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  • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/351—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with another ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • C12P17/00—Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se or Te as ring hetero atoms
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  • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
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  • C12R2001/07—Bacillus
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  • C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
  • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
  • C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
  • C12R2001/185—Escherichia
  • C12R2001/19—Escherichia coli
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  • C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
  • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
  • C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
  • C12R2001/38—Pseudomonas
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  • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
  • C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
  • C12R2001/465—Streptomyces

Definitions

• the present invention relates to direct or indirect production of anticancer compounds from bacteria and to new anticancer compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and their use as anticancer agents.
• Paederus fuscipes that were named pseudopederin and pederone. Pederone was described two years later (Tetrahedron Lett. 1967, 41, 4023).
• Pederin is a potent cytotoxic and vesicant agent. Brega and co-workers (J. Cell Biol. 1968, 485-496) have tested pederin against a number of cell lines such as EUE, E6D, HeLa, KB, Hep, AS, MEF, CE, BHK, Zl and Ml and have reported that concentrations of the order of 3 nM are sufficient to cause cellular death within four days in all the cell lines analyzed. In addition pederin causes an immediate impairment of protein and DNA synthesis.
• pseudopederin has also been described by Soldati and co-workers ⁇ Experientia 1966, 3, 176-178). Pseudopederin has toxicity lower than pederin, being active at doses 10 times higher.
• European patent EP0289203 discloses the isolation and antitumoral and antiviral activity of Mycalamide A, a compound isolated from Mycale sp. sponges collected in New Zealand.
• Mycalamides C and D have IC 5 o values against the P- 388 murine leukemia cell line of 3.0, 0.7, 95.0 and 35 ng/niL, respectively.
• Mycalamide C Mycalamide D Mycalamides have also been shown to be powerful immunosuppressive agents with comparable in vitro efficacy to the clinical agent cyclosporine A.
• Onnamide A is an antitumoral compound with an IC 5 o value against the murine P388 cell line of 1 ng/mL. It also has antiviral activity.
• Onnamides D-F lack of the dioxolane ring of onnamide A.
• Onnamides D and E were isolated from Theonella sponges by Matsunaga and co-workers ⁇ Tetrahedron, 1992, 48, 8369) and Onnamide F was collected by the Capon group from the sponge Trachycladus laevispirulifer (J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 640).
• Onnamide E did not show cytotoxic activity against the P388 cell line at a concentration of 0.4 ⁇ g/mL and Onnamide F has been described as a potent nematocide.
• Diaphorin Another closely related compound, diaphorin, was isolated from the insect Diaphorina citri by Nakabachi and co-workers ⁇ Current Biology 2013, 23(15), 1478-1484). This compound is also cytotoxic with an IC 5 o value of ca. 1 ⁇ and ca. 2 ⁇ against B 104 and HeLa cells, respectively. Its presence in extracts of Diaphorina citri was predicted in the same publication by the analysis of the polyketide synthase (PKS) system of Candidatus Profftella armatura, a defensive bacterial symbiont associated with Diaphorina citri.
• PKS polyketide synthase
• patent application WO2013016120 describes a total synthesis of pederin and analogues thereof of formula:
• Ri or R 2 includes a linker that includes a reactive functional group that can bind to a targeting moiety.
• This total synthesis is based on a multicomponent acyl aminal construction. Detailed studies on the pharmacological properties of pederins, mycalamides and onnamides have been hampered by the scarcity of these compounds from natural sources. For example, approximately 100 kg of Paederus fuscipes were required to isolate sufficient material to elucidate the structure of pederin. Although the PKS systems of pederins and onnamides have been described, it has not yet been possible to obtain these compounds by biotechnological methods. Therefore, the only practical way to obtain these interesting compounds at the moment is total synthesis.
• the present invention is directed to a compound of general formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof
• R a is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, aryl, and heterocyclyl;
• R b is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, aryl, and heterocyclyl;
• R c and R d are independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, aryl and heterocyclyl; with the proviso that Ri and R 2 are not simultaneously methyl.
• the present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the present invention is directed to compounds of formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers, or stereoisomers thereof, for use as a medicament, in particular as a medicament for treating cancer.
• the present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula I, for use as a medicament, in particular as a medicament for treating cancer.
• the present invention is also directed to the use of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, in the treatment of cancer, or in the preparation of a medicament, preferably for the treatment of cancer.
• Other aspects of the invention are methods of treatment, and compounds for use in these methods. Therefore, the present invention further provides a method of treating a patient, notably a human affected by cancer which comprises administering to said affected individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as defined above.
• the present invention is directed to a process for obtaining a compound of formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof
• R a is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl, aryl, and heterocyclyl;
• 3 ⁇ 4 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2- C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl, aryl, and heterocyclyl;
• R c and R d are independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C12 alkynyl, aryl and heterocyclyl; the process comprising the steps of:
• the present invention relates to strain PHM005.
• the free- living marine alphaproteobacteria producer of compounds 1 and 2 has been deposited for patent purposes in the CECT collection with the code CECT-9225.
• the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid sequence comprising the Lab biosynthetic gene cluster or being complementary to a sequence comprising the Lab biosynthetic gene cluster.
• This gene cluster represents the first example of genes from a cultivable bacterium encoding the biosynthesis of pederin-like and onnamide-like compounds.
