WO2016147668A1 - 構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置 - Google Patents
構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016147668A1 WO2016147668A1 PCT/JP2016/001542 JP2016001542W WO2016147668A1 WO 2016147668 A1 WO2016147668 A1 WO 2016147668A1 JP 2016001542 W JP2016001542 W JP 2016001542W WO 2016147668 A1 WO2016147668 A1 WO 2016147668A1
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- heating
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- friction stir
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1225—Particular aspects of welding with a non-consumable tool
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
- B23K20/125—Rotary tool drive mechanism
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/123—Controlling or monitoring the welding process
- B23K20/1235—Controlling or monitoring the welding process with temperature control during joining
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/22—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
- B23K20/227—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded with ferrous layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/24—Preliminary treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/26—Auxiliary equipment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K37/00—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups
- B23K37/003—Cooling means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/18—Sheet panels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/02—Iron or ferrous alloys
- B23K2103/04—Steel or steel alloys
Definitions
- the rotating tool is inserted into the unjoined portion between the workpieces and moved while rotating, and the rotating tool stirs the softened portion due to frictional heat with the rotating tool and the softened portion is stirred by the rotating tool.
- the present invention relates to an apparatus for advantageously eliminating a plastic flow failure due to insufficient heating and improving bonding workability with sufficient strength.
- a butt portion that is in a state where the steel plates are just butt but not yet joined is referred to as an “unjoined portion”, while a portion joined and integrated by plastic flow is referred to as a “joined portion”. Shall be called.
- Patent Document 1 As a friction welding method, in Patent Document 1, by rotating both or one of a pair of metal materials, the metal material generates frictional heat and softens, while the softened portion is stirred to cause plastic flow. Thus, a technique for joining metal materials is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 a tool made of a material that is substantially harder than a workpiece is inserted into an unjoined portion of the workpiece, and the tool and workpiece are moved by rotating the tool while rotating the tool.
- a method forriction stir welding method in which workpieces are continuously joined in the longitudinal direction by heat and plastic flow generated between the two.
- the friction welding method described in Patent Document 1 is a method of rotating workpieces and welding them by frictional heat between workpieces.
- the friction stir welding method disclosed in Patent Document 2 can be joined by moving the tool while rotating the joining member. For this reason, there is an advantage that even a member that is substantially infinitely long in the welding direction can be continuously solid-phase bonded in the longitudinal direction.
- it since it is a solid phase joining using the plastic flow of the metal by the frictional heat of a rotary tool and a joining member, it can join, without melt
- the heating temperature is low, deformation after joining is small, and since the joint is not melted, there are few defects, and in addition, there is no need for a filler material.
- the friction stir welding method is a method of joining low melting point metal materials represented by aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys, and its use is expanding in the fields of aircraft, ships, railway vehicles, automobiles, and the like.
- the reason for this is that these low-melting-point metal materials are difficult to obtain satisfactory characteristics of joints by conventional arc welding methods, and improve the productivity and high quality by applying the friction stir welding method. This is because a joint can be obtained.
- the application of friction stir welding to structural steel which is mainly applied as a structural material such as buildings, ships, heavy machinery, pipelines, and automobiles, is subject to solidification cracking and hydrogen cracking, which are problems in conventional fusion welding. Since the structural change of the steel material is suppressed, it can be expected that the joint performance is excellent. In addition, since the clean surfaces can be brought into contact with each other by stirring the bonding interface with a rotating tool, a merit that a preparatory step such as diffusion bonding is unnecessary can be expected. Thus, the application of the friction stir welding method to structural steel is expected to have many advantages. However, since the problem remains in joining workability, such as suppression of defect generation at the time of joining and an increase in joining speed, it has not been widely used as compared with low melting point metal materials.
- Patent Documents 5 and 6 disclose a joining method in which a heating function other than frictional heat generated between the rotary tool and the material to be joined is added for the purpose of improving the joining workability.
- Patent Document 5 discloses a friction that has a heating function using an induction heating device and heats workpieces before and after joining to increase the joining speed and eliminate cracks in the joint.
- a heating device of the stir welding method is disclosed.
- Patent Document 6 has a heating function using a laser device, and by partially heating the workpieces immediately before bonding, the bonding speed is suppressed while suppressing the microstructure change around the heating region due to preheating.
- a friction stir welding apparatus that achieves a higher speed is disclosed.
- the present invention has been developed in view of the above-described situation, and in the friction stir welding of structural steel, the plastic flow failure due to insufficient heating of the workpieces is advantageously eliminated, and sufficient strength is obtained. It is an object of the present invention to provide a friction stir welding apparatus capable of improving the performance. For this purpose, a friction stir welding apparatus capable of executing pre-heat treatment process conditions that are particularly strictly defined is provided.
