Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/02—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D01F6/04—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyolefins
  • D01F6/06—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyolefins from polypropylene
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
  • D01D1/00—Treatment of filament-forming or like material
  • D01D1/02—Preparation of spinning solutions
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
  • D01D11/00—Other features of manufacture
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
  • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
  • D01D5/11—Flash-spinning
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
  • D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
  • D01F1/10—Other agents for modifying properties
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/02—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D01F6/04—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyolefins
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/02—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D01F6/08—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polymers of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • D01F6/12—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polymers of halogenated hydrocarbons from polymers of fluorinated hydrocarbons
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/28—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D01F6/32—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds comprising halogenated hydrocarbons as the major constituent
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/44—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds
  • D01F6/46—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds of polyolefins
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
  • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
  • Y02P70/62—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product related technologies for production or treatment of textile or flexible materials or products thereof, including footwear

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of spinning fibers, and more particularly flash spinning of fibers.
• Flash spinning is a process for producing fibers that involves spinning a polymer from a spin fluid.
• the spin agent In the flash spinning process, the spin agent must be recovered and if possible re-used. Recovery and re-use are time and resource extensive operations that if simplified can result in cost savings and quality improvements in the product.
• the present inventors have discovered spin agent compositions that allow for simplified spin agent composition processes under more suitable pressure and temperature conditions. These compositions can be used for a broad range of different polymers and blends thereof.
• the invention is directed to a process for the preparation of plexifilamentary film-fibril strands of polymer.
• the process comprises the steps of;
• a spin fluid of (a) 5 to 30 wt. % of spin fluid comprising one or more polymer types, (b) a primary spin agent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and (c) a co- spin agent comprising 1H,6H-perfluorohexane, 1H-perfluoroheptane, or 1H- perfluorohexane, and
• the co-spin agent is present in the spin fluid in an amount sufficient to form an azeotrope-like composition with the primary spin agent in the presence of the one or more polymer types.
• the co-spin agent and the primary spin agent are present in the spin fluid in amounts sufficient to form an azeotrope or azeotrope-like
• composition in the presence of the at least one or more polymer types that are at the weight % selected in (a), above.
• the polymer may be selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene-1, poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), polyvinylidenefluoride, poly (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene), and blends of the foregoing.
• the ratio of primary spin agent dichloromethane to 1H,6H-perfluorohexane is between 73:27 and 100:0 by weight.
• the ratio of primary spin agent dichloromethane to 1H-perfluorohexane is between 52:48 and 66:34 by weight.
• the ratio of primary spin agent dichloromethane to 1H-perfluoroheptane is between 70:30 and 89:11 ratio by weight.
• the ratio of primary spin agent trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene to 1H,6H-perfluorohexane is between 72:28 and 100:0 by weight.
• the ratio of primary spin agent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene to 1H-perfluorohexane is between 47:53 and 64:36 by weight.
• the ratio of primary spin agent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene to 1H-perfluoroheptane is between 67:33 and 100:0 ratio by weight.
• the process of the invention is also directed to embodiments in which blends of polymers are present for which less than all of the polymers present are being processed at azeotropic or near-azeotropic compositions of the spin agent.
• hardware can be tailored and equipped to those effects, with suitable elements to create multiple pressure/temperature relaxation modes, purges, vents and/or suitable in-situ or external separations to affect the compositions.
• the process for the preparation of plexifilamentary film-fibril strands of polymer comprises the use of a spin fluid comprising a primary spin agent that is dichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, or trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, with a secondary co-spin agent that is 1H-hexane, 1H,6H-hexane, or 1H-heptane, in a composition that is sufficient to form a cloud point.
• Fig.1 illustrates the position of the azeotrope point and the azeotrope-like boundaries in a binary mixture of solvents.
• Fig.2 shows a graph of boiling point pressures of DCM and 1H,6H- perfluorohexane mixtures@ 40°C, as a function of the weight fraction of
• Fig.3 shows the results of a cloud point curve of 14 wt% high density polyethylene (HDPE) in DCM-1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 83:17 wt% composition.
