WO2018080756A1 - Functional abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making the same - Google Patents

Functional abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making the same Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2018080756A1
WO2018080756A1 PCT/US2017/055360 US2017055360W WO2018080756A1 WO 2018080756 A1 WO2018080756 A1 WO 2018080756A1 US 2017055360 W US2017055360 W US 2017055360W WO 2018080756 A1 WO2018080756 A1 WO 2018080756A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
abrasive
functional
particles
binder
abrasive particles
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2017/055360
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Joseph B. Eckel
Aaron K. NIENABER
Yuyang LIU
Don V. WEST
Original Assignee
3M Innovative Properties Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 3M Innovative Properties Company filed Critical 3M Innovative Properties Company
Priority to US16/342,770 priority Critical patent/US10774251B2/en
Priority to EP17864453.0A priority patent/EP3532560A4/en
Priority to CN201780065771.0A priority patent/CN109863220B/en
Publication of WO2018080756A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018080756A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K3/00Materials not provided for elsewhere
    • C09K3/14Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
    • C09K3/1436Composite particles, e.g. coated particles
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K3/00Materials not provided for elsewhere
    • C09K3/14Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
    • C09K3/1409Abrasive particles per se
    • C09K3/1427Abrasive particles per se obtained by division of a mass agglomerated by melting, at least partially, e.g. with a binder

