WO2016152933A1 - 鍛造クランク軸の製造方法 - Google Patents
鍛造クランク軸の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016152933A1 WO2016152933A1 PCT/JP2016/059254 JP2016059254W WO2016152933A1 WO 2016152933 A1 WO2016152933 A1 WO 2016152933A1 JP 2016059254 W JP2016059254 W JP 2016059254W WO 2016152933 A1 WO2016152933 A1 WO 2016152933A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
- B21K1/00—Making machine elements
- B21K1/06—Making machine elements axles or shafts
- B21K1/08—Making machine elements axles or shafts crankshafts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/02—Die forging; Trimming by making use of special dies ; Punching during forging
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2220/00—Shaping
- F16C2220/40—Shaping by deformation without removing material
- F16C2220/46—Shaping by deformation without removing material by forging
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a crankshaft by hot forging.
- crankshafts are indispensable for reciprocating engines such as automobiles, motorcycles, agricultural machines, and ships in order to extract the power by converting the reciprocating motion of pistons into rotational motion.
- the crankshaft can be manufactured by die forging or casting.
- a crankshaft manufactured by die forging hereinafter also referred to as “forged crankshaft”.
- FIG. 1A to 1C are schematic views showing examples of the shape of a general forged crankshaft.
- 1A is an overall view
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line IB-IB
- FIG. 1C is a diagram showing the phase of the pin portion.
- one crank arm portion A1 in order to facilitate understanding of the shape of the crankshaft, one crank arm portion A1, a counterweight portion W1 integral with the crank arm portion A1, a pin portion P1 connected to the crank arm portion A1 and a journal portion. Extracted and shown as J1.
- the crankshaft 11 illustrated in FIGS. 1A to 1C is a crankshaft of a four counterweight mounted on a three-cylinder engine.
- the crankshaft 11 includes four journal portions J1 to J4, three pin portions P1 to P3, a front portion Fr, a flange portion Fl, and six crank arm portions (hereinafter also referred to as “arm portions”) A1 to It consists of A6.
- the arm portions A1 to A6 connect the journal portions J1 to J4 and the pin portions P1 to P3, respectively. Further, some of the six arm portions A1 to A6 have counterweight portions (hereinafter also referred to as “weight portions”) W1 to W4 integrally.
- the first arm portion A1, the second arm portion A2, the fifth arm portion A5, and the sixth arm portion A6 each have a weight portion W1, W2, W3, or W4 integrally.
- the third arm part A3 and the fourth arm part A4 do not have a weight part.
- a front portion Fr is provided at the front end of the crankshaft 11 in the axial direction, and a flange portion Fl is provided at the rear end.
- the front part Fr is connected to the first first journal part J1, and the flange part Fl is connected to the last fourth journal part J4.
- journal portions J1 to J4, the pin portions P1 to P3, the arm portions A1 to A6, and the weight portions W1 to W4 are collectively referred to, the reference numerals are “J” for the journal portion and “P” for the pin portion. Also, “A” for the arm portion and “W” for the weight portion. Further, the arm part A and the weight part W integrated with the arm part A are collectively referred to as a “web”.
- the pin portions P1 to P3 are arranged every 120 ° with the journal portion as the center. That is, the pin portions P1 to P3 are arranged at any one of the first position L1, the second position L2, and the third position L3, and the phase difference between the first position L1 to the third position L3 is 120 °. is there.
- the width Bw of the weight part W is larger than the width Ba of the arm part A as shown in FIG. 1B. For this reason, the weight part W protrudes largely from the arm part center plane (surface including the center of the pin part P and the center of the journal part).
- the raw material for such a forged crankshaft is generally a billet.
- the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the billet that is, the cross section is round or square, and the cross-sectional area is constant over the entire length.
- a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the billet or wasteland and the axial direction of the crankshaft is referred to as a “cross section” and a parallel section is referred to as a “longitudinal section”.
- the cross-sectional area of the cross section is simply referred to as “cross-sectional area”.
- a preforming step, a die forging step, and a deburring step are provided in that order.
- a shaping process is provided after a deburring process as needed.
- the preforming process includes a roll forming process and a bending process
- the die forging process includes a roughing process and a finishing process.
- FIG. 2A to FIG. 2F are schematic diagrams for explaining a manufacturing process of a conventional general forged crankshaft.
- 2A is a billet
- FIG. 2B is a roll waste
- FIG. 2C is a bending waste
- FIG. 2D is a rough forging
- FIG. 2E is a finish forging
- FIG. 2F is a forged crankshaft.
- 2A to 2F show a manufacturing process of the crankshaft shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C.
- the forged crankshaft 11 is manufactured as follows. First, after a billet 12 having a predetermined length as shown in FIG. 2A is heated by a heating furnace, roll forming and bending are performed in that order in a preliminary forming step. In roll forming, for example, the billet 12 is rolled and squeezed using a perforated roll. Thereby, the volume of the billet 12 is distributed in the axial direction, and the roll wasteland 13 as an intermediate material is obtained (see FIG. 2B). Next, in bending, the roll wasteland 13 is partially pressed down from the direction perpendicular to the axial direction. Thereby, the volume of the roll wasteland 13 is distributed and the bending wasteland 14 which is the further intermediate material is obtained (refer FIG. 2C).
- the rough forged material 15 is obtained by forging the bent rough ground 14 up and down using a pair of molds (see FIG. 2D).
- the rough forged material 15 is formed with the approximate shape of the crankshaft (final product).
- the finish punching process the rough forging material 15 is forged using a pair of dies up and down to obtain the finished forging material 16 (see FIG. 2E).
- the finished forged material 16 is shaped to match the crankshaft of the final product.
- burrs B are formed by surplus material flowing out from between the split surfaces of the molds facing each other. For this reason, the burr B is largely attached around the rough forged material 15 and the finished forged material 16.
- the burrs B are punched out with a cutter tool while the finished forging material 16 with burrs is held between a pair of molds. Thereby, the burr
- the forged material without burrs has substantially the same shape as the forged crankshaft 11 shown in FIG. 2F.
- the key points of the burr-free forging material are slightly lowered from above and below with a mold, and the burr-free forging material is corrected to the dimensional shape of the final product.
- the key points of the burr-free forging material are, for example, the shaft portion such as the journal portion J, the pin portion P, the front portion Fr, the flange portion Fl, the arm portion A, and the weight portion W.
- the forged crankshaft 11 is manufactured.
- the twisting process is performed after the deburring process in order to adjust the arrangement angle of the pin part. Sometimes added.
- the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 2A to 2F can be applied to various crankshafts as well as the three-cylinder / four-piece counterweight crankshaft shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C.
- the manufacturing process is the same for a crankshaft mounted on a 4-cylinder engine, an in-line 6-cylinder engine, a V-type 6-cylinder engine, an 8-cylinder engine, or the like.
- the pre-forming process is mainly aimed at allocating the volume of the billet, so that the shape of the forged crankshaft is hardly formed on the obtained waste land.
- the material yield means the ratio (percentage) of the volume of the forged crankshaft (final product) to the volume of the billet.
- Patent Document 1 describes a preforming method using a pair of upper and lower molds. In the preforming method, when the rod-shaped workpiece is squeezed between the upper mold and the lower mold, a part of the workpiece is stretched and the other part continuous to the part is offset with respect to the axis. In such a preforming method described in Patent Document 1, since the extension and bending can be performed at the same time, the capital investment can be reduced.
- the billet is reduced with at least two dies that move relative to each other.
- the material is distributed axially and radially by the rolling action of the die.
- an axially asymmetric wasteland corresponding to the approximate shape of the crankshaft is formed.
- an axially asymmetric rough land can be obtained only by the above-described preforming, and it can be immediately transferred to die forging.
- JP 2001-105087 A JP-A-2-255240 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 62-244545 WO2014 / 091730
- the volume distribution of the billet and the eccentricity of the portion to be the pin portion (hereinafter also referred to as “pin equivalent portion”) can be performed to some extent.
- the eccentricity and volume distribution of the pin-corresponding portion are insufficient, and a large burr is formed with the shaping of the pin portion in the die forging in the subsequent process.
- the eccentricity of the pin equivalent part and the distribution of the billet volume can be performed to some extent without forming burrs.
- a dedicated rolling facility is required and cannot be performed easily.
- the eccentricity and volume distribution of the pin-corresponding portion are insufficient, and a large burr is formed with the shaping of the pin portion by die forging in a later process.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a forged crankshaft capable of improving material yield by decentering and narrowing a portion that becomes a pin portion in a wasteland.
- a method for manufacturing a forged crankshaft according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a journal part serving as a rotation center, a first position, a second position, and a first position that are eccentric with respect to the journal part and have a phase difference of 120 °.
- a forged crankshaft manufacturing method comprising: a pin portion located at each of three positions; a crank arm portion connecting the journal portion and the pin portion; and a counterweight portion included in all or part of the crank arm portion. It is.
- the manufacturing method of the forged crankshaft includes a first preforming step, a second preforming step, and a final preforming step.
- the first preforming step the workpiece is squeezed with a pair of first dies. Accordingly, the portion to be the pin portion disposed at the second position in the flat portion while forming the flat portion by reducing the cross-sectional area at the portion to be the pin portion and the portion to be the journal portion.
- the initial waste land obtained in the first pre-forming step has a direction perpendicular to the eccentric direction of the portion to be the pin portion arranged at the second position, and a second direction. Press down with a mold.
- positioned in the said 1st position the site
- the intermediate waste land obtained in the second pre-forming step is reduced with a third mold.
- the portion to be the pin portion disposed at the first position is further decentered, and the portion to be the pin portion disposed at the third position is further decentered.
- the workpiece is a billet or a stepped material.
- the cross-sectional area of the portion to be the pin portion and the portion to be the journal portion is such that the portion to be the crank arm portion integrally having the counterweight portion and the counter having the crank arm portion integrally. It is smaller than the total cross-sectional area of the portion that becomes the weight portion.
- the pair of first molds includes a pin processing portion that comes into contact with the portion that becomes the pin portion, and a journal processing portion that comes into contact with the portion that becomes the journal portion.
- the flat material is formed by reducing the workpiece by the pin processing portion and the journal processing portion.
- the reduction direction by the third mold is a direction perpendicular to the eccentric direction of the portion to be the pin portion disposed at the second position.
- the forged crankshaft may further include a front portion at the front end in the axial direction.
- the pair of first molds further include a front processing portion that comes into contact with a portion to be the front portion.
- the front working portion extends the portion serving as the front portion in the axial direction while reducing a cross-sectional area of the portion serving as the front portion to form a flat portion. .
- a cross-sectional area of the portion that becomes the front portion becomes closer to the end surface of the portion that becomes the front portion in the initial waste land. It is preferable to reduce the portion to be the front portion by the front processing portion so as to decrease.
- the forged crankshaft may further include a flange portion at the rear end in the axial direction.
- the pair of first molds further include a flange processing portion that comes into contact with a portion to be the flange portion.