• the present invention provides nucleic acid fragments selected from the group consisting of genes lab706, lab707, lab708, lab709, lab710, lab711, lab712, lab713, lab714, lab715, lab716, lab717, lab718, lab719, lab720, lab721, lab722, lab723, lab724, lab725 and/or lab726 as shown in Figure 3.
• the invention is directed to a modular enzymatic system encoded by a nucleic acid sequence as described above.
• the modular enzymatic system preferably has functional activity in the biosynthesis of pederin-like and onnamide-like compounds and/or a polyketidc moiety and/or a nonribosomal peptide moiety.
• the present invention is directed to a vector comprising a nucleic acid consisting essentially of the Lab biosynthetic gene cluster derived from Labrenzia sp. and in particular from strain PHM005 or a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence as described above.
• the present invention is directed to a recombinant host cell or a transgenic organism comprising said nucleic acid or containing said vector.
• the present invention is directed to a method for producing pederin-like or onnamidc-iikc compounds using a mutant PHM005 or a recombinant host cell or a transgenic organism as described above, comprising the step of:
• nucleic acid as defined above in the preparation of a modified Lab biosynthetic gene cluster, to the use of a nucleic acid as defined above in the preparation of a pederin-like r onnamide-like compound and to processes for improving production of pederin-like and onnamide-like compounds in bacteria comprising the steps of a) culturing strain PHM005 in the presence of a mutagenic agent for a period of time sufficient to allow mutagenesis, and b) selecting said mutants by a change of the phenotype that results in an increased production of pederin-like or onnamide-like compounds.
• the mutagenic agent may be a chemical agent, such as daunorubicin and nitrosoguanidine; a physical agent, such as gamma radiation or ultraviolet radiation; r a biological agent, such as a transposon, for example.
• exemplary modifications include knock-out of tailoring genes to avoid methylations and hidroxylations.
• FIG. 1 Electron microscopy (negative staining) of Labrenzia sp. PHM005. Cells in the mid- exponential growth phase were adsorbed on 400-mesh carbon-collodion-coated grids for 2 min, negatively stained with 2% uranyl acetate, imaged with a Jeol JEM 1011 transmission electron microscope operated at 100 kV and photographed with a CCD Gatan Erlangshen ESI 000 W camera.
• Figure 2. Neighbour-joining tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences that show the relationship between PHM005 and the type strains of closely related species of the genera Labrenzia and Stappia.
• the phylogenetic tree was generated by the Pairwise alignment based similarity coefficient and UPGMA for Cluster analysis using BioNumerics V7.5 (Applied Maths).
• the phylogenetic neighbors were identified and pairwise 16S rDNA gene sequence similarities calculated by comparison with the SILVA LTPsl23 database.
• FIG. 1 Map of Lab biosynthetic gene cluster. Total Lab gene cluster island: 69 Kb.
• SEQ ID NO: 2 nucleic acid sequence of the Lab biosynthetic gene cluster.
• SEQ ID NO: 3 protein sequence of Lab706 putative acyl carrier protein.
• SEQ ID NO: 4 protein sequence of Lab707 putative HMGS.
• SEQ ID NO: 6 protein sequence of Lab709 TransAT PKS.
• SEQ ID NO: 7 protein sequence of Lab710 putative acyl carrier protein.
• SEQ ID NO: 8 protein sequence of Lab711 putative FAD oxigenase.
• SEQ ID NO: 9 protein sequence of Lab712 putative oMethyltransferase.
• SEQ ID NO: 10 protein sequence of Lab713 putative cytochrome P450.
• SEQ ID NO: 11 protein sequence of Lab714 putative Malonyl CoA-ACP transacylase or FMT oxidoreductase.
• SEQ ID NO: 12 protein sequence of Lab715 putative Malonyl CoA-ACP transacylase or acyltransferase.
• SEQ ID NO: 13 protein sequence of Lab716 Malonyl CoA-ACP transacylase.
• SEQ ID NO: 14 protein sequence of Lab717 Enoyl-CoA Hydratase.
• SEQ ID NO: 15 protein sequence of Lab718 Beta-ketoacyl synthetase.
• SEQ ID NO: 16 protein sequence of Lab719 TransAT PKS/NRPS.
• SEQ ID NO: 17 protein sequence of Lab720 putative FAD monooxigenase.
• SEQ ID NO: 18 protein sequence of Lab721, part of TransAT PKS.
• SEQ ID NO: 19 protein sequence of Lab722, part of TransAT PKS.
• SEQ ID NO: 20 protein sequence of Lab723, part of PKS.
• SEQ ID NO: 21 protein sequence of Lab724, part of TransAT PKS/NRPS.
• SEQ ID NO: 22 protein sequence of Lab725, part of PKS.
• SEQ ID NO: 23 protein sequence of Lab726 putative oMethyltransferase.
• the present invention relates to compounds of general formula I as defined above.
• Alkyl groups may be branched or unbranched, and preferably have from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms. One more preferred class of alkyl groups has from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Even more preferred are alkyl groups having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. Methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, isopropyl, and butyl, including n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl and isobutyl are particularly preferred alkyl groups in the compounds of the present invention. As used herein, the term alkyl, unless otherwise stated, refers to both cyclic and non-cyclic groups, although cyclic groups will comprise at least three carbon ring members.
• Alkenyl and alkynyl groups in the compounds of the present invention may be branched or unbranched, have one or more unsaturated linkages and from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms.