Definitions

  • the present disclosure broadly relates to abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making them.
  • coated abrasive articles generally have abrasive particles adhered to a backing by a resinous binder material.
  • examples include sandpaper and structured abrasives having precisely shaped abrasive composites adhered to a backing.
  • the abrasive composites generally include abrasive particles and a resinous binder.
  • Bonded abrasive particles include abrasive particles retained in a first binder that can be resinous or vitreous. Examples include, grindstones, cutoff wheels, off-angle grinding wheels, hones, and whetstones.
  • coated abrasive articles have been made using techniques such as electrostatic coating of abrasive particles have been used to align crushed abrasive particles with the longitudinal axes perpendicular to the backing.
  • shaped abrasive particles have been aligned by mechanical methods as disclosed in U. S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2013/0344786 Al (Keipert).
  • British (GB) Pat. No. 396,231 (Buckner) describes the use of a magnetic field to orient abrasive grain having a thin coating of iron or steel dust to orient the abrasive grain in bonded abrasive articles. Using this technique, abrasive particles were radially oriented in bonded wheels.
  • the present inventors have discovered that functional abrasive particles with magnetic and/or metallic material disposed within respective holes extending through the particles according to the present disclosure can be manipulated using electromagnetic fields.
  • the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle comprising a ceramic body having at least one hole extending therethrough, and a functional material at least partially disposed within the at least one hole, wherein the functional material comprises a first binder retaining a plurality of functional particles that are magnetizable, metallic, or a combination thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a plurality of abrasive particles according to the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure provides an abrasive article comprising a plurality of abrasive particles, wherein at least a majority of the abrasive particles comprise functional abrasive particles according to the present disclosure retained in a second binder.
  • ceramic refers to any of various hard, brittle, heat- and corrosion-resistant materials made of at least one metallic element (which may include silicon) combined with oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur.
  • conductive means electrically conductive (e.g., at the level of a conductor), unless otherwise specified.
  • ferrimagnetic refers to materials that exhibit ferrimagnetism.
  • Ferrimagnetism is a type of permanent magnetism that occurs in solids in which the magnetic fields associated with individual atoms spontaneously align themselves, some parallel, or in the same direction (as in ferromagnetism), and others generally antiparallel, or paired off in opposite directions (as in antiferromagnetism).
  • the magnetic behavior of single crystals of ferrimagnetic materials may be attributed to the parallel alignment; the diluting effect of those atoms in the antiparallel arrangement keeps the magnetic strength of these materials generally less than that of purely ferromagnetic solids such as metallic iron.
  • Ferrimagnetism occurs chiefly in magnetic oxides known as ferrites.
  • the spontaneous alignment that produces ferrimagnetism is entirely disrupted above a temperature called the Curie point, characteristic of each ferrimagnetic material.
  • the Curie point characteristic of each ferrimagnetic material.
  • ferromagnetic refers to materials that exhibit ferromagnetism. Ferromagnetism is a physical phenomenon in which certain electrically uncharged materials strongly attract others. In contrast to other substances, ferromagnetic materials are magnetized easily, and in strong magnetic fields the magnetization approaches a definite limit called saturation. When a field is applied and then removed, the magnetization does not return to its original value. This phenomenon is referred to as hysteresis. When heated to a certain temperature called the Curie point, which is generally different for each substance, ferromagnetic materials lose their characteristic properties and cease to be magnetic; however, they become ferromagnetic again on cooling.
  • magnetic and magnetized mean being ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic at 20°C, unless otherwise specified.
  • the term “magnetic field” refers to magnetic fields that are not generated by any astronomical body or bodies (e.g., Earth or the sun).
  • magnetic fields used in practice of the present disclosure have a field strength in the region of the magnetizable abrasive particles being oriented of at least about 10 Gauss (1 mT), preferably at least about 100 Gauss (10 mT).
  • magnetizable means capable of being magnetized or already in a magnetized state.
  • shaped ceramic body refers to a ceramic body that has been intentionally shaped (e.g., extruded, die cut, molded, screen-printed) at some point during its preparation such that the resulting ceramic body is non-randomly shaped.
  • shaped ceramic body as used herein excludes ceramic bodies obtained by a mechanical crushing or milling operation.
  • precisely-shaped ceramic body refers to a ceramic body wherein at least a portion of the ceramic body has a predetermined shape that is replicated from a mold cavity used to form a precursor precisely-shaped ceramic body that is sintered to form the precisely-shaped ceramic body.
  • a precisely- shaped ceramic body will generally have a predetermined geometric shape that substantially replicates the mold cavity that was used to form the shaped abrasive particle.
  • length refers ⁇ the longest dimension of an object.
  • width refers to the longest dimension of an object that is perpendicular to its length.
  • the terra "thickness” refers to the longest dimension of an object that is perpendicular to both of its length and width .
  • spect ratio refers to the ratio length/thickness of an object.
  • substantially means within 35 percent (preferably within 30 percent, more preferably within 25 percent, more preferably within 20 percent, more preferably within 10 percent, and more preferably within 5 percent) of the attribute being referred to.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic top view of an exemplary functional abrasive particle 100 according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary functional abrasive particle 100 take along line 1A-1A.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic top view of an exemplary magnetizable abrasive particle 200 according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary magnetizable abrasive particle 200 take along line 2A-2A.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an exemplary bonded abrasive wheel 300 according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 is a side view of an exemplary coated abrasive article 400 according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 5 is a side view of an exemplary coated abrasive article 500 according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6A is a perspective view of an exemplary nonwoven abrasive article 600 according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6B is an enlarged view of region 6B in FIG. 6A.
  • FIG. 7 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 1.
  • FIG. 8 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 2.
  • FIG. 9 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 3.
  • FIG. 10 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 4.
  • FIG. 11 is a digital micrograph of abrasive particles prepared according to Comparative Example
  • FIG. 12 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 5.
  • FIG. 13 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 6.
  • FIG. 14 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 7.
  • FIG. 15 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to
  • functional abrasive particle 100 comprises precisely-shaped ceramic body 110 (shown as a triangular platelet) and functional material 120 disposed within hole 115.
  • Functional material 120 preferably comprises functional particles 125 retained in a first binder 130.
  • Ceramic body 110 has two opposed major surfaces 160, 162 connected to each other by three side surfaces 140a, 140b, 140c.
  • Hole 115 extends through ceramic body 110 and between the first and second major surfaces 160, 162.
  • Functional material 120 is disposed within hole 115.
  • functional abrasive particle 200 comprises precisely-shaped ceramic body 110 and functional material 220.
  • Functional material 220 preferably comprises functional particles 125 retained in first binder 130.
  • Ceramic body 110 has two opposed major surfaces 160, 162 connected to each other by three side surfaces 140a, 140b, 140c. Hole 115 extends through ceramic body 110 and between the first and second major surfaces 160, 162.
  • Functional material 220 is disposed within hole 115 and also extends as a partial coating on major surface 162.
  • Useful functional materials include magnetizable materials and/or metallic materials (e.g., that are sufficiently electrically conductive to be useful for induction heating, microwave heating, and/or electrostatic coating). Functional materials may be both magnetizable and metallic in some cases.
  • the functional material may comprise functional particles in a first binder.
  • Suitable binders may be vitreous or organic, for example, as described for the first binder 130 hereinbelow.
  • the first binder may be, for example selected from those vitreous and organic binders listed hereinabove, for example.
  • the ceramic body can be any ceramic material (preferably a ceramic abrasive material), for example, selected from among the ceramic (i.e., not including diamond) abrasive materials listed hereinbelow.
  • the functional material may be disposed on the ceramic body by any suitable method such as, for example, extrusion, brush coating, nozzle jet coating, and powder coating. Individual functional abrasive particles may have functional materials with different degrees of coverage and/or locations of coverage. Excess functional material that may exist on one or more of the outer surfaces of the functional abrasive particles after coating may optionally be removed by mechanical agitation, optionally with added milling media.
  • the first binder of the functional material can be inorganic (e.g., vitreous) or organic resin-based, and is typically formed from a respective binder precursor.
  • Glassy vitreous binders may be made from a vitreous binder precursor comprising a mixture of different metal oxides.
  • these metal oxide vitreous binders include silica, alumina, calcia, iron oxide, titania, magnesia, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, lithium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorous oxide, and the like.
  • Specific examples of vitreous binders based upon weight include, for example, 47.61 percent Si0 2 , 16.65 percent A1 2 0 3 , 0.38 percent Fe 2 0 3 , 0.35 percent Ti0 2 , 1.58 percent
  • vitreous binder based upon a molar ratio include 3.77 percent Si0 2 , 0.58 percent AI2O3, 0.01 percent Fe2C>3, 0.03 percent Ti0 2 , 0.21 percent CaO, 0.25 percent MgO, 0.47 percent Na 2 0, and 0.07 percent K 2 0.
  • the vitreous binder precursor in a powder form, may be mixed with a temporary binder, typically an organic binder (e.g., starch, sucrose, mannitol), which burns out during firing of the vitreous binder precursor.
  • a temporary binder typically an organic binder (e.g., starch, sucrose, mannitol), which burns out during firing of the vitreous binder precursor.
  • Vitrified binder precursors may also be formed from a frit, for example anywhere from about one to 100 percent frit, but generally 20 to 100 percent frit.
  • frit binders include feldspar, borax, quartz, soda ash, zinc oxide, whiting, antimony trioxide, titanium dioxide, sodium silicofluoride, flint, cryolite, boric acid, and combinations thereof. These materials are usually mixed together as powders, fired to fuse the mixture, and then cooled. The cooled mixture is crushed and screened to a very fine powder to then be used as a vitreous binder precursor.
  • frit binder precursors The temperature at which these frit binder precursors are matured is dependent upon its chemistry, but may range from anywhere from about 600° C to about 1800° C.
  • Additional inorganic binders e.g., ceramic binders
  • useful as the first binder in abrasive particles are described in U. S. Pat. No. 6,790, 126 (Wood et al).
  • Organic binders are generally prepared by curing (i.e., crosslinking) a resinous organic binder precursor.
  • suitable organic binder precursors include thermally-curable resins and radiation-curable resins, which may be cured, for example, thermally and/or by exposure to radiation.
  • Exemplary organic binder precursors include glues, phenolic resins, aminoplast resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine -formaldehyde resins, urethane resins, acrylic resins (e.g., aminoplast resins having pendant ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated groups, acrylated urethanes, acrylated epoxy resins, acrylated isocyanurates), acrylic monomer/oligomer resins, epoxy resins (including bismaleimide and fluorene -modified epoxy resins), isocyanurate resins, an combinations thereof.
  • Curatives such as thermal initiators, catalysts, photoinitiators, hardeners, and the like may be added to the organic binder precursor, typically selected and in an effective amount according to the resin system chosen.
  • Firing/sintering of vitreous binders can be done, for example, in a kiln or tube furnace using techniques known in the art.
  • Conditions for curing organic binder precursors may include heating in an oven or with infrared radiation and/or actinic radiation (e.g., in the case of photoinitiated cure) using techniques known in the art.
  • Useful abrasive materials that can be used as include, for example, fused aluminum oxide, heat treated aluminum oxide, white fused aluminum oxide, ceramic aluminum oxide materials such as those commercially available as 3M CERAMIC ABRASIVE GRAIN from 3M Company of St. Paul,
  • sol-gel derived ceramics e.g., alumina ceramics doped with chromia, ceria, zirconia, titania, silica, and/or tin oxide
  • silica e.g., quartz, glass beads, glass bubbles and glass fibers
  • feldspar or flint.
  • sol-gel derived crushed ceramic particles suitable for use as ceramic bodies can be found, for example, in U. S. Pat. Nos.
  • sol-gel-derived ceramic particles suitable for use as ceramic bodies can be found in, for example, U. S. Pat. Nos. 4,314,827 (Leitheiser), 5, 152,917 (Pieper et al.), 5,213,591 (Celikkaya et al.), 5,435,816 (Spurgeon et al), 5,672,097 (Hoopman et al.), 5,946,991 (Hoopman et al.), 5,975,987 (Hoopman et al), and 6, 129,540 (Hoopman et al), and in U. S. Publ. Pat. Appln. Nos. 2009/0165394 Al (Culler et al.) and 2009/0169816 Al (Erickson et al).
  • the ceramic body may be shaped (e.g., precisely-shaped) or random (e.g., crushed). Shaped abrasive particles and precisely-shaped ceramic bodies may be prepared by a molding process using sol-gel technology as described in U. S. Pat. Nos. 5,201,916 (Berg); 5,366,523 (Rowenhorst (Re 35,570)); and 5,984,988 (Berg).
  • U. S. Pat. No. 8,034, 137 (Erickson et al.) describes alumina particles that have been formed in a specific shape, then crushed to form shards that retain a portion of their original shape features.
  • the ceramic bodies are precisely-shaped (i.e., the ceramic bodies have shapes that are at least partially determined by the shapes of cavities in a production tool used to make them).
  • Exemplary shapes of ceramic bodies include crushed, pyramids (e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided pyramids), truncated pyramids (e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided truncated pyramids), cones, truncated cones, rods (e.g., cylindrical, vermiform), and prisms (e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided prisms).
  • pyramids e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided pyramids
  • truncated pyramids e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided truncated pyramids
  • cones e.g., truncated cones
  • rods e.g., cylindrical, vermiform
  • prisms e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided prisms
  • Exemplary magnetizable functional particles may comprise at least one magnetizable material such as: iron; cobalt; nickel; various alloys of nickel and iron marketed as Permalloy in various grades; various alloys of iron, nickel and cobalt marketed as Fernico, Kovar, FerNiCo I, or FerNiCo II; various alloys of iron, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, and sometimes also copper and/or titanium marketed as Alnico in various grades; alloys of iron, silicon, and aluminum (typically about 85:9:6 by weight) marketed as Sendust alloy; Heusler alloys (e.g., Cu 2 MnSn); manganese bismuthide (also known as Bismanol); rare earth magnetizable materials such as gadolinium, dysprosium, holmium, europium oxide, alloys of neodymium, iron and boron (e.g., Nd2Fei4B), and alloys of samarium and cobalt (e.g.,
  • the magnetizable particles comprise at least one metal selected from iron, nickel, and cobalt, an alloy of two or more such metals, or an alloy of at one such metal with at least one element selected from phosphorus and manganese.
  • the magnetizable particles comprise at least one metal selected from iron, nickel, and cobalt, an alloy of two or more such metals, or an alloy of at one such metal with at least one element selected from phosphorus and manganese.
  • the magnetizable material is an alloy containing 8 to 12 weight percent (wt. %) aluminum, 15 to 26 wt. % nickel, 5 to 24 wt. % cobalt, up to 6 wt. % copper, up to 1 % titanium, wherein the balance of material to add up to 100 wt. % is iron.
  • Useful metallic functional particles may comprise any metallic (i.e., elemental metal or alloy thereof) material exclusive of substantially pure elements from Group 1 and Group 2 of the Periodic Table of the elements.
  • Preferred metals include iron, cobalt, nickel, aluminum, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, chromium, tungsten, tin, bismuth, lead, copper, tantalum, alloys of any of the foregoing containing carbon (e.g., steel and stainless steel), silicon, and/or phosphorus, and combinations thereof.
  • the functional material is predominantly disposed within the hole(s) extending through each functional abrasive particle.
  • the functional material may be disposed in a hole or holes extending through the ceramic body.
  • At least one hole extends through the functional abrasive particles, although in some case multiple holes (e.g., 2, 3, or 4 holes, or more) may be desirable.
  • the functional particles may have any size, but are preferably much smaller than the ceramic bodies as judged by average particle diameter, preferably 4 to 2000 times smaller, more preferably 100 to 2000 times smaller, and even more preferably 500 to 2000 times smaller, although other sizes may also be used.
  • the functional particles may have a Mohs hardness of 6 or less (e.g., 5 or less, or 4 or less), although this is not a requirement.
  • Functional abrasive particles according to the present disclosure may be independently sized according to an abrasives industry recognized specified nominal grade.
  • exemplary abrasive industry recognized grading standards include those promulgated by ANSI (American National Standards Institute), FEPA (Federation of European Producers of Abrasives), and JIS (Japanese Industrial
  • ANSI grade designations include, for example: ANSI 4, ANSI 6, ANSI 8, ANSI 16, ANSI 24, ANSI 36, ANSI 46, ANSI 54, ANSI 60, ANSI 70, ANSI 80, ANSI 90, ANSI 100, ANSI 120, ANSI 150, ANSI 180, ANSI 220, ANSI 240, ANSI 280, ANSI 320, ANSI 360, ANSI 400, and ANSI 600.
  • FEPA grade designations include F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F10, F12, F14, F16, F18, F20, F22, F24, F30, F36, F40, F46, F54, F60, F70, F80, F90, F100, F120, F150, F180, F220, F230, F240, F280, F320, F360, F400, F500, F600, F800, F1000, F1200, F1500, and F2000.