- the end surface of the portion that becomes the flange portion is brought into contact with the flange processing portion along with the formation of the flat portion, and the cross-sectional area of the portion that becomes the flange portion is increased.
- the thickness is made thicker than the finished dimension at a portion that becomes the crank arm portion integrally including the counterweight portion and a portion that becomes the counterweight portion integrally formed by the crank arm portion. Is preferred.
- the portion of the intermediate waste that becomes the crank arm portion integrally including the counterweight portion and the crank arm portion are integrated. The part which becomes the counterweight part which has is pressed down from the axial direction of the intermediate wasteland.
- the pair of second dies in the second pre-forming step abuts with a portion to be the crank arm portion integrally including the counterweight portion and a portion to be the counterweight portion integrally formed with the crank arm portion. It is preferable to have a web processing part.
- the web processing unit includes an arm processing unit in which one of the pair of second dies comes into contact with a part that becomes the crank arm part, and a weight processing part that comes in contact with a part that becomes the counterweight part. And have.
- the arm processing portion and the weight processing portion are generally concave, and the arm processing portion is positioned on the concave bottom surface side, and the weight processing portion is positioned on the concave opening side.
- the opening width of the weight processed portion becomes wider as the distance from the concave bottom surface increases.
- the portion serving as the crank arm portion integrally including the counterweight portion and the crank as the portion serving as the pin portion disposed at the first and third positions is decentered.
- a portion to be the counterweight portion integrally formed by the arm portion is pushed into the bottom surface side of the concave web processing portion to be deformed.
- a portion to be the crank arm portion integrally having the counterweight portion and a portion to be the counterweight portion integrally having the crank arm portion are disposed on the bottom surface side of the concave web processing portion.
- the portion to be the pin portion arranged at the second position is decentered in the first preforming step and the cross-sectional area is reduced in the first and second preforming steps. Further, the portions to be the pin portions arranged at the first and third positions are decentered in the second and final preforming steps, and the cross-sectional area is reduced in the first and second preforming steps. For this reason, when forming a pin part by the die forging (finish forging) of a post process, since a burr
- FIG. 1A is an overall view schematically showing a shape example of a general forged crankshaft.
- 1B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line IB-IB in FIG. 1A.
- FIG. 1C is a diagram illustrating a phase of a pin portion with respect to the crankshaft of FIG. 1A.
- FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram showing a billet in a manufacturing process of a conventional general forged crankshaft.
- FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram showing a rough roll in the manufacturing process of a conventional general forged crankshaft.
- FIG. 2C is a schematic diagram showing a bent rough ground in a manufacturing process of a conventional general forged crankshaft.
- FIG. 1A is an overall view schematically showing a shape example of a general forged crankshaft.
- 1B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line IB-IB in FIG. 1A.
- FIG. 1C is a diagram illustrating a phase of a pin portion
- FIG. 2D is a schematic diagram illustrating a rough forged material in a manufacturing process of a conventional general forged crankshaft.
- FIG. 2E is a schematic diagram showing a finished forged material in a manufacturing process of a conventional general forged crankshaft.
- FIG. 2F is a schematic diagram illustrating a forged crankshaft in a conventional general forged crankshaft manufacturing process.
- FIG. 3A is a schematic view showing a billet in a manufacturing process example of a forged crankshaft of the present invention.
- FIG. 3B is a front view showing an initial wasteland in a manufacturing process example of a forged crankshaft of the present invention, and a side view showing an arrangement of pins corresponding to the initial wasteland.
- FIG. 3C is a front view showing an intermediate wasteland in a manufacturing process example of a forged crankshaft of the present invention, and a side view showing the arrangement of pins corresponding to the intermediate wasteland.
- FIG. 3D is a front view showing a final wasteland in a manufacturing process example of a forged crankshaft according to the present invention, and a side view showing an arrangement of pins corresponding to the final wasteland.
- FIG. 3E is a plan view showing a finished forged material in an example of a manufacturing process of a forged crankshaft according to the present invention, and a side view showing an arrangement of pin portions of the finished forged material.
- FIG. 3F is a plan view showing a forged crankshaft in a manufacturing process example of the forged crankshaft of the present invention, and a side view showing an arrangement of pin portions of the forged crankshaft.
- FIG. 4A is a longitudinal cross-sectional view schematically showing a rolling start time in a processing flow example of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 4B is a longitudinal cross-sectional view schematically showing the end of reduction in the processing flow example of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 5A is a transverse cross-sectional view showing a portion to be a pin portion arranged at the second position at the start of rolling in the processing flow example of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view showing a portion to be a pin portion arranged at the second position at the end of reduction in the processing flow example of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes a journal portion at the start of rolling in the example of the processing flow of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes a journal portion at the end of rolling in the example of the processing flow of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes an arm portion integrally having a weight portion at the start of rolling in the example of the processing flow of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes an arm portion integrally having a weight portion at the end of the rolling reduction in the example of the processing flow of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 8A is a longitudinal cross-sectional view schematically showing a rolling start time in a processing flow example of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 8B is a longitudinal cross-sectional view schematically showing the end of reduction in the example of the processing flow in the second preforming step.
- FIG. 9A is a transverse cross-sectional view showing a portion to be a pin portion arranged at the third position at the start of reduction in the processing flow example of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes a pin portion arranged at the third position at the end of the rolling reduction in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes a pin portion arranged at the second position at the start of rolling in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 10B is a cross-sectional view showing a portion to be a pin portion arranged at the second position at the end of the rolling reduction in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes a journal portion at the start of rolling in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes a journal portion at the end of rolling in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 12A is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes an arm portion integrally having a weight portion at the start of rolling in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes an arm portion integrally having a weight portion at the end of the rolling in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes an arm portion that does not have a weight portion at the start of rolling in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view showing a portion that becomes an arm portion that does not have a weight portion at the end of rolling in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 14A is a longitudinal cross-sectional view schematically showing before the reduction in the example of the processing flow in the final preforming step.
- FIG. 14B is a vertical cross-sectional view schematically showing the time when the bottom dead center of the upper mold is reached in the example of the processing flow of the final preforming step.
- FIG. 14C is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing the end of movement in the axial direction in the processing flow example of the final preforming step.
- FIG. 15A is a transverse cross-sectional view showing a state before being reduced when being reduced from the opening side of the concave web processed portion in the second preforming step.
- FIG. 15B is a transverse cross-sectional view showing the end of the reduction when the pressing is performed from the opening side of the concave web processed portion in the second preforming step.
- FIG. 16A is a transverse cross-sectional view showing the time of starting the rolling when the pin equivalent portion is rolled down without forming a closed cross section by the pin processing portion in the second preforming step.
- FIG. 16B is a transverse cross-sectional view showing the end of the reduction when the pin equivalent portion is crushed without forming a closed cross section by the pin processing portion in the second preforming step.
- FIG. 17A is a cross-sectional view showing the time of starting the reduction when the journal equivalent part is reduced without forming a closed cross section by the journal processing part in the second preforming step.
- FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view showing the end of the reduction when the journal equivalent part is crushed without forming a closed cross section by the journal processing part in the second preforming step.
- FIG. 18A is a cross-sectional view showing a state before the reduction in the example of the processing flow in which partial reduction is performed by the journal processing unit in the first preforming step.
- FIG. 18B is a cross-sectional view showing the end of reduction in an example of a processing flow in which partial reduction is performed by the journal processing section in the first preforming step.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram illustrating a shape example of a stepped material.
- FIG. 20A is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing a front equivalent part and a flange equivalent part before reduction in the example of the processing flow in the first preforming step.
- FIG. 20B is a longitudinal cross-sectional view schematically showing a front equivalent part and a flange equivalent part at the end of reduction in the example of the processing flow of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 21A is a cross-sectional view showing the front equivalent part before the reduction in the processing flow example of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 21B is a transverse cross-sectional view showing the front equivalent part at the end of reduction in the example of the processing flow of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 22A is a cross-sectional view showing a flange-corresponding portion before reduction in the example of the processing flow in the first preforming step.
- FIG. 22B is a cross-sectional view showing a flange-corresponding portion at the end of rolling in the example of the processing flow of the first preforming step.
- FIG. 23A is a longitudinal cross-sectional view schematically showing a front equivalent part and a flange equivalent part before reduction in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 23B is a longitudinal cross-sectional view schematically showing a front equivalent part and a flange equivalent part at the end of reduction in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 24A is a cross-sectional view showing a front equivalent part before rolling in the example of the processing flow in the second preforming step.
- FIG. 24B is a cross-sectional view showing the front equivalent portion at the end of rolling in the processing flow example of the second preforming step.
- FIG. 25A is a cross-sectional view showing a flange-corresponding portion before reduction in the example of the processing flow in the second preforming step.
- FIG. 25B is a cross-sectional view showing the flange-corresponding portion at the end of rolling in the example of the processing flow of the second preforming step.
- Manufacturing Process Example A forged crankshaft targeted by the manufacturing method according to the present embodiment connects a journal portion J that is a rotation center, a pin portion P that is eccentric to the journal portion J, and the journal portion J and the pin portion P.
- Arm portion A and weight portion W that all or a part of arm portion A has as a unit are provided (see FIGS. 1A to 1C).
- the pin portions (P1 to P3) are located at the first position L1, the second position L2, and the third position L3, respectively.
- the phase differences between the first position L1, the second position L2, and the third position L3 are all 120 °.
- the manufacturing method of this embodiment can be applied to, for example, the crankshaft of the three-cylinder / four-piece counterweight shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C.
- the manufacturing method of the forged crankshaft of this embodiment includes a first preforming step, a second preforming step, and a final preforming step in that order.
- a finish forging step and a deburring step may be added as a subsequent step of the final preforming step.
- FIG. 3A to 3F are schematic views for explaining an example of the manufacturing process of the forged crankshaft of the present invention.
- FIG. 3A shows a billet.
- 3B shows an initial wasteland
- FIG. 3C shows an intermediate wasteland
- FIG. 3D shows a front view and a side view of the final wasteland.
- 3E shows a finished forged material
- FIG. 3F shows a plan view and a side view of the forged crankshaft.
- 3A to 3F show an example of a manufacturing process of the crankshaft having the shape shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C. The side views on the right side of FIGS.
- FIGS. 3B to 3D show the arrangement of the pin equivalent portions PA1 to PA3 with respect to the center of the portion to be the journal portion (hereinafter also referred to as “journal equivalent portion”).
- the right side views of FIGS. 3E and 3F show the arrangement of the pin portions P1 to P3 with respect to the center of the journal portion.
- the first position L1 to the third position L3 of the pin portion of the forged crankshaft that is the final product are shown together with imaginary lines.
- the workpiece is squeezed with the first mold.
- the billet 22 is squeezed with the first mold.
- the pin equivalent portion and the journal equivalent portion of the billet 22 are crushed. Accordingly, a flat portion 23 a is formed on the billet 22.