• One more preferred class of alkenyl and alkynyl groups has from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Even more preferred are alkenyl and alkynyl groups having 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms.
• the terms alkenyl and alkynyl as used herein refer to both cyclic and noncyclic groups, although cyclic groups will comprise at least three carbon ring atoms.
• Suitable aryl groups in the compounds of the present invention include single and multiple ring compounds, including multiple ring compounds that contain separate and/or fused aryl groups.
• Typical aryl groups contain from 1 to 3 separated or fused rings and from 6 to about 18 carbon ring atoms.
• Preferably aryl groups contain from 6 to about 14 carbon ring atoms.
• Specially preferred aryl groups include substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenanthryl and substituted or unsubstituted anthryl. The most preferred aryl group is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
• Suitable heterocyclic groups include heteroaromatic and heteroalicyclic groups containing from 1 to 3 separated and/or fused rings and from 5 to about 18 ring atoms.
• Preferably heteroaromatic and heteroalicyclic groups contain from 5 to about 10 ring atoms, more preferably 5, 6 or 7 ring atoms.
• Suitable heteroaromatic groups in the compounds of the present invention contain one, two or three heteroatoms selected from N, O or S atoms and include, e.g., coumarinyl including 8-coumarinyl, quinolyl, including 8-quinolyl, isoquinolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidinyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, cinnolinyl, benz
• Suitable heteroalicyclic groups in the compounds of the present invention contain one, two or three heteroatoms selected form N, O or S atoms and include, e.g., pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridil, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyra
• Suitable protecting groups for OH including protecting groups for 1,2-diols, are well known for the person skilled in the art.
• a general review of protecting groups in organic chemistry is provided by Wuts, PGM and Greene TW in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis 4 th Ed. Wiley- Interscience, and by Kocienski PJ in Protecting Groups, 3 rd Ed. Georg Thieme Verlag. These references provide sections on protecting groups for OH. All these references are incorporated by reference in their entirely.
• an OH protecting group is defined to be the O- bonded moiety resulting from the protection of the OH group through the formation of a suitable protected OH group.
• protected OH include ethers, silyl ethers, esters, sulfonates, sulfenates and sulfinates, carbonates and carbamates.
• the protecting group for the OH can be selected from methyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, / methoxybenzyloxymethyl, [(3,4- dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]methyl, / nitrobenzyloxymethyl, o-nitrobenzyloxymethyl, [(R)-l-(2- nitrophenyl)ethoxy]methyl, (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl, guaiacolmethyl, [(p-phenylphenyl)- oxy]methyl, i-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl, siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, 2- cyanoethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2,2,2-trichoroethoxymethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)- ethoxymethyl, menthoxymethyl, 0-bis(2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl,
• the protecting group for the OH can be selected from trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, 2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, t- butyldimethylsilyl, i-butyldiphenylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, di-i-butylmethylsilyl, bis-(i-butyl)- 1 -pyrenylmethoxysilyl, tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl, (2-hydroxystyryl)dimethylsilyl, (2-hydroxystyryl)diisopropylsilyl, i-bu- tylmethoxyphenyl
• esters the protecting group for the OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached form an ester that can be selected from formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trichloroacetamidate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyace-tate, phenoxyacetate, / chlorophenoxyacetate, phenylacetate, diphenylacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, bisfluorous chain type propanoyl, 4-pentenoate, 4-oxopentanoate, 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate, 5-[3-bis(4- methoxyphenyl)hydroxymethylphenoxy]levulinate, pivaloate, 1 -adamantoate, crotonate, 4- methoxycrotonate, benzoate, / ⁇ -phenylbenzoate, 2,
• sulfonates, sulfenates and sulfonates the protecting group for the OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached form a sulfonate, sulfenate or sulfinate that can be selected from sulfate, allylsulfonate, methanesulfonate, benzylsulfonate, tosylate, 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]sulfonate, 2- trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, 4-monomethoxytritylsulfenate, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsul-fenate, 2,2,5, 5-tetramethylpyrrolidin-3-one-l-sulfinate, and dimethylphosphinothiolyl.
• the protecting group for the OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached form a carbonate that can be selected from methyl carbonate, methoxymethyl carbonate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate, ethyl carbonate, bromoethyl carbonate, 2- (methylthiomethoxy)ethyl carbonate, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate, 1 , 1 -dimethyl-2,2,2- trichloroethyl carbonate, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbonate, 2-[dimethyl(2-naph- thylmethyl)silyl] ethyl carbonate, 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl carbonate, 2-(triphenylphos-phonio)ethyl carbonate, cw-[4-[[(methoxytrityl)sulfenyl]oxy]tetrahydrofuran
• the protecting group for the OH together with the oxygen atom of the unprotected OH to which it is attached forms a carbamate that can be selected from dimethylthiocarbamate, N- phenylcarbamate, and N-methyl-N-(o-nitrophenyl)carbamate.
• an 1,2-diol protecting group is defined to be the O- bonded moiety resulting from the simultaneous protection of the 1,2-diol through the formation of a protected 1,2-diol.
• protected 1,2-diols include cyclic acetals and ketals, cyclic ortho esters, silyl derivatives, dialkylsilylene derivatives, cyclic carbonates, cyclic boronates.
