WO2017209244A1 - 炭素触媒、電池電極及び電池 - Google Patents
炭素触媒、電池電極及び電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017209244A1 WO2017209244A1 PCT/JP2017/020443 JP2017020443W WO2017209244A1 WO 2017209244 A1 WO2017209244 A1 WO 2017209244A1 JP 2017020443 W JP2017020443 W JP 2017020443W WO 2017209244 A1 WO2017209244 A1 WO 2017209244A1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/80—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with zinc, cadmium or mercury
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/8668—Binders
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8689—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a carbon catalyst, a battery electrode, and a battery.
- platinum catalysts are used as catalyst for fuel cell electrodes.
- problems to be solved such as the limited reserves of platinum and the use of platinum in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) increases the cost. For this reason, the development of alternative technologies that do not use platinum is underway.
- PEFC polymer electrolyte fuel cell
- Patent Document 1 describes a fuel cell electrode catalyst made of a carbonized material having a shell-like structure.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide a carbon catalyst, a battery electrode and a battery having excellent catalytic performance.
- a carbon catalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention for solving the above-described problem includes two kinds of transition metals, and diffraction at an angle of diffraction (2 ⁇ ) of about 26 ° in an X-ray diffraction pattern of powder X-ray diffraction by CuK ⁇ rays.
- the interplanar spacing d 002 obtained from the Bragg angle of the diffraction peak f broad which is one of the three diffraction peaks f broad , f middle and f narrow obtained by separating the peaks, is 0.374 nm or more. It has a carbon structure. According to the present invention, a carbon catalyst having excellent catalytic performance is provided.
- the required crystallite size La may have the carbon structure of 2.39 nm or more and 2.89 nm or less.
- the carbon catalyst may have the carbon structure having an average carbon network surface size L determined by temperature programmed desorption analysis capable of raising the temperature up to 1600 ° C. of 10 nm or more and 40 nm or less.
- the carbon catalyst is a voltage E when a reduction current of ⁇ 10 ⁇ A / cm 2 flows in an oxygen reduction voltammogram obtained by sweeping and applying a potential using a rotating disk electrode device having a working electrode containing the carbon catalyst.
- O2 may be be at 0.820V (vs.NHE) above.
- the carbon catalyst when applied with a voltage of 0.7 V (vs. NHE) in an oxygen reduction voltammogram obtained by sweeping and applying a potential using a rotating disk electrode device having a working electrode containing the carbon catalyst.
- the absolute value of the current density i 0.7 (mA / cm 2 ) may be 0.92 or more.
- the carbon catalyst includes two kinds of transition metals selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc as the two kinds of transition metals. Also good.
- a battery electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention for solving the above-described problems is characterized by including any one of the above carbon catalysts. According to the present invention, a battery electrode having excellent catalytic performance is provided.
- a carbon catalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention for solving the above-described problems includes the battery electrode. According to the present invention, a battery having excellent catalytic performance is provided.
- a carbon catalyst, a battery electrode, and a battery exhibiting excellent catalytic performance are provided.
- FIG. It is explanatory drawing which shows the result of having evaluated the characteristic of the carbon catalyst in the Example which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows an example of the result of having isolate
- the carbon catalyst according to the present embodiment includes two kinds of transition metals, and diffraction at a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of around 26 ° in the X-ray diffraction pattern of powder X-ray diffraction by CuK ⁇ rays.
- the interplanar spacing d 002 obtained from the Bragg angle of the diffraction peak f broad which is one of the three diffraction peaks f broad , f middle, and f narrow obtained by separating the peaks, is 0.374 nm or more.
- the inventors of the present invention have conducted intensive studies on a carbon catalyst exhibiting excellent catalytic activity, and as a result, the specific diffraction peak f broad in the X-ray diffraction pattern including two kinds of transition metals and CuK ⁇ rays.
- the carbon catalyst having a carbon structure in which the interplanar spacing d 002 obtained from the above has a specific range was uniquely found to have extremely excellent catalytic performance, and the present invention was completed.
- This catalyst contains two kinds of transition metals as described above.
- the transition metal contained in the catalyst is not particularly limited as long as it is two kinds of transition metals belonging to Groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table.
- Two types of transition metals selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn are more preferable, and Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu It particularly preferably contains two kinds
- the present catalyst may further contain one or more elements selected from the group consisting of tin (Sn), lead (Pb), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). That is, the present catalyst may contain two kinds of transition metals and one or more elements selected from the group consisting of tin (Sn), lead (Pb), sodium (Na), and potassium (K).
- at least one element selected from the group consisting of potassium (K) two transition metals selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu and Zn, and tin
- the present catalyst may contain Fe, one type selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Cu and Zn, and one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Sn and Pb. Particularly preferred.
- This catalyst can be obtained by carbonizing a raw material containing an organic substance and two kinds of transition metals. That is, this catalyst is a raw material carbonized material containing an organic substance and two kinds of transition metals. Further, the present catalyst includes an organic substance, two kinds of transition metals, and one or more elements selected from the group consisting of tin (Sn), lead (Pb), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). It may be obtained by carbonizing the raw material. In this case, the catalyst comprises an organic substance, two kinds of transition metals, and one or more elements selected from the group consisting of tin (Sn), lead (Pb), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). It is a raw material carbonization material.
- the two kinds of transition metals contained in the catalyst are derived from the raw material of the carbonized material. Further, when the present catalyst contains one or more elements selected from the group consisting of tin (Sn), lead (Pb), sodium (Na), and potassium (K), the element is also a raw material for the carbonized material. Derived from. Details of the production method of the catalyst will be described later.
- the catalyst has a carbon structure in which the interplanar spacing d 002 obtained from the Bragg angle of a specific diffraction peak f broad in the X-ray diffraction pattern by CuK ⁇ rays is 0.374 nm or more.