  • JIS grade designations include JIS8, JIS12, JIS 16, JIS24, JIS36, JIS46, JIS54, JIS60, JIS80, JISIOO, JIS 150, JIS 180, JIS220, JIS240, JIS280, JIS320, JIS360, JIS400, JIS600, JIS800, JIS 1000, JIS 1500, JIS2500, JIS4000, JIS6000, JIS8000, and JIS10000.
  • the functional abrasive particles can be graded to a nominal screened grade using U. S. A. Standard Test Sieves conforming to ASTM E-l 1 "Standard Specification for Wire Cloth and
  • ASTM E-l 1 prescribes the requirements for the design and construction of testing sieves using a medium of woven wire cloth mounted in a frame for the classification of materials according to a designated particle size.
  • a typical designation may be represented as -18+20 meaning that the functional abrasive particles pass through a test sieve meeting ASTM E-l 1 specifications for the number 18 sieve and are retained on a test sieve meeting ASTM E- 11 specifications for the number 20 sieve.
  • functional abrasive particles have a particle size such that most of the particles pass through an 18 mesh test sieve and can be retained on a 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 mesh test sieve.
  • the functional abrasive particles can have a nominal screened grade of: -18+20, -20/+25, -25+30, -30+35, -35+40, -40+45, -45+50, -50+60, -60+70, -70/+80, -80+100, -100+120, -120+140, -140+170, -170+200, -200+230, -230+270, -270+325, -325+400, -400+450,
  • a custom mesh size can be used such as -90+100.
  • Functional abrasive particles according to the present disclosure can be prepared, for example, by applying a functional material precursor to the ceramic body.
  • the functional material precursor may be provided as a dispersion or slurry in a liquid vehicle.
  • the dispersion or slurry vehicle and can be made by simple mixing of its components (e.g., functional particles, optional binder precursor, and liquid vehicle), for example.
  • Exemplary liquid vehicles include water, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether), ethers (e.g., glyme, diglyme), and combinations thereof.
  • the dispersion or slurry may contain additional components such as, for example, dispersant, surfactant, mold release agent, colorant, defoamer, and rheology modifier.
  • additional components such as, for example, dispersant, surfactant, mold release agent, colorant, defoamer, and rheology modifier.
  • the functional material precursor is dried to remove most or all of the liquid vehicle, although this is not a requirement. If a curable binder precursor is used, then a curing step (e.g., heating and/or exposure to actinic radiation) generally follows to provide the functional material.
  • a magnet or electromagnet generating a magnetic field can optionally be used to place and/or orient the functional abrasive particles prior to curing the binder (e.g., vitreous or organic) precursor to produce the abrasive article.
  • the magnetic field may be substantially uniform over the functional abrasive particles before they are fixed in position in the binder or continuous over the entire, or it may be uneven, or even effectively separated into discrete sections.
  • the orientation of the magnetic field is configured to achieve alignment of the functional abrasive particles according to a predetermined orientation.
  • magnetic field may be used to urge the functional abrasive particles onto the make layer precursor (i.e., the binder precursor for the make layer) of a coated abrasive article while maintaining a vertical or inclined orientation relative to a horizontal backing.
  • the functional abrasive particles are fixed in their placement and orientation.
  • the presence or absence of strong magnetic field can be used to selectively placed the functional abrasive particles onto the make layer precursor.
  • An analogous process may be used for manufacture of slurry coated abrasive articles, except that the magnetic field acts on the functional particles within the slurry. The above processes may also be carried out on nonwoven backings to make nonwoven abrasive articles.
  • the functional abrasive particles can be positioned and/or orientated within the corresponding binder precursor, which is then pressed and cured.
  • Functional abrasive particles can be used in loose form (e.g., free-flowing or in a slurry) or they may be incorporated into various abrasive articles (e.g., coated abrasive articles, bonded abrasive articles, nonwoven abrasive articles, and/or abrasive brushes).
  • abrasive articles e.g., coated abrasive articles, bonded abrasive articles, nonwoven abrasive articles, and/or abrasive brushes.
  • Functional abrasive particles are useful, for example, in the construction of abrasive articles, including for example, coated abrasive articles (for example, conventional make and size coated abrasive articles, slurry coated abrasive articles, and structured abrasive articles), abrasive brushes, nonwoven abrasive articles, and bonded abrasive articles such as grinding wheels, hones and whetstones.
  • coated abrasive articles for example, conventional make and size coated abrasive articles, slurry coated abrasive articles, and structured abrasive articles
  • abrasive brushes for example, nonwoven abrasive articles, and bonded abrasive articles such as grinding wheels, hones and whetstones.
  • FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a Type 27 depressed-center grinding wheel 300 (i.e., an embodiment of a bonded abrasive article) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Center hole 312 is used for attaching Type 27 depressed-center grinding wheel 300 to, for example, a power driven tool.
  • Type 27 depressed-center grinding wheel 300 comprises shaped ceramic abrasive particles 320 according to the present disclosure retained in binder 325.
  • suitable binders 325 include: organic binders such as epoxy binders, phenolic binders, aminoplast binders, and acrylic binders; and inorganic binders such as vitreous binders.
  • the abrasive coat may comprise a make coat, a size coat, and functional abrasive particles.
  • exemplary coated abrasive article 400 has backing 420 and abrasive layer 430.
  • Abrasive layer 430 includes functional abrasive particles 440 according to the present disclosure secured to backing 420 by make layer 450 and size layer 460, each comprising a respective binder (e.g., epoxy resin, urethane resin, phenolic resin, aminoplast resin, or acrylic resin) that may be the same or different.
  • exemplary backings include woven, knitted, or nonwoven fabrics, optionally treated with one or more of a saturant, presize layer, or tie layer.
  • the abrasive coat may comprise a cured slurry comprising a curable binder precursor and functional abrasive particles according to the present disclosure.
  • exemplary coated abrasive article 500 has backing 520 and abrasive layer 530.
  • Abrasive layer 530 includes functional abrasive particles 540 and a binder 545 (e.g., epoxy resin, urethane resin, phenolic resin, aminoplast resin, acrylic resin).
  • Nonwoven abrasive articles typically include a porous (e.g., a lofty open porous) polymer filament structure having abrasive particles bonded thereto by a binder.
  • a porous (e.g., a lofty open porous) polymer filament structure having abrasive particles bonded thereto by a binder An exemplary embodiment of a nonwoven abrasive article according to the present invention is shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B.
  • Nonwoven abrasive article 600 includes a lofty open low-density fibrous web formed of entangled filaments 610 impregnated with binder 620 (e.g., epoxy resin, urethane resin, phenolic resin, aminoplast resin, acrylic resin).
  • Functional abrasive particles 640 according to the present disclosure are dispersed throughout fibrous web 600 on exposed surfaces of filaments 610.
  • Binder 620 coats portions of filaments 610 and forms globules 650, which may encircle individual filaments or bundles of filaments that adhere to the surface of the filament and/or collect at the intersection of contacting filaments, providing abrasive sites throughout the nonwoven abrasive article.
  • Abrasive articles according to the present disclosure are useful for abrading a workpiece.
  • Methods of abrading range from snagging (i.e., high pressure high stock removal) to polishing (e.g., polishing medical implants with coated abrasive belts), wherein the latter is typically done with finer grades of abrasive particles.
  • One such method includes the step of frictionally contacting an abrasive article (e.g., a coated abrasive article, a nonwoven abrasive article, or a bonded abrasive article) with a surface of the workpiece, and moving at least one of the abrasive article or the workpiece relative to the other to abrade at least a portion of the surface.
  • an abrasive article e.g., a coated abrasive article, a nonwoven abrasive article, or a bonded abrasive article
  • workpiece materials include metal, metal alloys, exotic metal alloys, ceramics, glass, wood, wood-like materials, composites, painted surfaces, plastics, reinforced plastics, stone, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the workpiece may be flat or have a shape or contour associated with it.
  • Exemplary workpieces include metal components, plastic components, particleboard, camshafts, crankshafts, furniture, and turbine blades.
  • the applied force during abrading typically ranges from about 1 kilogram to about 100 kilograms.
  • Abrasive articles according to the present disclosure may be used by hand and/or used in combination with a machine. At least one of the abrasive article and the workpiece is moved relative to the other when abrading. Abrading may be conducted under wet or dry conditions. Exemplary liquids for wet abrading include water, water containing conventional rust inhibiting compounds, lubricant, oil, soap, and cutting fluid. The liquid may also contain defoamers, degreasers, for example.
  • the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle comprising a ceramic body having at least one hole extending therethrough, and a functional material at least partially disposed within the at least one hole, wherein the functional material comprises a first binder retaining a plurality of functional particles that are magnetizable, metallic, or a combination thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to the first embodiment, wherein the ceramic body comprises a shaped ceramic body.
  • the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to the second embodiment, wherein the shaped ceramic body comprises a precisely-shaped ceramic body.
  • the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to any one of the first to third embodiments, wherein the ceramic body comprises a platelet having first and second opposed major facets connected to each other by a plurality of side facets, and wherein each one of said at least one hole extends from the first major facet to the second major facet.
  • the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to any one of the first to fourth embodiments, wherein the functional material completely fills the at least one hole.
  • the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to any one of the first to fifth embodiments, wherein the functional particles are magnetizable.
  • the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to the sixth embodiment, wherein the functional particles comprise an alloy of iron, silicon, and aluminum.
  • the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to any one of the first to seventh embodiments, wherein the functional particles are metallic.
  • the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to any one of the first to eighth embodiments, wherein the first binder comprises an organic binder.
  • the present disclosure provides a plurality of functional abrasive particles according to any one of the first to ninth embodiments.
  • the present disclosure provides an abrasive article comprising a plurality of abrasive particles retained in a second binder, wherein at least a majority (e.g., at least 50 percent, at least 60 percent, at least 70 percent, at least 80 percent, at least 90 percent, or even at least 99 percent) of the abrasive particles comprise functional abrasive particles according to any one of the first to ninth embodiments.
  • a majority e.g., at least 50 percent, at least 60 percent, at least 70 percent, at least 80 percent, at least 90 percent, or even at least 99 percent
  • the present disclosure provides an abrasive article according to the eleventh embodiment, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bonded abrasive wheel.
  • the present disclosure provides an abrasive article according to the eleventh embodiment, wherein the abrasive article comprises a coated abrasive article, wherein the coated abrasive article comprises an abrasive layer disposed on a backing, and wherein the abrasive layer comprises the second binder and the plurality of abrasive particles.
  • the present disclosure provides an abrasive article according to the eleventh embodiment, wherein the abrasive article comprises a nonwoven abrasive, wherein the nonwoven abrasive comprises a nonwoven fiber web having an abrasive layer disposed on at least a portion thereof, and wherein the abrasive layer comprises the binder material and the plurality of abrasive particles.
  • the present disclosure provides an abrasive article according to any one of the eleventh to fourteenth embodiments, wherein most of the functional abrasive particles are aligned parallel to each other.
  • SIL A silica sol solution prepared as follows: an acid aqueous solution was
  • SAPl was pre-treated as follows: SAPl (approximately 50 grams) was added to approximately 100 grams of an aqueous solution containing 0.2% REP. After 2 minutes of soaking in the solution, SAPl was removed from the solution with a filter, dried at 120°C for 2 minutes and then cured at 150°C for 1 minute.
  • IO IO (2 grams) was pre-mixed with 0.5 grams of SIL and 0.1 gram of 4% aqueous solution of CCS under mechanical agitation for 2 minutes.
  • Pre-treated shaped abrasive grains 50 grams were added into the pre-mix, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 5 minutes. Then the mixture was tumble dried with a master heat gun (obtained as model HG-201A from Master Appliance Corp., Racine, Wisconsin) for about 20 minutes.
  • Each of the resulting magnetizable abrasive particles contained a magnetizable core, as shown in the FIG. 7.
  • SAPl was pre-treated as follows: SAPl (approximately 50 grams) was added to approximately 100 grams of an aqueous solution containing 0.2% REP. After 2 minute of soaking in the solution, SAPl was removed from the solution with a filter, dried at 120°C for 2 minutes and then cured at 150°C for 1 minute.
  • PR1 (5 grams) and IO (5 grams) was mixed in a plastic container, 100 grams of 5% CB aqueous solution were added and the mixture was stirred with a mechanical mixer (obtained as IKA EUROSTAR POWER CONTROL-VISC STIRRER from IKA-Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Staufen, Germany) for 20 minute to get a uniform dispersion.
  • Pre-treated shaped abrasive grains 50 grams were added into the dispersion, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 5 minutes. The redundant solution was removed from the container.
  • the abrasive grains were dried at 23°C for 2 hours then at 80°C for 1 minute.
  • the abrasive grains were rinsed with tap water for 2 minutes, then dried at 80°C for 1 minute and 100°C for 1 minute.
  • Each of the resulting magnetizable abrasive particles contained a magnetizable and conductive core. Resulting magnetizable abrasive particles are shown in FIG. 8.
  • SAPl was pre-treated as follows: SAPl (approximately 50 grams) was added to approximately 100 grams of an aqueous solution containing 0.2% REP. After 2 minutes of soaking in the solution, SAPl was removed from the solution with a filter, dried at 120°C for 2 minutes and then cured at 150°C for 1 minute.
  • Tin powder 5 grams, 99.8%, obtained from Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
  • PR1 5 grams
  • Pre-treated shaped abrasive grains 500 grams were added into the powder mixture, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 5 minutes.
  • the abrasive grains were recovered through a standard 48 mesh sieve (obtained from W. S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor, Ohio). The abrasive grains were heated at an oven at 100°C for 1 minute.
  • the abrasive grains were rinsed with tap water for 2 minutes, then dried at 80°C for 1 minute and 100°C for 1 minute.
  • Example 3 The procedure generally described in Example 3 was repeated, with the exception that 5 grams of tin powder was replaced with 5 grams of copper powder (obtained from Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, Wisconsin).
  • Example 2 The procedure generally described in Example 2 was repeated, with the exception that untreated abrasive particles were used (i.e., SAPl was never subject to pre-treatment).
  • Magnetizable abrasive particles made from EXAMPLE 5 and EXAMPLE 6, respectively, were placed on a thin aluminum sheet and held over the center of a 6-inch (15.2-cm) diameter by 2-inch (5.1- cm) thick permanent neodymium magnet (with an average magnetic field of 0.6 Tesla) with north and south poles on opposite sides of the magnet separated by its thickness.
  • the starting distance of the particles was 30 inches (76.2 cm) from the surface of the magnet.
  • the aluminum sheet was then lowered at a rate of 0.5 inches/second (1.27 cm/second) until the magnetizable abrasive particles oriented upright.
  • the magnetic field strength at the moment of orientation was measured as minimum magnetic field strength to achieve orientation by using a 5170 Gauss/Tesla Meter obtained from F.W. Bell, Milwaukie, Oregon.
  • minimum magnetic field strength to achieve orientation was measured as 0.060 Tesla.
  • minimum magnetic field strength to achieve orientation was measured as 0.023 Tesla.
  • a 2.5-inch (6.35-cm) diameter round backing of Y-weight polyester sateen weave fabric (331 grams per square meter, obtained from Milliken & Company, LaGrange, Georgia), was coated with 100 g/m 2 of a make resin consisting of 52.05 parts of resole phenolic resin (obtained as GP 8339 R-23155B from Georgia Pacific Chemicals, Atlanta, Georgia), 45.45 parts of Calcium Metasilicate (obtained as 400 WOLLASTOCOAT from NYCO Minerals Inc., Willsboro, New York) and 2.5 parts of calcium carbonate (obtained as HUBERCARB Q325 from Huber Carbonates, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia).
  • the coated backing was placed on a 6 inches (15.2 cm) ⁇ 3 inches (7.62 cm) surface of a 6 inches (15.2 cm) ⁇ 3 inches (7.62 cm) 0.5 inch (1.27 cm) rare earth magnet (obtained as NEODYMIUM MAGNET N42 from Applied Magnets, Piano, Texas) with north and south poles on opposite sides of the magnet separated by its thickness.
  • the coated backing was placed with the resin coated surface facing up and the uncoated surface facing the magnet.
  • 55 grams of abrasive particles with magnetizable core, made according to EXAMPLE 1 were drop coated onto the resin coated surface of the backing.
  • the abrasive article were cured at 92°C for 1 hour and then at 102°C for 9 hours.
  • a particle made from EXAMPLE 3 was placed a steel plate (10 inch (25.1 cm) wide x 10 inch (25.1 cm) long x 0.125 inch (0.318 cm) thickness) that was held at a fixed gap of 0.5 inch ( 1.27 cm) from another identical steel plate in the horizontal plane.
  • Double-coated tape obtained as 442KW from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota
  • a voltage was applied across the steel plates by a Model No. RUI 875A HV power supply for DEL, Valhalla, New York. The voltage started at 1 kilovolt and was slowly increased until the particle had jumped up and became affixed to the tape on the upper plate. The voltage required to have the particle jump up was noted as minimum voltage required.
  • the procedure was repeated for 20 particles.
  • the entire process was repeated for particles made from EXAMPLE 4 and for SAP2.
  • the average minimum voltages required are reported in Table 2.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)