• cyclic acetals and ketals examples include methylene acetal, ethylidene acetal, t- butylmethylidene acetal, 1 -i-buylethylidene ketal, 1 -phenylethylidene ketal, 2- (methoxycarbonyl)ethylidene (Mocdene) acetal, or 2-(i-butylcarbonyl)ethylidene (Bocdene) acetal, phenylsulfonylethylidene acetal, 2,2,2-trichloroethylidene acetal, 3-(benzyloxy)propyl acetal, acrolein acetal, acetonide (isopropylidene ketal), cyclopentylidene ketal, cyclohexylidene ketal, cycloheptylidene ketal, benzylidene acetal
• cyclic ortho esters examples include methoxymethylene acetal, ethoxymethylene acetal, 2- oxacyclopentylidene ortho ester, dimethoxymethylene ortho ester, 1 -methoxy ethylidene ortho ester, 1 -ethoxy ethylidene ortho ester, phthalide ortho ester, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethylidene ortho ester, a- methoxybenzylidene ortho ester, 1 -(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylidene derivative, a-(N,N- dimethylamino)benzylidene derivative, butane 2-3-bisacetal (BBA), cyclohexane-l ,2-diacetal (CDA), and dispiroketals.
• BBA cyclohexane-l ,2-diacetal
• CDA dispiroketals
• silyl derivatives include di-i-butylsilylene group (DTBS(OR) 2 ), l -(cyclohexyl)-l -(methyl)silylene (Cy)(Me)Si(OR) 2 , di-isopropylsilylene (z- propyl) 2 Si(OR) 2 , dicyclohexylsilylene (Cy) 2 Si(OR) 2 , l ,3-(l , l ,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxanylidene) derivative (TIPDS(OR) 2 ), 1 , 1 ,3,3-tetra-i-butoxydisiloxanylidene derivative (TBDS(OR) 2 ), methylene-bis-(diisopropylsilanoxanylidene) (MDPS(OR) 2 ), and l , l ,4,4-tetraphenyl-l ,4- disilanylidene
• cyclic boronates include methyl boronate, ethyl boronate, phenyl boronate, and o-acetamidophenyl boranate.
• the mention of these groups should not be interpreted as a limitation of the scope of the invention, since they have been mentioned as a mere illustration of protecting groups for OH, but further groups having said function may be known by the skilled person in the art, and they are to be understood to be also encompassed by the present invention.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable salt which, upon administration to the patient is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound as described herein.
• non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts also fall within the scope of the invention since those may be useful in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• the preparation of salts can be carried out by methods known in the art. For instance, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds provided herein are synthesized from the parent compound, which contains a basic or acidic moiety, by conventional chemical methods. Generally such salts are, for example, prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent or in a mixture of both.
• nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, 2-propanol or acetonitrile are preferred.
• acid addition salts include mineral acid addition salts such as, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, and organic acid addition salts such as, for example, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methanesulfonate and / toluenesulfonate.
• alkali addition salts include inorganic salts such as, for example, sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium salts, and organic alkali salts such as, for example, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, NN-dialkylenethanolamine, triethanolamine and basic aminoacids salts.
• the compounds of the invention may be in crystalline or amorphous form either as free compounds or as solvates (e.g. hydrates, alcoholates, particularly methanolates) and it is intended that any of these forms are within the scope of the present invention. Methods of solvation are generally known within the art.
• the compounds of the invention may present different polymorphic forms, and it is intended that the invention encompasses all such forms.
• any compound referred to herein is intended to represent such specific compound as well as certain variations or forms.
• compounds referred to herein may have asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms.
• any given compound referred to herein is intended to represent any one of a racemate, one or more enantiomeric forms, one or more diastereomeric forms, and mixtures thereof.
• stereoisomerism or geometric isomerism about the double bond is also possible, therefore in some cases the molecule could exist as (£)-isomer or (Z)-isomer (trans and cis isomers).
• each double bond will have its own stereoisomerism, that could be the same, or different to, the stereoisomerism of the other double bonds of the molecule.
• compounds referred to herein may exist as atropisomers. All the stereoisomers including enantiomers, diastereoisomers, geometric isomers and atropisomers of the compounds referred to herein, and mixtures thereof, are considered within the scope of the present invention.
• any compound referred to herein may exist as tautomers.
• tautomers refer to one of two or more structural isomers of a compound that exist in equilibrium and are readily converted from one isomeric form to another. Common tautomeric pairs are arnine- imine, amide-imidic acid, keto-enol, lactam-lactim, etc.
• the compounds of the invention are also meant to include isotopically-labelled forms i.e. compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically-enriched atoms.
• compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of at least one hydrogen atom by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of at least one carbon atom by 13 C- or 14 C-enriched carbon, or the replacement of at least one nitrogen atom by 15 N-enriched nitrogen are within the scope of this invention.
• preferred compounds of formula I are those also having general formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, and stereoisomer thereof
• Ri is selected from hydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl. More preferably Ri is selected from hydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Ce alkyl. Even more preferably, Ri is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, ⁇ -propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, and isobutyl. Most preferred Ri are hydrogen and methyl.
• Ri is selected from substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Ce alkyl and R 2 is hydrogen.
• both Ri and R 2 are hydrogen.
• R a , R b , R c , R d or R' present in the compounds of the invention, and unless it is stated explicitly so, it should be understood that they can be each independently different within the given definition, i.e. R a does not represent necessarily the same group simultaneously in a given compound of the invention.
