Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/60—Salicylic acid; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• Acute and chronic inflammation appears to underlie most, if not all, the chronic diseases of today, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer's disease and cancer [1].
• classical anti-inflammatory drugs including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) - are not indicated as part of the regular treatment for these diseases.
• Common treatments include antiplatelet agents, inhibitors of angiotensin II, insulin sensitizers, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and beta blockers.
• classical NSAIDS and SAIDs did not show any benefit, if not adverse effect, in the treatment of cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, cancer and chronic kidney diseases [2].
• embodiments of the invention described herein encompass anti-inflammatory treatments of low grade chronic inflammation that underlie most of the chronic non-transmissible diseases of todays.
• One embodiment within the scope of the invention is a method of treating acute and chronic inflammatory conditions comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I:
• the invention is a method of treating inflammation related conditions comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I:
• One embodiment within the scope of the invention is a method of treating tissue allograft rejection comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I:
• the method of treating organ transplant rejection comprises the treatment of skin allograft rejection comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I:
• FIG. 1 demonstrates adduct formation of SANA with ⁇ -mercaptoethanol (BME) and Gutathione (GSH).
• FIG. 2 shows that the reaction between SANA and BME has a second order rate constant.
• FIG. 3 illustrates the effect of SANA on LPS-induced NF-i B/p65 subcellular localization in THP-1 macrophages.
• FIG. 4 shows the inhibition of NF-kB-dependent gene expression in human macrophages by SANA.
• FIG. 5 shows that SANA is a more potent inhibitor of NF-kB dependent gene expression in these cells than salicylic acid.
• FIG. 6 and 7 show induction of phase two enzymes Nrf2/Keapl -dependent gene expression by SANA but not by salicylic acid.
• FIG. 8 and 9 show the inhibition of inflammasome in THP-l cells differentiated into macrophages (PMA 200 nM, 48 hs.) by SANA but not by salicylic acid.
• FIG. 10 shows the effect of SANA on AMPK phosphorylation in vivo.
• FIG. 11 illustrates the pAMPK phosphorylation levels of SANA compared to salicylic acid in mouse livers at dosage levels from about 100 mg/kg to about 300 mg/kg.
• FIG. 12 illustrates the pAMPK phosphorylation levels of SANA compared to salicylic acid in mouse livers at dosage levels from about 100 mg/kg to about 400 mg/kg.
• FIG. 13 shows that SANA decreases LPS-induced II- lb secretion into the peritoneum in vivo.
• FIG. 14 shows that SANA reverses insulin resistance in HFD-induced obese mice.
• FIG. 15 shows that SANA unexpectedly does not inhibit GAPDH activity while that is commonly observed with nitroalkenes.
• FIG. 16 demonstrates that SANA treated skin allograft rejection better than the control group.
• FIG. 17 illustrates that SANA treated skin allograft rejection better than salicylic acid.
• the term "about” means plus or minus 5% of the numerical value of the number with which it is being used. Therefore, about 50% means in the range of 45%-55%.
• administering when used in conjunction with a therapeutic means to administer a therapeutic directly to a subject, whereby the agent positively impacts the target.
• administering a composition may be accomplished by, for example, injection, oral administration, topical administration, or by these methods in combination with other known techniques. Such combination techniques include heating, radiation, ultrasound and the use of delivery agents.
• active agents e.g. other anti-atherosclerotic agents such as the class of statins
• administration and its variants are each understood to include concurrent and sequential provision of the compound or salt and other agents.
• pharmaceutically acceptable it is meant the carrier, diluent, adjuvant, or excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
• composition as used herein is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
• pharmaceutical composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the active ingredient(s), and the inert ingredient(s) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• agent means a compound or composition utilized to treat, combat, ameliorate, prevent or improve an unwanted condition or disease of a patient.
• agent active agent
• therapeutic agent therapeutic agent
• therapeutic encompasses a combination of one or more of the compounds of the present invention.