- a friction stir welding apparatus capable of performing a pre-heat treatment process before friction stir welding is effective in order to avoid the deterioration of joining workability, which is very important in industrializing this technology.
- the inventors examined various pre-heat treatment process conditions before friction stir welding.
- the present invention is based on the above findings.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows. 1. A shoulder portion and a pin portion arranged on the shoulder portion and sharing a rotation axis with the shoulder portion, wherein at least the shoulder portion and the pin portion are made of a material harder than a steel plate as a workpiece, and the steel plate is not joined A rotating tool that is inserted into the part and moves in the joining direction while rotating, and softens the steel sheet by frictional heat with the steel sheet, and generates a plastic flow by stirring the softened part; A heating device that is provided in front of the rotating tool that moves in the joining direction and heats the steel sheet; Due to the heating, the surface temperature T S (° C.) of the steel sheet is T S ⁇ 0.8 ⁇ T A1 (T A1 is shown in the following formula (1)) When the heating region is a heating region, the minimum distance between the heating region and the rotating tool on the surface of the steel sheet is equal to or less than the diameter of the shoulder of the rotating tool, Further, the area of the heating region on the surface of the steel sheet is not
- a friction stir welding apparatus for structural steel located between a side and a straight line separated by the same distance as the maximum radius of the pin portion of the rotating tool.
- T A1 (°C) 723-10.7 [% Mn] -16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] (1)
- [% M] is the content (mass%) of the M element in the steel plate which is a workpiece. 2.
- T D (° C.)
- T A1 T A1 are shown in the following equation (1)
- T A1 723-10.7 [% Mn] -16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] (1)
- [% M] is the content (mass%) of the M element in the steel plate which is a workpiece. 3.
- the structural steel friction stir welding apparatus according to 1 or 2, wherein the heating apparatus is a laser heating apparatus. 4). 4. The friction stir welding apparatus for structural steel according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a rear heating device that is provided behind the rotary tool that moves in a joining direction and heats a joining portion of the steel plates. 5. 5. The friction stir welding apparatus for structural steel according to 4, further comprising a cooling device that is provided behind the rotating tool and after the rear heating device and that cools a joint portion of the steel plate. 6). 4. The friction stir welding apparatus for structural steel according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a cooling device that is provided behind the rotary tool that moves in a bonding direction and cools a bonded portion of the steel sheet. 7). The friction stir welding apparatus for structural steel as described in 6 above, having a rear heating device that is provided behind the rotating tool that moves in the joining direction and behind the cooling device and reheats the joined portion of the steel sheet.
- the friction stir welding apparatus When the friction stir welding apparatus according to the present invention is used, it is possible to advantageously eliminate the plastic flow failure due to insufficient heating of work materials, which has been a concern in the past, in friction stir welding of structural steel, and to improve the joining workability. it can. Furthermore, a change in the microstructure can be suppressed, and a high joint strength can be obtained at the joint.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating the friction stir welding method of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram (top view and AA cross-sectional view) showing an example of a heating region in a preheating process, a cooling region and a reheating region in a process performed after bonding.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between temperature and tensile strength for an example of structural steel to be used in the friction stir welding apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional dimension of the rotary tool used in the example.
- the present invention is a friction stir welding apparatus for structural steel, and as shown in FIG. 1, a rotating tool is inserted into an unjoined portion of a steel plate and moved in a joining direction while being rotated. While the steel plate is softened by frictional heat, the softened portion is agitated with a rotating tool to cause plastic flow, thereby joining the steel plates.
- the rotating tool includes a shoulder portion and a pin portion that is disposed on the shoulder portion and shares the rotation axis with the shoulder portion, and at least the shoulder portion and the pin portion are made of a material harder than a steel plate that is a workpiece. It is formed.
- reference numeral 1 is a rotating tool
- 2 is a rotating shaft
- 3 is a steel plate
- 4 is a joint
- 5 is a heating device
- 6 is a cooling device
- 7 is a rear heating device
- 8 is a shoulder of the rotating tool
- 9 is rotating. It is a pin part of a tool
- ⁇ indicates a rotation tool inclination angle.
- AS and RS represent an advancing side and a retreating side, respectively.
- the advanced side is defined as the side where the tool rotation direction coincides with the joining direction
- the retreating side is defined as the side where the tool rotation direction is opposite to the joining direction
- reference numeral 10 denotes a joining center line
- this joining center line indicates a straight line passing through the rotation axis of the rotary tool on the surface of the steel plate and parallel to the joining direction.
- 11 is a straight line (hereinafter referred to as the AS line) that is parallel to the joining center line and separated to the advanced side by the same distance as the maximum radius of the pin part of the rotary tool
- 12 is a heating area
- 13 is a cooling area
- 14 is a reheating area
- a is the shoulder diameter of the rotating tool
- b is the maximum diameter of the pin part of the rotating tool
- X is the minimum distance between the heating area and the rotating tool
- D is the maximum heating area.
