Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
  • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
  • B01D67/0067—Inorganic membrane manufacture by carbonisation or pyrolysis
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
  • B01D53/228—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
  • B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
  • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
  • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
  • B01D67/0083—Thermal after-treatment
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
  • B01D71/021—Carbon
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D71/06—Organic material
  • B01D71/58—Other polymers having nitrogen in the main chain, with or without oxygen or carbon only
  • B01D71/62—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain
  • B01D71/64—Polyimides; Polyamide-imides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
  • B01D2256/10—Nitrogen
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
  • B01D2256/12—Oxygen
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
  • B01D2256/22—Carbon dioxide
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
  • B01D2256/24—Hydrocarbons
  • B01D2256/245—Methane
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
  • B01D2323/08—Specific temperatures applied
  • B01D2323/081—Heating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
  • B01D2323/08—Specific temperatures applied
  • B01D2323/082—Cooling
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
  • B01D2323/50—Control of the membrane preparation process
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
  • B01D2325/20—Specific permeability or cut-off range
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
  • B01D2325/28—Degradation or stability over time
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
  • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
  • Y02C20/20—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of methane
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
  • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
  • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2

Definitions

• the invention relates to carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes for use in gas separation.
• CMS carbon molecular sieve
• the invention relates to a method for producing CMS membranes with improved selectivity, permeability and stability.
• Membranes are widely used for the separation of gases and liquids, including for example, separating acid gases, such as CO2 and ]3 ⁇ 4S from natural gas, and the removal of O2 from air. Gas transport through such membranes is commonly modeled by the sorption-diffusion mechanism.
• acid gases such as CO2 and ]3 ⁇ 4S from natural gas
• O2 oxygen species
• Polymeric membranes are well studied and widely available for gaseous separations due to easy process-ability and low cost. CMS membranes, however, have been shown to have attractive separation performance properties exceeding that of polymeric membranes.
• CMS membranes are typically produced through thermal pyrolysis of polymer precursors.
• defect- free hollow fiber CMS membranes can be produced by pyrolyzing cellulose hollow fibers (J. E. Koresh and A. Soffer, Molecular sieve permselective membrane. Part I. Presentation of a new device for gas mixture separation. Separation Science and Technology, 18, 8 (1983)).
• many other polymers have been used to produce CMS membranes in fiber and dense film form, among which polyimides have been favored. Polyimides have a high glass transition temperature, are easy to process, and have one of the highest separation performance properties among other polymeric membranes, even prior to pyrolysis.
• Polyimide hollow fibers have been pyrolyzed to form CMS membranes under vacuum such as described by U.S. Pat. No. 6,565,631.
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,565,631 also discloses a method of using CMS membranes to separate CO2 from a methane stream containing 10% CO2, at 1000 psia and 50° C, with a selectivity of approximately 45, a selectivity that is much higher than typical commercial polymeric membranes.
• Other patents that describe processes for producing carbon membranes (both asymmetric hollow "filamentary" and flat sheets), and applications for gas separation, include U.S. Pat.
• CMS membrane separation properties are primarily affected by the following factors: (1) pyrolysis precursor, (2) pyrolysis temperature, (3) thermal soak time, and (4) pyrolysis atmosphere.
• Steel and Koros performed a detailed investigation of the impact of pyrolysis temperature, thermal soak time, and polymer composition on the performance of carbon membranes. (K. M. Steel and W. J. Koros, Investigation of Porosity of Carbon Materials and Related Effects on Gas Separation Properties, Carbon, 41, 253 (2003).)
• Membranes were produced in an air atmosphere at 0.05 mm Hg pressure. The results showed that increases in both temperature and thermal soak time increased the selectivity but decreased permeability for CO2/CH4 separation.
• Steel et al showed that a precursor polymer with a tightly packed structure tends to lead to a CMS membrane having higher selectivity compared with less compact precursor polymers.
• a first aspect of the invention method of making a carbon molecular sieve membrane comprising,
• the method of the invention may realize a CMS that has an improved combination of selectivity and permeance.
• the method allows for CMS membrane having good selectivity for similar sized gas molecules (e.g., ethylene/ethane and propylene/propane) while still having higher permeance of the target permeate gas molecule (e.g., ethylene or propylene)
• a second aspect of the invention is carbon molecular sieve made by the process of the first aspect.