Abstract

A functional abrasive particle comprises a ceramic body having at least one hole extending therethrough. A functional material is at least partially disposed within the hole. The functional material contains a binder and functional particles that are magnetizable, metallic, or both. Methods of making functional abrasive particles, and abrasive articles including them are also disclosed.

Description

FUNCTIONAL ABRASIVE PARTICLES, ABRASIVE ARTICLES,
AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure broadly relates to abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making them.
BACKGROUND
Various types of abrasive articles are known in the art. For example, coated abrasive articles generally have abrasive particles adhered to a backing by a resinous binder material. Examples include sandpaper and structured abrasives having precisely shaped abrasive composites adhered to a backing. The abrasive composites generally include abrasive particles and a resinous binder.
Bonded abrasive particles include abrasive particles retained in a first binder that can be resinous or vitreous. Examples include, grindstones, cutoff wheels, off-angle grinding wheels, hones, and whetstones.
Precise placement and orientation of abrasive particles in abrasive articles such as, for example, coated abrasive articles and bonded abrasive articles has been a source of continuous interest for many years.
For example, coated abrasive articles have been made using techniques such as electrostatic coating of abrasive particles have been used to align crushed abrasive particles with the longitudinal axes perpendicular to the backing. Likewise, shaped abrasive particles have been aligned by mechanical methods as disclosed in U. S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2013/0344786 Al (Keipert).
Precise placement and orientation of abrasive particles in bonded abrasive articles has been described in the patent literature. For example, U. S. Pat. No. 1,930,788 (Buckner) describes the use of magnetic flux to orient abrasive grain having a thin coating of iron dust in bonded abrasive articles.
Likewise, British (GB) Pat. No. 396,231 (Buckner) describes the use of a magnetic field to orient abrasive grain having a thin coating of iron or steel dust to orient the abrasive grain in bonded abrasive articles. Using this technique, abrasive particles were radially oriented in bonded wheels.
U. S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2008/0289262 Al (Gao) discloses equipment for making abrasive particles in even distribution, array pattern, and preferred orientation. Using electric current to form a magnetic field causing acicular soft magnetic metallic sticks to absorb or release abrasive particles plated with soft magnetic materials.
SUMMARY
The present inventors have discovered that functional abrasive particles with magnetic and/or metallic material disposed within respective holes extending through the particles according to the present disclosure can be manipulated using electromagnetic fields. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle comprising a ceramic body having at least one hole extending therethrough, and a functional material at least partially disposed within the at least one hole, wherein the functional material comprises a first binder retaining a plurality of functional particles that are magnetizable, metallic, or a combination thereof.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a plurality of abrasive particles according to the present disclosure.
In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides an abrasive article comprising a plurality of abrasive particles, wherein at least a majority of the abrasive particles comprise functional abrasive particles according to the present disclosure retained in a second binder.
As used herein:
The term "ceramic" refers to any of various hard, brittle, heat- and corrosion-resistant materials made of at least one metallic element (which may include silicon) combined with oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur.
The term "conductive" means electrically conductive (e.g., at the level of a conductor), unless otherwise specified.
The term "ferrimagnetic" refers to materials that exhibit ferrimagnetism. Ferrimagnetism is a type of permanent magnetism that occurs in solids in which the magnetic fields associated with individual atoms spontaneously align themselves, some parallel, or in the same direction (as in ferromagnetism), and others generally antiparallel, or paired off in opposite directions (as in antiferromagnetism). The magnetic behavior of single crystals of ferrimagnetic materials may be attributed to the parallel alignment; the diluting effect of those atoms in the antiparallel arrangement keeps the magnetic strength of these materials generally less than that of purely ferromagnetic solids such as metallic iron.
Ferrimagnetism occurs chiefly in magnetic oxides known as ferrites. The spontaneous alignment that produces ferrimagnetism is entirely disrupted above a temperature called the Curie point, characteristic of each ferrimagnetic material. When the temperature of the material is brought below the Curie point, ferrimagnetism revives.
The term "ferromagnetic" refers to materials that exhibit ferromagnetism. Ferromagnetism is a physical phenomenon in which certain electrically uncharged materials strongly attract others. In contrast to other substances, ferromagnetic materials are magnetized easily, and in strong magnetic fields the magnetization approaches a definite limit called saturation. When a field is applied and then removed, the magnetization does not return to its original value. This phenomenon is referred to as hysteresis. When heated to a certain temperature called the Curie point, which is generally different for each substance, ferromagnetic materials lose their characteristic properties and cease to be magnetic; however, they become ferromagnetic again on cooling.
The terms "magnetic" and "magnetized" mean being ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic at 20°C, unless otherwise specified. The term "magnetic field" refers to magnetic fields that are not generated by any astronomical body or bodies (e.g., Earth or the sun). In general, magnetic fields used in practice of the present disclosure have a field strength in the region of the magnetizable abrasive particles being oriented of at least about 10 Gauss (1 mT), preferably at least about 100 Gauss (10 mT).
The term "magnetizable" means capable of being magnetized or already in a magnetized state.
The term "shaped ceramic body" refers to a ceramic body that has been intentionally shaped (e.g., extruded, die cut, molded, screen-printed) at some point during its preparation such that the resulting ceramic body is non-randomly shaped. The term "shaped ceramic body" as used herein excludes ceramic bodies obtained by a mechanical crushing or milling operation.
The terms "precisely-shaped ceramic body" refers to a ceramic body wherein at least a portion of the ceramic body has a predetermined shape that is replicated from a mold cavity used to form a precursor precisely-shaped ceramic body that is sintered to form the precisely-shaped ceramic body. A precisely- shaped ceramic body will generally have a predetermined geometric shape that substantially replicates the mold cavity that was used to form the shaped abrasive particle.
The term "length" refers ιο the longest dimension of an object.
The term "width" refers to the longest dimension of an object that is perpendicular to its length.
The terra "thickness" refers to the longest dimension of an object that is perpendicular to both of its length and width .
The term "aspect ratio" refers to the ratio length/thickness of an object.
The term "substantially" means within 35 percent (preferably within 30 percent, more preferably within 25 percent, more preferably within 20 percent, more preferably within 10 percent, and more preferably within 5 percent) of the attribute being referred to.
Features and advantages of the present disclosure will be further understood upon consideration of the detailed description as well as the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic top view of an exemplary functional abrasive particle 100 according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary functional abrasive particle 100 take along line 1A-1A.
FIG. 2 is a schematic top view of an exemplary magnetizable abrasive particle 200 according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 2A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary magnetizable abrasive particle 200 take along line 2A-2A.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an exemplary bonded abrasive wheel 300 according to the present disclosure. FIG. 4 is a side view of an exemplary coated abrasive article 400 according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 5 is a side view of an exemplary coated abrasive article 500 according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 6A is a perspective view of an exemplary nonwoven abrasive article 600 according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 6B is an enlarged view of region 6B in FIG. 6A.
FIG. 7 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 1. FIG. 8 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 2. FIG. 9 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 3. FIG. 10 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 4. FIG. 11 is a digital micrograph of abrasive particles prepared according to Comparative Example
A.
FIG. 12 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 5.
FIG. 13 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 6.
FIG. 14 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to Example 7.
FIG. 15 is a digital micrograph of functional abrasive particles prepared according to
Comparative Example B.
Repeated use of reference characters in the specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the disclosure. It should be understood that numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art, which fall within the scope and spirit of the principles of the disclosure. The figures may not be drawn to scale.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 1A, functional abrasive particle 100 comprises precisely-shaped ceramic body 110 (shown as a triangular platelet) and functional material 120 disposed within hole 115. Functional material 120 preferably comprises functional particles 125 retained in a first binder 130. Ceramic body 110 has two opposed major surfaces 160, 162 connected to each other by three side surfaces 140a, 140b, 140c. Hole 115 extends through ceramic body 110 and between the first and second major surfaces 160, 162. Functional material 120 is disposed within hole 115.
In a second configuration, shown in FIGS. 2 and 2A, functional abrasive particle 200 comprises precisely-shaped ceramic body 110 and functional material 220. Functional material 220 preferably comprises functional particles 125 retained in first binder 130. Ceramic body 110 has two opposed major surfaces 160, 162 connected to each other by three side surfaces 140a, 140b, 140c. Hole 115 extends through ceramic body 110 and between the first and second major surfaces 160, 162. Functional material 220 is disposed within hole 115 and also extends as a partial coating on major surface 162. Useful functional materials include magnetizable materials and/or metallic materials (e.g., that are sufficiently electrically conductive to be useful for induction heating, microwave heating, and/or electrostatic coating). Functional materials may be both magnetizable and metallic in some cases.
The functional material may comprise functional particles in a first binder. Suitable binders may be vitreous or organic, for example, as described for the first binder 130 hereinbelow. The first binder may be, for example selected from those vitreous and organic binders listed hereinabove, for example. The ceramic body can be any ceramic material (preferably a ceramic abrasive material), for example, selected from among the ceramic (i.e., not including diamond) abrasive materials listed hereinbelow. The functional material may be disposed on the ceramic body by any suitable method such as, for example, extrusion, brush coating, nozzle jet coating, and powder coating. Individual functional abrasive particles may have functional materials with different degrees of coverage and/or locations of coverage. Excess functional material that may exist on one or more of the outer surfaces of the functional abrasive particles after coating may optionally be removed by mechanical agitation, optionally with added milling media.
The first binder of the functional material can be inorganic (e.g., vitreous) or organic resin-based, and is typically formed from a respective binder precursor.
Glassy vitreous binders may be made from a vitreous binder precursor comprising a mixture of different metal oxides. Examples of these metal oxide vitreous binders include silica, alumina, calcia, iron oxide, titania, magnesia, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, lithium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorous oxide, and the like. Specific examples of vitreous binders based upon weight include, for example, 47.61 percent Si02, 16.65 percent A1203, 0.38 percent Fe203, 0.35 percent Ti02, 1.58 percent
CaO, 0.10 percent MgO, 9.63 percent Na20, 2.86 percent K20, 1.77 percent Li20, 19.03 percent B203,
0.02 percent Mn02, and 0.22 percent P205; and 63 percent Si02, 12 percent A1203, 1.2 percent CaO, 6.3 percent Na20, 7.5 percent K20, and 10 percent B203. Still other examples of vitreous binder based upon a molar ratio include 3.77 percent Si02, 0.58 percent AI2O3, 0.01 percent Fe2C>3, 0.03 percent Ti02, 0.21 percent CaO, 0.25 percent MgO, 0.47 percent Na20, and 0.07 percent K20.
During manufacture, the vitreous binder precursor, in a powder form, may be mixed with a temporary binder, typically an organic binder (e.g., starch, sucrose, mannitol), which burns out during firing of the vitreous binder precursor.
Vitrified binder precursors may also be formed from a frit, for example anywhere from about one to 100 percent frit, but generally 20 to 100 percent frit. Some examples of common materials used in frit binders include feldspar, borax, quartz, soda ash, zinc oxide, whiting, antimony trioxide, titanium dioxide, sodium silicofluoride, flint, cryolite, boric acid, and combinations thereof. These materials are usually mixed together as powders, fired to fuse the mixture, and then cooled. The cooled mixture is crushed and screened to a very fine powder to then be used as a vitreous binder precursor. The temperature at which these frit binder precursors are matured is dependent upon its chemistry, but may range from anywhere from about 600° C to about 1800° C. Additional inorganic binders (e.g., ceramic binders) useful as the first binder in abrasive particles are described in U. S. Pat. No. 6,790, 126 (Wood et al).
Organic binders (e.g., crosslinked organic polymers) are generally prepared by curing (i.e., crosslinking) a resinous organic binder precursor. Examples of suitable organic binder precursors include thermally-curable resins and radiation-curable resins, which may be cured, for example, thermally and/or by exposure to radiation. Exemplary organic binder precursors include glues, phenolic resins, aminoplast resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine -formaldehyde resins, urethane resins, acrylic resins (e.g., aminoplast resins having pendant α,β-unsaturated groups, acrylated urethanes, acrylated epoxy resins, acrylated isocyanurates), acrylic monomer/oligomer resins, epoxy resins (including bismaleimide and fluorene -modified epoxy resins), isocyanurate resins, an combinations thereof. Curatives such as thermal initiators, catalysts, photoinitiators, hardeners, and the like may be added to the organic binder precursor, typically selected and in an effective amount according to the resin system chosen.
Firing/sintering of vitreous binders can be done, for example, in a kiln or tube furnace using techniques known in the art. Conditions for curing organic binder precursors may include heating in an oven or with infrared radiation and/or actinic radiation (e.g., in the case of photoinitiated cure) using techniques known in the art.
Useful abrasive materials that can be used as include, for example, fused aluminum oxide, heat treated aluminum oxide, white fused aluminum oxide, ceramic aluminum oxide materials such as those commercially available as 3M CERAMIC ABRASIVE GRAIN from 3M Company of St. Paul,
Minnesota, black silicon carbide, green silicon carbide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, cubic boron nitride, garnet, fused alumina zirconia, sol-gel derived ceramics (e.g., alumina ceramics doped with chromia, ceria, zirconia, titania, silica, and/or tin oxide), silica (e.g., quartz, glass beads, glass bubbles and glass fibers), feldspar, or flint. Examples of sol-gel derived crushed ceramic particles suitable for use as ceramic bodies can be found, for example, in U. S. Pat. Nos.
4,314,827 (Leitheiser et al.), 4,623,364 (Cottringer et al.); 4,744,802 (Schwabel), 4,770,671 (Monroe et al.); and 4,881,951 (Monroe et al.).
Further details concerning methods of making sol-gel-derived ceramic particles suitable for use as ceramic bodies can be found in, for example, U. S. Pat. Nos. 4,314,827 (Leitheiser), 5, 152,917 (Pieper et al.), 5,213,591 (Celikkaya et al.), 5,435,816 (Spurgeon et al), 5,672,097 (Hoopman et al.), 5,946,991 (Hoopman et al.), 5,975,987 (Hoopman et al), and 6, 129,540 (Hoopman et al), and in U. S. Publ. Pat. Appln. Nos. 2009/0165394 Al (Culler et al.) and 2009/0169816 Al (Erickson et al).
The ceramic body may be shaped (e.g., precisely-shaped) or random (e.g., crushed). Shaped abrasive particles and precisely-shaped ceramic bodies may be prepared by a molding process using sol-gel technology as described in U. S. Pat. Nos. 5,201,916 (Berg); 5,366,523 (Rowenhorst (Re 35,570)); and 5,984,988 (Berg). U. S. Pat. No. 8,034, 137 (Erickson et al.) describes alumina particles that have been formed in a specific shape, then crushed to form shards that retain a portion of their original shape features. In some embodiments, the ceramic bodies are precisely-shaped (i.e., the ceramic bodies have shapes that are at least partially determined by the shapes of cavities in a production tool used to make them).
Exemplary shapes of ceramic bodies include crushed, pyramids (e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided pyramids), truncated pyramids (e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided truncated pyramids), cones, truncated cones, rods (e.g., cylindrical, vermiform), and prisms (e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided prisms).
Details concerning such abrasive particles and methods for their preparation can be found, for example, in U. S. Pat. Nos. 8, 142,531 (Adefris et al); 8, 142,891 (Culler et al.); and 8,142,532 (Erickson et al.); and in U. S. Pat. Appl. Publ. Nos. 2012/0227333 (Adefris et al); 2013/0040537 (Schwabel et al.); and 2013/0125477 (Adefris).
Exemplary magnetizable functional particles may comprise at least one magnetizable material such as: iron; cobalt; nickel; various alloys of nickel and iron marketed as Permalloy in various grades; various alloys of iron, nickel and cobalt marketed as Fernico, Kovar, FerNiCo I, or FerNiCo II; various alloys of iron, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, and sometimes also copper and/or titanium marketed as Alnico in various grades; alloys of iron, silicon, and aluminum (typically about 85:9:6 by weight) marketed as Sendust alloy; Heusler alloys (e.g., Cu2MnSn); manganese bismuthide (also known as Bismanol); rare earth magnetizable materials such as gadolinium, dysprosium, holmium, europium oxide, alloys of neodymium, iron and boron (e.g., Nd2Fei4B), and alloys of samarium and cobalt (e.g., SmCo5); MnSb;
MnOFe203; Y3Fe5012; Cr02; MnAs; ferrites such as ferrite, magnetite; zinc ferrite; nickel ferrite; cobalt ferrite, magnesium ferrite, barium ferrite, and strontium ferrite; yttrium iron garnet; and combinations of the foregoing. In some preferred embodiments, the magnetizable particles comprise at least one metal selected from iron, nickel, and cobalt, an alloy of two or more such metals, or an alloy of at one such metal with at least one element selected from phosphorus and manganese. In some preferred
embodiments, the magnetizable material is an alloy containing 8 to 12 weight percent (wt. %) aluminum, 15 to 26 wt. % nickel, 5 to 24 wt. % cobalt, up to 6 wt. % copper, up to 1 % titanium, wherein the balance of material to add up to 100 wt. % is iron.
Useful metallic functional particles may comprise any metallic (i.e., elemental metal or alloy thereof) material exclusive of substantially pure elements from Group 1 and Group 2 of the Periodic Table of the elements. Preferred metals include iron, cobalt, nickel, aluminum, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, chromium, tungsten, tin, bismuth, lead, copper, tantalum, alloys of any of the foregoing containing carbon (e.g., steel and stainless steel), silicon, and/or phosphorus, and combinations thereof.
Preferably, the functional material is predominantly disposed within the hole(s) extending through each functional abrasive particle. For example, for individual functional particles, at least 50 percent, at least 60 percent, at least 70 percent, at least 80 percent, at least 90 percent, or even all of the functional material may be disposed in a hole or holes extending through the ceramic body.
At least one hole, preferably one, extends through the functional abrasive particles, although in some case multiple holes (e.g., 2, 3, or 4 holes, or more) may be desirable. The functional particles may have any size, but are preferably much smaller than the ceramic bodies as judged by average particle diameter, preferably 4 to 2000 times smaller, more preferably 100 to 2000 times smaller, and even more preferably 500 to 2000 times smaller, although other sizes may also be used. In this embodiment, the functional particles may have a Mohs hardness of 6 or less (e.g., 5 or less, or 4 or less), although this is not a requirement.
Functional abrasive particles according to the present disclosure may be independently sized according to an abrasives industry recognized specified nominal grade. Exemplary abrasive industry recognized grading standards include those promulgated by ANSI (American National Standards Institute), FEPA (Federation of European Producers of Abrasives), and JIS (Japanese Industrial
Standard). ANSI grade designations (i.e., specified nominal grades) include, for example: ANSI 4, ANSI 6, ANSI 8, ANSI 16, ANSI 24, ANSI 36, ANSI 46, ANSI 54, ANSI 60, ANSI 70, ANSI 80, ANSI 90, ANSI 100, ANSI 120, ANSI 150, ANSI 180, ANSI 220, ANSI 240, ANSI 280, ANSI 320, ANSI 360, ANSI 400, and ANSI 600. FEPA grade designations include F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F10, F12, F14, F16, F18, F20, F22, F24, F30, F36, F40, F46, F54, F60, F70, F80, F90, F100, F120, F150, F180, F220, F230, F240, F280, F320, F360, F400, F500, F600, F800, F1000, F1200, F1500, and F2000. JIS grade designations include JIS8, JIS12, JIS 16, JIS24, JIS36, JIS46, JIS54, JIS60, JIS80, JISIOO, JIS 150, JIS 180, JIS220, JIS240, JIS280, JIS320, JIS360, JIS400, JIS600, JIS800, JIS 1000, JIS 1500, JIS2500, JIS4000, JIS6000, JIS8000, and JIS10000.
Alternatively, the functional abrasive particles can be graded to a nominal screened grade using U. S. A. Standard Test Sieves conforming to ASTM E-l 1 "Standard Specification for Wire Cloth and
Sieves for Testing Purposes". ASTM E-l 1 prescribes the requirements for the design and construction of testing sieves using a medium of woven wire cloth mounted in a frame for the classification of materials according to a designated particle size. A typical designation may be represented as -18+20 meaning that the functional abrasive particles pass through a test sieve meeting ASTM E-l 1 specifications for the number 18 sieve and are retained on a test sieve meeting ASTM E- 11 specifications for the number 20 sieve. In one embodiment, functional abrasive particles have a particle size such that most of the particles pass through an 18 mesh test sieve and can be retained on a 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 mesh test sieve. In various embodiments, the functional abrasive particles can have a nominal screened grade of: -18+20, -20/+25, -25+30, -30+35, -35+40, -40+45, -45+50, -50+60, -60+70, -70/+80, -80+100, -100+120, -120+140, -140+170, -170+200, -200+230, -230+270, -270+325, -325+400, -400+450,
-450+500, or -500+635. Alternatively, a custom mesh size can be used such as -90+100.
Functional abrasive particles according to the present disclosure can be prepared, for example, by applying a functional material precursor to the ceramic body. The functional material precursor may be provided as a dispersion or slurry in a liquid vehicle. The dispersion or slurry vehicle and can be made by simple mixing of its components (e.g., functional particles, optional binder precursor, and liquid vehicle), for example. Exemplary liquid vehicles include water, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether), ethers (e.g., glyme, diglyme), and combinations thereof. The dispersion or slurry may contain additional components such as, for example, dispersant, surfactant, mold release agent, colorant, defoamer, and rheology modifier. Typically, after coating onto the ceramic bodies the functional material precursor is dried to remove most or all of the liquid vehicle, although this is not a requirement. If a curable binder precursor is used, then a curing step (e.g., heating and/or exposure to actinic radiation) generally follows to provide the functional material.