- Depth (hereinafter referred to as heating area depth D) is indicated by t
- the thickness of the steel sheet is indicated by t.
- T A1 (°C) 723-10.7 [% Mn] -16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] (1)
- [% M] is the content (mass%) of the M element in the steel sheet as the workpiece, and is 0 when not contained.
- a temperature gradient may exist on the surface of the heating region.
- the surface temperature of the steel sheet in the heating region is preferably set to 1.5 ⁇ T M ° C. or less.
- the surface temperature of the steel sheet in the heating region is set to T M before contacting the rotating tool passing through the heating region. It is preferable to make it less than ° C.
- T M (° C.) is the melting point of the steel sheet as the workpiece.
- the minimum distance X between the heating region on the surface of the steel plate and the rotating tool moving in the joining direction is set to be equal to or smaller than the diameter of the shoulder portion of the rotating tool.
- the minimum distance between the heating region on the surface of the steel plate and the rotating tool moving in the joining direction is 0.1 times or more the diameter of the shoulder of the rotating tool.
- the diameter of the shoulder of the rotary tool is about 8 to 60 mm.
- the area of the heating area on the surface of the steel sheet less than the area of the maximum diameter part of the pin part of the rotating tool
- the heating region 12 becomes too large, the microstructure of the region and the surrounding region changes.
- the martensite is tempered to soften, greatly reducing the joint strength. End up.
- region in the surface of a steel plate shall be below the area of the largest diameter part of the pin part of a rotary tool.
- the maximum radius of the pin part of the rotating tool corresponds to b in the projection figure of the tool shape shown in Fig. IV4, the pin part has a taper shape etc. in other tool shapes, and the pin diameter depends on the location. Is different, it corresponds to a position where the pin diameter is maximum in the projection view.
- the area of the heating region on the surface of the steel plate is preferably 0.1 times or more the area of the maximum diameter portion in the pin portion of the rotary tool.
- the maximum diameter of the pin part of the rotating tool is about 2-50mm.
- the starting point of plastic flow is the advanced side, and along the rotational direction of the rotary tool, it passes through the front in the joining direction, the retreating side, and the rear in the joining direction, and the advanced side is the end point.
- the advanced side is the starting point of plastic flow
- the steel sheet, which is the workpiece is likely to be insufficiently heated, and when the plastic flow is insufficient and defects occur, most of them are on the advanced side. appear.
- the area of the heating region 12 is positioned between the joining center line 10 and the AS line 11 parallel to the joining center line 10 to preferentially heat the advancing side.
- the plastic flow can be promoted, the occurrence of defects can be suppressed, and the joining speed can be increased.
- it is 60% or more of the area of a heating area, More preferably, it is 80% or more of range. It may be 100%.
- the center of the heating region is positioned between the straight line passing through the midpoint between the junction center line and the AS line and the AS line.
- the center of the heating region is positioned on the advanced side with respect to the joining center line, and the distance from the heating region center to the joining center line is 0.5 times or more and 1 time or less of the maximum radius in the pin portion of the rotary tool. It is preferable to do.
- the steel plates to be joined by the friction stir welding apparatus of the present invention usually have a strength of about 30% of the strength at normal temperature at a temperature of about 80% of TA1 , which is the transformation temperature of the steel. Moreover, when it becomes higher than this temperature, intensity
- T D in the thickness direction of the heating area that defines the depth D of the heating zone to be described later shall be defined as 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C. or higher.
- T A1 (° C.) can be obtained by the following equation (1).
- T A1 (°C) 723-10.7 [% Mn] -16.9 [% Ni] +29.1 [% Si] +16.9 [% Cr] +290 [% As] +6.38 [% W] (1)
- [% M] is the content (mass%) of the M element in the steel sheet as the workpiece.
- a temperature gradient may exist in the thickness direction of the heating region.
- the temperature in the thickness direction of the steel sheet in the heating region is preferably set to 1.5 ⁇ T M ° C. or less.
- the temperature in the thickness direction of the steel sheet in the heating region is in contact with the rotating tool passing through the heating region in order to avoid damage to the rotating tool and alteration of the microstructure due to excessive rise in the temperature of the joint. It is preferable that the temperature is lower than T M ° C.
- T M (° C.) is the melting point of the steel sheet as the workpiece.
- the depth D of the heating region is preferably 30% or more of the total thickness of the steel plates. This is because the plastic flow is further promoted by setting the depth D of the heating region to 30% or more of the total thickness of the steel sheet, so that in reducing the load on the rotating tool and increasing the joining speed, This is because it becomes advantageous. More preferably, it is 50% or more of the total thickness of the steel plates.
- the depth D of the heating region exceeds 90% of the total thickness of the steel plate, the heating is excessive and there is a concern about the change of the microstructure. Therefore, the depth D of the heating region is 90% of the total thickness of the steel plate. % Or less is preferable.