• HDPE high density polyethylene
• Fig.4 shows the results of a cloud point curve of 15 wt% PP in DCM-1H,6H- perfluorohexane in 83:17 ratio by weight.
• Fig.5 shows the results of a cloud point curve of 15 wt% PP in DCM-1H,6H- perfluorohexane in 74:26 ratio by weight.
• Fig.6 shows the cloud point curve for 15 wt% PB-1 in DCM-1H,6H- perfluorohexane in a 83:17 wt% composition.
• Fig.7 shows the cloud point curve for 15 wt% PB-1 in DCM-1H,6H- perfluorohexane in a 74:26 wt% composition.
• Fig.8 shows the cloud point curve of 20 wt% PVDF/Kynar® 710 in
• Fig.9 shows a graph of boiling point pressures of dichloromethane and 1H- perfluorohexane mixtures @ 40°C, as a function of the weight fraction of
• Fig.10 Cloud point curve of 10 wt% polypropylene in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.
• Fig.11 Cloud point curve of 15 wt% polypropylene in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.
• Fig.12 Cloud point curve for 15 wt% polybutene-1 in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.
• Fig.13 Cloud point curve of 20 wt% P4M1P in a spin agent of DCM and 1H- perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.
• Fig.14 Cloud point curve of 20 wt% P4M1P in a spin agent of DCM and 1H- perfluorohexane in a 63:37 ratio by weight.
• Fig.15 Cloud point curve of 22 wt% PVDF/Kynar® 720 in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 65.5:34.5 ratio by weight.
• Fig.16 Cloud point curve of 26wt% PVDF/Kynar® 720 in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 65.5:34.5 ratio by weight.
• Fig.17 Cloud point curve of 20 wt% ETFE in a spin agent of DCM and 1H- perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.
• Fig.18 shows a graph of boiling point pressures of dichloromethane and 1H- perfluoroheptane mixtures @ 40°C, as a function of the weight fraction of
• Fig.19 Cloud point curve of 14 wt% high density polyethylene(HDPE) in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 76.5:23.5 ratio by weight
• Fig.20 Cloud point curve of 10 wt% PP in a spin agent of DCM and 1H- perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• Fig.21 Cloud point curve of 15 wt% PP in a spin agent of DCM and 1H- perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• Fig.22 Cloud point curve for 15 wt% PB-1 in a spin agent of DCM and 1H- perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• Fig.23 Cloud point curve of 28 wt% PVDF/Kynar® 740 in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• Fig.24 Cloud point curve of 28 wt% PVDF/Kynar® 740 in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 76.5:23.5 ratio by weight.
• Fig.25 Cloud point curve of 26 wt% ETFE in a spin agent of DCM and 1H- perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• Fig.26 shows a graph of boiling point pressures of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane mixtures @ 40°C, as a function of the weight fraction of trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene.
• Fig.27 Cloud point curve of 14 wt% high density polyethylene(HDPE) in a spin agent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 74:26 ratio by weight.
• HDPE high density polyethylene
• Fig.28 shows a graph of boiling point pressures of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluorohexane mixtures @ 40°C, as a function of the weight fraction of trans-1,2- dichloroethylene.
• Fig.29 Cloud point curve of 15 wt% PP in a spin agent of trans-1,2- dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 51:49 ratio by weight.
• Fig.30 shows a graph of boiling point pressures of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluoroheptane mixtures @ 40°C, as a function of the weight fraction of trans-1,2- dichloroethylene.
• Fig.31 Cloud point curve of 14 wt% high density polyethylene(HDPE) in a spin agent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• HDPE high density polyethylene
• Fig.32 Cloud point curve for 15 wt% PP in a spin agent of trans-1,2- dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• polymer as used herein, generally includes but is not limited to, homopolymers, copolymers (such as for example, block, graft, random and alternating copolymers), terpolymers, etc. and blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term“polymer” shall include all possible geometrical configurations of the material. These configurations include, but are not limited to isotactic, syndiotactic and random symmetries.
• polyethylene as used herein is intended to encompass not only homopolymers of ethylene, but also copolymers wherein at least 85% of the recurring units are ethylene units.