• a third aspect of the invention is a process for separating a gas molecule from a feed gas comprised of the gas molecule and at least one other gas molecule comprising
• a fourth aspect of the invention is carbon molecular sieve module comprising a sealable enclosure comprised of: a plurality of carbon molecular sieve membranes, comprising at least one carbon molecular sieve membrane of any one of claims 1 to 9, contained within the sealable enclosure; an inlet for introducing a gas feed comprised of at least two differing gas molecules; a first outlet for permitting egress of a permeate gas stream; and a second outlet for egress of a retentate gas stream.
• a fifth aspect of the invention is a method of making a carbon molecular sieve membrane comprising,
• the gas separation method is particularly useful for separating gas molecules in gas feeds that have very similar molecular sizes such as ethane/ethylene and
• propane/propylene It may also be used to separate gases from atmospheric air such as oxygen or separating gases (e.g., methane) in natural gas feeds.
• gases e.g., methane
• Figure 1 is a view is a graph of exemplary accelerated cooling of the invention and passive cooling.
• the polyimide precursor polymer may be any useful polyimide polymer for making CMS membranes.
• the polyimide may be a conventional or fluorinated polyimide. Desirable polyimides typically contain at least two different moieties selected from
• DAM 2,4,6-trimethyl-l,3-phenylene diamine
• ODA oxydianaline
• DDBT dimethyl-3,7- diaminodiphenyl-thiophene-5,5'-dioxide
• DABA 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid
• m-PDA meta-phenylenediamine
• TMMDA tetramethylmethylenedianaline
• BDSA 4,4'-diamino 2,2'-biphenyl disulfonic acid
• BDSA 5,5'-[2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(trifluoromethyl)ethylidene]- 1,3-isobenzofurandion (6FDA), 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), pyromelli
• a particularly useful polyimide designated as 6FDA/B PDA-DAM
• 6FDA/B PDA-DAM may be synthesized via thermal or chemical processes from a combination of three monomers: DAM; 6FDA, and BPDA, each commercially available for example from Sigma- Aldrich Corporation.
• Formula 1 below shows a representative structure for 6FDA/B PDA-DAM, with a potential for adjusting the ratio between X and Y to tune polymer properties.
• a 1 : 1 ratio of component X and component Y may also abbreviated as 6FDA/BPDA 1: 1)-DAM.
• a second particularly useful polyimide designated as 6FDA-DAM lacks BPDA such that Y equals zero in Formula 1 above.
• Formula 2 shows a
• a third useful polyimide is MATRIMIDTM 5218 (Huntsman Advanced Materials), a commercially available polyimide that is a copolymer of 3,3',4,4'-benzo- phenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and 5(6)-amino-l-(4'-aminophenyl)-l,3,3- trimethylindane (BTDA-DAPI).
• Preferred polyimide polymeric precursor hollow fiber membranes are substantially defect-free.
• "Defect-free" means that selectivity of a gas pair, typically oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N 2 ), through a hollow fiber membrane is at least 90 percent of the selectivity for the same gas pair through a dense film prepared from the same composition as that used to make the polymeric precursor hollow fiber membrane.
• a 6FDA/BPDA(1:1)-DAM polymer has an intrinsic O2/N2 selectivity (also known as "dense film selectivity") of 4.1.
• the precursor polyimide polymers are typically formed into hollow fibers or films. Conventional procedures to make these may be used.
• coextrusion procedures including such as a dry-jet wet spinning process (in which an air gap exists between the tip of the spinneret and the coagulation or quench bath) or a wet spinning process (with zero air-gap distance) may be used to make the hollow fibers.
• a dry-jet wet spinning process in which an air gap exists between the tip of the spinneret and the coagulation or quench bath
• a wet spinning process with zero air-gap distance
• the heating rate from the temperature where the polyimide precursor begins to form carbon (-400 °C) to the final pyrolysis temperature has been found to be particularly important in the absence of accelerated cooling.
• the heating rate from 400 °C to the final pyrolysis temperature is from 3 °C to 7 °C/minute.
• the heating rate may also be the same rate from room temperature.
• 400 °C to the final pyrolysis temperature desirably is held at one heating rate such as 4 °C/minute. It may also be desirable to hold the same heating rate from room temperature (-20 °C to 30 °C) to the final pyrolysis temperature.