- the heating device used in the pre-heat treatment process is not particularly limited, but a laser heating device is preferably used.
- the moving speed of the heating device used in the preheat treatment process may be approximately the same as the joining speed.
- the laser output and beam diameter should just be set suitably according to joining conditions.
- the preheat treatment process in the friction stir welding apparatus according to the present invention has been described above.
- a cooling device is provided behind the rotary tool that moves in the joining direction. Strength can be improved.
- the cooling device provided behind the rotating tool that moves in the joining direction cools the joining portion of the steel sheet and appropriately controls the cooling rate, thereby improving the strength by quenching.
- a specific cooling device cooling by injecting an inert gas is suitable.
- a cooling rate in this case for example, a range from 800 ° C. to 500 ° C. is preferably set to 30 to 300 ° C./s.
- a rear heating device may be provided behind the rotating tool that moves in the joining direction and after the cooling device described above, and the steel plate joint may be reheated by the rear heating device.
- the joint properties having both strength and toughness can be achieved by suppressing the hardness by tempering with the rear heating device.
- the cooling rate is preferably 30 to 300 ° C./s in the range of 800 ° C. to 500 ° C.
- the reheating temperature is preferably 550 to 650 ° C., for example.
- a cooling device may be provided behind the rotating tool that moves in the joining direction and after the above-described rear heating device, and the joined portion of the steel plate may be cooled by the cooling device.
- the structure immediately after joining, the structure can be compounded by reducing the cooling rate with the rear heating device and then increasing the cooling rate with the cooling device, thereby achieving joint characteristics having both strength and ductility. be able to.
- a cooling rate in this case, for example, it is preferable that the range from 800 ° C. to 600 ° C. is about 10 to 30 ° C./s, and then the range from 600 ° C. to 400 ° C. is about 30 to 300 ° C./s. is there.
- the rotational speed of the rotary tool is set in the range of 100 to 1000 rpm, and the target is to suppress the torque of the rotary tool and increase the joining speed to 1000 mm / min or more.
- general structural steel and carbon steel for example, rolled steel for welded structure of JIS G3106, carbon steel for mechanical structure of JIS GG4051, etc. can be suitably used. It can also be advantageously applied to high-strength structural steels with a tensile strength of 800 MPa or more. Even in this case, the strength at the joint is 85% or more of the tensile strength of the steel plate (base material), and even 90%. The above strength can be obtained.
- Example 1 Friction stir welding was performed using a steel plate having a chemical composition and tensile strength shown in Table 1 with a plate thickness of 1.6 mm. The joint butt surfaces were joined in one pass on one side with a so-called I-shaped groove with no angle and a surface condition of the degree of milling. Table 2 shows the welding conditions of the friction stir welding. Using a rotary tool (shoulder diameter a: 12 mm, pin maximum diameter b: 4.0 mm, probe length c: 1.4 mm) made of tungsten carbide (WC) whose cross-sectional dimensions are shown in FIG. The joint was shielded with gas to prevent surface oxidation.
- a rotary tool shoulder diameter a: 12 mm, pin maximum diameter b: 4.0 mm, probe length c: 1.4 mm
- WC tungsten carbide
- a laser beam was applied to the steel plate 1 in Table 1 under each irradiation condition (laser moving speed, laser output, and beam diameter) shown in Table 3. Irradiated and the surface temperature was measured by thermography. The cross section of the laser irradiated part was observed, and the microstructure was observed with a nital etchant.
- the region where the transformation point (T A1 ° C) is higher is the darkest, and the region below the transformation point (T A1 ° C) existing outside it is compared, but the region where the high hardness structure such as martensite in the base material is tempered is compared. since the target thin etched areas became transformation point (T A1 ° C.) or higher, tempering area of less than transformation point (T A1 ° C.), the region of the base material are distinguishable respectively. Further, from the knowledge of heat treatment of steel, it is known that the tempering region below the transformation point (T A1 ° C) coincides with the region of 0.8 x T A1 ° C or more and less than T A1 ° C.
- the depth D 0 of the region where the transformation point (T A1 ° C) or higher and the depth of the region where the temperature becomes 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher (depth of the heating region) D) was measured.
- the region of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or more was a circular shape having a diameter of 3.5 mm. Since the maximum diameter of the pin portion of the rotating tool used here is 4.0 mm, the area of the heating region on the steel plate surface is equal to or less than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotating tool.
- the region of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C. or higher was a circular shape having a diameter of 2.0 mm. Therefore, similarly to the above, the area of the heating region on the surface of the steel sheet is equal to or less than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotary tool.