- the surface interval d 002 is a surface interval obtained from the carbon (002) diffraction line in powder X-ray diffraction.
- the carbon catalyst has a laminated structure composed of curved carbon network surfaces that contribute to its catalytic activity
- the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is around 26 ° (for example, in the X-ray diffraction diagram by CuK ⁇ rays)
- the (002) diffraction line of carbon appears in the range of 23 ° to 27 °.
- This carbon (002) diffraction line is a mixture of three types of diffraction lines, that is, a (002) diffraction line derived from a graphite structure which is a high crystalline component and two diffraction lines derived from a low crystalline component. .
- this diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is divided into three diffraction peaks, that is, f broad (broad peak). And f middle (middle peak) and f narrow (narrow peak).
- the broad peak f broad is defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 24.0 ° ⁇ 4.0 ° and a full width at half maximum of 10 ° ⁇ 7.0 °.
- the middle peak f middle is defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 26.2 ° ⁇ 0.3 ° and a full width at half maximum of 2.0 ° ⁇ 0.1 °.
- the narrow peak fnarrow is defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 26.5 ° ⁇ 0.5 ° and a full width at half maximum of 0.3 ° ⁇ 0.1 °.
- the Bragg angle obtained by dividing the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of the broad peak f broad which is one of the three diffraction peaks obtained by the above peak separation, by 2, is substituted into the following Bragg equation.
- d 002 is the carbon (002) spacing (nm)
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the CuK ⁇ ray (0.15418 nm)
- ⁇ is the Bragg angle (radian).
- the interplanar distance d 002 of the present catalyst is not particularly limited as long as it is 0.374 nm or more.
- it is preferably 0.376 nm or more, more preferably 0.380 nm or more, and 0.385 nm or more. It is particularly preferred that
- the spacing d 002 of the present catalyst may be not more than 0.420nm, 0.376nm above is preferably not more than 0.420nm, 0. It is more preferably 380 nm or more and 0.410 nm or less, and particularly preferably 0.385 nm or more and 0.400 nm or less.
- this catalyst is good also as having a carbon structure whose crystallite size Lc calculated
- the crystallite size Lc is the size in the c-axis direction of the crystallite obtained from the carbon (002) diffraction line in powder X-ray diffraction.
- K is the Scherrer constant (0.94)
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the CuK ⁇ line (0.15418 nm)
- ⁇ is the full width at half maximum (radian)
- ⁇ is the Bragg angle ( radian).
- the crystallite size Lc of the catalyst is not particularly limited as long as it is 1.19 nm or more and 2.17 nm or less, but is preferably 1.19 nm or more and 2.16 nm or less, for example, 1.19 nm or more, It is more preferably 2.15 nm or less, particularly preferably 1.19 nm or more and 2.14 nm or less.
- the catalyst is determined from the Bragg angle of the carbon (100) diffraction line f 100 obtained by separating the diffraction peak around the diffraction angle (2 [Theta]) 45 ° in X-ray diffraction pattern of the powder X-ray diffraction by CuK ⁇ -ray
- the crystallite size La to be obtained may have a carbon structure of 2.39 nm or more and 2.89 nm or less.
- the crystal size La is the size in the a-axis direction of the crystallite obtained from the carbon (100) diffraction line in powder X-ray diffraction.
- the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is around 45 ° in the X-ray diffraction diagram by CuK ⁇ rays (for example, A diffraction line derived from the carbon structure appears in the range of 36 ° to 60 °.
- the diffraction line derived from the carbon structure is mixed with four types of diffraction lines, that is, the (100) diffraction line, (101) diffraction line, (102) diffraction line, and (004) diffraction line of the carbon structure.
- a diffraction line derived from iron also appears near a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 45 °. That is, in this case, the five diffraction lines obtained by adding the diffraction lines derived from iron to the four diffraction lines are mixed in the diffraction lines derived from the carbon structure.
- the diffraction peak having the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) near 45 ° is divided into five diffraction peaks, that is, A diffraction peak f 100 corresponding to the carbon (100) diffraction line, a diffraction peak f 101 corresponding to the carbon (101) diffraction line, a diffraction peak f 102 corresponding to the carbon (102) diffraction line, and a carbon (004) diffraction A diffraction peak f 004 corresponding to a line and a diffraction peak f Fe corresponding to a diffraction line derived from iron are separated.
- the diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of around 45 ° is separated into four diffraction peaks, that is, f 100 , f 101 , f 102 , and f 004. .
- the diffraction peak f 100 is defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 42.0 ° ⁇ 1.5 ° and a full width at half maximum of 3.0 ° ⁇ 2.0 °.
- the diffraction peak f 101 is defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 44.0 ° ⁇ 1.0 ° and a full width at half maximum of 5.0 ° ⁇ 3.0 °.
- Diffraction peak f 102, the diffraction angle (2 [Theta]) is 49.0 ° ⁇ 3.0 °
- the full width at half maximum is defined as the diffraction peak is 7.0 ° ⁇ 3.0 °.
- the diffraction peak f 004 is defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 54.0 ° ⁇ 1.0 ° and a full width at half maximum of 2.0 ° ⁇ 1.9 °.
- the diffraction peak f Fe is defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 44.0 ° ⁇ 1.0 ° and a full width at half maximum of 0.5 ° ⁇ 0.3 °.
- the Bragg angle ( ⁇ ) and full width at half maximum ( ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak f 100 which is one of the four or five diffraction peaks obtained by the above-described peak separation, are substituted into the following Scherrer equation.
- La K ⁇ / ⁇ cos ⁇ .
- K is the Scherrer constant (0.94)
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the CuK ⁇ line (0.15418 nm)
- ⁇ is the full width at half maximum (radian)
- ⁇ is the Bragg angle ( radian).