- a pin equivalent portion (hereinafter also referred to as “second position pin equivalent portion”, which is also referred to as “second position pin equivalent portion”) in the flat portion 23a Eccentric along.
- the volume is distributed by narrowing the pin equivalent part and the journal equivalent part. Further, the second position pin corresponding portion is eccentric.
- the first preforming step can be performed, for example, according to a processing flow example described later.
- the initial wasteland 23 is squeezed with a pair of second dies in order to further distribute the volume.
- the reduction direction at that time is a direction perpendicular to the eccentric direction of the second position pin equivalent portion PA2.
- the intermediate wasteland 24 is obtained.
- a pin equivalent portion (hereinafter also referred to as “first position pin equivalent portion”) PA1 arranged at the first position L1 is eccentric along the rolling-down direction.
- the pin equivalent portion (hereinafter also referred to as “third position pin equivalent portion”) PA3 disposed at the third position L3 is eccentric to the opposite side of the first position pin equivalent portion PA1 along the rolling-down direction.
- the phase difference between the first position pin corresponding portion PA1 and the second position pin corresponding portion PA2 is 90 °.
- the phase difference between the first position pin equivalent part PA1 and the third position pin equivalent part PA3 is 180 °. Details of the second preforming step will be described later.
- the intermediate wasteland 24 is reduced by the third mold.
- the reduction direction by the third mold can be a direction perpendicular to the eccentric direction of the second position pin corresponding portion PA2.
- the first position pin equivalent part PA1 and the third position pin equivalent part PA3 are further decentered, and the final wasteland 25 is obtained.
- the phase difference between the first to third position pin corresponding portions PA1 to PA3 is maintained.
- an approximate shape of the forged crankshaft is formed on the final wasteland 25.
- a molding apparatus described in WO2014 / 091730 hereinafter referred to as “Patent Document 4” can be applied. An example of the processing flow in the final preforming step will be described later.
- the forging material 26 is obtained from the final wasteland 25 by forging with a pair of molds with the eccentric direction of the second position pin equivalent part PA2 being the down direction. At that time, surplus material flows out and burrs B are formed.
- the finished forged material 26 is shaped to match the crankshaft of the final product. As described above, in the final wasteland 25, the approximate shape of the crankshaft is formed, and the first to third position pin equivalent portions PA1 to PA3 are eccentric. Thereby, in the finish forging process, the outflow of the burrs B can be reduced and minimized.
- the first position pin equivalent portion PA1 is moved down to the first position L1 of the pin portion of the forged crankshaft that is the final product in the finish forging step. And offset to the opposite side of the second position pin equivalent portion PA2. Further, the third position pin equivalent part PA3 is offset to the third position L3 of the pin part of the forged crankshaft, which is the final product, along the reduction direction to the opposite side of the second position pin equivalent part PA2. As a result, the phase differences of the pin portions P1 to P3 are all 120 °.
- the burrs B are punched out with a blade tool while the finished forged material 26 with burrs is held between a pair of molds. Thereby, the burr
- Patent Document 4 proposes a molding apparatus that molds a finishing material from a rough material in which a rough shape of a crankshaft is formed.
- the coarse material can be obtained by subjecting a round billet to repeated drawing and bending. Further, in the post-process, finish forging and deburring are performed in that order on the finish punching material.
- the finish forging in the manufacturing process of the present embodiment and Patent Document 4 corresponds to the die forging in the conventional manufacturing process described with reference to FIGS. 2A to 2F.
- die forging is constituted by rough punching and finish punching.
- die forging is configured only by finish punching.
- FIGS. 4A to 7B are schematic diagrams illustrating a processing flow example of the first pre-forming process.
- 4A is a longitudinal sectional view at the start of rolling
- FIG. 4B is a longitudinal sectional view at the end of rolling.
- FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B are cross-sectional views showing a portion (second position pin equivalent portion) to be a pin portion arranged at the second position.
- FIG. 5A shows the start of reduction
- FIG. 5B shows the end of reduction.
- 5A is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VA-VA in FIG. 4A
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VB-VB in FIG. 4B.
- 6A and 6B are cross-sectional views showing a portion (journal equivalent portion) to be a journal portion.
- 6A shows the start of reduction and FIG. 6B shows the end of reduction.
- 6A is a sectional view taken along the line VIA-VIA in FIG. 4A
- FIG. 6B is a sectional view taken along the line VIB-VIB in FIG. 4B.
- FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B are cross-sectional views showing a portion that becomes an arm portion integrally having a weight portion.
- FIG. 7A shows the start of reduction and FIG. 7B shows the end of reduction.
- 7A is a sectional view taken along the line VIIA-VIIA in FIG. 4A
- FIG. 7B is a sectional view taken along the line VIIB-VIIB in FIG. 4B.
- the portion to be the arm portion integrally having the weight portion includes the portion to be the weight portion integrally having the arm portion.
- part used as the weight part which the arm part unites are collectively called "web equivalent part".
- FIG. 4A to 7B show a billet 22 having a round cross section and a pair of first molds 30 at the top and bottom.
- the first mold 30 includes a first upper mold 31 and a first lower mold 32.
- the shaft positions of the journal equivalent parts are indicated by black circles (see reference C).
- 5B, FIG. 6B, and FIG. 7B show the first upper mold 31, the first lower mold 32, and the billet 22 at the start of rolling by a two-dot chain line.
- dies 30 have a pin process part which contact
- the pin processing portion of this processing flow example includes a first pin processing portion 31b provided on one of the pair of first molds and a second pin processing portion provided on the other, as shown by a thick line in FIG. 5A. 32b.
- the first pin processing portion 31 b is concave and can accommodate the billet 22.
- the pin processing portion of the upper mold 31 has a concave shape capable of accommodating the billet 22 and becomes the first pin processing portion 31b.
- type 32 turns into the 2nd pin processing part 32b, and is provided in the front end surface of a convex part.
- the lower mold may be a concave shape (first pin processed portion) that can accommodate a billet.
- the pin processed portion that comes into contact with the first and third position pin equivalent portions is omitted in the cross-sectional view, but is the same as the pin processed portion that comes into contact with the second position pin equivalent portion as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. It is the composition. However, the pin processed portion that comes into contact with the first and third position pin equivalent portions differs from the pin processed portion that comes into contact with the second position pin equivalent portion in the position in the rolling direction (see FIGS. 4A and 4B).
- the journal processing unit of this processing flow example includes a first journal processing unit 31a provided in one of the pair of first dies and a second journal processing unit provided in the other, as indicated by a thick line in FIG. 6A. 32a.
- the first journal processing portion 31 a is concave and can accommodate the billet 22.
- the journal processing portion of the upper mold 31 has a concave shape capable of accommodating the billet 22 and becomes the first journal processing portion 31a.
- the journal processing portion of the lower mold 32 becomes the second journal processing portion 32a and is provided on the tip surface of the convex portion.
- the upper mold or the lower mold has a concave shape (first journal processing portion) that can accommodate a billet. That is, the lower mold may be a concave shape (first journal processing portion) that can accommodate a billet.
- the billet 22 is disposed between the upper mold 31 and the lower mold 32 in a state where the upper mold 31 is lifted and separated.
- the pin equivalent portion of the billet 22 is accommodated in the concave first pin processing portion 31b.
- the journal equivalent part is accommodated in the concave first journal processing part 31a.
- the billet 22 is pressed down by the pin processing portions 31b and 32b and the journal processing portions 31a and 32a. For this reason, the cross-sectional areas of the pin equivalent part and the journal equivalent part are reduced. As a result, a flat portion as shown in FIGS. 5B and 6B is formed.
- the pin processing portion that contacts the second position pin equivalent portion of the pin processing portion and the journal processing portion has a lowering direction than the first and third position pin equivalent portions, as shown in FIG. 4A.
- the position is different.
- the second position pin corresponding portion is eccentric along the reduction direction while being deformed.
- the material of the pin equivalent portion and the journal equivalent portion moves in the axial direction of the billet 22 and has a weight portion. It flows into a portion corresponding to a non-arm portion (hereinafter also referred to as “weight-less arm equivalent portion”) and a web equivalent portion. Thereby, the initial wasteland 23 with the volume distributed in the axial direction can be obtained. At this time, the second position pin corresponding portion can be eccentric.
- the opening of the concave first pin processing portion 31b is closed by the second pin processing portion 32b in the process of lowering the upper mold, A closed cross section is formed at the second pin machining portion (see FIGS. 5A and 5B).
- the opening of the concave first journal processing portion 31a is closed by the second journal processing portion 32a, and a closed cross section is formed by the first and second journal processing portions (see FIGS. 6A and 6B).
- the manufacturing method of the forged crankshaft of this embodiment may prevent the outflow of burrs by partially reducing the journal equivalent portion at the journal processing portion, as will be described later. Moreover, you may prevent the outflow of a burr
- the web equivalent portion does not have to be reduced by the first mold from the viewpoint of promoting the axial distribution of the volume. Moreover, in order to adjust the shape (dimension) of the web equivalent part, it may be partially reduced by the first mold (see FIGS. 7A and 7B).
- the arm-corresponding portion having no weight may be partially reduced by the first mold in order to adjust its shape (dimension).
- the cross-sectional shape of the flat portion only needs to have a width Ba in a direction perpendicular to the rolling-down direction larger than a thickness ta in the rolling-down direction, and can be, for example, elliptical or oval (see FIGS. 5B and 6B).
- FIGS. 8A to 13B are schematic views showing an example of processing flow in the second preliminary forming process.
- 8A is a vertical cross-sectional view at the start of reduction
- FIG. 8B is a vertical cross-sectional view at the end of reduction.
- FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B are cross-sectional views showing a portion (a third position pin equivalent portion) to be a pin portion arranged at the third position.
- FIG. 9A shows the start of reduction
- FIG. 9B shows the end of reduction.
- 9A is a sectional view taken along the line IXA-IXA in FIG. 8A
- FIG. 9B is a sectional view taken along the line IXB-IXB in FIG. 8B.
- FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B are cross-sectional views showing a portion (second position pin equivalent portion) to be a pin portion arranged at the second position.
- FIG. 10A shows the start of reduction
- FIG. 10B shows the end of reduction.
- 10A is a sectional view taken along the line XA-XA in FIG. 8A
- FIG. 10B is a sectional view taken along the line XB-XB in FIG. 8B.
- FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B are cross-sectional views showing a portion (journal equivalent portion) that becomes a journal portion. Of these, FIG. 11A shows the start of reduction and FIG. 11B shows the end of reduction. 11A is a sectional view taken along the line XIA-XIA in FIG. 8A, and FIG. 11B is a sectional view taken along the line XIB-XIB in FIG. 8B.
- FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B are cross-sectional views showing a portion (web equivalent portion) that becomes an arm portion integrally including a weight portion.
- FIG. 12A shows the start of reduction
- FIG. 12B shows the end of reduction.