For production of abrasive articles, a magnet or electromagnet generating a magnetic field can optionally be used to place and/or orient the functional abrasive particles prior to curing the binder (e.g., vitreous or organic) precursor to produce the abrasive article. The magnetic field may be substantially uniform over the functional abrasive particles before they are fixed in position in the binder or continuous over the entire, or it may be uneven, or even effectively separated into discrete sections. Typically, the orientation of the magnetic field is configured to achieve alignment of the functional abrasive particles according to a predetermined orientation.
Examples of magnetic field configurations and apparatuses for generating them are described in U. S. Pat. Appln. Publ. No. 2008/0289262 Al (Gao) and U. S. Pat. Nos. 2,370,636 (Carlton), 2,857,879 (Johnson), 3,625,666 (James), 4,008,055 (Phaal), 5, 181,939 (Neff), and British Pat. No. (G. B.) 1 477 767 (Edenville Engineering Works Limited).
In some embodiments, magnetic field may be used to urge the functional abrasive particles onto the make layer precursor (i.e., the binder precursor for the make layer) of a coated abrasive article while maintaining a vertical or inclined orientation relative to a horizontal backing. After at least partially curing the make layer precursor, the functional abrasive particles are fixed in their placement and orientation. Alternatively or in addition, the presence or absence of strong magnetic field can be used to selectively placed the functional abrasive particles onto the make layer precursor. An analogous process may be used for manufacture of slurry coated abrasive articles, except that the magnetic field acts on the functional particles within the slurry. The above processes may also be carried out on nonwoven backings to make nonwoven abrasive articles.
Likewise, in the case of bonded abrasive article the functional abrasive particles can be positioned and/or orientated within the corresponding binder precursor, which is then pressed and cured.
Functional abrasive particles can be used in loose form (e.g., free-flowing or in a slurry) or they may be incorporated into various abrasive articles (e.g., coated abrasive articles, bonded abrasive articles, nonwoven abrasive articles, and/or abrasive brushes).
Functional abrasive particles are useful, for example, in the construction of abrasive articles, including for example, coated abrasive articles (for example, conventional make and size coated abrasive articles, slurry coated abrasive articles, and structured abrasive articles), abrasive brushes, nonwoven abrasive articles, and bonded abrasive articles such as grinding wheels, hones and whetstones.
For example, FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a Type 27 depressed-center grinding wheel 300 (i.e., an embodiment of a bonded abrasive article) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Center hole 312 is used for attaching Type 27 depressed-center grinding wheel 300 to, for example, a power driven tool. Type 27 depressed-center grinding wheel 300 comprises shaped ceramic abrasive particles 320 according to the present disclosure retained in binder 325. Examples of suitable binders 325 include: organic binders such as epoxy binders, phenolic binders, aminoplast binders, and acrylic binders; and inorganic binders such as vitreous binders.
Further details concerning the manufacture of bonded abrasive articles according to the present disclosure can be found in, for example, U. S. Pat. Nos. 4,800,685 (Haynes et al); 4,898,597 (Hay et al.); 4,933,373 (Moren); and 5,282,875 (Wood et al.).
In one exemplary embodiment of a coated abrasive article, the abrasive coat may comprise a make coat, a size coat, and functional abrasive particles. Referring to FIG. 4, exemplary coated abrasive article 400 has backing 420 and abrasive layer 430. Abrasive layer 430, includes functional abrasive particles 440 according to the present disclosure secured to backing 420 by make layer 450 and size layer 460, each comprising a respective binder (e.g., epoxy resin, urethane resin, phenolic resin, aminoplast resin, or acrylic resin) that may be the same or different. Exemplary backings include woven, knitted, or nonwoven fabrics, optionally treated with one or more of a saturant, presize layer, or tie layer.
In another exemplary embodiment of a coated abrasive article, the abrasive coat may comprise a cured slurry comprising a curable binder precursor and functional abrasive particles according to the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 5, exemplary coated abrasive article 500 has backing 520 and abrasive layer 530. Abrasive layer 530 includes functional abrasive particles 540 and a binder 545 (e.g., epoxy resin, urethane resin, phenolic resin, aminoplast resin, acrylic resin).
Further details concerning the manufacture of coated abrasive articles according to the present disclosure can be found in, for example, U. S. Pat. Nos. 4,314,827 (Leitheiser et al), 4,652,275 (Bloecher et al.), 4,734, 104 (Broberg), 4,751, 137 (Tumey et al.), 5, 137,542 (Buchanan et al), 5, 152,917 (Pieper et al.), 5,417,726 (Stout et al.), 5,573,619 (Benedict et al), 5,942,015 (Culler et al.), and 6,261,682 (Law).
Nonwoven abrasive articles typically include a porous (e.g., a lofty open porous) polymer filament structure having abrasive particles bonded thereto by a binder. An exemplary embodiment of a nonwoven abrasive article according to the present invention is shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. Nonwoven abrasive article 600 includes a lofty open low-density fibrous web formed of entangled filaments 610 impregnated with binder 620 (e.g., epoxy resin, urethane resin, phenolic resin, aminoplast resin, acrylic resin). Functional abrasive particles 640 according to the present disclosure are dispersed throughout fibrous web 600 on exposed surfaces of filaments 610. Binder 620 coats portions of filaments 610 and forms globules 650, which may encircle individual filaments or bundles of filaments that adhere to the surface of the filament and/or collect at the intersection of contacting filaments, providing abrasive sites throughout the nonwoven abrasive article.
Further details concerning nonwoven abrasive articles according to the present disclosure can be found in, for example, U. S. Pat. Nos. 2,958,593 (Hoover et al.), 4,018,575 (Davis et al), 4,227,350
(Fitzer), 4,331,453 (Dau et al.), 4,609,380 (Barnett et al), 4,991,362 (Heyer et al), 5,554,068 (Carr et al), 5,712,210 (Windisch et al.), 5,591,239 (Edblom et al), 5,681,361 (Sanders), 5,858, 140 (Berger et al.), 5,928,070 (Lux), 6,017,831 (Beardsley et al), 6,207,246 (Moren et al.), and 6,302,930 (Lux).
Abrasive articles according to the present disclosure are useful for abrading a workpiece.
Methods of abrading range from snagging (i.e., high pressure high stock removal) to polishing (e.g., polishing medical implants with coated abrasive belts), wherein the latter is typically done with finer grades of abrasive particles. One such method includes the step of frictionally contacting an abrasive article (e.g., a coated abrasive article, a nonwoven abrasive article, or a bonded abrasive article) with a surface of the workpiece, and moving at least one of the abrasive article or the workpiece relative to the other to abrade at least a portion of the surface.
Examples of workpiece materials include metal, metal alloys, exotic metal alloys, ceramics, glass, wood, wood-like materials, composites, painted surfaces, plastics, reinforced plastics, stone, and/or combinations thereof. The workpiece may be flat or have a shape or contour associated with it.
Exemplary workpieces include metal components, plastic components, particleboard, camshafts, crankshafts, furniture, and turbine blades. The applied force during abrading typically ranges from about 1 kilogram to about 100 kilograms.
Abrasive articles according to the present disclosure may be used by hand and/or used in combination with a machine. At least one of the abrasive article and the workpiece is moved relative to the other when abrading. Abrading may be conducted under wet or dry conditions. Exemplary liquids for wet abrading include water, water containing conventional rust inhibiting compounds, lubricant, oil, soap, and cutting fluid. The liquid may also contain defoamers, degreasers, for example.
SELECT EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE
In a first embodiment, the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle comprising a ceramic body having at least one hole extending therethrough, and a functional material at least partially disposed within the at least one hole, wherein the functional material comprises a first binder retaining a plurality of functional particles that are magnetizable, metallic, or a combination thereof.
In a second embodiment, the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to the first embodiment, wherein the ceramic body comprises a shaped ceramic body.
In a third embodiment, the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to the second embodiment, wherein the shaped ceramic body comprises a precisely-shaped ceramic body.
In a fourth embodiment, the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to any one of the first to third embodiments, wherein the ceramic body comprises a platelet having first and second opposed major facets connected to each other by a plurality of side facets, and wherein each one of said at least one hole extends from the first major facet to the second major facet.
In a fifth embodiment, the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to any one of the first to fourth embodiments, wherein the functional material completely fills the at least one hole. In a sixth embodiment, the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to any one of the first to fifth embodiments, wherein the functional particles are magnetizable.
In a seventh embodiment, the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to the sixth embodiment, wherein the functional particles comprise an alloy of iron, silicon, and aluminum.
In an eighth embodiment, the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to any one of the first to seventh embodiments, wherein the functional particles are metallic.
In a ninth embodiment, the present disclosure provides a functional abrasive particle according to any one of the first to eighth embodiments, wherein the first binder comprises an organic binder.
In a tenth embodiment, the present disclosure provides a plurality of functional abrasive particles according to any one of the first to ninth embodiments.
In an eleventh embodiment, the present disclosure provides an abrasive article comprising a plurality of abrasive particles retained in a second binder, wherein at least a majority (e.g., at least 50 percent, at least 60 percent, at least 70 percent, at least 80 percent, at least 90 percent, or even at least 99 percent) of the abrasive particles comprise functional abrasive particles according to any one of the first to ninth embodiments.
In a twelfth embodiment, the present disclosure provides an abrasive article according to the eleventh embodiment, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bonded abrasive wheel.
In a thirteenth embodiment, the present disclosure provides an abrasive article according to the eleventh embodiment, wherein the abrasive article comprises a coated abrasive article, wherein the coated abrasive article comprises an abrasive layer disposed on a backing, and wherein the abrasive layer comprises the second binder and the plurality of abrasive particles.
In a fourteenth embodiment, the present disclosure provides an abrasive article according to the eleventh embodiment, wherein the abrasive article comprises a nonwoven abrasive, wherein the nonwoven abrasive comprises a nonwoven fiber web having an abrasive layer disposed on at least a portion thereof, and wherein the abrasive layer comprises the binder material and the plurality of abrasive particles.
In a fifteenth embodiment, the present disclosure provides an abrasive article according to any one of the eleventh to fourteenth embodiments, wherein most of the functional abrasive particles are aligned parallel to each other.
Objects and advantages of this disclosure are further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples, but the particular materials and amounts thereof recited in these examples, as well as other conditions and details, should not be construed to unduly limit this disclosure.
EXAMPLES
Unless otherwise noted, all parts, percentages, ratios, etc. in the Examples and the rest of the specification are by weight. Material abbreviations used in the Examples are described in Table 1, below.
TABLE 1
Figure imgf000015_0001
SIL A silica sol solution prepared as follows: an acid aqueous solution was
prepared by adding 1 milliliter hydrochloric acid (35%, obtained from
EMD Millipore, Billerica, Massachusetts) into 1 liter water. Then this acid aqueous solution (20 milliliter) was mixed with 20 milliliter tetraethyl orthosilicate (98%, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, Missouri) at 23°C for 1 hour.
EXAMPLE 1
SAPl was pre-treated as follows: SAPl (approximately 50 grams) was added to approximately 100 grams of an aqueous solution containing 0.2% REP. After 2 minutes of soaking in the solution, SAPl was removed from the solution with a filter, dried at 120°C for 2 minutes and then cured at 150°C for 1 minute.
IO (2 grams) was pre-mixed with 0.5 grams of SIL and 0.1 gram of 4% aqueous solution of CCS under mechanical agitation for 2 minutes. Pre-treated shaped abrasive grains (50 grams) were added into the pre-mix, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 5 minutes. Then the mixture was tumble dried with a master heat gun (obtained as model HG-201A from Master Appliance Corp., Racine, Wisconsin) for about 20 minutes.
Each of the resulting magnetizable abrasive particles contained a magnetizable core, as shown in the FIG. 7.
EXAMPLE 2
SAPl was pre-treated as follows: SAPl (approximately 50 grams) was added to approximately 100 grams of an aqueous solution containing 0.2% REP. After 2 minute of soaking in the solution, SAPl was removed from the solution with a filter, dried at 120°C for 2 minutes and then cured at 150°C for 1 minute.
PR1 (5 grams) and IO (5 grams) was mixed in a plastic container, 100 grams of 5% CB aqueous solution were added and the mixture was stirred with a mechanical mixer (obtained as IKA EUROSTAR POWER CONTROL-VISC STIRRER from IKA-Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Staufen, Germany) for 20 minute to get a uniform dispersion. Pre-treated shaped abrasive grains (50 grams) were added into the dispersion, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 5 minutes. The redundant solution was removed from the container. The abrasive grains were dried at 23°C for 2 hours then at 80°C for 1 minute. The abrasive grains were rinsed with tap water for 2 minutes, then dried at 80°C for 1 minute and 100°C for 1 minute.
Each of the resulting magnetizable abrasive particles contained a magnetizable and conductive core. Resulting magnetizable abrasive particles are shown in FIG. 8.
EXAMPLE 3
SAPl was pre-treated as follows: SAPl (approximately 50 grams) was added to approximately 100 grams of an aqueous solution containing 0.2% REP. After 2 minutes of soaking in the solution, SAPl was removed from the solution with a filter, dried at 120°C for 2 minutes and then cured at 150°C for 1 minute.
Tin powder (5 grams, 99.8%, obtained from Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) powder and PR1 (5 grams) powder was mixed in a plastic container, stirred with a mechanical mixer (described in EXAMPLE 2) for 20 minutes to get a uniform powder mixture. Pre-treated shaped abrasive grains (500 grams) were added into the powder mixture, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 5 minutes. The abrasive grains were recovered through a standard 48 mesh sieve (obtained from W. S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor, Ohio). The abrasive grains were heated at an oven at 100°C for 1 minute. The abrasive grains were rinsed with tap water for 2 minutes, then dried at 80°C for 1 minute and 100°C for 1 minute.
Resulting electrically conductive abrasive particles are shown in FIG. 9.
EXAMPLE 4
The procedure generally described in Example 3 was repeated, with the exception that 5 grams of tin powder was replaced with 5 grams of copper powder (obtained from Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, Wisconsin).
Resulting electrically conductive abrasive particles are shown in FIG. 10.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE A
The procedure generally described in Example 2 was repeated, with the exception that untreated abrasive particles were used (i.e., SAPl was never subject to pre-treatment).
Resulting magnetizable abrasive particles are shown in FIG. 11. The entire surface of each of the magnetizable abrasive particles was covered with the magnetizable and conductive coating. EXAMPLE 5
IO (2 grams) was pre-mixed with 0.5 grams of PR2 under mechanical agitation for 2 minutes. A fine tipped needle was used to deposit enough of this mixture to fill the holes in the center of the SAPl particles. The particles were then heated in an oven for 90 minutes at 100°C and cooled to 23°C. Each of the resulting magnetizable abrasive particles contained a magnetizable core, as shown in FIG. 12.
EXAMPLE 6
SEN (2 grams) was pre-mixed with 0.5 grams of PR2 under mechanical agitation for 2 minutes. A fine tipped needle was used to deposit enough of this mixture to fill the holes in the center of the SAPl particles. The particles were then heated in an oven for 90 minutes at 100°C and cooled to 23°C. Each of the resulting magnetizable abrasive particles contained a magnetizable core, as shown in FIG. 13.
Magnetizable abrasive particles made from EXAMPLE 5 and EXAMPLE 6, respectively, were placed on a thin aluminum sheet and held over the center of a 6-inch (15.2-cm) diameter by 2-inch (5.1- cm) thick permanent neodymium magnet (with an average magnetic field of 0.6 Tesla) with north and south poles on opposite sides of the magnet separated by its thickness. The starting distance of the particles was 30 inches (76.2 cm) from the surface of the magnet. The aluminum sheet was then lowered at a rate of 0.5 inches/second (1.27 cm/second) until the magnetizable abrasive particles oriented upright. The magnetic field strength at the moment of orientation was measured as minimum magnetic field strength to achieve orientation by using a 5170 Gauss/Tesla Meter obtained from F.W. Bell, Milwaukie, Oregon. For magnetizable abrasive particles made from EXAMPLE 5, minimum magnetic field strength to achieve orientation was measured as 0.060 Tesla. For magnetizable abrasive particles made from EXAMPLE 6, minimum magnetic field strength to achieve orientation was measured as 0.023 Tesla.
EXAMPLE 7
A 2.5-inch (6.35-cm) diameter round backing of Y-weight polyester sateen weave fabric (331 grams per square meter, obtained from Milliken & Company, LaGrange, Georgia), was coated with 100 g/m2 of a make resin consisting of 52.05 parts of resole phenolic resin (obtained as GP 8339 R-23155B from Georgia Pacific Chemicals, Atlanta, Georgia), 45.45 parts of Calcium Metasilicate (obtained as 400 WOLLASTOCOAT from NYCO Minerals Inc., Willsboro, New York) and 2.5 parts of calcium carbonate (obtained as HUBERCARB Q325 from Huber Carbonates, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia). The coated backing was placed on a 6 inches (15.2 cm) χ 3 inches (7.62 cm) surface of a 6 inches (15.2 cm) χ 3 inches (7.62 cm) 0.5 inch (1.27 cm) rare earth magnet (obtained as NEODYMIUM MAGNET N42 from Applied Magnets, Piano, Texas) with north and south poles on opposite sides of the magnet separated by its thickness. The coated backing was placed with the resin coated surface facing up and the uncoated surface facing the magnet. 55 grams of abrasive particles with magnetizable core, made according to EXAMPLE 1, were drop coated onto the resin coated surface of the backing. The abrasive article were cured at 92°C for 1 hour and then at 102°C for 9 hours.
Resulting magnetizable article is shown in FIG. 14.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE B
The procedure generally described in EXAMPLE 7 was repeated, with the exception that SAP1 (without any filled core) was drop coated instead of abrasive particles with magnetizable core.
Resulting magnetizable abrasive article is shown in FIG. 15.
PARTICLE TESTING
A particle made from EXAMPLE 3 was placed a steel plate (10 inch (25.1 cm) wide x 10 inch (25.1 cm) long x 0.125 inch (0.318 cm) thickness) that was held at a fixed gap of 0.5 inch ( 1.27 cm) from another identical steel plate in the horizontal plane. Double-coated tape (obtained as 442KW from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota) was applied to the entire surface of the upper plate. A voltage was applied across the steel plates by a Model No. RUI 875A HV power supply for DEL, Valhalla, New York. The voltage started at 1 kilovolt and was slowly increased until the particle had jumped up and became affixed to the tape on the upper plate. The voltage required to have the particle jump up was noted as minimum voltage required. The procedure was repeated for 20 particles. The entire process was repeated for particles made from EXAMPLE 4 and for SAP2. The average minimum voltages required are reported in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Figure imgf000019_0001
7 grams of particles made from EXAMPLE 3 were placed in a 45ml capacity ceramic crucible. The crucible was placed into a microwave oven (obtained as MODEL WMC30516AS, from Whirlpool Company, Benton Harbor, Michigan). The sample was run on high power (1200 watts) for 60 seconds. The temperature was measured before and after the microwave process by an infrared thermometer (obtained as MODEL OS730K from Omega Engineering, Norwalk, Connecticut). This same process was repeated for particles made from EXAMPLE 4 and SAP2 particles. Results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3
Figure imgf000019_0002
All cited references, patents, and patent applications in the above application for letters patent are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety in a consistent manner. In the event of inconsistencies or contradictions between portions of the incorporated references and this application, the information in the preceding description shall control. The preceding description, given in order to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the claimed disclosure, is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the claims and all equivalents thereto.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A functional abrasive particle comprising a ceramic body having at least one hole extending therethrough, and a functional material at least partially disposed within the at least one hole, wherein the functional material comprises a first binder retaining a plurality of functional particles that are magnetizable, metallic, or a combination thereof.
2. The functional abrasive particle of claim 1, wherein the ceramic body comprises a shaped ceramic body.
3. The functional abrasive particle of claim 2, wherein the shaped ceramic body comprises a precisely-shaped ceramic body.
4. The functional abrasive particle of claim 1, wherein the ceramic body comprises a platelet having first and second opposed major facets connected to each other by a plurality of side facets, and wherein each one of said at least one hole extends from the first major facet to the second major facet.
5. The functional abrasive particle of claim 4, wherein the functional material completely fills the at least one hole.
6. The functional abrasive particle of claim 1, wherein the functional particles are magnetizable.
7. The functional abrasive particle of claim 6, wherein the functional particles comprise an alloy of iron, silicon, and aluminum.
8. The functional abrasive particle of claim 1, wherein the functional particles are metallic.
9. The functional abrasive particle of claim 1, wherein the first binder comprises an organic binder.
10. A plurality of functional abrasive particles according to claim 1.
11. An abrasive article comprising a plurality of abrasive particles retained in a second binder, wherein at least a majority of the abrasive particles comprise functional abrasive particles according to claim 1.
12. An abrasive article according to claim 11, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bonded abrasive wheel.
13. An abrasive article according to claim 11, wherein the abrasive article comprises a coated abrasive article, wherein the coated abrasive article comprises an abrasive layer disposed on a backing, and wherein the abrasive layer comprises the second binder and the plurality of abrasive particles.
14. An abrasive article according to claim 11, wherein the abrasive article comprises a nonwoven abrasive, wherein the nonwoven abrasive comprises a nonwoven fiber web having an abrasive layer disposed on at least a portion thereof, and wherein the abrasive layer comprises the binder material and the plurality of abrasive particles.
15. An abrasive article according to claim 11, wherein most of the functional abrasive particles are aligned parallel to each other.
PCT/US2017/055360 2016-10-25 2017-10-05 Functional abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making the same WO2018080756A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US16/342,770 US10774251B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2017-10-05 Functional abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making the same
EP17864453.0A EP3532560A4 (en) 2016-10-25 2017-10-05 Functional abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making the same
CN201780065771.0A CN109863220B (en) 2016-10-25 2017-10-05 Functional abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making the same