• a "therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” of a composition is a predetermined amount calculated to achieve the desired effect, i.e., to inhibit, block, or reverse the activation, migration, proliferation, alteration of cellular function, and to preserve the normal function of cells.
• the activity contemplated by the methods described herein includes both medical therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment, as appropriate, and the compositions of the invention may be used to provide improvement in any of the conditions described. It is also contemplated that the compositions described herein may be administered to healthy subjects or individuals not exhibiting symptoms but who may be at risk of developing a particular disorder.
• a therapeutically effective amount of compound of this invention is typically an amount such that when it is administered in a physiologically tolerable excipient composition, it is sufficient to achieve an effective systemic concentration or local concentration in the tissue.
• treat refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological condition, disorder, or disease, or to obtain beneficial or desired clinical results.
• beneficial or desired results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms; diminishment of the extent of the condition, disorder, or disease; stabilization (i.e., not worsening) of the state of the condition, disorder, or disease; delay in onset or slowing of the progression of the condition, disorder, or disease; amelioration of the condition, disorder, or disease state; and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable, or enhancement or improvement of the condition, disorder, or disease.
• Treatment includes prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.
• Mammalian species that can benefit from the disclosed methods include, but are not limited to, apes, chimpanzees, orangutans, humans, monkeys; and other animals such as dogs, cats, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, mice, rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters.
• the subject is a human.
• tissue describes an aggregate of cells typically of a particular kind together with their intercellular substance that form one of the structural materials of a subject.
• organ describes a group of tissues that perform a specific function. For example, skin is a type of organ embodied herein.
• the compounds and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof can be administered by means that produces contact of the active agent with the agent's site of action. They can be administered by conventional means available for use in conjunction with pharmaceuticals in a dosage range of 0.001 to 1000 mg/kg of mammal (e.g. human) body weight per day in a single dose or in divided doses. One dosage range is 0.01 to 500 mg/kg body weight per day orally in a single dose or in divided doses. Administration can be delivered as individual therapeutic agents or in a combination of therapeutic agents. They can be administered alone, but typically are administered with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
• Compounds can be administered by one or more ways.
• the following routes may be utilized: oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques), inhalation, buccal, sublingual, or rectal, in the form of a unit dosage of a pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of the compound and optionally in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients such as stabilizers, anti-oxidants, lubricants, bulking agents, fillers, carriers, adjuvants, vehicles, diluents and other readily known excipients in standard pharmaceutical practice.
• Liquid preparations suitable for oral administration can employ media such as water, glycols, oils, alcohols, and the like.
• Solid preparations suitable for oral administration e.g. powders, pills, capsules and tablets
• solid excipients such as starches, sugars, kaolin, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, antioxidants and the like.
• Parenteral compositions typically employ sterile water as a carrier and optionally other ingredients, such as solubility aids.
• injectable solutions can be prepared, for example, using a carrier comprising a saline solution, a glucose solution or a solution containing a mixture of saline and glucose. Further guidance for methods suitable for use in preparing pharmaceutical compositions is provided in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21 st edition (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006).
• Therapeutic compounds can be administered orally in a dosage range of about 0.001 to 1000 mg/kg of mammal (e.g. human) body weight per day in a single dose or in divided doses.
• mammal e.g. human
• One dosage range is about 0.01 to 500 mg/kg body weight per day orally in a single dose or in divided doses.
• the compositions can be provided in the form of tablets or capsules containing about 1.0 to 500mg of the active ingredient, particularly about 1, 5, 10,
• the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy.
• the dose frequency can range from multiple doses daily to monthly dosages.
• the preferred dose frequency ranges from twice a day to every two weeks.
• a more preferred dose frequency ranges from twice a day to weekly.
• a most preferred dose frequency ranges from twice a day to twice a week.
• compositions including the active agent can be administered to a subject in an "effective amount.”
