of the influenza viruses (X) by the two-stage reassortment method created in Example 1. Three clones of each of influenza viruses (X) produced by combinations of four types of A to D in Table 1 were subjected to gene analysis. For genetic analysis, RNA was extracted from the culture supernatant of each isolated plaque, reverse transcription was performed to synthesize cDNA, and whole genome segments of the virus were amplified and simplified by PCR according to a standard method. Using this as a sample, gene sequence analysis was performed to determine whether each genome segment was derived from a donor strain or an antigen strain.
- influenza viruses (X) forming all plaques were reassortant influenza viruses.
- Genomic segments encoding HA and a large number of NA were derived from strain (1), and it was confirmed that at least one of the other genomic segments was derived from strain (Y).
- a reassortant influenza virus of the present invention it is possible to produce a reassortant influenza virus which is a genetically modified product in which desired genome segments are efficiently arranged. According to the method of the present invention, since a highly proliferative influenza virus can be produced early and efficiently, it is possible to rapidly produce a seed virus for influenza vaccine.
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Abstract
Description
1.リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスの作出方法であって、以下に示す(1)~(3)の少なくとも3種類のインフルエンザウイルスを用い、以下の工程(A)と工程(B)の少なくとも2段階のリアソート工程を含む事を特徴とする、抗原タンパク質(x)を含むインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法:
(1)抗原タンパク質(x)を含む第1のインフルエンザウイルス;
(2)(1)のインフルエンザウイルスと類似する抗原性の抗原タンパク質(x')を有する第2のインフルエンザウイルス;
(3)(1)のインフルエンザウイルスと異なる抗原性の抗原タンパク質(y)を有する第3のインフルエンザウイルス:
工程(A)インフルエンザウイルス(2)と、インフルエンザウイルス(3)を宿主に感染させて共培養してリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスを作出し、該リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから、抗原タンパク質(y)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(Y)を選択する工程;
工程(B)インフルエンザウイルス(1)と、前記工程(A)で作出したインフルエンザウイルス(Y)を宿主に感染させて共培養し、リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスを作出し、該リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから抗原タンパク質(x)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(X)を選択する工程。
2.前記工程(A)のインフルエンザウイルス(2)と、インフルエンザウイルス(3)を共培養する前に、インフルエンザウイルス(3)に対して、初期感染能を有し、ウイルス増殖性が喪失又は低下する処理をする工程を含む、前項1に記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
3.前記工程(B)のインフルエンザウイルス(1)と、インフルエンザウイルス(Y)を共培養する前に、インフルエンザウイルス(1)に対して、初期感染能を有し、ウイルス増殖性が喪失又は低下する処理をする工程を含む、前項1又は2に記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