• One preferred polyethylene is high-density polyethylene which
• melt index has an upper limit of melting range of about 130 to 140° C., a density in the range of 0.94 to 0.98 gram per cubic centimeter, and a melt index (MI) of between 0.1 and 100, preferably less than 4.
• polypropylene is intended to embrace not only homopolymers of propylene but also copolymers where at least 85% of the recurring units are propylene units. Isotactic and syndiotactic polypropylene are preferred forms.
• polymer type refers to the chemical class into which the polymer falls, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) copolymer, and so on.
• plexifilamentary means a three-dimensional integral network of a multitude of thin, ribbon-like, film-fibril elements of random length and a median fibril width of less than about 25 microns.
• the film- fibril elements are generally coextensively aligned with the longitudinal axis of the structure and they intermittently unite and separate at irregular intervals in various places throughout the length, width and thickness of the structure to form a continuous three-dimensional network.
• spin fluid refers to the total composition that is spun using the spinning apparatus described herein.
• Spin fluid includes polymer and spin agent.
• spin agent refers to the solvent or mixture of solvents and any additives, solubility aids and blends therewith that is used to initially dissolve the polymer to form the spin fluid.
• the dew point pressure is the pressure at which, at constant temperature, a vapour, vapour mixture, or vapour-gas mixture starts condensing into liquid.
• the boiling point pressure is the pressure at which, at constant temperature, a liquid, liquid mixture, or liquid-solution starts to form vapour.
• the azeotropic composition is the composition of a mixture of fluids at which the boiling point pressure equals the dew point pressure.
• the azeotropic compositions are determined at 40°C and expressed in mass fractions. Point C on Figure 1 corresponds to the azeotropic composition.
• “Azeotropic-like compositions” are compositions of fluids which exhibit only small differences between the boiling point pressure and the dew point pressure, i.e. the
• azeotropic-like compositions are determined at 40°C and expressed in mass fractions. Azeotropic-like compositions correspond to the compositions between and including point A and point B on figure 1.
• the phrases“Azeotropic-like” and“azeotrope-like” and“azeotrope like” are used interchangeably herein.
• cloud point it is meant the pressure and temperature at which a clear single phase spin fluid separates into two phases. At the cloud phase a clear spin fluid becomes turbid. The turbidity is determined following the protocol described herein.
• the flash-spinning process requires a spin agent that: (1) is a non-solvent to the polymer below the spin agent's normal boiling point; (2) forms a solution with the polymer at high pressure; (3) forms a desired two-phase dispersion with the polymer when the solution pressure is reduced slightly in a letdown chamber; and (4) flash vaporizes when released from the letdown chamber into a zone of substantially lower pressure through a spin orifice.
• Dichloromethane (DCM) and cis- or trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE) are examples of solvents for polymers, and in particular polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene and polypropylene) that are commercially available.
• polyolefins e.g., polyethylene and polypropylene
• their cloud-point pressures are so close to the bubble point that it is not considered feasible to use them alone as spin agents.
• co-spin agents the solvent power of the mixture is lowered sufficiently so that flash spinning to obtain the desired plexifilamentary product is readily accomplished.
• the present inventors have discovered that it is possible to flash spin a spin fluid of 5 to 30 wt. % of total spin fluid of polymer, and a spin agent comprising a primary spin agent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and a co-spin agent comprising 1H,6H-perfluorohexane,
• the dichloromethane (DCM) used was a high purity grade of 99.99% purity from Merck.
• Dichloromethane also known as methylene chloride, has a CAS Nr. of 75-09- 2.
• Dichloromethane has a molecular weight of 84.9 g/mol and an atmospheric boiling point of 39.9 °C. The dichloromethane is used as received.
• trans-1,2-dichloroethylene used was a high purity grade of 99.99% purity from Sigma-Aldrich.
• Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene has a CAS Nr. of 156- 60-5.
• Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene has a molecular weight of 96.9 g/mol and an atmospheric boiling point of 47.7 °C.
• the trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is used as received.