• An effective amount may be any amount that provides a beneficial effect to the patient, and in particular embodiments, the effective amount is an amount that may 1) prevent the subject from experiencing one or more adverse effects associated with a administered agents, such as those used to diagnose, identify, and treat medical conditions, 2) reduce side effects experienced by the subject as a result of a medical therapy or reduce the side effects known to result from such therapies, and/or 3) eliminate side effects resulting from a medical treatment experienced by the subject prior to administration of the active agent or eliminate the side effects known to result from such treatment.
• An effective amount may further be any amount that provides a beneficial effect to the patient, and in particular embodiments, the effective amount is an amount that may 1) prevent or reduce rejection of tissue allografts and/or 2) prevent or reduce rejection of a transplanted organ.
• compositions containing the compounds of the invention and a suitable carrier can be in various forms including, but not limited to, solids, solutions, powders, fluid emulsions, fluid suspensions, semi-solids, and dry powders including an effective amount of an the active agent of the invention. It is also known in the art that the active ingredients can be contained in such formulations with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, surfactants, hydrophobic vehicles, water soluble vehicles, emulsifiers, buffers, humectants, moisturizers, solubilizers, antioxidants, preservatives and the like.
• compositions of the invention include the active agent prepared as described above which are formulated as a solid dosage form for oral administration including capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
• the active compound may be admixed with one or more inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose, or starch.
• Such dosage forms may also comprise, as in normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate.
• the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents and can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings.
• an oily preparation of an active agent prepared as described above may be lyophilized to form a solid that may be mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent to form a tablet, and in yet another embodiment, the active agent may be crystallized to from a solid which may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent to form a tablet.
• the means and methods for tableting are known in the art and one of ordinary skill in the art can refer to various references for guidance. For example, Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Production and Processes, Shayne Cox Gad, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey (2008), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety can be consulted.
• liquid dosage forms which may be useful for oral administration of the active agent include liquid dosage forms.
• a liquid dosage may include a
• compositions may also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, and sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
• adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, and sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
• the compounds can be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example, as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• suitable diluents include, but are not limited to those described below:
• Vegetable oil refers to a compound, or mixture of compounds, formed from ethoxylation of vegetable oil, wherein at least one chain of polyethylene glycol is covalently bound to the vegetable oil.
• the fatty acids may have between about twelve carbons to about eighteen carbons.
• the amount of ethoxylation can vary from about 2 to about 200, about 5 to 100, about 10 to about 80, about 20 to about 60, or about 12 to about 18 of ethylene glycol repeat units.
• the vegetable oil may be hydrogenated or unhydrogenated.
• Suitable vegetable oils include, but are not limited to castor oil, hydrogenated castor oil, sesame oil, corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, benzyl benzoate, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, and palm oil.
• Suitable vegetable oils include commercially available synthetic oils such as, but not limited to, MiglyolTM 810 and 812 (available from Dynamit Nobel Chemicals, Sweden) NeobeeTM M5 (available from Drew Chemical Corp.), AlofineTM (available from Jarchem Industries), the LubritabTM series (available from JRS Pharma), the SterotexTM (available from Abitec Corp.), SoftisanTM 154 (available from Sasol), CroduretTM (available from Croda), FancolTM (available from the Fanning Corp.), CutinaTM HR (available from Cognis), SimulsolTM (available from CJ Petrow), EmConTM CO (available from Amisol Co.), LipvolTM CO, SES, and HS-K (available from Lipo), and SterotexTM HM (available from Abitec Corp.).
• synthetic oils such as, but not limited to, MiglyolTM 810 and 812 (available from Dynamit Nobel Chemicals, Sweden) NeobeeTM M5 (available from Drew Chemical Corp.), AlofineTM (available
• Suitable vegetable oils including sesame, castor, corn, and cottonseed oils, include those listed in R. C. Rowe and P. J. Shesky, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, (2006), 5th ed., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• Suitable polyethoxylated vegetable oils include but are not limited to, CremaphorTM EL or RH series (available from BASF), EmulphorTM EL-719 (available from Stepan products), and EmulphorTM EL-620P (available from GAF).