- the region of 0.8 ⁇ TA1 ° C. or higher was a circular shape having a diameter of 4.5 mm. Since the maximum diameter of the pin part of the rotary tool used here is 4.0 mm, the area of the heating region on the steel plate surface exceeds the area of the maximum diameter part of the pin part of the rotary tool.
- the depth D 0 of the region where T A1 ° C or higher and the depth of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher (heating region) under irradiation condition A The depths D) were 0.28 and 0.30 mm, respectively. Since the thickness t of the steel plate, which is the workpiece, is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region, which is the depth of the region of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher, is about 18.8% of the thickness t of the steel plate. Become.
- the depth D 0 of the region where T A1 ° C or higher and the depth of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher were 0.47 and 0.50 mm, respectively. Since the thickness t of the steel plate, which is a workpiece, is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region is about 31.3% of the thickness t of the steel plate.
- the depth D 0 of the region where T A1 ° C or higher and the depth of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher were 0.09 and 0.10 mm, respectively. It was. Since the thickness t of the steel plate as the workpiece is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region is about 6.3% of the thickness t of the steel plate.
- Table 5 shows preheating process conditions by laser irradiation performed before joining the workpieces and process conditions performed after joining.
- cooling by gas ejection was performed, and in the heating (and reheating), induction heating was performed.
- Table 6 shows the measured values of the torque of the rotating tool when the joining was performed, and a tensile test piece of the size of the No. 1 test piece specified in JIS Z 3121 was obtained from the obtained joint and subjected to a tensile test. The tensile strength is shown.
- Example 2 As in Example 1, a steel plate with a chemical composition and tensile strength shown in Table 1 with a thickness of 1.6 mm is used, and the surface of the joint butt surface is angled so that it is milled with a so-called I-shaped groove. Friction stir welding was performed with a pass. Table 7 shows the joining conditions of the friction stir welding. Similarly to Example 1, a rotary tool (tungsten diameter a: 12 mm, maximum pin diameter b: 4.0 mm, probe length c: tungsten carbide (WC) whose cross-sectional dimensions are shown in FIG. 4 is used. 1.4mm) was used, and at the time of bonding, the bonded portion was shielded with argon gas to prevent surface oxidation.
- a rotary tool tungsten diameter a: 12 mm, maximum pin diameter b: 4.0 mm, probe length c: tungsten carbide (WC) whose cross-sectional dimensions are shown in FIG. 4 is used. 1.4mm
- a laser beam is applied to the steel plate 1 in Table 1 under each irradiation condition (laser moving speed, laser output, and beam diameter) shown in Table 8. Irradiated and the surface temperature was measured by thermography. Further, the cross section of the laser irradiated portion was observed, and the microstructure was observed with a nital corrosion liquid in the same manner as in Example 1. The depth D 0 of the region where the transformation point (T A1 ° C) or higher was reached, and 0.8 ⁇ T The depth of the region where the temperature was A1 ° C. or higher (the depth D of the heating region) was measured.
- the region where the irradiation condition D is 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher is an elliptical diameter in which the laser moving direction is the major axis, and the perpendicular direction to the laser moving direction is the minor axis.
- the major axis was 3.8 mm and the minor axis was 3.2 mm. Since the maximum diameter of the pin portion of the rotating tool used here is 4.0 mm, the area of the heating region on the steel plate surface is equal to or less than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotating tool.
- the region where the temperature is 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or more has an elliptical diameter in which the laser moving direction has a major axis and a minor axis in the direction perpendicular to the laser moving direction has a major axis of 2.2 mm and a minor axis of 1.8 mm. Therefore, similarly to the above, the area of the heating region on the surface of the steel sheet is equal to or less than the area of the maximum diameter portion of the pin portion of the rotary tool.
- the region where the temperature is 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or more has an elliptical diameter in which the laser moving direction is the major axis and the direction perpendicular to the laser moving direction is the minor axis, the major axis is 4.9 mm and the minor axis is 4.1 mm. It was. Since the maximum diameter of the pin part of the rotary tool used here is 4.0 mm, the area of the heating region on the steel plate surface exceeds the area of the maximum diameter part of the pin part of the rotary tool.
- the depth D 0 of the region that is T A1 ° C or higher under the irradiation condition D and the depth of the region that is 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher (heating region) was 0.30 and 0.32 mm, respectively. Since the thickness t of the steel plate, which is the workpiece, is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region, which is the depth of the region over 0.8 ⁇ TA1 ° C., is about 20.0% of the thickness t of the steel plate. Become.
- the depth D 0 of the region where T A1 ° C or higher and the depth of 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C or higher were 0.51 and 0.54 mm, respectively. Since the thickness t of the steel plate as the workpiece is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region is about 33.8% of the thickness t of the steel plate.
- the irradiation condition F (the depth D of the heating zone) T depth of A1 ° C. became more regions D 0 and 0.8 ⁇ T A1 ° C. or higher and became region of depth respectively 0.10,0.11mm met It was. Since the thickness t of the steel plate as the workpiece is 1.6 mm, the depth D of the heating region is about 6.9% of the thickness t of the steel plate.