- 12A is a sectional view taken along the line XIIA-XIIA in FIG. 8A
- FIG. 12B is a sectional view taken along the line XIIB-XIIB in FIG. 8B.
- FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B are cross-sectional views showing a portion (corresponding to an arm without a weight) that becomes an arm portion having no weight portion.
- FIG. 13A shows the start of reduction
- FIG. 13B shows the end of reduction.
- 13A is a sectional view taken along the line XIIIA-XIIIA in FIG. 8A
- FIG. 13B is a sectional view taken along the line XIIIB-XIIIB in FIG. 8B.
- FIG. 8A to 13B show the initial waste land 23 obtained in the first preforming step and a pair of second molds 40 at the top and bottom.
- the second mold 40 includes a second upper mold 41 and a second lower mold 42.
- the shaft positions of the journal equivalent parts are indicated by black circles (see reference C).
- mold 42, and the initial wasteland 23 are shown with a dashed-two dotted line.
- the pair of second dies 40 includes a pin processing portion 41b, 42b, 41f and 42f that contacts the pin equivalent portion of the initial waste land 23, a journal processing portion 41a and 42a that contacts the journal equivalent portion, and a web equivalent portion. It has the web process parts 41c and 42c which touch.
- the pin processing portion of the present processing flow example includes first pin processing portions 41b and 42f provided on one of the pair of second dies 41 and 42, and second pin processing portions 42b and 41f provided on the other. (Refer to the thick line portion in FIGS. 9A and 10A).
- the first pin processed portions 41 b and 42 f are concave and can accommodate the flat portion of the initial wasteland 23.
- There is no particular limitation on which of the upper mold and the lower mold is a concave shape (first pin processed portion) that can accommodate the flat portion of the initial wasteland.
- the pin processing portion of the upper mold 41 has a concave shape that can accommodate the flat portion of the initial wasteland 23, and the first pin It becomes the process part 41b.
- the pin processing portion of the lower mold 42 becomes the second pin processing portion 42b, and is provided on the front end surface of the convex portion as shown by a thick line in FIG. 9A.
- the pin processing portion of the lower mold 42 is the concave first pin processing portion 42f
- the pin processing portion of the upper die 41 is the first pin processing portion. It becomes the 2 pin processing part 41f.
- the pin processed portion that comes into contact with the second position pin equivalent portion is compared with the pin processed portion that comes into contact with the third position pin equivalent portion shown in FIGS. In different directions (the eccentric direction of the second position pin corresponding portion) is different. Further, although the cross-sectional view of the pin processed portion that comes into contact with the first position pin equivalent portion is omitted, the position in the reduction direction is different from that of the pin processed portion that comes into contact with the third position pin equivalent portion.
- the journal processing unit of this processing flow example includes a first journal processing unit 41a provided in one of the pair of second dies 41 and 42 and a second provided in the other, as shown by a thick line in FIG. 11A. It consists of a journal processing section 42a.
- the first journal processing portion 41 a is concave and can accommodate the flat portion of the initial wasteland 23.
- the journal processing portion of the upper die 41 has a concave shape that can accommodate the flat portion of the initial wasteland 23, and becomes the first journal processing portion 41a.
- the journal processing portion of the lower die 42 becomes the second journal processing portion 42a and is provided on the tip surface of the convex portion.
- the lower mold may have a concave shape (first journal processing portion) that can accommodate the flat portion of the initial wasteland.
- one of the upper mold 41 and the lower mold 42 is generally concave.
- the lower web processing portion 42c as a whole is concave, and the other upper web processing portion 41c is planar. Note that which of the upper die and the lower die is used as the concave web machining portion can be appropriately set according to the shape of the forged crankshaft.
- This concave (lower mold in FIG. 12A) web processing portion 42c includes an arm processing portion 42d that comes into contact with a portion to be an arm portion (hereinafter, also referred to as an “arm equivalent portion”) and a portion that is to be a weight portion (hereinafter, “ A weight processing portion 42e that is in contact with the weight equivalent portion.
- the arm processing portion 42d is positioned on the bottom surface side of the concave web processing portion 42c, and the weight processing portion 42e is positioned on the opening side of the concave web processing portion 42c. Further, the opening width Bw of the weight processing portion 42e becomes wider as the distance from the bottom surface of the concave web processing portion increases.
- both side surfaces of the weight machining portion 42e are inclined surfaces.
- the arm processed portion 42d has both side surfaces parallel to each other and the opening width Bw is constant.
- the axial thickness t1 of the web-corresponding portion is made thicker than the finishing dimension t0 (see FIGS. 3C and 3F).
- the length in the axial direction of the web processed portions 41c and 42c is set to be larger than the thickness of the finished dimension of the arm portion (including the weight portion) integrally including the weight portion.
- the finishing dimension t0 means the thickness of the arm portion and the weight portion of the forged crankshaft (final product).
- the initial waste land 23 is placed between the upper mold 41 and the lower mold 42 in a state where the upper mold 41 is lifted and separated from the lower mold 42. To place. At that time, the initial wasteland 23 is disposed by being rotated 90 ° around the axis from the posture of the initial wasteland 23 (billet) at the end of the first preforming. For this reason, the reduction direction by the 2nd metal mold
- a closed cross section is formed by the first pin processed portions 41b and 42f and the second pin processed portions 42b and 41f. Further, a closed cross section is formed by the first journal processing portion 41a and the second journal processing portion 42a.
- the flat portions inside thereof are crushed by the first pin processed portions 41b and 42f and the second pin processed portions 42b and 41f. .
- the flat part inside is reduced by the 1st journal processing part 41a and the 2nd journal processing part 42a.
- first position pin equivalent portion is eccentric along the reduction direction
- third position pin equivalent portion is eccentric along the reduction direction to the opposite side of the first position pin equivalent portion
- the web-corresponding portion is not pressed against the web-corresponding portion (the upper mold in FIGS. 12A and 12B), and the web-corresponding portion is pushed into the bottom surface side of the concave web-processing portion 42c.
- This push-in mainly occurs with the eccentricity of the first and third position pin equivalent portions located before and after the web equivalent portion.
- the web equivalent portion is deformed along the aforementioned arm processing portion 42d and weight processing portion 42e. That is, the width of the web-corresponding portion is narrower on the concave bottom surface side (arm-corresponding portion) and wider on the concave opening side (weight-corresponding portion).
- the side surface 23b on the opening side of the web-corresponding portion has a circular cross-sectional shape.
- the upper mold 41 is raised and the processed initial wasteland 23 (intermediate wasteland 24) is taken out.
- the first and third position pin equivalent parts can be eccentric without forming burrs. Further, the volume can be distributed in the axial direction by flowing the material from the pin equivalent part to the web equivalent part. If necessary, the volume can be axially distributed by flowing the material from the journal equivalent part to the web equivalent part.
- the portion corresponding to the arm without weight may be partially crushed by the second mold 40 (see FIGS. 13A and 13B). Further, when it is desired to allow the material to flow into the portion corresponding to the arm without weight, the portion corresponding to the arm without weight need not be squeezed by the second mold 40.
- FIGS. 14A to 14C are schematic longitudinal sectional views showing an example of a processing flow of the final preliminary forming process.
- 14A shows the state before the reduction
- FIG. 14B shows the time when the bottom dead center of the upper mold is reached
- FIG. 14C shows the time when the axial movement is finished.
- the actual second position pin equivalent portion is located in front of or behind the first and third position pin equivalent portions, but in FIGS. 14A to 14C, for convenience, it is equivalent to the first to third position pins.
- the parts are shown on the same plane.
- FIGS. 14A to 14C show the intermediate waste land 24 obtained in the second preforming step, a pair of third molds 51 on the top and bottom, an upper plate 52, and a lower plate 53.
- FIG. The third mold 51 includes a third upper mold 60 and a third lower mold 70.
- the third upper mold 60 is held by the upper plate 52, and the upper plate 52 moves up and down as the press machine (not shown) operates.
- the third lower mold 70 is held by the lower plate 53, and the lower plate 53 is fixed to a press machine (not shown).
- the third upper mold 60 and the third lower mold 70 are both configured to squeeze the web equivalent part (the part to be the arm part and the part to be the weight part integrally formed by the arm part) in the axial direction of the intermediate wasteland 24. , Composed of a plurality of members. These members are arranged side by side along the axial direction of the intermediate wasteland 24.
- the third upper mold 60 and the third lower mold 70 include fixed pin-shaped members 64 and 74, fixed journal-shaped members 61 and 71, movable journal-shaped members 62 and 72, and a movable pin-shaped member 63, respectively. And 73.
- the fixed pin-shaped members 64 and 74 squeeze the central pin equivalent portion (second position pin equivalent portion) of the intermediate wasteland 24 and cannot move in the axial direction.
- the fixed journal type members 61 and 71 are arranged in front and rear of the fixed pin type members 64 and 74 in the axial direction and cannot move in the axial direction.
- the fixed journal type members 61 and 71 squeeze down a weightless arm equivalent part connected to the central pin equivalent part, a journal part connected to the weightless arm equivalent part, and a web equivalent part connected to the journal part.
- a plurality of movable journal members 62 and 72 are arranged and movable in the axial direction.
- two movable journal mold members 62 and 72 are arranged, respectively. One of them reduces the front equivalent part, the first journal equivalent part, and the first web equivalent part (first arm equivalent part).
- the sixth web equivalent part (sixth arm equivalent part), the fourth journal equivalent part and the flange equivalent part are pressed down.
- a plurality of movable pin-type members 63 and 73 are arranged, both of which are movable in the axial direction.
- the movable pin type members 63 and 73 respectively reduce the first and third position pin equivalent portions (pin equivalent portions other than the central pin equivalent portion).
- one of the movable pin type member 63 of the upper mold 60 and the movable pin type member 73 of the lower mold 70 is held by the plate 52.
- And 53 can move relative to the axis in a direction perpendicular to the axis.
- the direction of this relative movement is the direction along the reduction direction.
- This relative movement can be realized by the hydraulic cylinder 54, for example. Which of the movable pin mold member 63 of the upper mold 60 and the movable pin mold member 73 of the lower mold 70 can be relatively moved can be appropriately set according to the shape of the forged crankshaft.
- the third upper mold 60 and the third lower mold 70 made of such members are formed on the members constituting the mold engraving portion (see reference numerals 61a, 62a, 63a, 64a, 71a, 72a, 73a and 74a in FIG. 14A). Is provided. The rough shape of the crankshaft (final product) is reflected in the mold engraving portion.
- the intermediate wasteland 24 is disposed between the upper mold 60 and the lower mold 70 with the upper mold 60 raised (see FIG. 14A). At this time, the posture of the intermediate wasteland 24 is adjusted so that the reduction direction is a direction perpendicular to the eccentric direction of the second position pin corresponding portion. Subsequently, the upper die 60 is lowered, and the intermediate wasteland 24 is crushed by the upper die 60 and the lower die 70 (see FIG. 14B). At that time, the journal equivalent portion, the second position pin equivalent portion, and the weightless arm equivalent portion of the intermediate wasteland 24 are pressed down to form an approximate shape.