• the final pyrolysis temperature is desirably from 600 °C to 700 °C or 675 °C in the absence of accelerated cooling.
• the amount of time at the final pyrolysis temperature is desirably from as short time practicable in view of the heating rate (e.g., several seconds or one minute) to about 60 minutes.
• the hold time at the final pyrolysis temperature is from 15 minutes to 60 minutes. Longer times tend not to be necessary and may negatively affect the desired combination of permeance and selectivity.
• the separation performance may be improved over widely varying pyrolysis conditions such as final pyrolysis temperatures from 500 °C to 1500 °C or from at least 550 °C or 600 °C to at most 1000 °C, 900 °C or 800 °C, heating rates from 0.01 °C/min to 200 °C/min or from 0.1 °C/min or 1 °C/min to 100 °C/min, 50 °C/min or 20 °C/min and hold times from several seconds to several days, 24 hours, 8 hours, 2hours or 1 hour.
• pyrolysis conditions such as final pyrolysis temperatures from 500 °C to 1500 °C or from at least 550 °C or 600 °C to at most 1000 °C, 900 °C or 800 °C, heating rates from 0.01 °C/min to 200 °C/min or from 0.1 °C/min or 1 °C/min to 100 °C/min, 50 °C/min or 20 °C/
• Accelerating the cooling rate means herein that the cooling rate is accelerated from the heating rate merely occurring from shutting down the power to the furnace with a static atmosphere inside and around the outside of the furnace.
• Exemplary heat removal methods include: removing insulation (e.g., removing the insulating box around a tube in a tube furnace); flowing a gas directly over the carbon molecular sieve membrane within the furnace; flowing a gas through the carbon molecular sieve membrane within the furnace; flowing a liquid over at least a portion of the furnace or flowing a gas over at least a portion of the furnace.
• any one or combination of heat removal methods may be used, with it being desirable to have the cooling rate as high as possible at least from the final pyrolysis temperature to about 400 °C or to room temperature (-20 to 30 °C).
• the average cooling rate from the final pyrolysis temperature to 400 °C is greater than about 2, 4 or even 6 °C/minute.
• the average heating rate is the temperature difference between the final pyrolysis temperature and 400 °C and the total time it takes to reach 400 °C.
• the cooling rate from 400 °C to room temperature may be any practicable with faster being desirable merely for productivity sake.
• any suitable supporting means for holding the CMS membranes may be used during the pyrolysis including sandwiching between two metallic wire meshes or using a stainless steel mesh plate in combination with stainless steel wires and as described by US Pat. No. 8,709,133 at col. 6 line 58 to col. 7, line 4, which is incorporated by reference.
• Precursor polyimide polymers may be carbonized under various inert gas purge or vacuum conditions, preferably under inert gas purge conditions, for the vacuum pyrolysis, preferably at low pressures (e.g. less than 0.1 millibar).
• the pyrolysis utilizes a controlled purge gas atmosphere during pyrolysis in which low levels of oxygen are present in an inert gas.
• an inert gas such as argon is used as the purge gas atmosphere.
• suitable inert gases include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, helium, or any combinations thereof.
• the inert gas containing a specific concentration of oxygen may be introduced into the pyrolysis atmosphere.
• the amount of oxygen in the purge atmosphere may be less than about 50 ppm (parts per million) CVAr.
• the amount of oxygen in the purge atmosphere may be less than 40 ppm CVAr.
• Embodiments include pyrolysis atmospheres with about 8 ppm, 7 ppm, or 4 ppm CVAr.
• the gas permeation properties of a membrane can be determined by gas permeation experiments.
• Two intrinsic properties have utility in evaluating separation performance of a membrane material: its "permeability,” a measure of the membrane' s intrinsic productivity; and its “selectivity,” a measure of the membrane's separation efficiency.
• One typically determines "permeability” in Barrer (1 Barrer 10 "10 [cm 3 (STP) cm]/[cm 2 s cmHg], calculated as the flux (n ) divided by the partial pressure difference between the membrane upstream and downstream ( pt), and multiplied by the thickness of the membrane (I) .
• GPU Gas Permeation Units
• selectivity is defined herein as the ability of one gas's permeability through the membrane or permeance relative to the same property of another gas. It is measured as a unitless ratio.