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201662412405P 2016-10-25 2016-10-25
US62/412,405 2016-10-25

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2018080756A1 true WO2018080756A1 (en) 2018-05-03

Family

ID=62025376

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2017/055360 WO2018080756A1 (en) 2016-10-25 2017-10-05 Functional abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making the same

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US10774251B2 (en)
EP (1) EP3532560A4 (en)
CN (1) CN109863220B (en)
WO (1) WO2018080756A1 (en)

Cited By (42)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10106714B2 (en) 2012-06-29 2018-10-23 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles
US10179391B2 (en) 2013-03-29 2019-01-15 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles
US10196551B2 (en) 2015-03-31 2019-02-05 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same
CN109534800A (en) * 2018-12-29 2019-03-29 山东天汇研磨耐磨技术开发有限公司 A kind of magnetization high-bond height grinding consistent ceramic ground section and its manufacturing method
US10280350B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2019-05-07 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Composite shaped abrasive particles and method of forming same
US10286523B2 (en) 2012-10-15 2019-05-14 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles
US10351745B2 (en) 2014-12-23 2019-07-16 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particles and method of forming same
US10358589B2 (en) 2015-03-31 2019-07-23 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same
US10364383B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2019-07-30 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive particles having complex shapes and methods of forming same
US10428255B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2019-10-01 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particle and method of forming same
WO2020018771A1 (en) 2018-07-18 2020-01-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable particles forming light controlling structures and methods of making such structures
US10557067B2 (en) 2014-04-14 2020-02-11 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
US10563106B2 (en) 2013-09-30 2020-02-18 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particles and methods of forming same
US10563105B2 (en) 2017-01-31 2020-02-18 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
US10597568B2 (en) 2014-01-31 2020-03-24 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particle including dopant material and method of forming same
US10655038B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2020-05-19 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making magnetizable abrasive particles
US10711171B2 (en) 2015-06-11 2020-07-14 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
WO2020165709A1 (en) 2019-02-11 2020-08-20 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive article
US10759024B2 (en) 2017-01-31 2020-09-01 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
US10865148B2 (en) 2017-06-21 2020-12-15 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Particulate materials and methods of forming same
US10947432B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2021-03-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable abrasive particle and method of making the same
WO2021116883A1 (en) 2019-12-09 2021-06-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Coated abrasive articles and methods of making coated abrasive articles
US11072732B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2021-07-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable abrasive particles and abrasive articles including them
WO2021152444A1 (en) 2020-01-31 2021-08-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Coated abrasive articles
US11091678B2 (en) 2013-12-31 2021-08-17 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
CN113305749A (en) * 2021-06-25 2021-08-27 江苏锋芒复合材料科技集团有限公司 Sand planting method for magnetic polymeric abrasive
US11141835B2 (en) 2017-01-19 2021-10-12 3M Innovative Properties Company Manipulation of magnetizable abrasive particles with modulation of magnetic field angle or strength
WO2021214605A1 (en) 2020-04-23 2021-10-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped abrasive particles
WO2021245492A1 (en) 2020-06-04 2021-12-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Incomplete polygonal shaped abrasive particles, methods of manufacture and articles containing the same
WO2021245494A1 (en) 2020-06-04 2021-12-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped abrasive particles and methods of manufacture the same
US11230653B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2022-01-25 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same
WO2022023845A1 (en) 2020-07-30 2022-02-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive article and method of making the same
WO2022034443A1 (en) 2020-08-10 2022-02-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive articles and method of making the same
US11253972B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2022-02-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Structured abrasive articles and methods of making the same
US11484990B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2022-11-01 3M Innovative Properties Company Bonded abrasive wheel and method of making the same
US11597860B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2023-03-07 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable abrasive particle and method of making the same
US11602822B2 (en) 2018-04-24 2023-03-14 3M Innovative Properties Company Coated abrasive article and method of making the same
US11718774B2 (en) 2016-05-10 2023-08-08 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive particles and methods of forming same
US11724363B2 (en) 2018-04-24 2023-08-15 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making a coated abrasive article
WO2023209518A1 (en) 2022-04-26 2023-11-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive articles, methods of manufacture and use thereof
US11926019B2 (en) 2019-12-27 2024-03-12 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive articles and methods of forming same
US11959009B2 (en) 2016-05-10 2024-04-16 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive particles and methods of forming same

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20220396722A1 (en) * 2019-10-23 2022-12-15 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped abrasive particles with concave void within one of the plurality of edges
EP4171877A1 (en) 2020-06-30 2023-05-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Coated abrasive articles and methods of making and using the same
WO2023084362A1 (en) 2021-11-15 2023-05-19 3M Innovative Properties Company Nonwoven abrasive articles and methods of making the same