4.前記工程(A)における抗原タンパク質(y)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(Y)を選択する工程が、抗原タンパク質(x')に反応する抗体を接触させる工程を含む、前項1~3のいずれかに記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
5.前記工程(B)における抗原タンパク質(x)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(X)を選択する工程が、抗原タンパク質(y)に反応する抗体を接触させる工程を含む、前項1~4のいずれかに記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
6.前記工程(A)において、リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから、抗原タンパク質(y)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(Y)を選択することを含む、前項1~5のいずれかに記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
7.前記工程(B)において、リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから、抗原タンパク質(x)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(X)を選択することを含む、前項1~6のいずれかに記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
8.前項1~7のいずれかに記載の作出方法により作出された、インフルエンザウイルス(X)。
9.抗原株インフルエンザウイルスとドナー株インフルエンザウイルスの少なくとも2種類のインフルエンザウイルス由来のタンパク質を含み、前記抗原株インフルエンザウイルスとドナー株インフルエンザウイルスが類似する抗原性を有することを特徴とする、リアソータントインフルエンザウイルス。
リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスの作出前において、インフルエンザウイルス(3)に対し、ウイルス初期感染能を有し、かつウイルス増殖性が喪失又は低下する処理を行う。具体的には、インフルエンザウイルス(3)に紫外線を照射し、インフルエンザウイルスを不活化する。紫外線の照射量は、紫外線照射後のインフルエンザウイルスが宿主への初期感染能は有しているが、感染後のウイルス増殖性が喪失又は低下している程度であることが好ましい。感染後のウイルス増殖性の喪失又は低下とは、第1のインフルエンザウイルスを単独で宿主に感染させた際に、宿主内でのウイルスの増殖性が確認されない、又は紫外線照射を行っていない第1のインフルエンザウイルスと比較してウイルス増殖性が低下していることを意味する。ウイルス増殖性は、ウイルス感染価、PFU(Plaque Forming Unit)等の公知の指標を用いて評価することができる。また、紫外線照射を行った後、第1のインフルエンザウイルスを宿主に感染させる場合は、宿主への感染能、すなわち初期感染能を有している必要がある。初期感染能がある状態とは、宿主が培養細胞である場合、紫外線照射したウイルスによるCPE(cytopathic effect)が観察されることを意味する。本工程では、Spectrolinker XL-1000(Spectronics Corporation)のTime Modeにおいて1~60秒間、好ましくは5~50秒間、更に好ましくは10~40秒間、最も好ましくは10~30秒間、紫外線照射を行った場合と同等の紫外線照射量を第1のインフルエンザウイルスに照射することが好ましい。かかるUV照射のために用いる装置(UV強度、光源からの距離等は以下実施例記載)及び照射時間等の照射条件は一例であり、当該照射条件と同程度の紫外線照射量となるのであれば、これらの条件は適宜調整・変更が可能である。上記条件の紫外線照射量であれば、宿主への初期感染能を有しているが、ウイルス増殖性が喪失又は低下しているインフルエンザウイルスを効率良く得ることができるため好ましい。本発明においては、宿主への初期感染能を有したまま、第1のインフルエンザウイルスのウイルス増殖性を喪失又は低下させることにより、宿主内での遺伝子組換え効率を向上させ得る。
インフルエンザウイルス(2)とインフルエンザウイルス(3)のリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスは、インフルエンザウイルス(2)と前記紫外線照射したインフルエンザウイルス(3)とを宿主に感染させて共培養することにより作出することができる。
工程(A)-2で作出したリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから抗原タンパク質(y)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(Y)の選択は、培養物中のリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから抗原タンパク質(x')を含むインフルエンザウイルスを失活することより達成される。抗原タンパク質(x')を含むインフルエンザウイルスの失活は、物理的手法、化学的手法、その他のいかなる手法を用いて達成してもよいが、好ましくは工程(A)-2で作出したリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスを、抗原タンパク質(x')に反応する抗体で処理する事で達成される。上記得られた培養物そのものに、抗体で処理してもよい。
工程(A)-1と同様に、リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスの作出前において、インフルエンザウイルス(1)に対し、ウイルス初期感染能を有し、かつウイルス増殖性が喪失又は低下する処理を行う。紫外線を照射し、インフルエンザウイルスを不活化する。ウイルス増殖性が喪失又は低下する処理条件は、工程(A)-1の条件を参照することができる。