• Mineral oils As used herein, the term “mineral oil” refers to both unrefined and refined (light) mineral oil. Suitable mineral oils include, but are not limited to, the AvatechTM grades (available from Avatar Corp.), DrakeolTM grades (available from Penreco), SiriusTM grades (available from Shell), and the CitationTM grades (available from Avater Corp.).
• Castor oils refers to a compound formed from the ethoxylation of castor oil, wherein at least one chain of polyethylene glycol is covalently bound to the castor oil.
• the castor oil may be hydrogenated or unhydrogenated. Synonyms for polyethoxylated castor oil include, but are not limited to polyoxyl castor oil, hydrogenated polyoxyl castor oil, mcrogolglyceroli ricinoleas, macrogolglyceroli hydroxystearas, polyoxyl 35 castor oil, and polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil.
• Suitable polyethoxylated castor oils include, but are not limited to, the NikkolTM HCO series (available from Nikko Chemicals Co. Ltd.), such as Nikkol HCO-30, HC-40, HC-50, and HC-60 (polyethylene glycol-30 hydrogenated castor oil, polyethylene glycol-40 hydrogenated castor oil, polyethylene glycol-50 hydrogenated castor oil, and polyethylene glycol-60 hydrogenated castor oil, EmulphorTM EL-719 (castor oil 40 mole- ethoxylate, available from Stepan Products), the CremophoreTM series (available from BASF), which includes Cremophore RH40, RH60, and EL35 (polyethylene glycol-40 hydrogenated castor oil, polyethylene glycol-60 hydrogenated castor oil, and polyethylene glycol-35 hydrogenated castor oil, respectively), and the Emulgin® RO and HRE series (available from Cognis PharmaLine).
• Other suitable polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives include those listed in R. C. Rowe and P.
• Sterol refers to a compound, or mixture of compounds, derived from the ethoxylation of sterol molecule.
• Suitable polyethoyxlated sterols include, but are not limited to, PEG- 24 cholesterol ether, SolulanTM C-24 (available from Amerchol); PEG-30 cholestanol, NikkolTM DHC (available from Nikko); Phytosterol, GENEROLTM series (available from Henkel); PEG-25 phyto sterol, NikkolTM BPSH-25 (available from Nikko); PEG-5 soya sterol, NikkolTM BPS-5 (available from Nikko); PEG- 10 soya sterol, NikkolTM BPS- 10 (available from Nikko); PEG-20 soya sterol, NikkolTM BPS-20 (available from Nikko); and PEG-30 soya sterol, NikkolTM BPS-30 (available from Nikko).
• Polyethylene glycol As used herein, the term "polyethylene glycol” or “PEG” refers to a polymer containing ethylene glycol monomer units of formula -O-CH2-CH2-. Suitable polyethylene glycols may have a free hydroxyl group at each end of the polymer molecule, or may have one or more hydroxyl groups etherified with a lower alkyl, e.g., a methyl group. Also suitable are derivatives of polyethylene glycols having esterifiable carboxy groups. Polyethylene glycols useful in the present invention can be polymers of any chain length or molecular weight, and can include branching. In some embodiments, the average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol is from about 200 to about 9000.
• the average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol is from about 200 to about 5000. In some embodiments, the average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol is from about 200 to about 900. In some embodiments, the average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol is about 400.
• Suitable polyethylene glycols include, but are not limited to polyethylene glycol-200, polyethylene glycol-300, polyethylene glycol-400, polyethylene glycol-600, and polyethylene glycol-900. The number following the dash in the name refers to the average molecular weight of the polymer. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol is polyethylene glycol-400.
• Suitable polyethylene glycols include, but are not limited to the CarbowaxTM and CarbowaxTM Sentry series (available from Dow), the LipoxolTM series (available from Brenntag), the LutrolTM series (available from BASF), and the PluriolTM series (available from BASF).
• Propylene glycol fatty acid ester refers to a monoether or diester, or mixtures thereof, formed between propylene glycol or polypropylene glycol and a fatty acid.
• Fatty acids that are useful for deriving propylene glycol fatty alcohol ethers include, but are not limited to, those defined herein.