Citations (64)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB396231A (en) 1931-07-16 1933-08-03 Orello Simmons Buckner Improvements in abrasive tools, and in methods and apparatus employed in their manufacture
US1930788A (en) 1927-05-31 1933-10-17 Orello S Buckner Apparatus and process of making abrasive tools
US2370636A (en) 1933-03-23 1945-03-06 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Manufacture of abrasives
US2857879A (en) 1955-09-01 1958-10-28 Abrasive Company Of America Apparatus for preparing abrasive articles
US2958593A (en) 1960-01-11 1960-11-01 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Low density open non-woven fibrous abrasive article
US3625666A (en) 1968-06-19 1971-12-07 Ind Distributors 1946 Ltd Method of forming metal-coated diamond abrasive wheels
US4008055A (en) 1974-03-07 1977-02-15 Cornelius Phaal Abrasive wheel containing nickel coated needle-shaped cubic boron nitride particles
US4018575A (en) 1974-03-18 1977-04-19 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Low density abrasive article
GB1477767A (en) 1974-09-23 1977-06-29 Edenvale Eng Works Abrasive tools and method of making
US4227350A (en) 1977-11-02 1980-10-14 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Low-density abrasive product and method of making the same
US4314827A (en) 1979-06-29 1982-02-09 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Non-fused aluminum oxide-based abrasive mineral
US4331453A (en) 1979-11-01 1982-05-25 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive article
US4609380A (en) 1985-02-11 1986-09-02 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive wheels
US4623364A (en) 1984-03-23 1986-11-18 Norton Company Abrasive material and method for preparing the same
US4652275A (en) 1985-08-07 1987-03-24 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Erodable agglomerates and abrasive products containing the same
US4734104A (en) 1984-05-09 1988-03-29 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Coated abrasive product incorporating selective mineral substitution
US4744802A (en) 1985-04-30 1988-05-17 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Process for durable sol-gel produced alumina-based ceramics, abrasive grain and abrasive products
US4751137A (en) 1986-01-21 1988-06-14 Swiss Aluminum Ltd. - Research Laboratores Composite panel that is difficult to combust and produces little smoke, and process for manufacturing same
US4770671A (en) 1985-12-30 1988-09-13 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive grits formed of ceramic containing oxides of aluminum and yttrium, method of making and using the same and products made therewith
US4800685A (en) 1984-05-31 1989-01-31 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Alumina bonded abrasive for cast iron
US4881951A (en) 1987-05-27 1989-11-21 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co. Abrasive grits formed of ceramic containing oxides of aluminum and rare earth metal, method of making and products made therewith
US4898597A (en) 1988-08-25 1990-02-06 Norton Company Frit bonded abrasive wheel
US4933373A (en) 1989-04-06 1990-06-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive wheels
US4991362A (en) 1988-09-13 1991-02-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Hand scouring pad
US5137542A (en) 1990-08-08 1992-08-11 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive printed with an electrically conductive ink
US5152917A (en) 1991-02-06 1992-10-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Structured abrasive article
US5181939A (en) 1989-12-20 1993-01-26 Charles Neff Article and a method for producing an article having a high friction surface
US5201916A (en) 1992-07-23 1993-04-13 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Shaped abrasive particles and method of making same
US5213591A (en) 1992-07-28 1993-05-25 Ahmet Celikkaya Abrasive grain, method of making same and abrasive products
US5282875A (en) 1992-03-18 1994-02-01 Cincinnati Milacron Inc. High density sol-gel alumina-based abrasive vitreous bonded grinding wheel
US5366523A (en) 1992-07-23 1994-11-22 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive article containing shaped abrasive particles
US5417726A (en) 1991-12-20 1995-05-23 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Coated abrasive backing
US5435816A (en) 1993-01-14 1995-07-25 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Method of making an abrasive article
US5554068A (en) 1994-12-13 1996-09-10 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive flap brush and method and apparatus for making same
US5573619A (en) 1991-12-20 1996-11-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Method of making a coated abrasive belt with an endless, seamless backing
US5591239A (en) 1994-08-30 1997-01-07 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Nonwoven abrasive article and method of making same
US5672097A (en) 1993-09-13 1997-09-30 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive article for finishing
US5681361A (en) 1996-01-11 1997-10-28 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Method of making an abrasive article and abrasive article produced thereby
US5712210A (en) 1995-08-30 1998-01-27 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Nonwoven abrasive material roll
US5858140A (en) 1994-07-22 1999-01-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Nonwoven surface finishing articles reinforced with a polymer backing layer and method of making same
US5928070A (en) 1997-05-30 1999-07-27 Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company Abrasive article comprising mullite
US5942015A (en) 1997-09-16 1999-08-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive slurries and abrasive articles comprising multiple abrasive particle grades
US5946991A (en) 1997-09-03 1999-09-07 3M Innovative Properties Company Method for knurling a workpiece
US5975987A (en) 1995-10-05 1999-11-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Method and apparatus for knurling a workpiece, method of molding an article with such workpiece, and such molded article
US5984988A (en) 1992-07-23 1999-11-16 Minnesota Minning & Manufacturing Company Shaped abrasive particles and method of making same
US6017831A (en) 1996-05-03 2000-01-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Nonwoven abrasive articles
US6207246B1 (en) 1995-08-30 2001-03-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Nonwoven abrasive material roll
US6261682B1 (en) 1998-06-30 2001-07-17 3M Innovative Properties Abrasive articles including an antiloading composition
US6302930B1 (en) 1999-01-15 2001-10-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Durable nonwoven abrasive product
US6790126B2 (en) 2000-10-06 2004-09-14 3M Innovative Properties Company Agglomerate abrasive grain and a method of making the same
JP2006089586A (en) * 2004-09-24 2006-04-06 Utsunomiya Univ Magnetic abrasive grain and method for producing the same
US20080289262A1 (en) 2007-05-23 2008-11-27 Jiangsu Tianyi Micro Metal Powder Co., Ltd. Method and Equipment for Making Abrasive Particles in Even Distribution, Array Pattern and Preferred Orientation
US20090169816A1 (en) 2007-12-27 2009-07-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped, fractured abrasive particle, abrasive article using same and method of making
US20090165394A1 (en) 2007-12-27 2009-07-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making abrasive shards, shaped abrasive particles with an opening, or dish-shaped abrasive particles
US20100151201A1 (en) * 2008-12-17 2010-06-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped abrasive particles with an opening
US8142531B2 (en) 2008-12-17 2012-03-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped abrasive particles with a sloping sidewall
US8142891B2 (en) 2008-12-17 2012-03-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Dish-shaped abrasive particles with a recessed surface
US20120227333A1 (en) 2009-12-02 2012-09-13 Adefris Negus B Dual tapered shaped abrasive particles
US20130040537A1 (en) 2010-04-27 2013-02-14 Mark G. Schwabel Ceramic shaped abrasive particles, methods of making the same, and abrasive articles containing the same
US20130125477A1 (en) 2010-08-04 2013-05-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Intersecting plate shaped abrasive particles
US20130344786A1 (en) 2011-02-16 2013-12-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Coated abrasive article having rotationally aligned formed ceramic abrasive particles and method of making
US20140237907A1 (en) * 2008-12-17 2014-08-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive article with shaped abrasive particles with grooves
WO2015048768A1 (en) * 2013-09-30 2015-04-02 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particles and methods of forming same
US20150291865A1 (en) * 2014-04-14 2015-10-15 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles

Family Cites Families (72)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2947616A (en) 1957-11-12 1960-08-02 Norton Co Grinding wheel structure
FR1279407A (en) 1960-11-08 1961-12-22 Process for the manufacture of rough surfaces and abrasive surfaces using magnetic holding and orientation means, and industrial products resulting therefrom
CH455556A (en) 1965-02-09 1968-07-15 Schladitz Whiskers Ag Fine grinding or polishing media and process for its manufacture
US3918217A (en) 1972-07-24 1975-11-11 Lloyd R Oliver & Company Abrading device with protrusions on metal bonded abrasive grits
IE42010B1 (en) 1974-08-15 1980-05-21 Edenvale Eng Works Abrasive products
US4111713A (en) * 1975-01-29 1978-09-05 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Hollow spheres
AT363797B (en) 1979-12-24 1981-08-25 Swarovski Tyrolit Schleif ABRASIVE BODY AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
JPS61250084A (en) * 1985-04-30 1986-11-07 Kureha Chem Ind Co Ltd Composite whetstone particle for magnetic abrasion and production thereof
JPH0818238B2 (en) 1987-03-19 1996-02-28 キヤノン株式会社 Polishing tool manufacturing method
SU1495100A1 (en) 1987-07-13 1989-07-23 Одесский Политехнический Институт Method of producing abrasive tool
CH675250A5 (en) 1988-06-17 1990-09-14 Lonza Ag
US4916869A (en) 1988-08-01 1990-04-17 L. R. Oliver & Company, Inc. Bonded abrasive grit structure
US5213590A (en) 1989-12-20 1993-05-25 Neff Charles E Article and a method for producing an article having a high friction surface
US5380390B1 (en) 1991-06-10 1996-10-01 Ultimate Abras Systems Inc Patterned abrasive material and method
US5817204A (en) 1991-06-10 1998-10-06 Ultimate Abrasive Systems, L.L.C. Method for making patterned abrasive material
US5549962A (en) 1993-06-30 1996-08-27 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Precisely shaped particles and method of making the same
JPH0778509A (en) 1993-09-08 1995-03-20 Ube Ind Ltd Orientative dielectric porcelain and manufacture thereof
JPH08257897A (en) * 1995-03-28 1996-10-08 Hiroshi Nishiyama Method and device for polishing sphere provided with float having hole in center and circulating device of magnetic fluid containing abrasive grain
JPH11165252A (en) 1997-12-04 1999-06-22 Nisca Corp Abrasive material, manufacture of abrasive material and polishing or grinding method
US6264533B1 (en) * 1999-05-28 2001-07-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive processing apparatus and method employing encoded abrasive product
EP1122718A3 (en) 2000-02-03 2003-10-15 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Method for forming a magnetic pattern in a magnetic recording medium, method for producing a magnetic recording medium, magnetic pattern forming device, magnetic recording medium and magnetic recording device
JP3556886B2 (en) 2000-08-08 2004-08-25 独立行政法人日本学術振興会 Method for producing oriented alumina ceramics and oriented alumina ceramics
JP2004098265A (en) 2002-09-12 2004-04-02 Polymatech Co Ltd Abrasive film and its manufacturing method
JP2004098266A (en) 2002-09-12 2004-04-02 Polymatech Co Ltd Grinding wheel and its manufacturing method
JP2004107096A (en) 2002-09-13 2004-04-08 National Institute For Materials Science Oriented silicon carbide sintered body and its manufacturing process
JP2005153106A (en) 2003-11-27 2005-06-16 Ricoh Co Ltd Polishing tool, polishing tool manufacturing method, polishing method, and polishing device
CN1830626A (en) 2005-03-10 2006-09-13 浙江工业大学 Needle-shape abrasive particle grinding wheel and its preparation method
US20080131705A1 (en) 2006-12-01 2008-06-05 International Business Machines Corporation Method and system for nanostructure placement using imprint lithography
CN101353566B (en) 2007-07-25 2011-06-15 比亚迪股份有限公司 Magnetic grinding abrasive and preparation thereof
US9192915B2 (en) * 2008-05-10 2015-11-24 Brigham Young University Porous composite particulate materials, methods of making and using same, and related apparatuses
JP2010090021A (en) 2008-10-10 2010-04-22 Murata Mfg Co Ltd Method for producing sintered compact of compound with perovskite structure
RU2486047C2 (en) * 2008-12-22 2013-06-27 Сэнт-Гобэн Эбрейзивс, Инк. Rigid or flexible macro porous abrasive article
US20110088330A1 (en) 2009-10-20 2011-04-21 Beekman William A Abrasive Tool
KR101832002B1 (en) 2010-03-03 2018-02-23 쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 컴파니 Bonded abrasive wheel
US9517547B2 (en) 2010-11-29 2016-12-13 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. Super hard alloy baseplate outer circumference cutting blade and manufacturing method thereof
JP2012131018A (en) 2010-11-29 2012-07-12 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co Ltd Method of manufacturing super hard alloy baseplate outer circumference cutting blade
MY170393A (en) 2010-11-29 2019-07-27 Shinetsu Chemical Co Cemented carbide base outer blade cutting wheel and making method
JP5776515B2 (en) 2010-11-29 2015-09-09 信越化学工業株式会社 Cemented carbide base plate outer cutting blade manufacturing method
JP5776514B2 (en) 2010-11-29 2015-09-09 信越化学工業株式会社 Cemented carbide base plate cutting blade
JP2012169024A (en) * 2011-02-16 2012-09-06 Showa Denko Kk Method for manufacturing glass substrate for magnetic recording medium
US9242342B2 (en) 2012-03-14 2016-01-26 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. Manufacture and method of making the same
CN108015685B (en) 2012-10-15 2020-07-14 圣戈班磨料磨具有限公司 Abrasive particles having a particular shape
MX2015005167A (en) 2012-10-31 2015-09-04 3M Innovative Properties Co Shaped abrasive particles, methods of making, and abrasive articles including the same.
DE102012221316A1 (en) 2012-11-22 2014-05-22 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device for manufacturing coated abrasive article, has transport device that is arranged relative to lower end of sliding surface, such that distance between lower end and transport device transporting abrasive pad is of preset value
US9153451B2 (en) * 2012-12-12 2015-10-06 Micron Technology, Inc. Method of forming a planar surface for a semiconductor device structure, and related methods of forming a semiconductor device structure
CN105073343B (en) 2013-03-29 2017-11-03 圣戈班磨料磨具有限公司 Abrasive particle with given shape, the method for forming this particle and application thereof
US20140291895A1 (en) 2013-04-01 2014-10-02 I2Ic Corporation Method of Manufacturing a Body with Oriented Aspherical Particles
DE102013212617A1 (en) 2013-06-28 2014-12-31 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device for applying abrasive grains
DE102013212684A1 (en) 2013-06-28 2014-12-31 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method of applying abrasive grains to an abrasive backing
DE102013212609A1 (en) 2013-06-28 2014-12-31 Robert Bosch Gmbh Process for producing an abrasive
DE102013212639A1 (en) 2013-06-28 2014-12-31 Robert Bosch Gmbh grinding tool
DE102013212666A1 (en) 2013-06-28 2014-12-31 Robert Bosch Gmbh Process for producing an abrasive
CN103590090B (en) 2013-11-05 2016-06-22 陈谦 A kind of longitudinal electro-plating method for making electroplating abrasion wheel and device
GB201322275D0 (en) * 2013-12-17 2014-01-29 Rolls Royce Plc A Laminated composite structure and related method
US10518388B2 (en) 2013-12-23 2019-12-31 3M Innovative Properties Company Coated abrasive article maker apparatus
CA2934647C (en) 2013-12-23 2022-04-12 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making a coated abrasive article
WO2015112379A1 (en) 2014-01-22 2015-07-30 United Technologies Corporation Apparatuses, systems and methods for aligned abrasive grains
CN103846817B (en) * 2014-01-29 2017-01-11 南京航空航天大学 Manufacturing method for abrasive cluster and air hole three-dimensional controllable arrangement CBN (cubic boron nitride) grinding wheel
DE202014101741U1 (en) 2014-04-11 2014-05-09 Robert Bosch Gmbh Partially coated abrasive grain
CN104191385B (en) 2014-09-05 2016-05-18 南京航空航天大学 Ferromagnetism diamond abrasive prepared by a kind of wet method
US10300581B2 (en) 2014-09-15 2019-05-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Methods of making abrasive articles and bonded abrasive wheel preparable thereby
KR102420782B1 (en) 2014-10-21 2022-07-14 쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 컴파니 Abrasive preforms, method of making an abrasive article, and bonded abrasive article
US10350732B2 (en) 2014-11-21 2019-07-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Bonded abrasive articles and methods of manufacture
GB201511119D0 (en) * 2015-06-24 2015-08-05 Rolls Royce Plc Polishing of complex internal geometries
CN104999385B (en) 2015-06-30 2018-05-04 郑州磨料磨具磨削研究所有限公司 A kind of vitrified bonded grinding tool of abrasive material oriented alignment and preparation method thereof
CA3013440A1 (en) 2016-02-01 2017-08-10 3M Innovative Properties Company Adhesive compositions
WO2018080755A1 (en) 2016-10-25 2018-05-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making magnetizable abrasive particles
WO2018080704A1 (en) 2016-10-25 2018-05-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Bonded abrasive wheel and method of making the same
WO2018080705A1 (en) 2016-10-25 2018-05-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable agglomerate abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making the same
WO2018080799A1 (en) 2016-10-25 2018-05-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable abrasive particle and method of making the same
EP3532561B1 (en) 2016-10-25 2021-04-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable abrasive particles and abrasive articles including them
CN109862999B (en) 2016-10-25 2022-05-10 3M创新有限公司 Bonded grinding wheel and preparation method thereof