- Table 10 shows preheating process conditions by laser irradiation performed before joining of workpieces and process conditions performed after joining.
- cooling by gas ejection was performed, and in the heating (and reheating), induction heating was performed.
- Table 11 shows the measured values of the torque of the rotating tool when joining, and a tensile test piece with the size of the test piece No. 1 specified in JIS Z 3121 was obtained from the obtained joint and subjected to a tensile test. The tensile strength is shown.
- Comparative Example 6 the rotating tool was damaged during the joining, and the joining could not be performed.
- Comparative Examples 7 to 10 the unjoined portion remained and could not be joined, and therefore a healthy joint could not be obtained. For this reason, in Comparative Examples 6 to 10, the torque of the rotating tool is not measured.
Abstract
Description
c)レーザなどのエネルギー密度の高い熱源を用いることで、予熱処理プロセスでの加熱領域の表面温度、面積、位置を厳密に制御し、また必要に応じて加熱領域の厚さ方向における温度についても適正に制御する。それにより、接合継手強度等の接合継手特性の劣化を招くことなく、接合施工性を向上できるとの知見を得た。
1.肩部および該肩部に配され該肩部と回転軸を共有するピン部を含み、少なくとも該肩部と該ピン部は被加工材である鋼板よりも硬い材質からなり、該鋼板の未接合部に挿入されて回転しながら接合方向に移動し、該鋼板との摩擦熱により該鋼板を軟化させつつ、その軟化した部位を撹拌することにより塑性流動を生じさせる回転ツールと、
接合方向へ移動する該回転ツールの前方に設けられ、該鋼板を加熱する加熱装置と、を有し、
該加熱により該鋼板の表面の温度TS(℃)が、
TS ≧ 0.8×TA1 (TA1は下記の式(1)に示す)
となる領域を加熱領域としたとき、該鋼板の表面における、該加熱領域と該回転ツールとの最小距離を、該回転ツールの肩部の直径以下とし、
また該鋼板の表面における該加熱領域の面積を、該回転ツールのピン部の最大径部の面積以下とし、
さらに該加熱領域の面積の50%以上が、該鋼板の表面において、該回転ツールの回転軸を通り接合方向に平行な直線である接合中央線と、該接合中央線に平行で、かつアドバンシングサイドへ該回転ツールのピン部の最大半径と同じ距離だけ隔てた直線、との間に位置する構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
記
TA1(℃)=723-10.7[%Mn]-16.9[%Ni]+29.1[%Si]
+16.9[%Cr]+290[%As]+6.38[%W] ・・・(1)
ただし、[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)である。
2.前記加熱領域の厚さ方向の領域に関し、温度TD(℃)が、
TD ≧ 0.8×TA1 (TA1は下記の式(1)に示す)
を満足する領域における前記鋼板の表面からの最大深さを加熱領域の深さDとしたとき、該加熱領域の深さDが、前記鋼板の合計厚さtの30%以上となる前記1に記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
記
TA1(℃)=723-10.7[%Mn]-16.9[%Ni]+29.1[%Si]
+16.9[%Cr]+290[%As]+6.38[%W] ・・・(1)
ただし、[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)である。
3.前記加熱装置が、レーザ加熱装置である前記1または2に記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
4.接合方向へ移動する前記回転ツールの後方に設けられ、前記鋼板の接合部を加熱する後方加熱装置を有する前記1~3のいずれかに記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
5.前記回転ツールの後方で、かつ前記後方加熱装置の後に設けられ、前記鋼板の接合部を冷却する冷却装置を有する前記4に記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
6.接合方向へ移動する前記回転ツールの後方に設けられ、前記鋼板の接合部を冷却する冷却装置を有する前記1~3のいずれかに記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
