WO2016140342A1 - 二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016140342A1 WO2016140342A1 PCT/JP2016/056751 JP2016056751W WO2016140342A1 WO 2016140342 A1 WO2016140342 A1 WO 2016140342A1 JP 2016056751 W JP2016056751 W JP 2016056751W WO 2016140342 A1 WO2016140342 A1 WO 2016140342A1
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
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- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
- H01M50/423—Polyamide resins
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- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
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- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium ion secondary battery using a fluorinated ether and a fluorinated phosphate as an electrolyte, and a method for producing the same.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are characterized by their small size and large capacity, and they have been widely used as power sources for electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers, and have contributed to improving the convenience of portable IT devices.
- the use in a larger application such as a power source for driving a motorcycle or an automobile or a storage battery for a smart grid has attracted attention.
- As demand for lithium-ion secondary batteries increases and it is used in various fields, it is possible to use batteries with higher energy density, life characteristics that can withstand long-term use, and a wide range of temperature conditions. Such characteristics are required.
- Fluorinated ethers and fluorinated phosphates are used in the electrolyte to improve capacity degradation (cycle characteristics) in the charge / discharge cycle of such batteries.
- Patent Document 1 describes that the cycle characteristics of a secondary battery can be improved by using an electrolytic solution in which fluorinated ether is mixed with propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate.
- Patent Document 2 in a lithium ion secondary battery having a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material that operates at a high potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium, when an electrolyte containing a fluorine-containing phosphate is used, high energy is obtained. It is described that a secondary battery having improved density and cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the discharge capacity of a battery generally decreases as the discharge rate increases and the internal resistance of the battery increases.
- the maintenance rate of the discharge capacity when the discharge rate is increased is referred to as rate characteristics, and is used as an index for battery evaluation. In order to obtain a battery having a high energy density, improvement of rate characteristics is also an important factor.
- the lithium ion secondary battery using the above-described fluorinated ether and / or fluorinated phosphate ester as an electrolyte has excellent cycle characteristics particularly at high energy density, while the electrolyte has low conductivity and rate characteristics. There was a problem that further improvement was needed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a secondary battery that solves the above-described problems.
- the present invention relates to the following matters.
- R 4 and R 5 each independently represents an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group, provided that at least one of R 4 and R 5 is a fluorinated alkyl group.
- R 6, R 7, R 8 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, of R 6, R 7 and R 8, at least one is a fluorine-substituted alkyl
- the carbon atom of R 6 and the carbon atom of R 7 may be bonded via a single bond or a double bond to form a cyclic structure.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using a fluorinated ether and / or a fluorinated phosphate ester as an electrolyte, and having better rate characteristics. .
- FIG. 2 It is a block diagram which shows an example of the lithium ion secondary battery of this invention. It is a disassembled perspective view which shows the basic structure of a film-clad battery. It is sectional drawing which shows the cross section of the battery of FIG. 2 typically.
- the present inventors examined a separator for a secondary battery in order to improve rate characteristics.
- the separator is installed in the battery cell for the purpose of providing a function of transmitting a charged body and a function of shutting down heat generated due to a short circuit of the battery while preventing contact between the electrodes of the battery.
- the separator since the separator itself becomes the internal resistance of the battery, it may be important to optimally set various characteristics such as the thickness and pore diameter of the separator according to the voltage and capacity of the battery used in order to improve the rate characteristics.
- the present inventors use a lithium ion secondary battery using an electrolytic solution containing a fluorinated ether and / or a fluorinated phosphate ester, and a separator containing an aramid resin, thereby improving the rate characteristics of the battery. I found that it can be improved.
- the separator according to this embodiment is a separator containing an aramid resin, and preferably contains an aramid resin in an amount of at least 50% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, and most preferably 90% by mass or more.
- Aramid resin has high heat resistance, and by using it as a separator, safety can be enhanced particularly in a lithium ion secondary battery having a high energy density.
- Aramid is an aromatic polyamide in which one or more aromatic groups are directly connected by an amide bond.
- the aromatic group include a phenylene group, and two aromatic rings may be bonded with oxygen, sulfur, or an alkylene group (for example, a methylene group, an ethylene group, a propylene group, etc.).
- These divalent aromatic groups may have a substituent, and examples of the substituent include an alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, etc.), an alkoxy group (for example, a methoxy group, Ethoxy group, propoxy group and the like), halogen (chloro group and the like) and the like.
- the aramid used in the present invention may be either a para type or a meta type.