- the movable journal type members 62 and 72 and the movable pin type members 63 and 73 are moved along the axial direction toward the central fixed pin type members 64 and 74. Move.
- This movement can be realized by, for example, a wedge mechanism or a hydraulic cylinder.
- the web-corresponding portion is pressed down in the axial direction of the intermediate wasteland 24.
- the approximate shape of the arm portion and the weight portion is formed on the web equivalent portion.
- the thickness of the web equivalent portion is a finished dimension.
- one of the movable pin mold member 63 of the upper mold 60 and the movable pin mold member 73 of the lower mold 70 is perpendicular to the axis. Move relative. Accordingly, the first and third position pin equivalent portions are further eccentric along the rolling direction. Along with this, the first and third position pin equivalent portions are crushed by the movable pin type members 63 and 73, and an approximate shape is formed in the pin equivalent portion (see FIG. 14C).
- the upper mold 60 is raised, and the processed intermediate wasteland 24 (final wasteland) is taken out.
- the first and third position pin equivalent portions can be further decentered without forming burrs or forming almost no burrs.
- the approximate shape of the forged crankshaft can be formed.
- the second position pin equivalent portion is decentered in the first preforming step described above, and is reduced in the first and second preforming steps to reduce the cross-sectional area. Further, the first and third position pin equivalent portions are decentered in the second and final preforming steps, and are reduced in the first and second preforming steps to reduce the cross-sectional area.
- all the pin equivalent parts are eccentric and reduced in cross-sectional area. For this reason, since a burr
- burrs are not formed in the first and second preforming steps, and burrs are suppressed in the final preforming step.
- the manufacturing method of the forged crankshaft of this embodiment can accelerate volume distribution and further improve the material yield.
- any of the preforming steps can be realized by reducing using a press. For this reason, it is not necessary to use dedicated equipment, and equipment costs can be reduced.
- the thickness of the web equivalent part is made thicker than the finished dimension. For this reason, the web equivalent part is crushed in the axial direction of the intermediate wasteland in the final preforming step.
- the manufacturing method of the forged crankshaft of the present embodiment is not limited to this configuration, and the thickness of the web equivalent portion is set as the finish dimension in the second preforming step, and the web equivalent portion is the intermediate rough shaft in the final preforming step. It is not necessary to roll down in the direction.
- the weight of the forged crankshaft is greatly extended from the center surface of the arm. For this reason, in finish forging, the filling of the material at the weight portion becomes insufficient, and thinning easily occurs. In order to prevent the lack of the weight portion, the surplus volume is increased in the wasteland, but the material yield is reduced accordingly. In order to prevent this, it is preferable that the thickness of the web equivalent portion is made thicker than the finished dimension in the second preforming step, and the web equivalent portion is pressed down in the axial direction of the intermediate wasteland in the final preforming step.
- the thickness of the arm portion without weight may be thicker than the finished dimension in the second pre-forming step, and the arm portion without weight may be reduced in the axial direction of the intermediate wasteland in the final pre-forming step.
- the fixed journal type members 61 and 71 are changed to movable journal type members.
- the second mold having the web processing part is used, but the method for manufacturing the forged crankshaft of the present embodiment is not limited to this configuration. That is, in the second preforming step, as in the first preforming step, the material may be allowed to flow from the pin equivalent portion and the journal equivalent portion without reducing the web equivalent portion.
- the width of the web equivalent portion can be narrowed at the arm equivalent portion and widened at the weight equivalent portion while facilitating the inflow of material from the pin equivalent portion and the journal equivalent portion to the web equivalent portion. That is, the volume can be distributed within the web equivalent part. For this reason, the filling property of the material of a weight part can be improved in the last preliminary molding process of a post process. Further, in the finish forging process, the material filling of the weight part can be improved and the outflow of burrs can be minimized.
- the volume distribution in a web equivalent part can be adjusted by changing suitably the shape of an arm process part according to the shape of a forge crankshaft (final product).
- the volume of the arm equivalent part may be changed by changing the opening width of the arm processed part or by setting the arm processed part as an inclined surface to adjust the volume distribution in the web equivalent part.
- a draft may be provided by making the arm processing portion an inclined surface.
- the weight portion of the forged crankshaft (final product) has various shapes.
- the forged crankshaft may protrude greatly in the width direction and the length of the pin portion in the eccentric direction may be short.
- the volume may be distributed in the width direction and the eccentric direction of the pin portion by appropriately changing the shape of the weight processed portion.
- the angle adjustment of the inclined surface or the weight processed portion can be a curved surface.
- the volume may be distributed within the weight equivalent portion by reducing the web equivalent portion from the opening side of the concave web processing portion.
- FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B are cross-sectional views showing a case where a portion (web equivalent portion) that becomes an arm portion integrally having a weight portion is crushed from the opening side of the concave web processing portion.
- FIG. 15A shows before the reduction
- FIG. 15B shows the end of the reduction. 15A and 15B, the depth of the concave web processing portion 42c is changed and shallower than in FIGS. 12A and 12B.
- the web-corresponding portion is pushed into the bottom surface side of the concave web processing part 42c as in the example of the processing flow shown in FIG. 12A and FIG. Deform along.
- the planar web processing portion 41c is pressed against the side surface on the opening side of the web equivalent portion at the end of the reduction by the second mold.
- the web-corresponding portion is crushed from the opening side of the concave web processing portion 42c, and the width becomes wide and the length in the eccentric direction becomes short.
- the volume is distributed within the weight equivalent portion.
- the pin-corresponding portion is rolled down with the first and second pin processing portions forming closed cross sections.
- the pin-corresponding portion may be reduced without forming a closed cross section at the pin processed portion.
- FIG. 16A and FIG. 16B are cross-sectional views showing a case where a pin equivalent portion is rolled down without forming a closed cross section at the pin processed portion.
- FIG. 16A shows the start of reduction
- FIG. 16B shows the end of reduction.
- the shape of the pin process part 41b and 42b differs compared with the said FIG. 9A and 9B.
- the pin processing portion 41b of the upper mold 41 and the pin processing portion 42b of the lower mold 42 are both concave.
- the depth of the pin processed portion 41b of the upper mold 41 is deeper than the pin processed portion 42b of the lower mold 42.
- the pin processed portions 41b and 42b As the upper die 41 is lowered, most of the third position pin equivalent portion (flat portion) is accommodated in the pin processed portion 41b of the upper die 41. In this state, the third position pin equivalent portion (flat portion) is eccentric along the reduction direction. At that time, the pin processing portion 41b of the upper die 41 and the pin processing portion 42b of the lower die 42 are both in part contact with the pin equivalent portion of the initial waste land 23. In other words, the pin processed portions 41b and 42b do not come into contact with the pin-corresponding portion around the parting surface. Further, the material flows out in the axial direction along with the eccentricity of the pin equivalent part, and the pin equivalent part is squeezed to reduce the cross-sectional area. For this reason, the pin-corresponding portion can be decentered and squeezed without forming burrs.
- the pin processing portion when it is desired to promote the volume distribution, it is preferable to reduce the pin equivalent portion in a state where the closed cross section is formed by the first and second pin processed portions. From the viewpoint of preventing biting, it is preferable to partially reduce the pin equivalent portion at the pin processed portion. In the case where the burr is prevented from flowing out by being partially reduced by the pin processing portion, the pin processing portion may have the same configuration as a journal equivalent portion shown in FIG. 17 described later.
- the journal equivalent portion is also squeezed in a state where the first and second journal processing portions form closed cross sections.
- the pin equivalent portion may be pressed down without forming a closed cross section at the journal processing portion.
- FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B are cross-sectional views showing a case where the journal equivalent portion is rolled down without forming a closed cross section at the journal processing portion.
- FIG. 17A shows the start of reduction
- FIG. 17B shows the end of reduction.
- the shapes of the journal processing portions 41a and 42a are different from those in FIGS. 11A and 11B.
- the journal processing portion of the upper die 41 has a concave shape that can accommodate the entire flat portion of the initial waste land 23, as shown by a thick line in FIG.
- One journal processing unit 41a is formed.
- journal processing portion 41a and 42a have relief portions 41g and 42g at both ends in the width direction, respectively, and the relief portions 41g and 42g protrude in the width direction.
- journal processing portions 41a and 42a the entire flat portion of the initial waste land 23 is accommodated in the concave first journal processing portion 41a as the upper die 41 is lowered.
- the first journal processing portion 41a comes into contact with the flat portion
- the second journal processing portion 42a comes into contact with the flat portion.
- the flat portion is crushed and the cross-sectional area is reduced, and the material flows out in the axial direction to distribute the volume.
- a part of the material flows into the escape portions 41g and 42g, but a part of the escape portions 41g and 42g does not contact the flat portion. For this reason, a flat part is partially crushed and a burr
- journal equivalent portion When it is desired to promote volume distribution in the second preforming step, it is preferable to reduce the journal equivalent portion in a state where the first and second journal processing portions form closed cross sections. From the viewpoint of preventing biting out, it is preferable to partially reduce the journal equivalent portion at the journal processing portion.
- the first die 30 is used to form a closed cross section with the first journal processing portion 31a and the second journal processing portion 32a. Further, a closed cross section is formed by the first pin processing portion 31b and the second pin processing portion 32b.
- burrs can be prevented from flowing out by rolling down the entire circumference of the billet corresponding to the journal and the pin corresponding portion.
- burrs may be prevented from flowing out by partially rolling down the corresponding portion of the journal at the journal processing portion of the first die.
- FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B are cross-sectional views showing an example of a processing flow in which partial reduction is performed by the journal processing section in the first preforming step.
- FIG. 18A shows before the reduction
- FIG. 18B shows the end of the reduction.
- the shapes of the journal processing portions 31a and 32a are different from those in FIGS. 6A and 6B.
- both the journal processing portion 31a of the upper mold 31 and the journal processing portion 32a of the lower mold 32 are concave and have the same depth.
- journal processing portions 31 a and 32 a According to such journal processing portions 31 a and 32 a, the deepest portions of the journal processing portion 31 a of the upper die 31 and the journal processing portion 32 a of the lower die 32 come into contact with the billet 22 as the upper die 31 is lowered. In this state, when the upper die 31 is further lowered, both the journaling portion 31a of the upper die 31 and the journaling portion 32a of the lower die 32 partially abut against the billet 22. In other words, the journal processing parts 31a and 32a do not come into contact with the billet 22 around the parting surface. For this reason, a flat part can be formed by reducing the cross-sectional area without forming burrs.
- the pin processing portion of the first mold is not shown, but the same configuration as the journal processing portion shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B may be adopted, and the billet may be partially crushed. From the viewpoint of promoting the distribution of the volume, it is preferable to reduce the entire billet in a state where a closed cross section is formed at the pin processed portion as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. From the viewpoint of preventing biting, it is preferable to partially reduce the billet at the pin processed portion.