- the crystallite size La of the present catalyst is not particularly limited as long as it is 2.39 nm or more and 2.89 nm or less.
- it is preferably 2.39 nm or more and 2.88 nm or less, and 2.39 nm or more, It is more preferably 2.86 nm or less, and particularly preferably 2.39 nm or more and 2.85 nm or less.
- the present catalyst may have a carbon structure in which an average carbon network surface size L obtained by temperature programmed desorption analysis (high temperature TPD) capable of raising the temperature to 1600 ° C. is 10 nm or more and 40 nm or less.
- high temperature TPD temperature programmed desorption analysis
- the carbon edge surface of the carbon catalyst is measured.
- the total amount is calculated, and the average carbon network surface size L obtained from the amount is calculated using the coronene model shown in FIG.
- a 0 represents 0.2461 nm which is a lattice constant in the graphite crystal a-axis direction.
- the average carbon network surface size L of the present catalyst is not particularly limited as long as it is 10 nm or more and 40 nm or less. For example, it is preferably 11 nm or more and 39 nm or less, more preferably 12 nm or more and 38 nm or less. It is particularly preferably 13 nm or more and 33 nm or less.
- the present catalyst has an oxygen reduction voltammogram (data indicating the relationship between voltage and current density) obtained by sweeping and applying a potential using a rotating disk electrode device having a working electrode containing the present catalyst.
- the voltage E O2 (oxygen reduction start potential) when a reduction current of cm 2 flows may be 0.820 V (vs. NHE) or more.
- the oxygen reduction start potential E O2 is not particularly limited as long as it is 0.820 V (vs. NHE) or higher, but is preferably 0.821 V (vs. NHE) or higher, for example, 0.822 V ( vs. NHE) or more, and more preferably 0.823 V (vs. NHE) or more.
- This oxygen reduction start potential E O2 may be, for example, 1.200 V (vs. NHE) or less.
- the present catalyst is obtained by applying a voltage of 0.7 V (vs. NHE) in an oxygen reduction voltammogram obtained by sweeping and applying a potential using a rotating disk electrode device having a working electrode containing the present catalyst.
- the absolute value of the current density i 0.7 (mA / cm 2 ) may be 0.92 or more.
- the absolute value of the current density i 0.7 (mA / cm 2 ) is not particularly limited as long as it is 0.92 or more.
- it is preferably 0.94 or more, and 0.96 or more. More preferably, it is 0.98 or more.
- the absolute value of the current density i 0.7 (mA / cm 2), for example, may be 3.00 or less.
- the production method of the present catalyst includes carbonizing a raw material containing an organic substance and two kinds of transition metals as described above.
- the raw material for carbonization may further include one or more elements selected from the group consisting of tin (Sn), lead (Pb), sodium (Na), and potassium (K).
- the organic substance contained in the raw material is not particularly limited as long as it can be carbonized. That is, as the organic substance, for example, a high molecular weight organic compound (for example, a resin such as a thermosetting resin and / or a thermoplastic resin) and / or a low molecular weight organic compound is used. Moreover, it is good also as using biomass as organic substance.
- a high molecular weight organic compound for example, a resin such as a thermosetting resin and / or a thermoplastic resin
- biomass for example, a biomass as organic substance.
- a nitrogen-containing organic substance is preferably used as the organic substance.
- the nitrogen-containing organic substance is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic substance containing an organic compound containing a nitrogen atom in its molecule.
- the present catalyst is a carbonized product of a raw material containing a nitrogen-containing organic material, the carbon structure of the present catalyst contains a nitrogen atom.
- organic substances include, for example, phenol resin, polyfurfuryl alcohol, furan, furan resin, phenol formaldehyde resin, melamine, melamine resin, epoxy resin, nitrogen-containing chelate resin (for example, polyamine type, iminodiacetic acid type, aminophosphate type) And at least one selected from the group consisting of aminomethylphosphonic acid type), polyamideimide resin, pyrrole, polypyrrole, polyvinylpyrrole, 3-methylpolypyrrole, acrylonitrile, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylonitrile-polymethacrylic acid copolymer, polychlorinated Vinylidene, thiophene, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, vinylpyridine, polyvinylpyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, piperazine, pyran, morpholine, imidazole, 1-methyl Imidazole, 2-methylimidazole, quinoxaline, aniline, polyaniline,
- the content of the organic substance in the raw material is not particularly limited as long as the present catalyst is obtained.
- the content may be 5% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less, and preferably 10% by mass or more and 80% by mass. % Or less.
- the transition metal a simple substance of the transition metal or a compound of the transition metal is used.
- the metal compound for example, one or more selected from the group consisting of metal salts, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal nitrides, metal sulfides, metal carbides, and metal complexes may be used.
- the content of the transition metal in the raw material is not particularly limited as long as the present catalyst can be obtained, but is, for example, 1% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less. Preferably, it is 2 mass% or more and 80 mass% or less.
- the total content of the two or more elements is not particularly limited as long as the present catalyst is obtained, and may be, for example, 1% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less. Is 2 mass% or more and 80 mass% or less.
- the raw material may further contain a carbon material.
- the present catalyst is a raw material carbonization material containing an organic substance, two kinds of transition metals, and a carbon material.
- a carbon material for example, a conductive carbon material is used. Specifically, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon fiber, carbon fibril, and graphite powder is used.
- the raw material for carbonization is prepared by mixing at least an organic substance and two kinds of transition metals.
- the method for mixing the raw materials is not particularly limited, and for example, a mortar or a stirring device is used.
- Carbonization is performed by heating the raw material and holding it at a temperature at which the raw material is carbonized (hereinafter referred to as “carbonization temperature”).
- the carbonization temperature is not particularly limited as long as the raw material is carbonized, and may be, for example, 300 ° C. or higher (eg, 300 ° C. or higher and 3000 ° C. or lower), or 700 ° C. or higher (eg, 700 ° C. or higher). 2000 degrees C or less).