インフルエンザウイルス(1)とインフルエンザウイルス(Y)のリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスは、インフルエンザウイルス(Y)と前記紫外線照射したインフルエンザウイルス(1)とを宿主に感染させて共培養することにより作出することができる。共培養条件は、工程(A)-2の条件を参照することができる。
工程(B)-2で作出したリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから抗原タンパク質(x)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(X)の選択は、培養物中のリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから抗原タンパク質(y)を含むインフルエンザウイルスを失活することより達成される。抗原タンパク質(y)を含むインフルエンザウイルスの失活は、具体的には工程(B)-2で作出したリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスを、抗原タンパク質(y)に反応する抗体で処理する事で達成される。上記得られた培養物そのものに、抗体で処理してもよい。抗体は、抗原タンパク質(y)と反応するものであればよく、ポリクローナル抗体であってもモノクローナル抗体であってもよい。抗体として、インフルエンザウイルス(Y)に対する抗血清を用いてもよい。抗血清は最終希釈倍率として、好ましくは2~1000倍、更に好ましくは4~10倍となる濃度で、培養物に添加することが好ましい。かかる濃度の範囲内であれば、インフルエンザウイルス(Y)の抗原タンパク質と好適に反応し、当該抗原タンパク質を有するリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスを効率的に失活できる。なお、インフルエンザウイルス(Y)に対する抗血清はインフルエンザウイルス(2)に対する抗血清と同様の手法により作成し、入手することができる。
本実施例では、インフルエンザウイルス(1)~(3)を用いた、2段階リアソート法によるインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法を説明する。まず初めに、ドナー株としてインフルエンザウイルス(2)を用い、抗原株としてインフルエンザウイルス(3)を用いてリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスを作出し、再集合ドナー株としてインフルエンザウイルス(Y)を選択した。次に、前記再集合ドナー株を用い、抗原株としてインフルエンザウイルス(1)を用いてインフルエンザウイルス(X)を作出した。以下、各インフルエンザウイルスについて、株(1)、株(2)、株(3)、株(Y)及び株(X)のように記載する。
a)使用ウイルス
株(1)~(3)及び株(Y)の使用ウイルスを表1に示す。株(Y)は、ドナー株として株(2)、抗原株として株(3)を用いてリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスを作出し、選択した株である。
炭酸水素ナトリウム(20mM)、0.1×TrypLE Selectを含有するイーグルMEM培地を用いた。
1)まず初めに株(X)を作出する前の一段階目のリアソータント法により、株(Y)を作出した。株(Y)作出のためのドナー株として株(2)、抗原株として株(3)を用いた。ウイルス培養用培地を用いて、107TCID50/mLのドナー株(2)溶液を調製するとともに、107TCID50/mLの抗原株(3)溶液をそれぞれ調製した。インフルエンザウイルス濃度(感染価:TCID50/mL)は、参考文献1に開示される方法に従って確認した。
2)抗原株(3)溶液を3.5cmディッシュに2mLずつ分注した。Spectrolinker XL-1000(Spectronics Corporation、UV管は254nm、8W×5本)の中に、1)のディッシュを入れ、ディッシュの蓋を外して、500J/m2のUV照射を行った。
3)25cm2フラスコで、MDCK細胞をコンフルエント(約5×106細胞/フラスコ)になるまで培養し、培地を取り除いて2)にてUV照射した抗原株200μLを接種して34℃、5%CO2にて30分間培養した。その後、10mLのウイルス培養用培地を添加し、ドナー株(2)溶液200μLを接種した。
4)34℃、5%CO2にて2日間培養した。
5)得られた混合培養液100μLと、抗株(2)血清100μLを混合し、34℃にて1時間静置した。
6)新たな25cm2フラスコでMDCK細胞を培養し、培地を10mLのウイルス培養用培地で交換し、上記5)にて抗株(2)血清にて処理した培養液200μL全量を接種した。
7)34℃、5%CO2にて2日間培養した。
8)得られた培養液を遠心分離(約8000×g、5分間)し、上清を回収した。
9)遠心上清をウイルス培養用培地で103倍、104倍、105倍、106倍、107倍、108倍に希釈し、MDCK細胞をコンフルエントまで培養した6-wellプレートに100μL/wellで接種した。接種は2枚のプレートに対して行った。
10)34℃、5%CO2にて30分間培養した。
11)0.8%アガロース含有MEM培地(グルタミン(4mM)、0.1×TrypLE Select含有)を3mL/well重層した。安全キャビネット内で乾燥させた後、インキュベーター内での培養を開始した。
12)34℃、5%CO2にて3日間培養した。
13)1.0%アガロース含有MEM培地(ニュートラルレッド含有)を2mL/well重層し、安全キャビネット内で乾燥した。
14)新たな6-wellプレートでMDCK細胞を培養し、2mL/wellのウイルス培養用培地で培地を交換し、各wellにプラークを単離し、株(Y)とした。