• the bacteria is clearly marine salt dependent since it needs more than 2.5% NaCl to grow, with the optimal concentration of marine salt for production of 1 being 36 g/L, similar to ocean conditions.
• Colonies on Marine Agar 2216 (DIFCO) are beige, almost transparent, smooth and with entire margin. After three weeks the colonies become darker-brown, maybe due to the effect of bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoid production, as described for Labrenzia alexandrii DFL-11 T (Biebl and co-workers, Evol, Microbiol, 2007, 57, 1095-1107).
• PHM005 was isolated from a sediment frozen sample spread directly on Petri dishes with a sea salt medium of the following composition (g/L): marine salts (Tropic Marin ® PRO-REEF, 27; agar, 16; supplemented with cycloheximide 0.2 mg/mL.
• the plates were incubated at 28 °C for three weeks under atmospheric pressure. After this period a slightly brown colony was picket and transferred to the same sea salt medium to confirm the purity and start taxonomy and fermentation studies.
• PHM005 A taxonomic evaluation of PHM005 was conducted by partial sequence of 16S rRNA following standard procedures. PHM005 was grown in marine broth (DIFCO 1196) for 72 hours. Cells were recovered and lysed by boiling with 4% NP40 for 10 minutes. Cell debris was discarded by centrifugation. The 16S rRNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using the bacterial primers Fl and R5 described by Cook and Myers ⁇ International Journal of Systematics and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2003, 53, 1907-1915. The nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence obtained is shown in SEQ NO: 1.
• the phylogenetic tree was generated by the Pairwise alignment based similarity coefficient and UPGMA for Cluster analysis using BioNumerics V7.5 for Cluster Analysis.
• the phylogenetic neighbors were identified and pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities calculated by comparison with the SILVA LTPsl23 database.
• the phylogenetic tree is shown in Figure 2.
• PHM005 produces compounds 1 and 2 when it is cultured under controlled conditions in a suitable medium.
• This strain clearly needs marine salt to grow.
• This strain is preferably grown in a conventional aqueous nutrient medium.
• the culture must be driven in aerobic conditions and the production of compounds 1 and 2 should start after 3 days of growth controlling temperature between 26-28°C.
• Conventional fermentation tanks have been found to be well suited for carrying out the cultivation of this organism.
• the addition of nutrients and pH control as well as antifoaming agents during the different stages of fermentation may be needed for increasing production and avoid foaming.
• Compounds of the present invention can be produced starting from a colony or a frozen pure culture of strain PHM005 for developing enough biomass.
• This step may be repeated several times as needed and the material collected will be used as an inoculum to seed one or several fermentation flasks or tanks with the appropriate culture medium. These flasks or tanks can be used for developing the inoculum or for the production stage, depending on the broth volume needed. Sometimes the production medium may be different from the ones used for inoculum development.
• Compounds of the present invention can be isolated from the fermentation broth mainly from cells and from the supernatant of strain PHM005 by extraction with a suitable mixture of solvents or absorbing in adequate resins.
• Separation and purification of the present invention from the crude active extract can be performed using the proper combination of conventional chromatographic techniques.
• compounds of the invention can be obtained by modifying those already obtained from the natural source or by further modifying those already modified by using a variety of chemical reactions.
• hydroxyl groups can be acylated by standard coupling or acylation procedures, for instance by using acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride in pyridine or the like.
• Formate groups can be obtained by reacting the corresponding alkoxyde with acetic formic anhydride.
• Carbamates can be obtained by heating hydroxyl precursors with isocyanates.
• Carbonates can be obtained by using the corresponding anhydride and an activator such as Mg(C10 4 )2 or Zn(OAc)2, Hydroxyl groups can also be converted into alkoxy groups by alkylation using an alkyl bromide iodide or sulfonate or into amino lower alkoxy groups by using, for instance, a protected 2-bromoethylamine.
• appropriate protecting groups can be used on the substituents to ensure that reactive groups are not affected and to all selective functionalization of the hydroxyl groups.
• the procedures and reagents needed to prepare these derivatives are known to the skilled person and can be found in general textbooks such as March's Advanced Organic Chemistry 7 th Edition 2013, Wiley Interscience.
• compositions of compounds of general formula I and III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer or stereoisomer thereof that possess cytotoxicity activities and their use as anticancer agents.
• present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of general formula I and III, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer or stereoisomer thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• compositions include any solid (tablet, pills, capsules, granules, powder for vials, etc.) or liquid (solutions, suspensions or emulsions) composition for oral, topical or parenteral administration.
• Administration of the compounds or compositions of the present invention may be by any suitable method, such as intravenous infusion, oral preparations, and intraperitoneal and intravenous administration.
• infusion times of up to 24 hours are used, more preferably 1-12 hours, with 1-6 hours most preferred. Short infusion times which allow treatment to be carried out without an overnight stay in hospital are especially desirable. However, infusion may be 12 to 24 hours or even longer if required. Infusion may be carried out at suitable intervals of say 1 to 4 weeks.
• Pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the invention may be delivered by liposome or nanosphere encapsulation, in sustained release formulations or by other standard delivery means.
• the correct dosage of the compounds will vary according to the particular formulation, the mode of application, ant the particular status, host and tumor being treated. Other factors like age, body weight, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, condition of the host, drug combinations, reaction sensitivities and severity of the disease shall be taken into account. Administration can be carried out continuously or periodically within the maximum tolerated dose.