- the heating rate up to the carbonization temperature is, for example, 0.5 ° C./min or more and 300 ° C./min or less.
- the time for holding the raw material at the carbonization temperature is, for example, 5 minutes or more and 24 hours or less.
- the carbonization is preferably performed under a flow of an inert gas such as nitrogen.
- the carbonized material obtained by carbonization of the raw material as described above may be used as the present catalyst as it is, or the carbonized material obtained by further processing the carbonized material. It may be used as a catalyst.
- the present catalyst may be obtained, for example, by subjecting the carbonized material to a metal removal treatment.
- a metal removal process is a process which reduces the quantity of the metal derived from the raw material contained in a carbonization material.
- the metal removal process may be, for example, an acid cleaning process or an electrolytic process.
- the present catalyst may be obtained by subjecting the carbonized material to metal removal treatment and then heat treatment. That is, in this case, first, the carbonization material is subjected to the above-described metal removal treatment, and then the carbonization material that has been subjected to the metal removal treatment is subjected to heat treatment.
- the heat treatment after the metal removal treatment may be performed under the same conditions as the carbonization described above. That is, the heat treatment temperature after the metal removal treatment may be, for example, 300 ° C. or higher (eg, 300 ° C. or higher and 3000 ° C. or lower), or 700 ° C. or higher (eg, 700 ° C. or higher, 2000 ° C. or lower). Also good.
- the present catalyst is manufactured by a method including subjecting the carbonized material to the above metal removal treatment, a trace amount of the raw material-derived transition metal remains in the present catalyst.
- the transition metal contained in this catalyst can be detected by, for example, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrophotometry.
- the battery electrode according to this embodiment includes the above-described catalyst. That is, this electrode is, for example, an electrode on which the present catalyst is supported. Specifically, the present electrode is, for example, an electrode having an electrode base material and the present catalyst supported on the electrode base material.
- This electrode is, for example, an electrode of a fuel cell (for example, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell) or an air cell. Moreover, this electrode is a cathode or an anode, for example, Preferably it is a cathode. That is, this electrode is a cathode or anode of a fuel cell or an air cell, preferably a fuel cell cathode or an air cell cathode.
- the battery according to the present embodiment includes the battery electrode described above. That is, the present battery is, for example, a fuel cell (for example, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell) or an air cell including the present electrode.
- the battery may have a membrane / electrode assembly including the electrode.
- the present battery is a battery having the present electrode as a cathode or an anode, and preferably a battery having the present electrode as a cathode. That is, the present battery is a fuel cell or an air cell having the present electrode as a cathode or an anode, and preferably a fuel cell or an air cell having the present electrode as a cathode.
- Solution (a) was prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of polyacrylonitrile-polymethacrylic acid copolymer (PAN / PMA) in 15 g of dimethylformamide. Further, a solution (b) was prepared by adding 1.0 g of 2-methylimidazole and 5.78 g of zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) to 15 g of dimethylformamide and dissolving them. Next, the solution (a) and the solution (b) were mixed, and further 0.187 g of iron powder was added and mixed. Then, the obtained mixture was vacuum-dried at 60 degreeC all day and night.
- PAN / PMA polyacrylonitrile-polymethacrylic acid copolymer
- ZnCl 2 zinc chloride
- the above mixture was heated in the air, and the temperature was raised from room temperature to 150 ° C. in 30 minutes. Subsequently, the temperature was raised from 150 ° C. to 220 ° C. over 2 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was kept at 220 ° C. for 3 hours to infusibilize the mixture. Furthermore, a silicon nitride ball having a diameter of 10 mm was set in a planetary ball mill (P-7, manufactured by Fritsch Japan Co., Ltd.), and the mixture was pulverized by the planetary ball mill. Thus, a carbonization raw material was prepared.
- the raw material obtained as described above was put in a quartz tube, heated in a nitrogen atmosphere in an image furnace, and held at 1100 ° C. for 1 hour for carbonization.
- a silicon nitride ball having a diameter of 10 mm was set in a planetary ball mill (P-7, manufactured by Fritsch Japan Co., Ltd.), and the carbonized material obtained by the carbonization was pulverized by the planetary ball mill.
- 0.3 mm diameter zirconia beads and methanol were put into a bead mill (manufactured by Imex Corporation), and the carbonized material was pulverized by the bead mill.
- the carbonized material subjected to the metal removal treatment as described above was placed in a quartz tube and heated in a nitrogen atmosphere and held at 700 ° C. for 1 hour in an image furnace to perform a heat treatment after the metal removal treatment. .
- the carbonized material after the heat treatment described above was pulverized with a ball mill.
- carbon catalyst CA-I which is a powdery carbonized material, was obtained.
- a carbon catalyst CA-II was produced in the same manner as the carbon catalyst CA-I except that the carbonization temperature was 800 ° C. Further, a carbon catalyst CA-III was produced in the same manner as the carbon catalyst CA-I except that no iron powder was used.
- 0.18 g of iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl 3 .6H 2 O) was used instead of 5.78 g of zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), and the solution (a ) And solution (b) were mixed with carbon catalyst CA-IV in the same manner as carbon catalyst CA-I except that no iron powder was added.
- the carbon catalyst CA-VI was produced in the same manner as the carbon catalyst CA-I except that the above was used. Also, instead of 5.78 g of zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), 0.89 g of chromium (III) chloride hexahydrate (CrCl 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O) and 8.0 g of tin chloride were prepared in the preparation of the solution (b). (II) A carbon catalyst CA-VII was produced in the same manner as the carbon catalyst CA-I except that (SnCl 2 ) was used.
- powder X-ray diffraction measurement was performed using SPring-8 (beam line BL19B2).