- the cross-sectional area Sp2 (mm 2 ) of the pin equivalent part of the intermediate wasteland is the cross-sectional area Sp0 (mm 2 ) of the pin part of the forged crankshaft (final product).
- the ratio (Sp2 / Sp0) to is preferably 0.7 to 1.9.
- the cross-sectional area Sp1 (mm 2 ) of the pin-corresponding portion in the initial wasteland is a ratio (Sp1 / Sp0) to the cross-sectional area Sp0 (mm 2 ) of the pin portion of the forged crankshaft (final product). It is preferably 9 to 1.9.
- the amount (mm) by which the second position pin equivalent portion is eccentric in the first pre-forming step is the eccentric amount (mm) of the second position pin equivalent portion of the initial wasteland 23 is the forged crankshaft (final product). It is preferably 20% or more of the eccentricity (mm), more preferably 50% or more, and most preferably 100%. This is because if the amount of eccentricity in the first pre-forming step is small, it must be made eccentric by finishing forging after the final pre-forming, and the outflow of burrs increases as the amount of eccentricity in final forging increases.
- the amount of eccentricity (mm) of the first and third position pin equivalent portions of the final wasteland 25 is adjusted according to the arrangement angle adjusting method in the subsequent step. If the eccentric amount of the forged crankshaft (final product), which is the final product, is E (mm), when the arrangement angle is adjusted by finish forging (FIGS. 3D and 3E), the first and third position pin equivalent portions The amount of eccentricity (mm) is E ⁇ 3 1/2 / 2. In addition, when the arrangement angle is adjusted in the twisting process, the eccentricity (mm) of the first and third position pin equivalent portions is E.
- the amount (mm) by which the first and third position pin-corresponding portions are decentered in the second preforming step that is, the first position pin corresponding to the intermediate wasteland 24
- the eccentric amount (mm) of the portion corresponding to the pin and the third position pin is set to 20 to 70% of the eccentric amount (mm) of the forged crankshaft (final product) from the viewpoint of promoting volume distribution in the web portion. Is preferable, and 40 to 50% is more preferable.
- the amount (mm) by which the first and third position pin-corresponding portions are decentered in the second pre-forming step that is, the first position pin corresponding to the intermediate wasteland 24
- the eccentric amount (mm) of the portion corresponding to the pin and the third position pin is set to 20 to 70% of the eccentric amount (mm) of the forged crankshaft (final product) from the viewpoint of promoting volume distribution in the web portion. Is preferable, and 40 to 50% is more preferable.
- the thickness of the web equivalent part of the intermediate wasteland (the part that becomes the arm part and the part that becomes the weight part that the arm part integrally has) t1 (mm) is a ratio (t1 / t0) to the finished dimension t0 (mm), preferably 1.1 or more, and more preferably 1.5 or more.
- the ratio (t1 / t0) exceeds 3.5, the bulge deformation region on the surface of the material becomes large, and there is a concern that the shape accuracy may decrease on the outer periphery of the arm portion. For this reason, the ratio (t1 / t0) is preferably 3.5 or less.
- the cross-sectional area Sw2 (mm 2 ) of the web equivalent portion of the intermediate wasteland is the web of the forged crankshaft (final product).
- the ratio (Sw2 / Sw0) to the cross-sectional area Sw0 (mm 2 ) is preferably 0.3 to 0.9.
- the cross-sectional area Sw1 (mm 2 ) of the web corresponding portion of the initial wasteland is a ratio (Sw1 / Sw0) to the cross-sectional area Sw0 (mm 2 ) of the forged crankshaft (final product), 0.2 to 0 .8 is preferred.
- the cross-sectional area of the web-corresponding portion is the sum of the cross-sectional area of the portion that becomes the arm portion and the cross-sectional area of the portion that becomes the weight portion that the arm portion integrally has.
- the cross-sectional area of the web is the sum of the cross-sectional area of the arm portion and the cross-sectional area of the weight portion that the arm portion integrally has.
- the cross-sectional area Sj2 (mm 2 ) of the journal equivalent portion of the intermediate wasteland is a ratio of the cross-sectional area Sj0 (mm 2 ) of the journal portion of the forged crankshaft (final product) ( Sj2 / Sj0) is preferably set to 1.0 to 1.9.
- the cross-sectional area of the journal portion corresponding initial wasteland Sj1 (mm 2) is a forged crankshaft ratio to the cross-sectional area of the (final product) Sj0 (mm 2) (Sj1 / Sj0), 1.2 ⁇ 1 .9 is preferred.
- one of the movable pin mold members 63 and 73 is movable relative to the plates 52 and 53 held in the direction perpendicular to the axis.
- the movable journal mold members 62 and 72 and the movable pin mold members 63 and 73 are moved in the axial direction.
- one of the movable pin mold member 63 of the upper mold 60 and the movable pin mold member 73 of the lower mold 70 is moved in the direction perpendicular to the axis, thereby decentering the pin equivalent portion. That is, the amount of eccentricity of the first and third position pin corresponding portions is increased.
- the manufacturing method of the forged crankshaft of this embodiment is not limited to this configuration.
- both the movable pin type members 63 and 73 may be made immovable relative to the plates 52 and 53 held in the direction perpendicular to the axis.
- movable pin type members 63 and 73 instead of the movable pin type members 63 and 73 connected to the hydraulic cylinder 54, movable pin type members 63 and 73 that are not relatively movable in the direction perpendicular to the axis are arranged.
- the intermediate wasteland 24 is crushed by the upper mold 60 and the lower mold 70, the first and third position pin equivalent portions are also crushed. Along with this, the first and third position pin equivalent portions are decentered, and an approximate shape is formed on these pin equivalent portions.
- the movable pin type member 63 according to the axial reduction. It is preferable to move one of the pins 73 and 73 in a direction perpendicular to the axis to reduce the pin equivalent portion. Due to the reduction, the pin equivalent portion is decentered and an approximate shape is formed in the pin equivalent portion.
- the workpiece is the billet 22, but the workpiece may be a stepped material.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram showing a shape example of a stepped material.
- the pin equivalent portion and the journal equivalent portion are narrowed compared to the web equivalent portion, like the initial wasteland 23 shown in FIG. 3B. That is, the cross-sectional areas of the pin-corresponding part and the journal-corresponding part are smaller than the cross-sectional area of the web-corresponding part (the total cross-sectional area of the part that becomes the arm part and the part that becomes the weight part that the arm part integrally has).
- the stepped material 26 is not decentered in any pin equivalent portion.
- the stepped material 26 is obtained, for example, by narrowing a part of the billet in the axial direction using a reduce roll or a cross roll.
- the stepped material is pressed down by the pair of first molds described above. Specifically, the pin-corresponding portion is crushed by the pin processing portion, and the cross-sectional area of the pin-corresponding portion is further reduced to form the flat portion.
- the journal corresponding portion is reduced by the journal processing portion, and the cross-sectional area of the journal corresponding portion is further reduced to form a flat portion. Further, the portion corresponding to the second position pin is eccentric.
- the adjustment of the arrangement angle of the pin portion can be performed in the finish forging process or the twisting process. From the viewpoint of consolidating the steps, it is preferable to dispose the first position pin corresponding portion at the first position by rolling down the first position pin corresponding portion and offset in the reduction direction in the finish forging step.
- the third position pin equivalent portion is arranged at the third position by reducing the third position pin equivalent portion and offsetting it in the reduction direction.
- the fixed pin-shaped members 64 and 74 and the fixed journal-shaped members 61 and 71 are separate members, but they are integrated into a single member. May be. 14A to 14C, the weightless arm equivalent portion is squeezed by the fixed journal type members 61 and 71, but the weightless arm equivalent portion may not be squeezed.
- the reduction direction by the third mold 51 is a direction perpendicular to the eccentric direction of the second position pin equivalent portion.
- the direction along the eccentric direction of the corresponding portion may be used.
- the movable pin type members 63 and 73 are arranged to decenter the first and third position pin equivalent portions.
- both of the movable pin mold members 63 and 73 are movable along a direction perpendicular to the rolling-down direction of the third mold 51.
- the position of the tip of the pin varies depending on various factors. Specifically, there are a case where the tip of the pin portion is at the same position as the tip of the arm portion, and a case where the tip of the pin portion is located on the inner side in the eccentric direction from the tip of the arm portion. In any case, the manufacturing method of the forged crankshaft of this embodiment can be applied.
- the tip PT of the pin portion is a portion farthest from the center of the journal portion J1 in the pin portion P1.
- the distal end AT of the arm portion is a portion farthest from the center of the journal portion J1 in the arm portion A1 (excluding the weight portion W1).
- front equivalent part a part serving as a front part
- flange equivalent part a part serving as a flange part
- FIGS. 20A to 22B are schematic views showing an example of a processing flow of the front equivalent part and the flange equivalent part in the first preforming step.
- FIG. 20A is a longitudinal sectional view before rolling
- FIG. 20B is a longitudinal sectional view at the end of rolling.
- 21A and 21B are cross-sectional views showing the front equivalent part. Of these, FIG. 21A shows before the reduction, and FIG. 21B shows the end of the reduction. 21A is a sectional view taken along the line XXIA-XXIA of FIG. 20A, and FIG. 21B is a sectional view taken along the line XXIB-XXIB of FIG. 20B.
- FIG. 22A and 22B are cross-sectional views showing a flange-corresponding portion. Of these, FIG. 22A shows before the reduction, and FIG. 22B shows the end of the reduction. 22A is a sectional view taken along the line XXIIA-XXIIA in FIG. 20A, and FIG. 22B is a sectional view taken along the line XIIB-XXIIB in FIG. 20B.
- FIGS. 20A to 22B show a billet 22 having a round cross section and a pair of first molds 30 at the top and bottom.
- the first upper mold 31 and the first lower mold 32 before reduction are indicated by a two-dot chain line
- the shaft position C of the journal equivalent portion is indicated by a black circle. Shown with a mark.
- the billet 22 is further indicated by a two-dot chain line.
- a pair of first dies 30 shown in FIGS. 20A to 22B has a pin processing portion and a journal processing portion, like the pair of first dies 30 shown in FIGS. 4A to 7B.
- the first mold 30 further includes a front processing portion that comes into contact with the front equivalent portion.
- the front machining portion of this machining flow example has inner surfaces 31c and 32c as shown by thick lines in FIGS. 20A and 21A, and an end surface 32d as shown in FIG. 20A.
- the inner surfaces 31c and 32c of the front processed portion are opposed to the outer periphery of the front equivalent portion. Further, the end surface 32d of the front processed portion is opposed to the end surface of the front equivalent portion.
- the cross-sectional shape of the front processed portion is a concave shape and the same depth in both the upper die 31 and the lower die 32.
- the deepest portion of the front processed portions of the upper die 31 and the lower die 32 (in the present processing flow example, the inner surfaces 31c and 32c of the front processed portion) is the billet 22. It contacts the outer periphery of the front equivalent part.