• the CMS membrane produced by the method enables a carbon hollow fiber CMS membrane that has a permeance of at least 5 GPU for a target gas molecule (permeate) and a selectivity of at least 10 and a stability such that said permeance and selectivity varies less than 20% after continuously separating a feed gas comprised of a retentate gas molecule and permeate gas molecule for 10 days.
• the permeance and selectivity varies less than 15%, 10% or 5% after continuously separating a feed gas comprised of a retentate and permeate gas molecule pair for 10, 30 or 60 days.
• the permeate/retentate gas molecule pairs may be ethylene/ethane, propylene/propane, butylene/butane, methane/carbon dioxide,
• the feed gas generally is comprised of at least 50% of the permeate gas molecule (e.g., ethylene or propylene) and 25% of retentate gas molecule (e.g., ethane or propane).
• the permeate gas molecule e.g., ethylene or propylene
• retentate gas molecule e.g., ethane or propane
• the CMS membrane produced has a permeance of at least 10 GPU for propylene (permeate) and a selectivity of at least 35 propylene/propane. Desirably, in this embodiment the permeance is at least 12, 15 or even 18 GPU for propylene. Likewise, in this embodiment the selectivity is at least 40, 45 or even 50 for propylene/propane.
• the CMS membrane produced has a permeance of at least 10 GPU for ethylene (permeate) and a selectivity of at least 6 ethylene/ethane. Desirably, in this embodiment the permeance is at least 15, 18 or even 20 GPU for ethylene. Likewise, in this embodiment the selectivity is at least 8, 10 or even 12 for ethylene/ethane.
• the CMS membrane produced has a permeance of at least 10 GPU for butylene (permeate) and a selectivity of at least 5 butylene/butane.
• the permeance is at least 20, 30 or even 40 GPU for butylene.
• the selectivity is at least 10, 15 or even 30 for butylene/butane.
• the CMS membranes are particularly suitable for separating gases that are similar in sizes such as described above and involve flowing a gas feed containing a desired gas molecule and at least one other gas molecule through the CMS membrane.
• the flowing results in a first stream have an increased concentration of the desired gas molecule and second stream having an increased concentration of the other gas molecule.
• the process may be utilized to separate any of the aforementioned gas pairs and in particular is suitable for separating ethylene and ethane or propylene and propylene.
• the process exhibits the same stability as it relates to permeance and selectivity over time as described above.
• the CMS membrane is desirably fabricated into a module comprising a sealable enclosure comprised of a plurality of carbon molecular sieve membranes that is comprised of at least one carbon molecular sieve membrane produced by the method of the invention that are contained within the sealable enclosure.
• the sealable enclosure having an inlet for introducing a gas feed comprised of at least two differing gas molecules; a first outlet for permitting egress of a permeate gas stream; and a second outlet for egress of a retentate gas stream.
• the CMS membranes were made using 6FDA:BPDA-DAM polymer.
• the 6FDA:BPDA-DAM was acquired from Akron Polymer Systems, Akron, OH.
• the polymer was dried under vacuum at 110° C for 24 hours and then a dope was formed.
• the dope was made by mixing the 6FDA:BPDA-DAM polymer with solvents and compounds in Table 1 and roll mixed in a QorpakTM glass bottle sealed with a polytetrafluoroethylene
• TEFLONTM TEFLONTM cap and rolling a speed of 5 revolutions per minute (rpm) for a period of about 3 weeks to form a homogeneous dope.
• THF Tetrahydrofuran
• Bore fluid 80 wt% NMP and 20 wt% water, based on total bore fluid weight
• the dope and bore fluid were co-extruded through a spinneret operating at a flow rate of 180 milliliters per hour (mL/hr) for the dope; 60 mL/hr bore fluid, filtering both the bore fluid and the dope in line between delivery pumps and the spinneret using 40 ⁇ and 2 ⁇ metal filters.
• the temperature was controlled using thermocouples and heating tape placed on the spinneret, dope filters and dope pump at a set point temperature of 70 °C.
• the nascent fibers that were formed by the spinneret were quenched in a water bath (50 °C) and the fibers were allowed to phase separate.
• the fibers were collected using a 0.32 meter (M) diameter polyethylene drum passing over TEFLON guides and operating at a take-up rate of 42 meters per minute (M/min).