• the monoester or diester is derived from propylene glycol.
• the monoester or diester has about 1 to about 200 oxypropylene units.
• the fatty acid ester refers to a monoether or diester, or mixtures thereof, formed between propylene glycol or polypropylene glycol and a fatty acid.
• Fatty acids that are useful for deriving propylene glycol fatty alcohol ethers include, but are not limited to, those defined herein.
• the monoester or diester is derived from propylene glycol.
• the monoester or diester has about 1 to about 200 oxypropylene units.
• polypropylene glycol portion of the molecule has about 2 to about 100 oxypropylene units. In some embodiments, the monoester or diester has about 4 to about 50 oxypropylene units. In some embodiments, the monoester or diester has about 4 to about 30 oxypropylene units.
• Suitable propylene glycol fatty acid esters include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol laurates: LauroglycolTM FCC and 90 (available from Gattefosse); propylene glycol caprylates: CapryolTM PGMC and 90 (available from Gatefosse); and propylene glycol dicaprylocaprates: LabrafacTM PG (available from Gatefosse).
• Stearoyl macrogol glyceride refers to a polyglycolized glyceride synthesized predominately from stearic acid or from compounds derived
• Suitable stearoyl macrogol glycerides include, but are not limited to, Gelucire® 50/13 (available from Gattefosse).
• the diluent component comprises one or more of mannitol, lactose, sucrose, maltodextrin, sorbitol, xylitol, powdered cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose,
• hydroxy ethylcellulose methylhydroxyethylcellulose, starch, sodium starch glycolate, pregelatinized starch, a calcium phosphate, a metal carbonate, a metal oxide, or a metal aluminosilicate.
• Exemplary excipients or carriers for use in solid and/or liquid dosage forms include, but are not limited to:
• Sorbitol Suitable sorbitols include, but are not limited to, PharmSorbidex E420
• Liponic 70-NC and 76-NC available from Lipo Chemical
• Neosorb available from Roquette
• Partech SI available from Merck
• Sorbogem available from SPI Polyols
• Starch, sodium starch glycolate, and pregelatinized starch include, but are not limited to, those described in R. C. Rowe and P. J. Shesky, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, (2006), 5th ed., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• the disintegrant may include one or more of croscarmellose sodium, carmellose calcium, crospovidone, alginic acid, sodium alginate, potassium alginate, calcium alginate, an ion exchange resin, an effervescent system based on food acids and an alkaline carbonate component, clay, talc, starch, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, cellulose floe, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, calcium silicate, a metal carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium citrate, or calcium phosphate.
• croscarmellose sodium, carmellose calcium, crospovidone alginic acid, sodium alginate, potassium alginate, calcium alginate, an ion exchange resin, an effervescent system based on food acids and an alkaline carbonate component, clay, talc, starch, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, cellulose floe, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, calcium silicate,
• Still further embodiments of the invention include the active agent administered in combination with other active such as, for example, adjuvants, protease inhibitors, or other compatible drugs or compounds where such combination is seen to be desirable or advantageous in achieving the desired effects of the methods described herein.
• active agent administered in combination with other active such as, for example, adjuvants, protease inhibitors, or other compatible drugs or compounds where such combination is seen to be desirable or advantageous in achieving the desired effects of the methods described herein.
• compositions comprising an effective amount of the active agent and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• Other embodiments include a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the active agent.
• pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of active agent and a pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient.
• the active agent may be combined with one or more secondary therapeutic agents.
• Secondary therapeutic agents my include but are not limited to: an antiplatelet agent, an inhibitor of angiotensin II, an ACE inhibitor, a Ca ++ channel blocker, an insulin sensitizer, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, a beta blocker, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) modulators, and combinations thereof.
• Pluripotent anti-inflammatory and metabolic modulators and pharmaceutical compositions thereof as described herein may be administered to subjects to treat a number of both acute and chronic inflammatory and metabolic conditions.