- both of the front machining portions (inner surfaces 31c and 32c) of the upper die 31 and the lower die 32 partially abut against the outer periphery of the billet.
- the front processed portion does not contact the billet 22 around the parting surface.
- a flat part can be formed by reducing the cross-sectional area without forming burrs.
- the front equivalent part is extended in the axial direction along with the formation of the flat part, the volume can be distributed in the axial direction.
- the material yield can be further improved.
- the front machining portion of the first mold 30 is not limited to the configuration in which the outer periphery of the billet is partially reduced as shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B, and is similar to the journal machining portion as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. It is good also as a structure of.
- the front processing portion includes a first front processing portion provided on one of the pair of first molds and a second front processing portion provided on the other.
- the first front processed portion is concave and can accommodate the front equivalent portion of the billet. When the billet is crushed by the first mold, the entire front equivalent portion (all circumferences) of the billet is crushed in a state where a closed cross section is formed at the front processing portion.
- a flat part can be formed by reducing the cross-sectional area without forming burrs. Moreover, if the front equivalent part is extended in the axial direction along with the formation of the flat part, the volume can be distributed in the axial direction. Thus, the material yield can be further improved.
- the front equivalent part stops stretching, and part of the material may bite into the gap.
- the end surface of the front equivalent portion is not brought into contact with the front processing portion (the end surface 32d of the front processing portion in the present processing flow example) in the first preforming reduction process. That is, it is preferable to provide a gap between the end face of the front equivalent part and the front processed part (end face 32d). Alternatively, it is preferable that the end face of the front equivalent part is in partial contact with the front processed part (end face 32d).
- the reduction ratio of the cross-sectional area of the front equivalent part is set to a large value in the first preforming process, fish tails may be generated at the ends, and wrinkles may be generated in the subsequent process.
- the fishtail means that the end of the front equivalent portion has a tail fin shape by forming a recess in the end surface of the front equivalent portion.
- the reduction of the cross-sectional area of the front equivalent part can be realized, for example, by reducing the thickness ta in the reduction direction into a line shape, a curved shape, or a stepped shape.
- the thickness ta of the front equivalent portion shown in FIGS. 20B and 21B is linearly thin at a part in the axial direction and constant at the remaining part.
- the thickness ta of the front equivalent portion can be adjusted by appropriately setting the shape of the front processing portion of the first mold 30 (in the present processing flow example, the inner surfaces 31c and 32c of the front processing portion).
- the cross-sectional area of the front equivalent part on the journal part side becomes slightly wider than the front equivalent part on the end face side.
- the cross-sectional area can be made substantially the same at the front equivalent part on the end face side and the front equivalent part on the journal part side without forming burrs. For this reason, even if the thickness ta of the front equivalent part of the initial wasteland 23 is reduced as it approaches the end face of the front equivalent part, the material yield can be maintained.
- the flange processing portion of this processing flow example has inner surfaces 31e and 32e as shown by thick lines in FIGS. 20A and 22A, and an end surface 32f as shown in FIG. 20A.
- the inner surfaces 31e and 32e of the flange processed portion are opposed to the outer periphery of the flange equivalent portion. Further, the end surface 32f of the flange processed portion is opposed to the end surface of the flange equivalent portion.
- the flange equivalent part is increased in cross-sectional area by the first preforming. For this reason, it is preferable that the end face of the flange-corresponding portion is brought into contact with the flange processed portion (end surface 32f of the flange processed portion in the present processing flow example) as the first mold is reduced.
- the flat portion is formed by reducing the cross-sectional area at the journal equivalent portion connected to the flange equivalent portion, the material flows into the flange equivalent portion.
- the cross-sectional area of the flange equivalent portion increases. For this reason, the volume is distributed in the axial direction, and the material yield can be further improved.
- the outer periphery of the flange-corresponding portion is not in contact with the first mold (in the present processing flow example, the inner surfaces 31e and 32e of the flange processing portion).
- the shape (dimension) of the flange equivalent part it is preferable that a part of the outer periphery of the flange equivalent part abuts on the first mold (the inner surfaces 31e and 32e of the flange processed part) (see FIGS. 22A and 22B). ).
- the end surface of the flange-corresponding portion may be brought into contact with the flange processing portion (the end surface 32f of the flange processing portion in this processing flow example). Further, at the start of the reduction, a gap may be provided between the end face of the flange equivalent part and the flange processed part (end face 32f), and the end face of the flange equivalent part may be brought into contact with the flange processed part (end face 32f) in the reduction process. Any one of the former and the latter may be appropriately selected according to the outer diameter (cross-sectional area) of the flange portion of the crankshaft (final product).
- FIG. 23A to FIG. 25B are schematic views showing an example of the processing flow of the front equivalent part and the flange equivalent part in the second preforming step.
- FIG. 23A is a longitudinal sectional view before the reduction
- FIG. 23B is a longitudinal sectional view at the end of the reduction.
- FIG. 24A and FIG. 24B are cross-sectional views showing the front equivalent part of the second preforming step. Of these, FIG. 24A shows before the reduction, and FIG. 24B shows the end of the reduction. 24A is a sectional view taken along the line XXIVA-XXIVA in FIG. 23A, and FIG. 24B is a sectional view taken along the line XXIVB-XXIVB in FIG. 23B.
- 25A and 25B are cross-sectional views showing the flange-corresponding portion in the second preforming step.
- FIG. 25A shows before the reduction
- FIG. 25B shows the end of the reduction.
- 25A is a sectional view taken along the line XXVA-XXVA in FIG. 23A
- FIG. 25B is a sectional view taken along the line XXVB-XXVB in FIG. 23B.
- FIGS. 23A to 25B show the initial wasteland 23 and a pair of second molds 40 at the top and bottom.
- the second upper mold 41, the second lower mold 42, and the initial waste land 23 before the reduction are indicated by a two-dot chain line, and the axial position C of the journal equivalent portion is indicated. Shown in black circles.
- a pair of second molds 40 shown in FIGS. 23A to 25B have a web processing part, a pin processing part, and a journal processing part, like the second mold 40 shown in FIGS. 8A to 13B. Further, the second mold 40 further includes a front processing portion that comes into contact with the front equivalent portion.
- the front machining portion of this machining flow example has inner surfaces 41h and 42h as shown by thick lines in FIGS. 23A and 24A and an end surface 42i as shown in FIG. 23A.
- the inner surfaces 41h and 42h of the front processed part are opposed to the outer periphery of the front equivalent part.
- the end surface 42i of the front processed portion is opposed to the end surface of the front equivalent portion.
- the cross-sectional shape of the front processed portion is concave and has the same depth in both the upper die 41 and the lower die 42.
- the deepest portions of the front machining portions of the upper die 41 and the lower die 42 (in the present machining flow example, the inner surfaces 41h and 42h of the front machining portion) are initially rough. 23 abuts against a flat portion (a front equivalent portion).
- both the front machining portions (inner surfaces 41h and 42h) of the upper die 41 and the lower die 42 partially abut against the outer periphery of the front equivalent portion.
- the front processed parts inner surfaces 41h and 42h
- the cross-sectional area of the front equivalent part can be reduced by the reduction without forming burrs. Further, the volume can be distributed in the axial direction by extending the front equivalent part in the axial direction as the cross-sectional area of the front equivalent part decreases. Thus, the material yield can be further improved.
- the front working portion of the second mold 40 is not limited to the configuration in which the outer circumference of the front equivalent portion is partially reduced as shown in FIGS. 24A and 24B, but the journal working portion as shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B.
- the front processing portion includes a first front processing portion provided on one of the pair of second molds and a second front processing portion provided on the other.
- the first front processed portion is concave and can accommodate a front equivalent portion.
- the entire front equivalent part (the entire circumference) is reduced in a state where a closed cross section is formed in the front processed part. This also reduces the cross-sectional area of the front equivalent part without forming burrs.
- the volume can be distributed in the axial direction by extending the front equivalent part in the axial direction as the cross-sectional area of the front equivalent part decreases.
- the material yield can be further improved.
- the front equivalent part stops extending and part of the material may bite out.
- the end surface of the front equivalent portion is not brought into contact with the front processing portion (the end surface 42i of the front processing portion in the present processing flow example) in the second preforming reduction process. That is, it is preferable to provide a gap between the end face of the front equivalent part and the front processed part (end face 42i). Alternatively, it is preferable that the end face of the front equivalent part is in partial contact with the front processed part (end face 42i).
- the flange processing portion of this processing flow example has inner surfaces 41j and 42j as shown by thick lines in FIGS. 23A and 25A, and an end surface 42k as shown in FIG. 23A.
- the inner surfaces 41j and 42j of the flange processed portion are opposed to the outer periphery of the flange equivalent portion. Further, the end surface 42k of the flange processed portion is opposed to the end surface of the flange equivalent portion.
- the flange equivalent part be increased in cross-sectional area by the second preforming.
- the end surface of the flange-corresponding portion is brought into contact with the flange processing portion (the end surface 42k of the flange processing portion in the present processing flow example) with the reduction of the flat portion.
- the journal equivalent part (flat part) connected to the flange equivalent part is reduced to reduce the cross-sectional area, the material flows into the flange equivalent part.
- the end surface of the flange equivalent portion is restrained by the flange processed portion (end surface 42k)
- the cross-sectional area of the flange equivalent portion increases. For this reason, the volume is distributed in the axial direction, and the material yield can be further improved.
- the outer periphery of the flange-corresponding portion is not in contact with the flange processed portion (in the present processing flow example, the inner surfaces 41j and 42j of the flange processed portion). .
- a part of the outer periphery of the flange-corresponding portion is in contact with the flange processed portion (inner surfaces 41j and 42j) (see FIGS. 25A and 25B).
- the end face of the flange-corresponding portion may be brought into contact with the flange processing portion (the end surface 42k of the flange processing portion in this processing flow example). Further, at the start of reduction, a gap may be provided between the end face of the flange equivalent part and the flange processed part (end face 42k), and the end face of the flange equivalent part may be brought into contact with the flange processed part (end face 42k) in the reduction process. Any one of the former and the latter may be appropriately selected according to the outer diameter (cross-sectional area) of the flange portion of the crankshaft (final product).
- the present invention can be effectively used for manufacturing a forged crankshaft to be mounted on a reciprocating engine.