• 1H,6H-perfluorohexane is also purchased from Exfluor Research Corporation, 2350 Double Creek Dr., Round Rock, TX,78664, United States.1H,6H-perfluorohexane has a purity level of about 95% and used as received. The molecular mass is equal to 302 g/mol and the atmospheric boiling temperature equals 92.6°C. The 1H,6H- perfluorohexane was used as received.
• 1H-perfluorohexane (CAS Nr.355-37-3) was purchased from Apollo Scientific, Units 3 & 4, Parkway, Denton, Manchester, M343SG, United Kingdom. The molecular mass is equal to 320 g/mol and the reported boiling temperature by the Apollo Scientific equals 71.6 °C. The 1H-perfluorohexane is used as received.
• the polyethylene was a commercial grade high density polyethylene (HDPE) from Total– refining and chemicals, grade 5802 with a density of 0.957 g/cm3 (ISO 1183), melt flow index of 0.3 (ISO 1133/D, 190°C/2.16 kg) and 22 (ISO 1133/G,
• HDPE high density polyethylene
• the polypropylene (PP) used in the examples is a commercial grade Total PPH 4065 from Total Chemicals.
• the MFR is 4.2 g/10 min (ISO 1133, 2.16 kg-230°C).
• Polybutene-1 (PB-1) used was the commercial grade PB-10300M from Lyondell- Basell. The density is 0.915 g/cm3 and MFR is 4.0 g/10min (ISO 1133/D, 190°C, 2.16 kg). The PB-1 was used as received.
• P4M1P poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)
• P4M1P poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)
• the Product number is 190993.
• the reported melting point is 235°C.
• Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) is also known as polymethylpentene (PMP)
• Polyvinylidene fluoride was performed with Kynar® 710, Kynar® 720 and Kynar® 740 grades from Arkema.
• the Kynar® 710 has a specific gravity of 1.77-1.79 g/cm 3 (ASTM D79223°C), melting point of 165-172°C and melt flow rate of 19.0-35.0 g/10 min (ASTM D1238, 450°F, 3.8 kg load).
• Kynar® 720 has specific gravity of 1.77- 1.79 g/cm3 (ASTM D79223°C), melting point of 165-172°C and melt flow rate of 5.0- 29.0 g/10 min (ASTM D1238, 450°F, 3.8 kg load).
• Kynar® 740 has specific gravity is 1.77-1.79 g/cm3 (ASTM D79223°C), melting point of 165-172°C and melt flow rate of 1.5-3.0 g/10 min (ASTM D1238, 450°F, 3.8 kg load).
• the ethylene tetrafluoroethylene used in the examples is commercial grade Tefzel® 2183 from DuPont de Nemours. Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene is also known as poly(ethene-co-tetrafluoroethene) or poly(ethylene tetrafluoroethylene). Reported technical properties are a nominal melting point of 255-280°C (ASTM D3418), Flow rate of 6 g/10 min (ASTM D3159) and a specific gravity 1.7 (ASTM D792).
• the apparatus used consisted of two high pressure cylindrical chambers, each equipped with a piston which is adapted to apply pressure to the contents of the vessel.
• the cylinders have an inside diameter of 1.0 inch (2.54 ⁇ 10 -2 m) and each has an internal capacity of 50 cubic centimeters.
• the cylinders are connected to each other at one end through a 3/32 inch (2.3 ⁇ 10 -3 m) diameter channel and a mixing chamber containing a series of fine mesh screens used as a static mixer.
• a Type J thermocouple is in contact with the spin fluid to record the
• a spinneret assembly with a quick-acting means for opening the orifice is attached to the channel through a tee.
• the spinneret assembly consists of a lead hole of 0.25 inch (6.3 ⁇ 10 -3 m) diameter and about 2.0 inch (5.08 ⁇ 10 -2 m) length, and a spinneret orifice of 0.030 inch (7.62 ⁇ 10 -4 m) diameter and 0.030 inch (7.62 ⁇ 10 -4 m) length.
• a pressure transmitter is mounted in the lead hole to measure the pressure of the spin fluid.
• the pistons are driven by high pressure hydraulic system.
• the apparatus was charged with polymer pellets and spin agent and a pressure of at least 50 barg is applied to the pistons to compress the charge and avoid the spin fluid from boiling during subsequent heating.