- aramids that can be preferably used in the present embodiment include polymetaphenylene isophthalamide, polyparaphenylene terephthalamide, copolyparaphenylene 3,4'-oxydiphenylene terephthalamide, and the like.
- any structure can be adopted as long as the separator can be configured with a void giving high air permeability, such as a fiber aggregate such as a woven fabric or a nonwoven fabric, and a microporous membrane.
- a microporous film is preferable in terms of rate characteristics because it has high mechanical strength and can be thinned.
- the separator needs to have a film thickness of a certain degree or more in order to provide its mechanical strength, for example, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 15 ⁇ m or more.
- the separator is preferably thin, for example, 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the separator containing an aramid resin according to this embodiment preferably has a porosity of 55% or more, and more preferably 70% or more.
- the porosity of the separator is measured by measuring the bulk density according to JIS P 8118.
- Porosity (%) [1 ⁇ (bulk density ⁇ (g / cm 3 ) / theoretical density of material ⁇ 0 (g / cm 3 ))] ⁇ 100
- Other measurement methods include a direct observation method using an electron microscope and a press-fitting method using a mercury porosimeter.
- the rate characteristics of the secondary battery in particular, the low temperature rate characteristics of the secondary battery using an electrolyte whose viscosity increases at low temperatures can be improved.
- the lithium ion secondary battery excellent in low temperature rate characteristics can be suitably used for applications used in a low temperature environment such as in-vehicle applications.
- the Gurley value of the separator is preferably 120 seconds or less, more preferably 10 seconds or less, and most preferably 2 seconds or less.
- the Gurley value is an index representing the air permeability, and means the number of seconds required for air of a constant volume and pressure to vent the test piece. It can be measured according to JIS P 8117. A lower Gurley value is preferred for rate characteristics.
- the electrolytic solution in the present embodiment includes a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt.
- the non-aqueous solvent includes a fluorinated ether and / or a fluorinated phosphate ester. More specifically, the fluorinated ether used in the present embodiment is a fluorinated ether compound represented by the following formula (1).
- R 4 and R 5 each independently represents an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group, provided that at least one of R 4 and R 5 is a fluorinated alkyl group.
- carbon number n 2 with carbon number n 1 R 5 of R 4 are each 1 ⁇ n 1 ⁇ 8,1 ⁇ n 2 ⁇ 8. Further, the total number of carbon atoms of R 4 and R 5 is more preferably 10 or less.
- the fluorinated alkyl group is preferably a fluorinated alkyl group in which 50% or more, more preferably 60% or more, of the hydrogen atoms of the corresponding unsubstituted alkyl group are substituted with fluorine atoms.
- fluorine atom content is large, the voltage resistance is further improved, and even when a positive electrode active material that operates at a high potential is used, it is possible to more effectively reduce the deterioration of the battery capacity after the cycle.
- fluorinated ether compounds represented by the following formula (1-1) are more preferable.
- n and m are each independently 1 to 8.
- X 1 to X 6 are each independently a fluorine atom or a hydrogen atom, provided that at least one of X 1 to X 3 One is a fluorine atom, and at least one of X 4 to X 6 is a fluorine atom, and when n is 2 or more, a plurality of X 2 and X 3 are independent of each other, When m is 2 or more, a plurality of X 4 and X 5 are independent of each other.
- the fluorinated ether compounds e.g., CF 3 OCH 3, CF 3 OC 2 H 5, F (CF 2) 2 OCH 3, F (CF 2) 2 OC 2 H 5, CF 3 (CF 2) CH 2 O (CF 2 ) CF 3 , F (CF 2 ) 3 OCH 3 , F (CF 2 ) 3 OC 2 H 5 , F (CF 2 ) 4 OCH 3 , F (CF 2 ) 4 OC 2 H 5 , F (CF 2 ) 5 OCH 3 , F (CF 2 ) 5 OC 2 H 5 , F (CF 2 ) 8 OCH 3 , F (CF 2 ) 8 OC 2 H 5 , F (CF 2 ) 9 OCH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 OCH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 OCHF 2 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCHF 2 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 O (CF 2 ) 2 H, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2
- fluorinated ether compound represented by the formula (1) can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of the fluorine-containing ether compound represented by the formula (1) contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is 5 to 80% by volume in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution. When the content is 5% by volume or more, the effect of increasing the voltage resistance is improved. When the content is 80% by volume or less, the ion conductivity of the electrolytic solution is improved, and the charge / discharge rate of the battery is improved.
- the total content of the compound of the formula (1) is more preferably 20 to 75% by volume, and further preferably 30 to 70% by volume in the electrolytic solution.