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Abstract
Description
本実施形態の製造方法が対象とする鍛造クランク軸は、回転中心となるジャーナル部Jと、そのジャーナル部Jに対して偏心したピン部Pと、ジャーナル部Jとピン部Pをつなぐアーム部Aと、アーム部Aのうちの全部または一部が一体で有するウエイト部Wと、を備える(前記図1A~図1C参照)。ピン部(P1~P3)は、第1位置L1、第2位置L2および第3位置L3にそれぞれ位置する。第1位置L1、第2位置L2および第3位置L3の位相差は、いずれも120°である。本実施形態の製造方法は、例えば、前記図1A~図1Cに示す3気筒-4枚カウンターウエイトのクランク軸を対象とすることができる。
図4A~図7Bは、第1予備成形工程の加工フロー例を示す模式図である。そのうちの図4Aは圧下開始時の縦断面図であり、図4Bは圧下終了時の縦断面図である。
図8A~図13Bは、第2予備成形工程の加工フロー例を示す模式図である。そのうちの図8Aは圧下開始時の縦断面図であり、図8Bは圧下終了時の縦断面図である。
図14A~図14Cは、最終予備成形工程の加工フロー例を示す模式的に示す縦断面図である。そのうちの図14Aは圧下前、図14Bは上型の下死点到達時、図14Cは軸方向の移動終了時をそれぞれ示す。なお、実際の第2位置用ピン相当部は、第1および第3位置用ピン相当部の手前または奥に位置するが、図14A~図14Cでは、便宜上、第1~第3位置用ピン相当部を同一面上に図示する。
前述の第2予備成形工程の加工フロー例では、ウェブ相当部の厚さを仕上げ寸法よりも厚くする。このため、最終予備成形工程で、ウェブ相当部を中間荒地の軸方向に圧下する。本実施形態の鍛造クランク軸の製造方法は、この構成に限定されず、第2予備成形工程でウェブ相当部の厚さを仕上げ寸法とし、最終予備成形工程で、ウェブ相当部を中間荒地の軸方向に圧下しなくてもよい。
前述の第2予備成形工程の加工フロー例では、ピン相当部を第1および第2ピン加工部で閉断面を形成した状態で圧下する。本実施形態の鍛造クランク軸の製造方法では、バリが流出しなければ、ピン加工部で閉断面を形成することなく、ピン相当部を圧下してもよい。
前述の第1予備成形工程の加工フロー例では、第1金型30を用い、第1ジャーナル加工部31aおよび第2ジャーナル加工部32aで閉断面を形成する。また、第1ピン加工部31bおよび第2ピン加工部32bで閉断面を形成する。その状態で、ビレットのジャーナル相当部およびピン相当部の全周を圧下することにより、バリの流出を防止できる。本実施形態の鍛造クランク軸の製造方法は、第1金型のジャーナル加工部でジャーナル相当部を部分的に圧下することにより、バリの流出を防止してもよい。また、第1金型のピン加工部でピン相当部を部分的に圧下することにより、バリの流出を防止してもよい。
後工程で形成されるバリを低減する観点から、中間荒地のピン相当部の断面積Sp2(mm2)は、鍛造クランク軸(最終製品)のピン部の断面積Sp0(mm2)に対する比(Sp2/Sp0)で、0.7~1.9とするのが好ましい。同様の観点から、初期荒地のピン相当部の断面積Sp1(mm2)は、鍛造クランク軸(最終製品)のピン部の断面積Sp0(mm2)に対する比(Sp1/Sp0)で、0.9~1.9とするのが好ましい。
続いて、フロント部となる部位(以下、「フロント相当部」ともいう)およびフランジ部となる部位(以下、「フランジ相当部」ともいう)の加工フロー例について説明する。
13:ロール荒地、 14:曲げ荒地、 15:荒鍛造材、
16、26:仕上げ鍛造材、 23:初期荒地、 23a:扁平部、
23b:ウェブ相当部の開口側の側面、 24:中間荒地、
25:最終荒地、 26:段付き素材、 30:第1金型、
31:第1上型、 31a:第1ジャーナル加工部、
31b:第1ピン加工部、 31c:フロント加工部の内面、
31e:フランジ加工部の内面、 32:第1下型、
32a:第2ジャーナル加工部、 32b:第2ピン加工部、
32c:フロント加工部の内面、 32d:フロント加工部の端面、
31e:フランジ加工部の内面、 32f:フランジ加工部の端面、
40:第2金型、 41:第2上型、 41a:第1ジャーナル加工部、
41b:第1ピン加工部、 41c:平面状のウェブ加工部、
41f:第2ピン加工部、 41g:逃げ部、
41h:フロント加工部の内面、 41j:フランジ加工部の内面、
42:第2下型、 42a:第2ジャーナル加工部、
42b:第2ピン加工部、 42c:凹状のウェブ加工部、
42d:アーム加工部、 42e:ウエイト加工部、
42f:第1ピン加工部、 42g:逃げ部、
42h:フロント加工部の内面、 42i:フロント加工部の端面、
42j:フランジ加工部の内面、 42k:フランジ加工部の端面、
51:第3金型、 52:上側プレート、 53:下側プレート、
54:油圧シリンダ、 60:第3上型、
61:固定ジャーナル型部材、 62:可動ジャーナル型部材、
63:可動ピン型部材、 64:固定ピン型部材、 70:第3下型、
71:固定ジャーナル型部材、 72:可動ジャーナル型部材、
73:可動ピン型部材、 74:固定ピン型部材、
A、A1~A8:クランクアーム部、 B:バリ、
J、J1~J4:ジャーナル部、 P、P1~P3:ピン部、
Fr:フロント部、 Fl:フランジ部、
W、W1~W4:カウンターウエイト部、
PA、PA1~PA3:ピン相当部
Claims (8)
- 回転中心となるジャーナル部と、前記ジャーナル部に対して偏心し、かつ、位相差が120°である第1位置、第2位置および第3位置にそれぞれ位置するピン部と、前記ジャーナル部と前記ピン部をつなぐクランクアーム部と、前記クランクアーム部のうちの全部または一部が有するカウンターウエイト部と、を備える鍛造クランク軸の製造方法であって、
当該鍛造クランク軸の製造方法は、
被加工材を一対の第1金型で圧下することにより、前記ピン部となる部位および前記ジャーナル部となる部位で断面積を減少させて扁平部を形成しながら、前記扁平部のうちの前記第2位置に配置される前記ピン部となる部位を偏心させる第1予備成形工程と、
前記第1予備成形工程で得られた初期荒地を、前記第2位置に配置される前記ピン部となる部位の偏心方向と垂直な方向を圧下方向にし、第2金型で圧下することにより、前記第1位置に配置される前記ピン部となる部位を偏心させるとともに、前記第3位置に配置される前記ピン部となる部位を、前記第1位置に配置される前記ピン部となる部位の反対側に、偏心させる第2予備成形工程と、
前記第2予備成形工程で得られた中間荒地を第3金型で圧下することにより、前記第1位置に配置される前記ピン部となる部位をさらに偏心させるとともに、前記第3位置に配置される前記ピン部となる部位をさらに偏心させる最終予備成形工程と、を含み、
前記被加工材は、ビレットまたは段付き素材であり、
前記段付き素材では、前記ピン部となる部位および前記ジャーナル部となる部位の断面積は、前記カウンターウエイト部を一体で有する前記クランクアーム部となる部位および前記クランクアーム部が一体で有する前記カウンターウエイト部となる部位の合計の断面積と比べ、小さく、
前記一対の第1金型は、前記ピン部となる部位と当接するピン加工部、および、前記ジャーナル部となる部位と当接するジャーナル加工部を有し、
前記第1予備成形工程では、前記ピン加工部および前記ジャーナル加工部により、前記被加工材を圧下して前記扁平部を形成する、鍛造クランク軸の製造方法。 - 請求項1に記載の鍛造クランク軸の製造方法であって、
前記最終予備成形工程では、前記第3金型による圧下方向が、前記第2位置に配置される前記ピン部となる部位の偏心方向と垂直な方向である、鍛造クランク軸の製造方法。 - 請求項1または2に記載の鍛造クランク軸の製造方法であって、
前記鍛造クランク軸は、軸方向の前端にフロント部をさらに備え、
前記一対の第1金型は、前記フロント部となる部位と当接するフロント加工部をさらに有し、
前記第1予備成形工程では、前記フロント加工部により、前記フロント部となる部位の断面積を減少させて扁平部としながら、前記フロント部となる部位を前記軸方向に延伸させる、鍛造クランク軸の製造方法。 - 請求項3に記載の鍛造クランク軸の製造方法であって、
前記第1予備成形工程では、前記初期荒地において、前記フロント部となる部位の端面に近づくに従って前記フロント部となる部位の断面積が減少するように、前記フロント部となる部位を前記フロント加工部によって圧下する、鍛造クランク軸の製造方法。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の鍛造クランク軸の製造方法であって、
前記鍛造クランク軸は、軸方向の後端にフランジ部をさらに備え、
前記一対の第1金型は、前記フランジ部となる部位と当接するフランジ加工部をさらに有し、
前記第1予備成形工程では、前記扁平部の形成に伴って前記フランジ部となる部位の端面を前記フランジ加工部に当接させ、前記フランジ部となる部位の断面積を増加させる、鍛造クランク軸の製造方法。 - 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の鍛造クランク軸の製造方法であって、
前記第2予備成形工程では、前記カウンターウエイト部を一体で有する前記クランクアーム部となる部位および前記クランクアーム部が一体で有する前記カウンターウエイト部となる部位で厚さを仕上げ寸法よりも厚くし、
前記最終予備成形工程では、前記第3金型で圧下する際に、前記中間荒地のうちで前記カウンターウエイト部を一体で有する前記クランクアーム部となる部位および前記クランクアーム部が一体で有する前記カウンターウエイト部となる部位を前記中間荒地の軸方向から圧下する、鍛造クランク軸の製造方法。 - 請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の鍛造クランク軸の製造方法であって、
前記第2予備成形工程の前記一対の第2金型は、前記カウンターウエイト部を一体で有する前記クランクアーム部となる部位および前記クランクアーム部が一体で有する前記カウンターウエイト部となる部位と当接するウェブ加工部を有し、
前記ウェブ加工部は、前記一対の第2金型のうちの一方が、前記クランクアーム部となる部位と当接するアーム加工部と、前記カウンターウエイト部となる部位と当接するウエイト加工部とを有し、
前記アーム加工部および前記ウエイト加工部は、全体として凹状であり、かつ、前記凹状の底面側に前記アーム加工部が位置するとともに、前記凹状の開口側に前記ウエイト加工部が位置し、
前記ウエイト加工部の開口幅は、前記凹状の底面から遠ざかるに従って広くなり、
前記第2予備成形工程で、前記第1および第3位置に配置される前記ピン部となる部位を偏心させるのに伴い、前記カウンターウエイト部を一体で有する前記クランクアーム部となる部位および前記クランクアーム部が一体で有する前記カウンターウエイト部となる部位を前記凹状のウェブ加工部の底面側に押し込んで変形させる、鍛造クランク軸の製造方法。 - 請求項7に記載の鍛造クランク軸の製造方法であって、
前記第2予備成形工程で、前記カウンターウエイト部を一体で有する前記クランクアーム部となる部位および前記クランクアーム部が一体で有する前記カウンターウエイト部となる部位を前記凹状のウェブ加工部の底面側に押し込んで変形させる際に、当該部位を前記凹状のウェブ加工部の開口側から圧下して体積を配分する、鍛造クランク軸の製造方法。
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