• the contents then were heated to mixing temperature and held at that temperature for about 30 to 45 minutes during which time a differential pressure was alternatively established between the two cylinders to repeatedly force the contents through the mixing channel from one cylinder to the other to provide mixing and effect formation of a spin fluid.
• the spin fluid temperature was then raised to the final spin temperature, and held there for about 5 to 10 minutes to equilibrate the temperature.
• the pressure of the spin fluid is kept above the cloud point pressure during mixing and during the raise from the mixing temperature to the spin temperature. Mixing is continued throughout this period.
• the pressure transducer in the lead hole is calibrated at the spin temperature.
• the accumulator pressure was set to that desired for spinning at the end of the mixing cycle to simulate the letdown chamber effect.
• the spinneret orifice is opened immediately thereafter in rapid succession. It usually took about two to five seconds to open the spinneret orifice after opening the valve between the spin cell and the accumulator. This time should correspond to the residence time in the letdown chamber. When letdown chambers are used, the residence time in the chamber is usually 0.2 to 0.8 seconds. However, it has been determined that residence time does not have much effect on fiber morphology and/or properties as long as it is greater than about 0.1 second but less than about 30 seconds.
• the resultant flash-spun product was collected in a stainless steel open mesh screen basket. The pressure recorded just before the spinneret using a computer during spinning was entered as the spin pressure.
• the spinneret assembly was replaced with a view cell assembly containing a 1/2 inch (1.23 ⁇ 10 -2 m) diameter high pressure sight glass, through which the contents of the cell could be viewed as they flow through the channel.
• the window was lighted by means of a fiber optic light guide, while the content at the window itself was displayed using a digital camera.
• a Type J thermocouple is located about 5 mm behind the high pressure sight glass.
• the Type J thermocouple and a pressure measuring device located in close proximity to the window provide the pressure and temperature details of the cell behind the sight glass respectively.
• the temperature and pressure of the contents at the window were continuously monitored by a computer.
• Figure 2 shows a graph of boiling point pressure of mixtures of dichloromethane and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane@ 40°C, as a function of the weight fraction of
• dichloromethane The azeotropic composition of dichloromethane and 1H,6H- perfluorohexane at 40°C corresponds to about 83 wt% dichloromethane and about 17 wt% 1H,6H-perfluorohexane.
• the pressure for the boiling point of the azeotropic composition is equal to 104 kPa.
• the pressure associated to the dew point and boiling point are very similar. Azeotrope like
• compositions with a variation between the dew point and boiling point pressures of less than 5 % can be defined from a weight ratio of dichloromethane to 1H,6H- perfluorohexane of 100:0 wt% to about 73:27 wt-%.
• FIG. 3 shows the cloud point curve of 14 wt% high density polyethylene (HDPE) in a spin agent of dichloromethane and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 83:17 wt% composition.14 wt% of high density polyethylene was found soluble in a spin agent of dichloromethane and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 83:17 ratio by weight. Flash spin experiments were successfully performed using the spinning equipment described for a high density polyethylene polymer concentration of 14 wt% from a spin agent of DCM and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 83:17 ratio by weight.
• HDPE high density polyethylene
• Figure 4 shows the cloud point curve of 15 wt% PP in a spin agent of DCM and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 83:17 ratio by weight.
• Figure 5 shows the cloud point curve of 15 wt% PP in a spin agent consisting of DCM and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 74:26 ratio by weight.15 wt% of polypropylene were found soluble in spin agents of dichloromethane and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 83:17 and 74:26 ratio by weight, respectively.
• Flash spin experiments were performed using the spinning equipment for polypropylene polymer concentration for 10 and 15 wt% from a spin agent of DCM and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 83:17 and 74:26 ratio by weight, respectively.
• FIG. 6 shows the cloud point curve for 15 wt% polybutene-1 (PB-1) in a spin agent consisting of DCM and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 83:17 ratio by weight.
• Figure 7 shows the cloud point curve for 15 wt% polybutene-1 (PB-1) in a spin agent consisting of DCM and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 74:26 ratio by weight.15 wt% of polybutene-1 was found soluble in a spin agent consisting of dichloromethane and 1H,6H- perfluorohexane in a 83:17 and 74:26 ratio by weight.