• the terms "treat”, “treating” and “treatment” include the eradication, removal, modification, or control of a tumor or primary, regional, or metastatic cancer cells or tissue and the minimization of delay of the spread of cancer.
• the compounds of the invention have anticancer activity against several cancer types which include, but are not limited to, lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer and pancreas cancer.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I and III as defined above is for the treatment of lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer or pancreas cancer.
• the present invention is directed to a process for the production of compounds of formula II.
• Preferred processes according to this aspect of the invention are those that produce a compound also
• the preferences described above for the different substituents are combined.
• the present invention is also directed to such combinations of preferred substitutions in the processes for the synthesis of compounds of formula II and IV above.
• the compound of formula II or IV is pederin.
• pederin is obtained from compound V by: - Protecting all the hydroxy groups in compound V with a protecting group for -OH suitable to be selectively removed from a protected primary OH in presence of protected secondary OH.
• protecting group include trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, and teri-butyldimethylsilyl. Most preferred protecting group for this step is teri-butyldimethylsilyl;
• pederin is obtained from compound 2' by:
• protecting groups for 1,2-diols include, but are not limited to, those groups that after reaction with the corresponding 1,2-diol generate Mocdene acetal, Bocdene acetal, acrolein acetal, benzylidene acetal, (i-butyldimethylsilyloxy)benzylidene acetal, mesitylene acetal, methoxymethylene acetal, ethoxymethylene acetal, cyclic carbonates, methyl boronate and ethyl boronate.
• More preferred protecting groups for this step are those that generate a Mocdene acetal, Bocdene acetal, benzylidene acetal, and cyclic carbonates being the protecting group that generates a benzylidene acetal the most preferred;
• protecting groups for OH suitable for this step are trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl tert- butyldimethylsilyl, and acetyl. Most preferred protecting group for this step are tert- butyldimethylsilyl and acetyl;
• Suitable methylation reagents include methyl iodide, methyl bromide, dimethylsulfate, and methyl triflate.
• the isolated nucleic acid according to the eighth aspect of the invention is preferably derived from Labrenzia sp, and in particular from strain PHM005.
• the complete genome sequence of this bacterium revealed the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the pederin and onnamide synthesis. Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict the function of the genes in the cluster.
• This gene cluster is a Trans-AT hybrid polyketide synthase / non ribosomal synthetase (PKS/NRPS) gene cluster with 69 Kb. It was deduced from genome mining from the whole sequenciation of the genome of strain PHM005 composed by 20 ORF homologous to the described for pederin gene cluster. It contains genes encoding enzymes for the biosynthesis of pederin-like and onnamide-like compounds.
• PPS/NRPS Trans-AT hybrid polyketide synthase / non ribosomal synthetase
• the isolated nucleic acid preferably comprises nucleic acid fragments forming individual units and/or modules of the Lab biosynthetic gene cluster as it is shown in more detail in Figure 3. As depicted in Figure 3, the Lab gene cluster contains the units lab ' '06 to lab726.
• the isolated nucleic acid according to the eighth aspect of the present invention comprises: a nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2; or
• nucleotide sequence which is the complement of SEQ ID NO: 2;
• nucleotide sequence hybridising under highly stringent conditions to SEQ ID NO: 2; or to the complement thereof; or
• nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 or with the complement thereof.
• nucleic acid fragments according to the nineth aspect of the present invention are nucleic acid fragments essentially comprising at least one of the genes lab708, lab709, lab710, lab721, lab722, lab723, lab724 and lab725. Further preferred are the nucleic acid fragments comprising one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the protein sequences as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 23. Also preferred parts are the corresponding parts of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 2.
• particularly preferred fragments are those essentially consisting of lab719 and/or lab720.
• nucleic acid fragment comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the protein sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16 and/or SEQ ID NO: 17.
• SEQ ID NO: 2 is also preferred.
• the putative Lab gene cluster comprises a 69 Kb nucleic acid fragments forming individual units and/or modules similar to those described for pederin biosynthetic gene cluster as it is shown in more detail in Figure 3.
• the TransAT hybrid PKS/NRPS Lab gene cluster is mainly composed by one PKS (Composed by ORF lab708, lab709 and lab710) and two mixed PKS/NRPS systems (lab721, lab722, lab723, lab724, lab725 and lab719) flanked by oxygenases, oxidoreductases and methylases in closed similar architecture to the described by J. Piel for ped genes.
• the predicted functions and the composition of the aminoacids of each ORF is detailed in Table 1.
• the TransAT-PKS lab708, lab709, lab710 (4.481 amino acids) is composed by the modules GNAT-ACP-KS-DHt-KR-cMT-ACP-KS-TransAT-ECH-ACP-ACP-KS-KR-ACP) similar to the described for pedl with homologies 42-49%.
• This biosynthetic gene cluster may be the responsible of the biosynthesis of the six membered ring bearing the exomethylene group of the pederin structure.
• GNAT Gcn5-related-N-acetyltransferase
• ACP Acyl Carrier Protein
• KS Ketosynthase
• DHt Dehydratase KR
• Ketoreductase KR
• cMT Methyltransferase
• ECH Enoyl-CoA-hydratase o crotonase TransAT: Trans Acyl Transferase).