15)34℃、5%CO2にて3日間培養した。
16)単離したプラークの培養液を遠心分離(約8000×g、5分間)し、上清を-80℃にて保存した。得られたプラークの培養上清を株(Y)培養液とし、ウイルスRNAを抽出して遺伝子解析を行った。
実施例1で作出した2段階リアソータント法によるインフルエンザウイルス(X)について、各々遺伝子解析を行った。表1のA~Dの4種類の組合せで作出したインフルエンザウイルス(X)について、各々3クローンを遺伝子解析対象とした。遺伝子解析は、単離した各プラークの培養上清からRNAを抽出し、逆転写をしてcDNAを合成し、定法に従ってPCRによりウイルスの全ゲノム分節を増幅して簡易精製した。これを検体として遺伝子配列解析を行い、各ゲノム分節がドナー株と抗原株のどちらに由来するかを判定した。
得られたリアソータントインフルエンザウイルス(X)のうち幾つかと、親株として用いたインフルエンザウイルス(1)を、75cm2フラスコでコンフルエントになるまで培養したMDCK細胞に接種した。ウイルス接種は、moi=0.001程度で行い、34℃、5%CO2にて3日間培養した後、培養上清を採取して感染価の測定を行った。
Claims (9)
- リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスの作出方法であって、以下に示す(1)~(3)の少なくとも3種類のインフルエンザウイルスを用い、以下の工程(A)と工程(B)の少なくとも2段階のリアソート工程を含む事を特徴とする、抗原タンパク質(x)を含むインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法:
(1)抗原タンパク質(x)を含む第1のインフルエンザウイルス;
(2)(1)のインフルエンザウイルスと類似する抗原性の抗原タンパク質(x')を有する第2のインフルエンザウイルス;
(3)(1)のインフルエンザウイルスと異なる抗原性の抗原タンパク質(y)を有する第3のインフルエンザウイルス:
工程(A)インフルエンザウイルス(2)と、インフルエンザウイルス(3)を宿主に感染させて共培養してリアソータントインフルエンザウイルスを作出し、該リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから、抗原タンパク質(y)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(Y)を選択する工程;
工程(B)インフルエンザウイルス(1)と、前記工程(A)で作出したインフルエンザウイルス(Y)を宿主に感染させて共培養し、リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスを作出し、該リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから抗原タンパク質(x)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(X)を選択する工程。 - 前記工程(A)のインフルエンザウイルス(2)と、インフルエンザウイルス(3)を共培養する前に、インフルエンザウイルス(3)に対して、初期感染能を有し、ウイルス増殖性が喪失又は低下する処理をする工程を含む、請求項1に記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
- 前記工程(B)のインフルエンザウイルス(1)と、インフルエンザウイルス(Y)を共培養する前に、インフルエンザウイルス(1)に対して、初期感染能を有し、ウイルス増殖性が喪失又は低下する処理をする工程を含む、請求項1又は2に記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
- 前記工程(A)における抗原タンパク質(y)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(Y)を選択する工程が、抗原タンパク質(x')に反応する抗体を接触させる工程を含む、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
- 前記工程(B)における抗原タンパク質(x)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(X)を選択する工程が、抗原タンパク質(y)に反応する抗体を接触させる工程を含む、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
- 前記工程(A)において、リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから、抗原タンパク質(y)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(Y)を選択することを含む、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
- 前記工程(B)において、リアソータントインフルエンザウイルスから、抗原タンパク質(x)を有するインフルエンザウイルス(X)を選択することを含む、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載のインフルエンザウイルス(X)の作出方法。
- 請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の作出方法により作出された、インフルエンザウイルス(X)。
- 抗原株インフルエンザウイルスとドナー株インフルエンザウイルスの少なくとも2種類のインフルエンザウイルス由来のタンパク質を含み、前記抗原株インフルエンザウイルスとドナー株インフルエンザウイルスが類似する抗原性を有することを特徴とする、リアソータントインフルエンザウイルス。
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