• Flash spin experiments were performed using the spinning equipment for blends of HDPE and PB-1 with a total concentration of 14 and 18 wt% from a spin agent of DCM and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 83:17 ratio by weight.
• FIG. 8 Cloud point study and flash spin performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
• PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
• dichloromethane The azeotropic composition of dichloromethane and 1H- perfluorohexane at 40°C corresponds to about 56 wt% dichloromethane and about 44 wt% 1H-perfluorohexane.
• the dew point and boiling point at 40°C for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 118 kPa.
• Azeotropic-like composition with a variation between the dew point and boiling point less than 5 % can be defined from a weight ratio of dichloromethane to 1H-perfluorohexane of about 52:48 wt% to about 66:34 wt%.
• FIG. 10 shows the cloud point curve of 10 wt% polypropylene in a spin agent of dichloromethane and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.
• Figure 11 shows the cloud point curve of 15 wt% polypropylene in a spin agent of DCM and 1H- perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.10 and 15 wt% polypropylene were found
• Flash spin experiments were performed using the flash spinning equipment described for a polymer concentration of 15 wt% PP from a spin agentspin agent of dichloromethane and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.
• Figure 12 shows the cloud point curve for 15 wt% polybutene-1 in a spin agent of dichloromethane and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.15 wt%
• polybutene-1 was found soluble in a spin agent of dichloromethane and 1H- perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.
• Figure 13 shows the cloud point curve of 20 wt% P4M1P in a spin agent of dichloromethane and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.
• Figure 14 shows the cloud point curve of 20 wt% P4M1P in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 63:37 ratio by weight.
• 20 wt% poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (P4M1P) was found soluble in a spin agent consisting of dichloromethane and 1H -perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight and 63:37 ratio by weight, respectively.
• Figure 15 shows the cloud point curve of 22 wt% PVDF/Kynar® 720 in a spin agent of dichloromethane and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 65.5:34.5 ratio by weight.
• Figure 16 shows the cloud point curve of 26wt% PVDF/Kynar® 720 in a spin agent of dichloromethane and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 65.5:34.5 ratio by weight.22 and 26 wt% of PVDF were found soluble in a spin agent of dichloromethane and 1H- perfluorohexane in a 65.5:34.5 ratio by weight.
• Flash spinning experiments of PVDF and blends of PVDF with PB-1 and P4M1P Flash spin experiments were performed using the flash-spinning equipment described for polymer concentrations of 22 wt% and 26 wt% PVDF from a spin agent of dichloromethane and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 65.5:34.5 ratio by weight.
• concentration of 28wt% composed of a blend of PVDF and PB-1 in a 80:20 ratio by weight and a blend of PVDF and P4M1P in a 80:20 ratio by weight from a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 65.5:34.5 ratio by weight.
• Figure 17 shows the cloud point curve of 20 wt% ETFE in a spinagent of dichloromethane and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 56:44 ratio by weight.20 wt% of poly (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) was found soluble in a spinagent of
• dichloromethane The azeotropic composition of dichloromethane and 1H- perfluoroheptane at 40°C corresponds to about 71 wt% dichloromethane and about 29 wt% 1H-perfluoroheptane.
• the dew point and boiling point at 40°C for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 109 kPa.
• Azeotrope like composition with a variation between the dew point and boiling point pressure less than 5 % can be defined from a weight ratio of dichloromethane to 1H-perfluoroheptane of about 70:30 ratio by weight to about 89:11 ratio by weight.
• FIG. 19 shows the cloud point curve of 14 wt% high density polyethylene in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 76.5:23.5 ratio by weight.14 wt% high density polyethylene was found soluble in a spin agent of DCM and 1H- perfluoroheptane in a 76.5:23.5 ratio by weight. Flash spin experiments were performed
• FIG. 20 shows the cloud point curve of 10 wt% PP in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• Figure 21 shows the cloud point curve of 15 wt% PP in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.10 wt% and 15 wt% of polypropylene were found soluble in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• Flash spin experiments are performed using the flash spinning equipment described for polypropylene polymer concentrations of 10 and 15 wt% from a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• Figure 22 shows the cloud point curve for 15 wt% PB-1in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.15 wt% polybutene-1 was found soluble in a spin agent consisting of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight. Flash spin experiments were performed using the spinning equipment for blends of HDPE and PB-1 with a total concentration of 14 and 18 wt% from a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 81.5:18.5 ratio by weight.