- SPring-8 beam line BL19B2
- a large Debye-Scherrer camera attached to the beam line was used for detection, and an imaging plate was used as the detector.
- the sampling interval was 0.01 °
- the exposure time was 1 h
- the measurement angle range (2 ⁇ ) was 1 to 75 °.
- ⁇ syn is the wavelength of X-rays (0.0500 nm) using a synchrotron
- ⁇ CuK ⁇ is the wavelength of CuK ⁇ rays (0.15418 nm)
- ⁇ syn is a synchrotron. It is a Bragg angle (radian) of X-ray diffraction
- ⁇ CuK ⁇ is a Bragg angle (radian) of X-ray diffraction using CuK ⁇ rays.
- the carbon catalyst has a laminated structure composed of a curved carbon network surface that contributes to its catalytic activity
- the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is around 26 ° in the X-ray diffraction diagram by CuK ⁇ rays (for example, The (002) diffraction line of carbon appears in the range of 23 ° to 27 °.
- This carbon (002) diffraction line is a mixture of three types of diffraction lines, that is, a (002) diffraction line derived from a graphite structure which is a high crystalline component and two diffraction lines derived from a low crystalline component. .
- the diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of around 26 ° was separated into three diffraction peaks, that is, f broad , f middle , and f narrow .
- the separation of the peaks was performed by approximating the overlapping diffraction peaks by superimposing Gaussian basic waveforms. Fitting was performed on the diffraction pattern subjected to the background correction by optimizing the Gaussian function peak intensity, peak full width at half maximum, and peak position as parameters. Background correction was performed by taking a straight line connecting diffraction angles (2 ⁇ ) between about 10 ° to 20 ° and about 30 ° to 40 ° as a background, and subtracting the background from each diffraction intensity.
- the separation was carried out by separating into three components: broad , fmiddle and fnarrow .
- this peak separation was performed according to the following procedure.
- the peak position was optimized, and peak separation was performed by curve fitting each of the three overlapping diffraction peaks included in the diffraction peak.
- the curve fitting was performed so that the residual sum of squares was the smallest.
- the residual square means the square of the residual at each measured diffraction angle, and the residual sum of squares is the sum of these residual squares.
- the broad peak f broad was defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 24.0 ° ⁇ 4.0 ° and a full width at half maximum of 10 ° ⁇ 7.0 °.
- the middle peak f middle was defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 26.2 ° ⁇ 0.3 ° and a full width at half maximum of 2.0 ° ⁇ 0.1 °.
- the narrow peak fnarrow was defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 26.5 ° ⁇ 0.5 ° and a full width at half maximum of 0.3 ° ⁇ 0.1 °.
- the interplanar spacing d 002 and the crystal lattice size Lc were calculated by analyzing the broad peak f broad , which is one of the three diffraction peaks obtained by the above-described peak separation.
- d 002 is the carbon (002) spacing (nm)
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the CuK ⁇ ray (0.15418 nm)
- ⁇ is the Bragg angle (radian).
- K is the Scherrer constant (0.94)
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the CuK ⁇ line (0.15418 nm)
- ⁇ is the full width at half maximum (radian)
- ⁇ is the Bragg angle ( radian).
- the carbon catalyst has a laminated structure composed of a curved carbon network surface that contributes to its catalytic activity
- the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is in the vicinity of 45 ° (for example, A diffraction line derived from the carbon structure appears in the range of 36 ° to 60 °.
- the diffraction line derived from the carbon structure is mixed with four types of diffraction lines, that is, the (100) diffraction line, (101) diffraction line, (102) diffraction line, and (004) diffraction line of the carbon structure.
- a diffraction peak derived from iron also appears in the vicinity of a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 45 °. That is, in this case, the five diffraction lines obtained by adding the diffraction lines derived from iron to the four diffraction lines are mixed in the diffraction lines derived from the carbon structure.
- the carbon catalyst containing iron the peak separation of the X-ray diffraction data, diffraction peaks five diffraction peak around the diffraction angle (2 [Theta]) is 45 °, i.e., a f 100, and f 101, f 102 And f 004 and f Fe .
- diffraction peaks with a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) near 45 ° are divided into four diffraction peaks, that is, f 100 , f 101 , and f 102 , by peak separation of X-ray diffraction data. And f004 .
- the separation of the peaks was performed by approximating the overlapping diffraction peaks by superimposing Gaussian basic waveforms. Fitting was performed on the diffraction pattern subjected to the background correction by optimizing the Gaussian function peak intensity, peak full width at half maximum, and peak position as parameters.
- the background correction is not particularly limited as long as the baseline can be aligned, but in this embodiment, the background correction was performed by subtracting the intensity of 37.33 ° from each diffraction intensity.
- f 100 , f 101 , f 102 , f 004, and f Fe was separated into five components of f 100 , f 101 , f 102 , f 004, and f Fe .
- this peak separation was performed according to the following procedure.
- the peak position was optimized, and peak separation was performed by curve fitting each of the five overlapping diffraction peaks included in the diffraction peak.
- the curve fitting was performed so that the residual sum of squares was the smallest.
- the residual square means the square of the residual at each measured diffraction angle, and the residual sum of squares is the sum of these residual squares.
- Diffraction peak f 100 the diffraction angle (2 [Theta]) is 42.0 ° ⁇ 1.5 °, the full width at half maximum is defined as the diffraction peak is 3.0 ° ⁇ 2.0 °.
- the diffraction peak f 101 was defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 44.0 ° ⁇ 1.0 ° and a full width at half maximum of 5.0 ° ⁇ 3.0 °.
- Diffraction peak f 102 the diffraction angle (2 [Theta]) is 49.0 ° ⁇ 3.0 °, FWHM is defined as the diffraction peak is 7.0 ° ⁇ 3.0 °.