7.接合方向へ移動する前記回転ツールの後方で、かつ前記冷却装置の後に設けられ、前記鋼板の接合部を再加熱する後方加熱装置を有する前記6に記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
本発明の摩擦撹拌接合装置により摩擦攪拌接合する鋼板は、図3に示すように、通常、鋼の変態温度であるTA1の80%程度の温度では、常温時の強度の30%程度の強度となる。また、この温度より高くなると、さらに強度が低下する。よって、鋼板の表面温度を0.8×TA1℃以上として鋼板を予め軟化させ、当該鋼板を撹拌し、塑性流動を促進することで、回転ツールにかかる負荷を低減し、また接合速度も高速度化することができる。このため、本発明では、加熱領域12における鋼板の表面温度TS(℃)を、0.8×TA1℃以上とする。なお、TA1(℃)は次式(1)により求めることができる。
+16.9[%Cr]+290[%As]+6.38[%W] ・・・(1)
[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)であり、含有しない場合は0とする。
鋼板の表面における加熱領域と回転ツールとの間隔が大きくなり過ぎると、接合前に加熱領域における温度が低下してしまい、予熱による効果が十分に得られない。このため、鋼板の表面における加熱領域と接合方向へ移動する回転ツールとの最小距離Xは、回転ツールの肩部の直径以下とする。
加熱領域12が大きくなり過ぎると当該領域およびその周辺領域のミクロ組織が変化する。特に、マルテンサイト組織により強化された高張力鋼板の場合は、フェライト-オーステナイト変態温度以下での加熱であっても、マルテンサイトが焼き戻されることで軟化を生じ、接合継手強度を大幅に低下させてしまう。このため、鋼板の表面における加熱領域の面積は、回転ツールのピン部の最大径部の面積以下とする。
鋼材の摩擦撹拌接合においては、塑性流動の始点はアドバンシングサイドであり、回転ツールの回転方向に沿って、接合方向前方、リトリーティングサイド、接合方向後方を通り、アドバンシングサイドが終点となる。このように、アドバンシングサイドは塑性流動の始点となるため、被加工材である鋼板の加熱不足が生じ易く、塑性流動が不十分で欠陥が発生する場合には、その殆どがアドバンシングサイドで発生する。
前述したように、本発明の摩擦撹拌接合装置で接合する鋼板は、通常、鋼の変態温度であるTA1の80%程度の温度では、常温時の強度の30%程度の強度となる。また、この温度より高くなると、さらに強度が低下する。よって、加熱領域の厚さ方向の領域においても、温度を0.8×TA1℃以上として鋼板を予め軟化させ、当該鋼板を撹拌し、塑性流動を促進することで、回転ツールにかかる負荷をさらに低減し、また接合速度も一層高速度化させることが好ましい。従って、後述する加熱領域の深さDを規定する加熱領域の厚さ方向の温度TDは、0.8×TA1℃以上として定義するものとした。なお、TA1(℃)は次式(1)により求めることができる。
+16.9[%Cr]+290[%As]+6.38[%W] ・・・(1)
ここで、[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)である。
加熱領域の深さDは、上記した加熱領域の厚さ方向の温度TDが0.8×TA1℃以上となる領域における、被加工材である鋼板の表面からの最大深さで規定される。ここで、この加熱領域の深さDは、鋼板の合計厚さの30%以上とすることが好ましい。というのは、加熱領域の深さDを鋼板の合計厚さの30%以上とすることで、塑性流動がさらに促進されるので、回転ツールにかかる負荷低減および接合速度の高速度化において、一層有利となるからである。より好ましくは鋼板の合計厚さの50%以上である。
板厚1.6mmの表1に示す化学組成、引張強さの鋼板を用いて、摩擦撹拌接合を実施した。継手突合せ面は、角度をつけないいわゆるI型開先でフライス加工程度の表面状態により片面1パスで接合を行った。摩擦撹拌接合の接合条件を表2に示す。図4に断面寸法を示す炭化タングステン(WC)を素材とした回転ツール(肩部直径a:12mm、ピン部の最大径b:4.0mm、プローブ長さc:1.4mm)を用い、接合時にはアルゴンガスにより接合部をシールドし、表面の酸化を防止した。
接合に先立ち、レーザを熱源に用いた予熱による加熱領域を確認するため、表1の鋼板1に対して、表3に示す各照射条件(レーザ移動速度、レーザ出力およびビーム径)でレーザ光を照射して、表面温度をサーモグラフィにより測定した。レーザ照射部の断面を観察し、ナイタール腐食液によるミクロ組織観察を行った。
表4に示すように、サーモグラフィによる表面温度測定結果から、照射条件Aにおいて、0.8×TA1℃以上となる領域は直径3.5mmの円形状であった。ここで用いた回転ツールのピン部の最大径は4.0mmであるため、鋼板表面における加熱領域の面積は、回転ツールのピン部の最大径部の面積以下となる。
表6より、発明例1~10では、接合速度を高速化した場合であっても、母材となる鋼板の引張強さの85%以上の強度が得られるとともに、回転ツールのトルクが75 N・m以下と、塑性流動性も良好であった。特に、接合後に冷却・再加熱を行った発明例6および7では、母材の引張強さの99%以上の強度が得られた。
実施例1と同様に板厚1.6mmの表1に示す化学組成、引張強さの鋼板を用いて、継手突合せ面に角度をつけないいわゆるI型開先でフライス加工程度の表面状態により片面1パスで摩擦撹拌接合を実施した。摩擦撹拌接合の接合条件を表7に示す。また、実施例1と同様に、図4に断面寸法を示す炭化タングステン(WC)を素材とした回転ツール(肩部直径a:12mm、ピン部の最大径b:4.0mm、プローブ長さc:1.4mm)を用い、接合時にはアルゴンガスにより接合部をシールドし、表面の酸化を防止した。