Patent Citations (68)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1930788A (en) 1927-05-31 1933-10-17 Orello S Buckner Apparatus and process of making abrasive tools
GB396231A (en) 1931-07-16 1933-08-03 Orello Simmons Buckner Improvements in abrasive tools, and in methods and apparatus employed in their manufacture
US2370636A (en) 1933-03-23 1945-03-06 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Manufacture of abrasives
US2857879A (en) 1955-09-01 1958-10-28 Abrasive Company Of America Apparatus for preparing abrasive articles
US2958593A (en) 1960-01-11 1960-11-01 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Low density open non-woven fibrous abrasive article
US3625666A (en) 1968-06-19 1971-12-07 Ind Distributors 1946 Ltd Method of forming metal-coated diamond abrasive wheels
US4008055A (en) 1974-03-07 1977-02-15 Cornelius Phaal Abrasive wheel containing nickel coated needle-shaped cubic boron nitride particles
US4018575A (en) 1974-03-18 1977-04-19 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Low density abrasive article
GB1477767A (en) 1974-09-23 1977-06-29 Edenvale Eng Works Abrasive tools and method of making
US4227350A (en) 1977-11-02 1980-10-14 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Low-density abrasive product and method of making the same
US4314827A (en) 1979-06-29 1982-02-09 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Non-fused aluminum oxide-based abrasive mineral
US4331453A (en) 1979-11-01 1982-05-25 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive article
US4623364A (en) 1984-03-23 1986-11-18 Norton Company Abrasive material and method for preparing the same
US4734104A (en) 1984-05-09 1988-03-29 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Coated abrasive product incorporating selective mineral substitution
US4800685A (en) 1984-05-31 1989-01-31 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Alumina bonded abrasive for cast iron
US4609380A (en) 1985-02-11 1986-09-02 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive wheels
US4744802A (en) 1985-04-30 1988-05-17 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Process for durable sol-gel produced alumina-based ceramics, abrasive grain and abrasive products
US4652275A (en) 1985-08-07 1987-03-24 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Erodable agglomerates and abrasive products containing the same
US4770671A (en) 1985-12-30 1988-09-13 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive grits formed of ceramic containing oxides of aluminum and yttrium, method of making and using the same and products made therewith
US4751137A (en) 1986-01-21 1988-06-14 Swiss Aluminum Ltd. - Research Laboratores Composite panel that is difficult to combust and produces little smoke, and process for manufacturing same
US4881951A (en) 1987-05-27 1989-11-21 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co. Abrasive grits formed of ceramic containing oxides of aluminum and rare earth metal, method of making and products made therewith
US4898597A (en) 1988-08-25 1990-02-06 Norton Company Frit bonded abrasive wheel
US4991362A (en) 1988-09-13 1991-02-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Hand scouring pad
US4933373A (en) 1989-04-06 1990-06-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive wheels
US5181939A (en) 1989-12-20 1993-01-26 Charles Neff Article and a method for producing an article having a high friction surface
US5137542A (en) 1990-08-08 1992-08-11 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive printed with an electrically conductive ink
US5152917A (en) 1991-02-06 1992-10-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Structured abrasive article
US5152917B1 (en) 1991-02-06 1998-01-13 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Structured abrasive article
US5573619A (en) 1991-12-20 1996-11-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Method of making a coated abrasive belt with an endless, seamless backing
US5417726A (en) 1991-12-20 1995-05-23 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Coated abrasive backing
US5282875A (en) 1992-03-18 1994-02-01 Cincinnati Milacron Inc. High density sol-gel alumina-based abrasive vitreous bonded grinding wheel
US5366523A (en) 1992-07-23 1994-11-22 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive article containing shaped abrasive particles
US5984988A (en) 1992-07-23 1999-11-16 Minnesota Minning & Manufacturing Company Shaped abrasive particles and method of making same
US5201916A (en) 1992-07-23 1993-04-13 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Shaped abrasive particles and method of making same
US5213591A (en) 1992-07-28 1993-05-25 Ahmet Celikkaya Abrasive grain, method of making same and abrasive products
US5435816A (en) 1993-01-14 1995-07-25 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Method of making an abrasive article
US6129540A (en) 1993-09-13 2000-10-10 Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company Production tool for an abrasive article and a method of making same
US5672097A (en) 1993-09-13 1997-09-30 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive article for finishing
US5858140A (en) 1994-07-22 1999-01-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Nonwoven surface finishing articles reinforced with a polymer backing layer and method of making same
US5591239A (en) 1994-08-30 1997-01-07 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Nonwoven abrasive article and method of making same
US5554068A (en) 1994-12-13 1996-09-10 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Abrasive flap brush and method and apparatus for making same
US6207246B1 (en) 1995-08-30 2001-03-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Nonwoven abrasive material roll
US5712210A (en) 1995-08-30 1998-01-27 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Nonwoven abrasive material roll
US5975987A (en) 1995-10-05 1999-11-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Method and apparatus for knurling a workpiece, method of molding an article with such workpiece, and such molded article
US5681361A (en) 1996-01-11 1997-10-28 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Method of making an abrasive article and abrasive article produced thereby
US6017831A (en) 1996-05-03 2000-01-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Nonwoven abrasive articles
US5928070A (en) 1997-05-30 1999-07-27 Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company Abrasive article comprising mullite
US5946991A (en) 1997-09-03 1999-09-07 3M Innovative Properties Company Method for knurling a workpiece
US5942015A (en) 1997-09-16 1999-08-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive slurries and abrasive articles comprising multiple abrasive particle grades
US6261682B1 (en) 1998-06-30 2001-07-17 3M Innovative Properties Abrasive articles including an antiloading composition
US6302930B1 (en) 1999-01-15 2001-10-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Durable nonwoven abrasive product
US6790126B2 (en) 2000-10-06 2004-09-14 3M Innovative Properties Company Agglomerate abrasive grain and a method of making the same
JP2006089586A (en) * 2004-09-24 2006-04-06 Utsunomiya Univ Magnetic abrasive grain and method for producing the same
US20080289262A1 (en) 2007-05-23 2008-11-27 Jiangsu Tianyi Micro Metal Powder Co., Ltd. Method and Equipment for Making Abrasive Particles in Even Distribution, Array Pattern and Preferred Orientation
US20090169816A1 (en) 2007-12-27 2009-07-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped, fractured abrasive particle, abrasive article using same and method of making
US8034137B2 (en) 2007-12-27 2011-10-11 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped, fractured abrasive particle, abrasive article using same and method of making
US20090165394A1 (en) 2007-12-27 2009-07-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making abrasive shards, shaped abrasive particles with an opening, or dish-shaped abrasive particles
US20140237907A1 (en) * 2008-12-17 2014-08-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive article with shaped abrasive particles with grooves
US20100151201A1 (en) * 2008-12-17 2010-06-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped abrasive particles with an opening
US8142532B2 (en) 2008-12-17 2012-03-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped abrasive particles with an opening
US8142531B2 (en) 2008-12-17 2012-03-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped abrasive particles with a sloping sidewall
US8142891B2 (en) 2008-12-17 2012-03-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Dish-shaped abrasive particles with a recessed surface
US20120227333A1 (en) 2009-12-02 2012-09-13 Adefris Negus B Dual tapered shaped abrasive particles
US20130040537A1 (en) 2010-04-27 2013-02-14 Mark G. Schwabel Ceramic shaped abrasive particles, methods of making the same, and abrasive articles containing the same
US20130125477A1 (en) 2010-08-04 2013-05-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Intersecting plate shaped abrasive particles
US20130344786A1 (en) 2011-02-16 2013-12-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Coated abrasive article having rotationally aligned formed ceramic abrasive particles and method of making
WO2015048768A1 (en) * 2013-09-30 2015-04-02 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particles and methods of forming same
US20150291865A1 (en) * 2014-04-14 2015-10-15 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of EP3532560A4 *

Cited By (63)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11453811B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2022-09-27 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particle and method of forming same
US10280350B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2019-05-07 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Composite shaped abrasive particles and method of forming same
US10428255B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2019-10-01 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particle and method of forming same
US10364383B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2019-07-30 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive particles having complex shapes and methods of forming same
US11142673B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2021-10-12 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive particles having complex shapes and methods of forming same
US11649388B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2023-05-16 Saint-Gobain Cermaics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive particles having complex shapes and methods of forming same
US11859120B2 (en) 2012-01-10 2024-01-02 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive particles having an elongated body comprising a twist along an axis of the body
US10106714B2 (en) 2012-06-29 2018-10-23 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles
US11154964B2 (en) 2012-10-15 2021-10-26 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles
US11148254B2 (en) 2012-10-15 2021-10-19 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles
US10286523B2 (en) 2012-10-15 2019-05-14 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles
US10668598B2 (en) 2013-03-29 2020-06-02 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc./Saint-Gobain Abrasifs Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles
US10179391B2 (en) 2013-03-29 2019-01-15 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles
US11590632B2 (en) 2013-03-29 2023-02-28 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles
US10563106B2 (en) 2013-09-30 2020-02-18 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particles and methods of forming same
US11091678B2 (en) 2013-12-31 2021-08-17 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
US10597568B2 (en) 2014-01-31 2020-03-24 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particle including dopant material and method of forming same
US11926781B2 (en) 2014-01-31 2024-03-12 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particle including dopant material and method of forming same
US11891559B2 (en) 2014-04-14 2024-02-06 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
US10557067B2 (en) 2014-04-14 2020-02-11 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
US11608459B2 (en) 2014-12-23 2023-03-21 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particles and method of forming same
US11926780B2 (en) 2014-12-23 2024-03-12 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particles and method of forming same
US10351745B2 (en) 2014-12-23 2019-07-16 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Shaped abrasive particles and method of forming same
US11643582B2 (en) 2015-03-31 2023-05-09 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same
US10358589B2 (en) 2015-03-31 2019-07-23 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same
US11472989B2 (en) 2015-03-31 2022-10-18 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same
US10196551B2 (en) 2015-03-31 2019-02-05 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same
US11879087B2 (en) 2015-06-11 2024-01-23 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
US10711171B2 (en) 2015-06-11 2020-07-14 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
US11718774B2 (en) 2016-05-10 2023-08-08 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive particles and methods of forming same
US11959009B2 (en) 2016-05-10 2024-04-16 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive particles and methods of forming same
US11230653B2 (en) 2016-09-29 2022-01-25 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same
US10655038B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2020-05-19 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making magnetizable abrasive particles
US11253972B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2022-02-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Structured abrasive articles and methods of making the same
US10947432B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2021-03-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable abrasive particle and method of making the same
US11072732B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2021-07-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable abrasive particles and abrasive articles including them
US11597860B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2023-03-07 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable abrasive particle and method of making the same
US11484990B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2022-11-01 3M Innovative Properties Company Bonded abrasive wheel and method of making the same
US11141835B2 (en) 2017-01-19 2021-10-12 3M Innovative Properties Company Manipulation of magnetizable abrasive particles with modulation of magnetic field angle or strength
US11427740B2 (en) 2017-01-31 2022-08-30 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Method of making shaped abrasive particles and articles comprising forming a flange from overfilling
US10759024B2 (en) 2017-01-31 2020-09-01 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
US10563105B2 (en) 2017-01-31 2020-02-18 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles
US11932802B2 (en) 2017-01-31 2024-03-19 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles comprising a particular toothed body
US11549040B2 (en) 2017-01-31 2023-01-10 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles having a tooth portion on a surface
US10865148B2 (en) 2017-06-21 2020-12-15 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Particulate materials and methods of forming same
US11724363B2 (en) 2018-04-24 2023-08-15 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making a coated abrasive article
US11602822B2 (en) 2018-04-24 2023-03-14 3M Innovative Properties Company Coated abrasive article and method of making the same
WO2020018794A1 (en) 2018-07-18 2020-01-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Device with light control structure having magnetizable particles
US11911791B2 (en) 2018-07-18 2024-02-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Device with light control structure having magnetizable particles
WO2020018771A1 (en) 2018-07-18 2020-01-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable particles forming light controlling structures and methods of making such structures
US11998947B2 (en) 2018-07-18 2024-06-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Magnetizable particles forming light controlling structures and methods of making such structures
CN109534800A (en) * 2018-12-29 2019-03-29 山东天汇研磨耐磨技术开发有限公司 A kind of magnetization high-bond height grinding consistent ceramic ground section and its manufacturing method
WO2020165709A1 (en) 2019-02-11 2020-08-20 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive article
WO2021116883A1 (en) 2019-12-09 2021-06-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Coated abrasive articles and methods of making coated abrasive articles
US11926019B2 (en) 2019-12-27 2024-03-12 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Abrasive articles and methods of forming same
WO2021152444A1 (en) 2020-01-31 2021-08-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Coated abrasive articles
WO2021214605A1 (en) 2020-04-23 2021-10-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped abrasive particles
WO2021245494A1 (en) 2020-06-04 2021-12-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Shaped abrasive particles and methods of manufacture the same
WO2021245492A1 (en) 2020-06-04 2021-12-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Incomplete polygonal shaped abrasive particles, methods of manufacture and articles containing the same
WO2022023845A1 (en) 2020-07-30 2022-02-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive article and method of making the same
WO2022034443A1 (en) 2020-08-10 2022-02-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive articles and method of making the same
CN113305749A (en) * 2021-06-25 2021-08-27 江苏锋芒复合材料科技集团有限公司 Sand planting method for magnetic polymeric abrasive
WO2023209518A1 (en) 2022-04-26 2023-11-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive articles, methods of manufacture and use thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP3532560A4 (en) 2020-04-01
CN109863220A (en) 2019-06-07
US10774251B2 (en) 2020-09-15
CN109863220B (en) 2021-04-13
EP3532560A1 (en) 2019-09-04
US20190249052A1 (en) 2019-08-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US10774251B2 (en) Functional abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making the same
EP3532561B1 (en) Magnetizable abrasive particles and abrasive articles including them
CN109844054B (en) Magnetizable agglomerate abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making the same
EP3784434B1 (en) Coated abrasive article and method of making the same
US11724363B2 (en) Method of making a coated abrasive article
US20210402567A1 (en) Manipulation of magnetizable abrasive particles with modulation of magnetic field angle or strength
US10655038B2 (en) Method of making magnetizable abrasive particles
US11926782B2 (en) Magnetizable abrasive particle and method of making the same
US20210155836A1 (en) Magnetizable abrasive particle and method of making the same
US20210046612A1 (en) Method of making a coated abrasive article
US20220306923A1 (en) Magnetizable abrasive particles and method of making the same

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 17864453

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2017864453

Country of ref document: EP

Effective date: 20190527