- the diffraction peak f 004 was defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 54.0 ° ⁇ 1.0 ° and a full width at half maximum of 2.0 ° ⁇ 1.9 °.
- the diffraction peak f Fe was defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 44.0 ° ⁇ 1.0 ° and a full width at half maximum of 0.5 ° ⁇ 0.3 °.
- the diffraction peak having a top) was separated into four components of f 100 , f 101 , f 102 , and f 004 .
- this peak separation is performed according to the following procedure.
- the peak position was optimized, and peak separation was performed by curve fitting each of the four overlapping peaks included in the diffraction peak.
- the curve fitting was performed so that the residual sum of squares was the smallest.
- the residual square means the square of the residual at each measured diffraction angle, and the residual sum of squares is the sum of these residual squares.
- Diffraction peak f 100 the diffraction angle (2 [Theta]) is 42.0 ° ⁇ 1.5 °, the full width at half maximum is defined as the diffraction peak is 3.0 ° ⁇ 2.0 °.
- the diffraction peak f 101 was defined as a diffraction peak having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) of 44.0 ° ⁇ 1.0 ° and a full width at half maximum of 5.0 ° ⁇ 3.0 °.
- Diffraction peak f 102 the diffraction angle (2 [Theta]) is 49.0 ° ⁇ 3.0 °, the full width at half maximum is defined as the diffraction peak is 7.0 ° ⁇ 3.0 °.
- Diffraction peak f 004 the diffraction angle (2 [Theta]) is 54.0 ° ⁇ 1.0 °, is defined as the diffraction peak full width at half maximum is 2.0 ° ⁇ 1.9 °.
- K is the Scherrer constant (0.94)
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the CuK ⁇ line (0.15418 nm)
- ⁇ is the full width at half maximum (radian)
- ⁇ is the Bragg angle ( radian).
- temperature-programmed desorption analysis of a carbon catalyst was performed using a temperature-programmed desorption analyzer (high-temperature TPD device) capable of raising the temperature to 1600 ° C.
- a high temperature TPD device is a device that can heat a graphite crucible as a heated object to a high temperature of 1600 ° C. or higher by high frequency electromagnetic induction heating.
- a carbon catalyst is installed in this high-temperature TPD device, the carbon catalyst is heated under a high vacuum of 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, and the desorbed gas is measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS). did.
- a carbon catalyst was filled in a graphite crucible and set in a quartz reaction tube attached to a high temperature TPD apparatus.
- the inside of the apparatus was evacuated with a turbo molecular pump and evacuated until the pressure became 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa, and then heated from room temperature to 1600 ° C. at a rate of 10 ° C./min.
- desorbed gas was detected, and the correlation between temperature (horizontal axis) and detected intensity (vertical axis) was recorded.
- the amount of desorbed gas was determined. That is, the integrated value (detected intensity area) of the detected intensity of gas from the room temperature at which heat treatment was started to the temperature (1600 ° C.) to be quantified was calculated.
- a calibration curve showing the correlation between the amount of gas desorption and the detected intensity area was created.
- various gases are used in order to strictly distinguish the same mass gas species (such as CO, N 2 , C 2 H 4, etc. in mass number 28) contained in the desorbed gas.
- species H 2, H 2 O, CO, CO 2, N 2, HCN, O 2, CH 4, C 2 H 6, C 3 H 6, C 3 H 8) examined the fragment intensity ratio, the desorbed gas Used for qualitative. Based on the detected intensity area obtained by the measurement, the calibration curve, and the fragment intensity ratio, the amount of gas desorbed from the carbon catalyst (amount released) was quantified.
- the actual size of the carbon network surface constituting the carbon can be evaluated.
- the total amount of the carbon edge surface is calculated from the desorption gas determination result of the high temperature TPD of the carbon catalyst, and the average carbon network surface size L obtained from the amount is calculated using the coronene model shown in FIG.
- a 0 represents 0.2461 nm which is a lattice constant in the graphite crystal a-axis direction.
- the phenolic hydroxyl group of the oxygen-containing compound is decomposed as carbon monoxide by heating and leaves a hydrogen atom at the carbon edge. Therefore, there is a possibility that the hydrogen amount obtained by the high temperature TPD includes the contribution of hydrogen of the phenol hydroxyl group.
- the hydrogen amount obtained by the high temperature TPD includes the contribution of hydrogen of the phenol hydroxyl group.
- atoms in the carbon network surface are incorporated into the carbon network surface, such as quaternary nitrogen, and this quaternary nitrogen does not form the carbon edge surface. . In order to precisely calculate the total amount of the edge surface, it is necessary to consider phenolic hydroxyl groups and quaternary nitrogen.
- the range that the total amount (N edge ) of the edge surface of the carbon catalyst can be obtained from the following two formulas.
- N edge (Min) [ ⁇ mol / g] CO 2 [ ⁇ mol / g] + H 2 O [ ⁇ mol / g] ⁇ 2 + H 2 [ ⁇ mol / g] ⁇ 2 + HCN [ ⁇ mol / g].
- CO [ ⁇ mol / g], CO 2 [ ⁇ mol / g], H 2 O [ ⁇ mol / g], H 2 [ ⁇ mol / g], N 2 [ ⁇ mol / g] and HCN [ ⁇ mol / g]. ] Are the amounts of desorbed gases of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen, nitrogen and hydrogen cyanide determined from high temperature TPD.
- N edge (Min) and N edge (Max) represented by the following formula: N edge (Min) [ ⁇ mol / g] ⁇ N edge [ ⁇ mol / g] ⁇ N edge (Max) [ ⁇ mol / g].
- the range of possible values of the average carbon network surface size L of the carbon catalyst was determined from the following formula: 2 ⁇ 1/12 ⁇ 0.2461 / N edge (Max) [ ⁇ mol / g] ⁇ L [nm ] ⁇ 2 ⁇ 1/12 ⁇ 0.2461 / N edge (Min) [ ⁇ mol / g].