• the pluripotent anti-inflammatory and metabolic modulators and pharmaceutical compositions thereof as described herein may be used to treat acute conditions including general inflammation, autoimmune disease, auto- inflammatory disease, arterial stenosis, organ transplant rejection and burns, and chronic conditions such as, chronic lung injury and respiratory distress, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, arthritis, neurodegenerative disorders and various skin disorders.
• the pluripotent anti-inflammatory and metabolic modulators and pharmaceutical compositions thereof as described herein may be used to treat any condition having symptoms including chronic or acute inflammation, such as, for example, arthritis, lupus, Lyme's disease, gout, sepsis, hyperthermia, ulcers, enterocolitis, osteoporosis, viral or bacterial infections, cytomegalovirus, periodontal disease, glomerulonephritis, sarcoidosis, lung disease, lung inflammation, fibrosis of the lung, asthma, acquired respiratory distress syndrome, tobacco induced lung disease, granuloma formation, fibrosis of the liver, graft vs.
• chronic or acute inflammation such as, for example, arthritis, lupus, Lyme's disease, gout, sepsis, hyperthermia, ulcers, enterocolitis, osteoporosis, viral or bacterial infections, cytomegalovirus, periodontal disease, glomerulonephritis, sarcoidosis,
• the compound of Formula I and pharmaceutical compositions thereof as described herein may be administered to subjects to treat tissue allograft rejection. In other embodiments, the compound of Formula I and pharmaceutical compositions thereof as described herein may be administered to subjects to prevent or reduce rejection of a transplanted organ. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I and pharmaceutical compositions thereof as described herein may be used to prolong the survival of a grafted tissue. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I and pharmaceutical compositions thereof as described herein may be used to prolong the survival of a transplanted organ.
• FIG. 2 it is shown that the reaction between SANA and BME was determined to be a second order rate constant.
• Stopped- flow kinetic measurements were performed using an Rx 2000 stopped flow analyzer (Applied Photophysics). Mixtures of 150 ⁇ NATxO (25 ⁇ ) and solutions of BME at 0.54 mM, 1.09 mM, 1.64 mM, 2.18 mM, and 2.73 mM concentrations.
• the reaction was monitored by following the absorbance at 260 nm and plots were fitted to a simple exponential decay function using Originlab software (version 8.0.). The observed pseudo first order constant at each concentration of BME was extracted from the equation and plotted against the concentration of BME. The second rate constant of the reaction is derived from the slope of the curve and was 182 ⁇ 6 M ' V 1 . All experiments were carried out at 25°C by triplicate.
• Nuclear factor kappa B represents a family of pro-inflammatory transcription factors, present in all eukaryotic cells, which regulate inducible expression of wide ranging genes involved in immune responses and cell-cycle regulation. Activation of NF- ⁇ is accompanied by nuclear translocation of NF- ⁇ . Accordingly, FIG. 3 illustrates the lack of nuclear translocation of NF-KB in the presence of SANA to further demonstrate its anti-inflammatory effects. Specifically, FIG. 3 illustrates immunofluorescence and epifluorescence microscopy analysis showing the effect of SANA on LPS-induced NF-KB/p65 subcellular localization in THP-1 macrophages.
• FIG. 4 shows the inhibition of NF-kB-dependent gene expression in human macrophages by SANA.
• THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages. Cells were then treated with SANA (100 and 200 uM) or Salicylic acid (SA: 100 and 200 uM) for 2 hours. Cells were then stimulated with LPS (1 mg/mL, 3 hours). mRNA was extracted and IL-6, TNF-a and MCP-1 fold change gene expression over control were quantified by qPCR.
• FIG 4 shows that when uses at the same concentration, SA was not able to inhibit NF-kB dependent gene expression in these cells.
• FIG. 5 murine RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with/without SANA (0, 50; 100 and 200 uM, 2 hours) or SA (1 mM) to see the potential inhibition of NF-kB dependent gene expression in murine macrophages.
• Cells were then stimulated with LPS (50 ng/rriL, 16 hours). Supernatants were collected and IL-6 was measured by ELISA.