• the hybrid Trans-AT PKS/NRPS formed by lab721, lab722, lab723, lab724, lab725 (5.385 aa) is composed by 6 Kethosyntases and 1 NRPS with a clear adenylation for glycine.
• DHt-ACP-C-A (gly)-PCP-KS-TransAT-KS).
• domains are C: nonribosomal peptide Condensation; A: nonribosomal peptide Adenylation; PCP: Thiolation and Peptide Carrier Protein.
• the labl ⁇ 9 PKS/NRPS system related to the biosynthesis of any onnamide-like compound from the Lab gene cluster.
• This putative new compound has not been identified in the fermentation broth of PHM005. It is possible that the product of the gen labllQ, an oxidoreductase, will prevent the formation of the onnamide-like compound by cleaving the pederin structure before to add to the first domain ACP in labl ⁇ 9 or a final oxidative breakout is produced after its biosynthesis.
• the genetic modification of the gene labl ⁇ 9 (homology to pedG) will solve this uncertainty.
• This "silent" hybrid transAT PKS/NRPS gene represented by lab719 (2.254 aa) is composed by 4 KS and 1 NRPS with uncertain adenylation domain, maybe for the incorporation of arg (as the case of onnamide), but asp, asn, glu and gin could be other possible alternatives as propodes by NRPSPredictor2 SVM algorithm.
• the composition of this ORF is (ACP-KS- TransAT-DH-KR-ACP-KS-DH-DH-ACP-KS-TransAT-KR-ACP-KS-TransAT-C-A -PCP-TE). Where TE: Thioesterase domain.
• the single ORF in the lab region without sequence-homology to ped, onn or nsp (nosperin) islands is the lab713, putative for a cytochrome P450, maybe playing a role in oxygenation of polyketides, as described by J. Piel in the case of the ped islands. (J. Bacteriol. 2004. 186(5), 1280- 1286) with similar function-assigned genes.
• Particularly preferred modular enzymatic system comprises a protein sequence according to any of the sequences SEQ ID NO: 3 to SEQ ID NO: 23 or a protein sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with these sequences.
• Particularly preferred host cells according to the twelfth aspect of the present invention are bacterial cells. More particularly preferred host cells are Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Streptomyces and E. coli.
• the inventive modification on Lab biosynthetic gene cluster can be used in the preparation of a modified Lab biosynthetic gene cluster or in the preparation of pederin-like or onnamide-like compounds.
• the product of the lab719 is expressed.
• Example 1 Bacteria isolation The pederin-type producing bacteria, Labrenzia sp., PHM005 was isolated from a sediment sample collected at a depth of 18 m from a highly epiphytic and unidentified coral-sponge habitat off the coast of Kenya in 2005. Approximately 5 grams of sea gravel material was collected in a 50 ml Falcon tube containing sterile artificial sea water (ASW) and was maintained at 5 °C for 5 days before being processed.
• ASW sterile artificial sea water
• the sample was homogenized and 100 ⁇ of a 1 : 100 dilution with ASW spread directly on Petri dishes with a sea salt medium consisting of 27 g/L marine salts (Tropic Marin® PRO-REEF), 16 g/L agar and 0.2 mg/mL of cycloheximide. After incubation for three weeks at 28°C, a slightly brown colony was picked and transferred to the same sea salt medium to confirm the purity and generate biomass for molecular characterization with one colony being inoculated on liquid marine broth for further conservation on 20% glycerol at -80°C as a cell bank.
• a sea salt medium consisting of 27 g/L marine salts (Tropic Marin® PRO-REEF), 16 g/L agar and 0.2 mg/mL of cycloheximide.
• Cells in the mid-exponential growth phase were adsorbed on 400-mesh carbon-collodion-coated grids for 2 min, negatively stained with 2% uranyl acetate, imaged with a Jeol JEM 1011 transmission electron microscope operated at 100 kV and photographed with a CCD Gatan Erlangshen ESI 000 W camera.
• Example 3 16S rRNA characterization.
• the strain was grown in marine broth (DIFCO 1196) for 72 hours. Cells were recovered and lysed by boiling with 4% NP40 for 10 minutes. Cell debris was discarded by centrifugation.
• the 16S rDNA gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using the bacterial primers Fl and R5.
• the phylogenetic tree ( Figure 2) was generated by the Pairwise alignment based similarity coefficient and UPGMA for Cluster analysis using BioNumerics V7.5 (Applied Maths). The phylogenetic neighbors were identified and pairwise 16S rDNA gene sequence similarities calculated by comparison with the SILVA LTPsl23 database.
• Example 4 Cultivation and extraction.
• the strain clearly needs marine salt to grow. After culture, the whole broths were lyophilized and extracted with a mixture of organic solvents and a 0.5 mL sample of the crude extract dried and screened for cytotoxic activity. The best cytotoxic activity was achieved in the 16B/d medium at 120h.
• This medium consisted of 17.5 g/L of brewer's yeast (Sensient, G2025), 76 g/L mannitol, 7 g/L (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , 13 g/L CaC0 3 , 0.09 g/L FeCl 3 and 36 g/L marine salts (Tropic Marin® PRO- REEF).
• a 50 L scale-up of this bacterium in 16B/d medium was prepared in 200 x 2L Erlenmeyer flasks each with a working volume of 250 mL.