接合に先立ち、レーザを熱源に用いた予熱による加熱領域を確認するため、表1の鋼板1に対して、表8に示す各照射条件(レーザ移動速度、レーザ出力およびビーム径)でレーザ光を照射して、表面温度をサーモグラフィにより測定した。さらに、レーザ照射部の断面を観察し、実施例1と同様に、ナイタール腐食液によるミクロ組織観察を行い、変態点(TA1℃)以上となった領域の深さD0、および0.8×TA1℃以上となった領域の深さ(加熱領域の深さD)を測定した。
表9に示すように、サーモグラフィによる表面温度測定結果から、照射条件Dにおいて、0.8×TA1℃以上となる領域は、レーザ移動方向が長径、レーザ移動方向と直角方向が短径となる楕円径となり、長径は3.8mm、短径は3.2mmであった。ここで用いた回転ツールのピン部の最大径は4.0mmであるため、鋼板表面における加熱領域の面積は、回転ツールのピン部の最大径部の面積以下となる。
表11より、発明例11~20では、接合速度を1000mm/minに高速化した場合であっても、回転ツールのトルクを100N・m以下として接合することができ、また母材となる鋼板の引張強さの85%以上の強度が達成でき、健全な継手が得られた。特に、接合後に冷却・再加熱を行った発明例16および17では、母材の引張強さの99%以上の強度が得られた。
2 回転軸
3 鋼板
4 接合部
5 加熱装置
6 冷却装置
7 後方加熱装置
8 回転ツールの肩部
9 回転ツールのピン部
10 接合中央線
11 AS線
12 加熱領域
13 冷却領域
14 再加熱領域
a 回転ツールの肩部直径
b 回転ツールのピン部の最大径
c 回転ツールのプローブ長さ
X 加熱領域と回転ツールとの最小距離
D 加熱領域の深さ
t 鋼板の厚さ
α 回転ツール傾斜角度
Claims (7)
- 肩部および該肩部に配され該肩部と回転軸を共有するピン部を含み、少なくとも該肩部と該ピン部は被加工材である鋼板よりも硬い材質からなり、該鋼板の未接合部に挿入されて回転しながら接合方向に移動し、該鋼板との摩擦熱により該鋼板を軟化させつつ、その軟化した部位を撹拌することにより塑性流動を生じさせる回転ツールと、
接合方向へ移動する該回転ツールの前方に設けられ、該鋼板を加熱する加熱装置と、を有し、
該加熱により該鋼板の表面の温度TS(℃)が、
TS ≧ 0.8×TA1 (TA1は下記の式(1)に示す)
となる領域を加熱領域としたとき、該鋼板の表面における、該加熱領域と該回転ツールとの最小距離を、該回転ツールの肩部の直径以下とし、
また該鋼板の表面における該加熱領域の面積を、該回転ツールのピン部の最大径部の面積以下とし、
さらに該加熱領域の面積の50%以上が、該鋼板の表面において、該回転ツールの回転軸を通り接合方向に平行な直線である接合中央線と、該接合中央線に平行で、かつアドバンシングサイドへ該回転ツールのピン部の最大半径と同じ距離だけ隔てた直線、との間に位置する構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
記
TA1(℃)=723-10.7[%Mn]-16.9[%Ni]+29.1[%Si]
+16.9[%Cr]+290[%As]+6.38[%W] ・・・(1)
ただし、[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)である。 - 前記加熱領域の厚さ方向の領域に関し、温度TD(℃)が、
TD ≧ 0.8×TA1 (TA1は下記の式(1)に示す)
を満足する領域における前記鋼板の表面からの最大深さを加熱領域の深さDとしたとき、該加熱領域の深さDが、前記鋼板の合計厚さtの30%以上となる請求項1に記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
記
TA1(℃)=723-10.7[%Mn]-16.9[%Ni]+29.1[%Si]
+16.9[%Cr]+290[%As]+6.38[%W] ・・・(1)
ただし、[%M]は、被加工材である鋼板におけるM元素の含有量(質量%)である。 - 前記加熱装置が、レーザ加熱装置である請求項1または2に記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
- 接合方向へ移動する前記回転ツールの後方に設けられ、前記鋼板の接合部を加熱する後方加熱装置を有する請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
- 前記回転ツールの後方で、かつ前記後方加熱装置の後に設けられ、前記鋼板の接合部を冷却する冷却装置を有する請求項4に記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
- 接合方向へ移動する前記回転ツールの後方に設けられ、前記鋼板の接合部を冷却する冷却装置を有する請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
- 接合方向へ移動する前記回転ツールの後方で、かつ前記冷却装置の後に設けられ、前記鋼板の接合部を再加熱する後方加熱装置を有する請求項6に記載の構造用鋼の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
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