• FIG 23 shows the cloud point curve of 28 wt% PVDF/Kynar® 740 in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• Figure 24 shows the cloud point curve of 28 wt% PVDF/Kynar® 740 in a spin agent of DCM and 1H- perfluoroheptane in a 76.5:23.5 ratio by weight.28 wt% PVDF/Kynar® 740 was found soluble in spin agents of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 and 76.5:23.5 ratio by weight, respectively.
• Figure 25 shows the cloud point curve of 26 wt% ETFE in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• 26 wt% ETFE was found soluble in a spin agent of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• Flash spin experiments were performed using the spinning equipment described before for 22, 26 and 30 wt% ETFE from a spin agent consisting of DCM and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.
• Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene:1H,6H-perfluorohexane vapor liquid equilibrium Figure 26 shows a graph of boiling point pressures of mixtures of trans-1,2- dichloroethylene and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane @ 40°C, as a function of the weight fraction of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
• the azeotropic composition of trans-1,2- dichloroethylene and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane at 40°C corresponds to about 86 wt% trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and about 14 wt% 1H,6H-perfluorohexane.
• the dew point and boiling point at 40°C for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 78.5 kPa.
• Azeotropic-like composition with a variation between the dew point and boiling point less than 5 % can be defined from a weight ratio of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene to 1H,6H- perfluorohexane of about 72:28 wt% to about 100:0 wt%.
• FIG. 27 shows the cloud point curve of 14 wt% high density polyethylene (HDPE) in a spin agent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 74:26 ratio by weight.14 wt% of high density polyethylene was found soluble in a spin agent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H,6H-perfluorohexane in a 74:26 ratio by weight. Flash spin experiments were successfully performed using the spinning
• HDPE high density polyethylene
• Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene:1H-perfluorohexane vapor liquid equilibrium Figure 28 shows a graph of boiling point pressures of mixtures of trans-1,2- dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluorohexane @ 40°C, as a function of the weight fraction of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
• the azeotropic composition of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluorohexane at 40°C corresponds to about 51 wt% trans-1,2- dichloroethylene and about 49 wt% 1H-perfluoroheptane.
• the dew point and boiling point at 40°C for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 93 kPa.
• Azeotropic-like composition with a variation between the dew point and boiling point less than 5 % can be defined from a weight ratio of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene to 1H-perfluorohexane of about 47:53 wt% to about 64:36 wt%.
• FIG. 29 shows the cloud point curve of 15 wt% polypropylene (PP) in a spinagent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluorohexane in a 51:49 ratio by weight.15 wt% of polypropylene was found soluble in a spin agent of trans-1,2-
• Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene:1H-perfluoroheptane vapor liquid equilibrium Figure 30 shows a graph of boiling point pressures of mixtures of trans-1,2- dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluoroheptane @ 40°C, as a function of the weight fraction of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
• the azeotropic composition of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluoroheptane at 40°C corresponds to about 71 wt% trans-1,2- dichloroethylene and about 29 wt% 1H-perfluoroheptane.
• the dew point and boiling point at 40°C for the azeotropic composition is equal to about 81.4 kPa.
• Azeotropic-like composition with a variation between the dew point and boiling point less than 5 % can be defined from a weight ratio of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene to 1H-perfluoroheptane of about 67:33 wt% to about 100:0 wt%.
• FIG. 31 shows the cloud point curve of 14 wt% high density polyethylene (HDPE) in a spinagent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a
• Figure 32 shows the cloud point curve of 15 wt% polypropylene (PP) in a spinagent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.15 wt% of polypropylene was found soluble in a spin agent of trans-1,2- dichloroethylene and 1H-perfluoroheptane in a 71:29 ratio by weight.

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