- the catalyst slurry was sucked with a pipette, and the amount of catalyst supported per unit electrode area was 0.100 mg / cm on the disk electrode (4 mm in diameter) of the rotating disk electrode device (RRDE-3A, manufactured by BAS Co., Ltd.).
- a working electrode was produced by applying the coating composition to 2 and drying.
- a platinum electrode was used as the counter electrode, and a standard hydrogen electrode was used as the reference electrode.
- As the electrolyte solution an oxygen saturated 0.1 M perchloric acid (HClO 4 ) aqueous solution was used.
- the electrode was rotated at a rotational speed of 1600 rpm, and the current density when the potential was swept at a sweep speed of 0.5 mV / sec was recorded as a function of the potential. From the oxygen reduction voltammogram thus obtained, a voltage E O2 (V vs. NHE) (oxygen reduction start potential) when a reduction current of ⁇ 10 ⁇ A / cm 2 flows and a voltage of 0.7 V (vs. NHE) are obtained. The current density i 0.7 (mA / cm 2 ) when applied was recorded.
- V vs. NHE oxygen reduction start potential
- FIG. 2 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the carbon catalysts of Examples 1 to 11. That is, FIG. 2 shows the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ (°) of the broad peak f broad obtained by separating the (002) diffraction line of carbon as a result of powder X-ray diffraction by CuK ⁇ ray for each carbon catalyst, broad peak f broad a Bragg angle (radian) plane spacing was determined by the d 002 (nm) and the crystallite size Lc (nm), the diffraction angle of (100) diffraction line of carbon 2 [Theta] (°) and the carbon (100) The crystallite size La (nm) determined by the Bragg angle (radian) of the diffraction line is shown, the average carbon network surface size L (nm) is shown as a result of the high temperature TPD, and the oxygen reduction start potential E O2 is shown as the catalyst performance. (V vs. NHE) and current density i 0.7 (mA / cm
- FIG. 3 shows the result of separation of diffraction peaks of the carbon catalyst CA-I of Example 1 whose diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) in the X-ray diffraction pattern by CuK ⁇ rays is around 26 °. As shown in FIG. 3, the peak separation, three diffraction peaks f broad, f middle and f narrow is obtained.
- FIG. 4A shows the result of separation of diffraction peaks of the carbon catalyst CA-III of Example 3 having a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) in the X-ray diffraction pattern by CuK ⁇ rays of around 45 °.
- FIG. 4A shows four diffraction peaks f 100 , f 101 , f 102 and f 004 were obtained by peak separation.
- FIG. 4B shows the results of separation of diffraction peaks with a diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) in the X-ray diffraction pattern by CuK ⁇ rays of around 45 ° for the carbon catalyst CA-IV of Example 4.
- five diffraction peaks f 100 , f 101 , f 102 , f 004, and f Fe were obtained by peak separation.
- the catalytic performance of the carbon catalyst CA-I of Example 1 was significantly higher than those of the other carbon catalysts of Examples 2 to 4 and Examples 9 to 11. That is, when the carbon catalysts of Examples 2 to 4 and Examples 9 to 11 were used, the oxygen reduction starting potential E O2 was 0.819 (V vs. NHE) or less, whereas the carbon catalyst of Example 1 When O2 was used, the oxygen reduction starting potential E O2 was remarkably large and was 0.831 (V vs. NHE).
- the absolute value of current density i 0.7 (mA / cm 2 ) when using the carbon catalysts of Examples 2 to 4 and Examples 9 to 11 was 0.91 or less, whereas Example 1 When the carbon catalyst CA-I was used, the absolute value of the current density i 0.7 (mA / cm 2 ) was significantly large, 1.80.
- the catalytic performances of the carbon catalysts of Examples 5 to 8 were higher than those of the carbon catalysts of other Examples 2 to 4 and Examples 9 to 11.
- the oxygen reduction starting potential E O2 was remarkably large and was 0.828 (V vs. NHE).
- the absolute value of the current density i 0.7 (mA / cm 2 ) when the carbon catalysts of Examples 6 to 8 were used was remarkably large, being 1.14 or more and 1.85 or less.
- the interplanar spacing d 002 of the carbon catalysts of Examples 5 to 8 was 0.374 nm or more and 0.396 nm or less.
- the interplanar spacing d 002 of the carbon catalysts of Examples 6 to 8 in which the absolute value of the current density i 0.7 (mA / cm 2 ) was significantly large was 0.378 nm or more and 0.396 nm or less.
- the crystallite size Lc based on the broad peak f broad of the carbon catalyst CA-I of Example 1 was 1.38 nm, whereas the crystallite size Lc of the carbon catalysts of Example 2 and Example 3 was 1.18 nm.
- the crystallite size Lc of the carbon catalyst of Example 4 was 2.18 nm.
- crystallite size Lc of the carbon catalysts of Examples 5 to 8 was 1.20 nm to 1.30 nm, whereas the crystallite size Lc of the carbon catalysts of Examples 9 to 11 was 1. It was 15 nm or less.
- the crystallite size La based on the diffraction peak f 100 corresponding to the carbon (100) diffraction line of the carbon catalyst CA-I of Example 1 was 2.41 nm, whereas that of the carbon catalyst CA-II of Example 2
- the crystallite size La is 2.90 nm
- the crystallite size La of the carbon catalyst CA-III of Example 3 is 2.38 nm
- the crystallite size La of the carbon catalyst CA-IV of Example 4 is 7. It was 88 nm.
- crystallite size La of the carbon catalysts of Examples 5 to 8 was 2.43 nm to 2.85 nm, whereas the crystallite size La of the carbon catalysts of Examples 9 to 11 was 2. It was 30 nm or more and 2.82 nm or less.