• the fibers were cut from the drum and rinsed at least four times in separate water baths over a span of 48 hours.
• the rinsed fibers in glass containers and effect solvent exchange three times with methanol for 20 minutes and then hexane for 20 minutes before recovering the fibers and drying them under vacuum at a set point temperature of 110 °C for one hour.
• a sample quantity of the above fibers Prior to pyrolyzing the fibers, a sample quantity of the above fibers (also known as "precursor fibers") were tested for skin integrity.
• One or more hollow precursor fibers were potted into a 1 ⁇ 4 inch (0.64 cm) (outside diameter, OD) stainless steel tubing. Each tubing end was connected to a 1 ⁇ 4 inch (0.64 cm) stainless steel tee; and each tee was connected to 1 ⁇ 4 inch (0.64 cm) female and male NPT tube adapters, which were sealed to NPT connections with epoxy. Pure gas permeation tests were performed in a constant- volume system maintained at 35 °C.
• the entire system and leak rate was determined to ensure that the leakage was less than 1 percent of the permeation rate of the slowest gas.
• the upstream end was pressurized (end closest to feed source) of the tube with feed gas (e.g. pure oxygen or pure nitrogen) while keeping the downstream end (end furthest from feed source) under vacuum.
• feed gas e.g. pure oxygen or pure nitrogen
• the pressure rise was recorded in a constant, known downstream volume over time using LAB VIEW software (National Instruments, Austin, TX) until reaching steady state.
• the permeance of each gas was determined through the membrane by the rate of pressure rise, the membrane area and the pressure difference across the membrane. The selectivity of each gas pair as a ratio of the individual gas permeance was calculated.
• the hollow fibers were pyrolyzed to form the CMS membranes by placing the precursor fibers on a stainless steel wire mesh plate each of them bound separately to the plate using stainless steel wire.
• the combination of hollow fibers and mesh plate were placed into a quartz tube that sits in a tube furnace.
• the fibers were pyrolyzed under an inert gas (argon flowing at a rate of 200 standard cubic centimeters per minute (seem)). Prior to pyrolyzing the furnace was purged of oxygen by evacuating and then purging the tube furnace for a minimum of four hours to reduce the oxygen level to less than 1 ppm. All of the fibers were heated at a ramp rate and held at the maximum soak temperature as shown in Table 1.
• the fibers were cooled passively (furnace shut off with the same inert gas flow maintained until the furnace was cooled to about room temperature -15 hours).
• Vacuum was quickly pulled to remove all ambient gas from the system and immediately after a 50:50 mixture of C3"/C3 (propylene/propane) was fed to the modules having the pyrolyzed fibers as shown in Table 2.
• C3"/C3 propylene/propane
• Table 2 The propylene permeance and propylene/propane selectivity is shown Table 2.
• Comparative Example 2 was the same as Comparative Example 1 except that i o the fibers that were used in the CMS module were pyrolyzed as shown in Table 2.
• the propylene permeance and propylene/propane selectivity is shown Table 2.
• Comparative Example 3 was the same as Comparative Example 1 except that 15 the fibers that were used in the CMS module were pyrolyzed as shown in Table 2.
• the propylene permeance and propylene/propane selectivity is shown Table 2.
• Comparative Example 4 was the same as Comparative Example 1 except that the fibers that 20 were used in the CMS module were pyrolyzed as shown in Table 2.
• the propylene permeance and propylene/propane selectivity is shown Table 2.
• Example 1 was the same as Comparative Example 1 except that the fibers that were used in the CMS module were pyrolyzed as shown in Table 2. The permeance
• Comparative Example 3 was the same as Comparative Example 1 except that the fibers that were used in the CMS module were pyrolyzed by heating to 660°C at 10°C/min then at 4°C/min to 675°C and soaked for 60 minutes at that temperature.
• Example 2 was the same as Comparative Example 5 except that the fibers were cooled quickly by opening the tube furnace insulation box half way ("Quick Cooling").
• the propylene permeance and propylene/propane selectivity is shown in Table 5 3.
• Example 3 was the same as Example 2 except that the fibers were cooled even more quickly by opening the tube furnace insulation box all the way ("Super Cooling").
• the propylene permeance and propylene/propane selectivity is shown in Table i o 3.
• the cooling rate for Comparative Example 5 and Examples 2 and 3 are shown in Figure 1.

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