• FIG 5. shows that SANA is a more potent inhibitor of NF-kB dependent gene expression in these cells than S A.
• FIG. 6 and 7 show induction of phase two enzymes Nrf2/Keapl -dependent gene expression by SANA but not by SA.
• Hep G2 cells were treated with SANA (0.1 mM) or Salicylic Acid (0.2 and 5 mM) for five hours.
• mRNA was extracted from the cells and was measured HO-1, GCLM and NQOl gene expression by qPCR.
• FIG. 8 and 9 show the inhibition of inflammasome in THP-1 cells differentiated into macrophages (PMA 200 nM, 48 hs.) by SANA but not by SA when applied together with the first (FIG 8) or the second (FIG.9) signal.
• cells were treated with Salicylic acid (0.25 mM) or SANA (0.05; 0.125 and 0.25) together with LPS stimulation.
• the cells were stimulated with LPS (250 ng/rriL, 3 hs.) and then with ATP (5 mM, 45 minutes).
• Supernatant was collected and IL-lb measured by ELISA. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. The values are showed as mean ⁇ SD.
• THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages with PMA (200 nM, 48 hs.). Cells were stimulated with LPS (250 ng/mL, 3 hs.) and then with ATP (5 mM, 45 minutes). Together with ATP treatment, cells were then treated with NATxME (10 uM), Salicylic acid (0.25 mM) or SANA (0.05; 0.125 and 0.25 mM). Supernatant was collected and IL-lb secretion was measured by ELISA. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. The values are showed as mean ⁇ SD. FIG. 8 and 9 show that SAN is a potent inhibitor of the inflammasome when applied with the first or second signal, whereas SA cannot inhibit this potent pro-inflammatory cellular pathway.
• FIG. 10 shows the effect of SANA on AMPK phosphorylation in vivo.
• C57BL/6 mice were treated with SANA (200 mg/kg, gavage) or PBS (Na2HP0 4 76 mM; NaH 2 P0 4 24 mM; NaCl 17 niM pH 7.4.
• SANA 200 mg/kg, gavage
• PBS Na2HP0 4 76 mM; NaH 2 P0 4 24 mM; NaCl 17 niM pH 7.4.
• livers were extracted and then were homogenized into NETN lysis buffer.
• livers were extracted and then were homogenized into NETN lysis buffer.
• FIG. 13 shows that SANA decreases LPS-induced II- lb secretion into the peritoneum in vivo.
• FIG. 14 shows that SANA reverses insulin resistance in HFD-induced obese mice. Mice under HFD for up to 7 months (mean weight around 40 gr.) were treated with SANA (lOOmg/kg; gavage) or phosphate buffer (control) every day during four weeks. The glucose tolerance test were run as per well-known standard procedures.
• FIG. 15 shows that SANA unexpectedly does not inhibit GAPDH activity while that is commonly observed with nitroalkenes.
• allografts were checked every 48/72 hours to assess the condition of the grafted skin. Rejection was diagnosed clinically when the allograft lost more than 50% of its size and/or more than 10% of allograft was necrotic.
• Results from FIG. 17 indicate that treatment with SANA provided significant reduction in skin allograft rejection compared to salicylic acid.
• the study followed the protocol described above for FIG.1 , but further included a Salicylate group.
• C57BL/6 female mice were grafted with skin from the tails of C57BL/6 male mice.
• the skin graft is a small square (1cm 2 ) and it was implanted onto the left subscapular region of the female mice. From one day before the transplantation until 15 days after it, the mice were treated daily with Salicylate (100 mg/kg, by oral gavage; Salicylate group), SANA (100 mg/kg, by oral gavage; SANA group) or vehicle (Control group).
• the vehicle used was a solution of Carboxy-Methyl-cellulose 0.5% m/v and Tween 80 0.5% v/v.
• allografts were checked every 48/72 hours to assess the condition of the grafted skin. Rejection was diagnosed clinically when the allograft lost more than 50% of its size and/or more than 10% of allograft was necrotic.

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