- the average carbon network surface size L of the carbon catalyst CA-I of Example 1 was 19 nm or more and 33 nm or less, whereas that of Example 2
- the average carbon network size L of the carbon catalyst CA-II is 6 nm or more and 12 nm or less
- the average carbon network size L of the carbon catalyst CA-III of Example 3 is 16 nm or more and 28 nm or less.
- the average carbon network surface size L of the carbon catalyst CA-IV was 34 nm or more and 44 nm or less.
- the average carbon network surface size L of the carbon catalysts of Examples 5 to 8 was 16 nm or more and 33 nm or less, whereas the average carbon network surface size L of the carbon catalysts of Examples 9 to 11 was 15 nm or more. 30 nm or less.
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Abstract
Description
1.0gのポリアクリロニトリル-ポリメタクリル酸共重合体(PAN/PMA)を15gのジメチルホルムアミドに溶解させることにより溶液(a)を調製した。また、1.0gの2-メチルイミダゾールと、5.78gの塩化亜鉛(ZnCl2)とを15gのジメチルホルムアミドに加えて溶解させることにより溶液(b)を調製した。次に、溶液(a)と溶液(b)とを混合し、さらに0.187gの鉄粉末を加えて混合した。その後、得られた混合物を、60℃で一昼夜、真空乾燥させた。
粉末状の炭素触媒の試料を、リンデマンガラスキャピラリー(φ=0.5mm、肉厚0.01mm)に入れ、真空状態で封管を行った。次いで、このガラス管をゴニオメータに固定し、ゴニオメータを回転させることで試料を均一に測定した。
nθCuKα。この式において、λsynは、シンクロトロンを用いたX線の波長(0.0500nm)であり、λCuKαは、CuKα線の波長(0.15418nm)であり、θsynは、シンクロトロンを用いたX線回折のブラッグ角(radian)であり、θCuKαは、CuKα線を用いたX線回折のブラッグ角(radian)である。
本実施形態においては、1600℃まで昇温可能な昇温脱離分析装置(高温TPD装置)を用いて、炭素触媒の昇温脱離分析を行った。高温TPD装置は、高周波電磁誘導加熱によって被加熱体である黒鉛るつぼを1600℃以上の高温まで加熱できる装置である。この高温TPD装置の詳細については、Carbon誌(Takafumi Ishi,SuSumu Kashihara,Yasuto Hoshikawa,Jun-ichi Ozaki,Naokatsu Kannari,Kazuyuki Takai,Toshiaki Enoki,Takashi Kyotani,Carbon,Volume80,December 2014,Pages 135-145)に記載されている。
上述のようにして製造された炭素触媒の酸素還元活性を評価した。まず炭素触媒5mgに、市販の5重量%Nafion(登録商標)溶液(Aldrich製)50μL、蒸留水とイソプロパノールとを8:2の体積比で混合した溶液500μLを加え、次いで超音波処理を施して、触媒スラリーを得た。
図2には、例1~例11の炭素触媒の特性を評価した結果を示す。すなわち、図2には、各炭素触媒について、CuKα線による粉末X線回折の結果として、炭素の(002)回折線を分離して得られたブロードピークfbrоadの回折角2θ(°)、当該ブロードピークfbrоadのブラッグ角(radian)により求められた面間隔d002(nm)及び結晶子サイズLc(nm)、炭素の(100)回折線の回折角2θ(°)及び当該炭素(100)回折線のブラッグ角(radian)により求められた結晶子サイズLa(nm)を示し、高温TPDの結果として、平均炭素網面サイズL(nm)を示し、触媒性能として、酸素還元開始電位EO2(V vs. NHE)及び電流密度i0.7(mA/cm2)を示す。
Claims (9)
- 2種類の遷移金属を含み、
CuKα線による粉末X線回折のX線回折図形において回折角(2θ)26°付近の回折ピークを分離することにより得られる3つの回折ピークfbroad、fmiddle及びfnarrowのうちの1つである前記回折ピークfbroadのブラッグ角より求められる面間隔d002が、0.374nm以上である炭素構造を有する
ことを特徴とする炭素触媒。 - 前記回折ピークfbroadのブラッグ角より求められる結晶子サイズLcが、1.19nm以上、2.17nm以下である前記炭素構造を有する
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の炭素触媒。 - CuKα線による粉末X線回折のX線回折図形において回折角(2θ)45°付近の回折ピークを分離することにより得られる炭素(100)回折線f100のブラッグ角より求められる結晶子サイズLaが、2.39nm以上、2.89nm以下の前記炭素構造を有する
ことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の炭素触媒。 - 1600℃まで昇温可能な昇温脱離分析により求められる平均炭素網面サイズLが、10nm以上、40nm以下の前記炭素構造を有する
ことを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の炭素触媒。 - 前記炭素触媒を含む作用電極を有する回転ディスク電極装置を用いて電位を掃引印加して得られる酸素還元ボルタモグラムにおいて、-10μA/cm2の還元電流が流れる時の電圧EO2が、0.820V(vs.NHE)以上である
ことを特徴とする請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の炭素触媒。 - 前記炭素触媒を含む作用電極を有する回転ディスク電極装置を用いて電位を掃引印加して得られる酸素還元ボルタモグラムにおいて、0.7V(vs.NHE)の電圧を印加した時の電流密度i0.7(mA/cm2)の絶対値が、0.92以上である
ことを特徴とする請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の炭素触媒。 - 前記2種類の遷移金属として、スカンジウム、チタン、バナジウム、クロム、マンガン、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、銅及び亜鉛からなる群より選択される2種類の遷移金属を含む
ことを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載の炭素触媒。 - 請求項1乃至7のいずれかに記載の炭素触媒を含む
ことを特徴とする電池電極。 - 請求項8に記載の電池電極を含む
ことを特徴とする電池。
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