• the production flasks were inoculated with 2% of the bacteria grown during 72 h in marine broth (DIFCO 1 196) from another highly grown pre- inoculum.
• the scale-up was incubated during 120h at 28°C in a rotatory shaker at 220 rpm with 5cm eccentricity.
• the culture was then centrifuged at 6.000 rpm during 20 minutes to give 45 L of aqueous supernatant which was extracted twice with EtOAc and the organic phase dried to give a crude extract (1.8 g).
• the extract was applied to a silica gel VFC (vacuum flash chromatography) system, using a stepwise gradient elution with n-hexane-EtOAc and EtOAc-MeOH mixtures to give eleven fractions.
• the active fractions were eluted with EtOAc and EtOAc-MeOH 9: 1 (550.0 mg) and were subjected to preparative reversed-phase HPLC using a symmetry Cig column (19x150mm, 7 ⁇ ) and a linear gradient of H 2 0/CH 3 CN from 5% to 35% CH 3 CN over 30 min at a flow rate of 13.5 mL/min, to afford a very active peak-fraction (77.0 mg) with a retention time of 24.5 min containing 1 based on the HPLC-MS chromatogram.
• This fraction was further purified by semipreparative HPLC on a XBridge Cig column (10x250mm, 5 ⁇ ) and isocratic elution with H 2 0/CH 3 CN (78:22) at a flow of 4 mL/min, to yield 24.5 mg of pure compound 1 with a retention time of 25.0 min at these HPLC conditions.
• Compound 2 was isolated from the whole broth crude extract (9.5 g) of the fermentation broth (15 L) of the marine derived strain PHM005. The extract was applied to a silica gel VFC (vacuum flash chromatography) system, using a stepwise gradient elution with n-hexane-EtOAc and EtOAc- MeOH mixtures to give seven fractions.
• VFC vacuum flash chromatography
• the active fraction containing compound 2 was eluted with EtOAc-MeOH 4: 1 (659.0 mg) and were subjected to semipreparative reversed-phase HPLC equipped with a Symmetry Cig column (7.8 x 150 mm, 5 ⁇ ) using a linear gradient of H 2 O/CH 3 CN from 5% to 60% of CH 3 CN in 25 min at a flow rate of 3.0 mL/min, to afford a very active time-fraction between 25-30 min (28.0 mg) containing compound 2 based on HPLC-MS chromatogram.
• This fraction was again purified by semipreparative HPLC on a Symmetry CI 8 column (7.8 x 150 mm, 5 ⁇ ), using a linear gradient of H 2 0/CH 3 CN from 20% to 30% of CH 3 CN in 20 min at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min, to yield 2.6 mg of pure compound 2 with a retention time of 11.5 min at these HPLC conditions.
• Example 8 In vitro bioassays for the detection of antitumor activity
• the aim of this assay is to evaluate the in vitro cytostatic (ability to delay or arrest tumor cell growth) or cytotoxic (ability to kill tumor cells) activity of the samples being tested.
• PSN1 CRM-CRL-321 1 human pancreas pancreas adenocarcinoma EVALUATION OF CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY USING THE SBR COLORIMETRIC ASSAY
• a colorimetric assay, using sulforhodamine B (SRB) reaction has been adapted to provide a quantitative measurement of cell growth and viability (following the technique described by Skehan et al. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1990, 82, 1107-1112).
• This form of assay employs 96-well cell culture microplates following the standards of the American National Standards Institute and the Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening (ANSI SLAS 1-2004 (R2012) 10/12/2011). All the cell lines used in this study were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and derive from different types of human cancer. Cells were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 2mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 U/mL streptomycin at 37 °C, 5% C0 2 and 98% humidity. For the experiments, cells were harvested from subconfluent cultures using trypsinization and resuspended in fresh medium before counting and plating.
• DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
• FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
• streptomycin 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 U/mL streptomycin at 37 °C, 5% C0 2 and 9
• Cells were seeded in 96 well microtiter plates, at 5000 cells per well in aliquots of 150 ⁇ , and allowed to attach to the plate surface for 18 hours (overnight) in drug free medium. After that, one control (untreated) plate of each cell line was fixed (as described below) and used for time zero reference value. Culture plates were then treated with test compounds (50 ⁇ , aliquots of 4X stock solutions in complete culture medium plus 4%> DMSO) using ten 2/5 serial dilutions (concentrations ranging from 10 to 0.003 ⁇ g/mL) and triplicate cultures (1%> final concentration in DMSO).
• the antitumor effect was measured by using the SRB methodology: Briefly, cells were washed twice with PBS, fixed for 15 min in 1%> glutaraldehyde solution at room temperature, rinsed twice in PBS, and stained in 0.4%> SRB solution for 30 min at room temperature. Cells were then rinsed several times with 1%> acetic acid solution and air-dried at room temperature. SRB was then extracted in 10 mM trizma base solution and the absorbance measured in an automated spectrophotometric plate reader at 490 nm. Effects on cell growth and survival were estimated by applying the NCI algorithm (Boyd MR and Paull KD. Drug Dev. Res. 1995, 34, 91-104).
• GI 5 o compound concentration that produces 50%> cell growth inhibition, as compared to control cultures
• TGI total cell growth inhibition (cytostatic effect), as compared to control cultures
• LC 5 o compound concentration that produces 50% net cell killing cytotoxic effect
• Table 2 illustrates data on the biological activity of compounds of the present invention.

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