- the fluorinated phosphate used in the present embodiment is a compound represented by the following formula (2).
- R 6 , R 7 and R 8 each independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, and at least one of R 6 , R 7 and R 8 is a fluorine-substituted alkyl.
- the carbon atom of R 6 and the carbon atom of R 7 may be bonded via a single bond or a double bond to form a cyclic structure.
- R 6 , R 7 and R 8 each independently have 1 to 3 carbon atoms. At least one of R 6 , R 7 and R 8 is preferably a fluorine-substituted alkyl group in which 50% or more of the hydrogen atoms of the corresponding unsubstituted alkyl group are substituted with fluorine atoms. Further, all of R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are fluorine-substituted alkyl groups, and 50% or more of the hydrogen atoms of the corresponding unsubstituted alkyl groups of R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are substituted with fluorine atoms. More preferred is a fluorine-substituted alkyl group. This is because when the fluorine atom content is high, the voltage resistance is further improved, and even when a positive electrode active material that operates at a high potential is used, deterioration of the battery capacity after cycling can be further reduced.
- the fluorinated phosphate ester is not particularly limited.
- phosphoric acid tris trifluoromethyl
- phosphoric acid tris penentafluoroethyl
- phosphoric acid tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)
- phosphoric acid Tris (2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl)
- Tris phosphate (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)
- Tris phosphate (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) etc.
- a fluorinated alkyl phosphate compound may be mentioned.
- tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate is preferable. Fluorinated phosphates can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Fluorinated phosphate ester has the advantage that it has high oxidation resistance and is difficult to decompose. It is also considered that there is an effect of suppressing gas generation. On the other hand, since the viscosity is high and the dielectric constant is relatively low, if the content is too large, there is a problem that the conductivity of the electrolytic solution decreases. For these reasons, the content of the fluorinated phosphate is preferably 1 to 50% by volume, more preferably 5 to 40% by volume, and even more preferably 10 to 30% by volume in the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the fluorinated phosphate ester may be used in the electrolyte together with the fluorinated ether described above. In particular, when the fluorinated phosphate compound is contained in an amount of 5% by volume or more, the compatibility between the fluorinated ether compound and another solvent can be enhanced.
- non-aqueous solvents include carbonic acid ester compounds, sulfone compounds, and carboxylic acid ester compounds.
- Examples of the carbonate compound include compounds represented by the following formula (3).
- R 2 and R 3 are each independently, a carbon atom of the carbon atoms and R 3 of the .R 2 showing a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group through a single bond or a double bond bond And a cyclic structure may be formed, and a part of hydrogen of R 2 and R 3 may be substituted with fluorine.
- the carbonic acid ester compound represented by the formula (3) has ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and vinylene carbonate, and a cyclic carbonic acid ester structure in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms that they have are substituted with fluorine atoms. Compounds are preferred.
- Examples of the sulfone compound include a compound represented by the following formula (4).
- R 9 and R 10 each independently, a carbon atom of the carbon atoms and R 10 of the .R 9 showing a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group through a single bond or a double bond bond And a ring structure may be formed.
- Preferred examples of the cyclic sulfone compound represented by the formula (4) include tetramethylene sulfone (sulfolane), pentamethylene sulfone, hexamethylene sulfone and the like. Further, as the cyclic sulfone compound having a substituent, 3-methylsulfolane, 2,4-dimethylsulfolane and the like are preferable. Since these materials are excellent in oxidation resistance, they can suppress the decomposition of the electrolytic solution under a high voltage, and have a relatively high dielectric constant, so that they have an advantage of excellent dissolution / dissociation action of lithium salt.
- the sulfone compound may be a chain sulfone compound.
- the chain sulfone compound include ethyl methyl sulfone, ethyl isopropyl sulfone, ethyl isobutyl sulfone, dimethyl sulfone, diethyl sulfone, and methyl isopropyl sulfone.
- dimethyl sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, ethyl isopropyl sulfone, and ethyl isobutyl sulfone are preferable. Since these materials are excellent in oxidation resistance, they can suppress the decomposition of the electrolytic solution under a high voltage, and have a relatively high dielectric constant, so that they have an advantage of excellent dissolution / dissociation action of lithium salt.
- Examples of the carboxylic acid ester compound include a compound represented by the following formula (5).
- R 11 and R 12 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
- the carbon atom of R 11 and the carbon atom of R 12 are bonded via a single bond or a double bond. and it may form a cyclic structure. in addition, some of the hydrogen of R 11 and R 12 may be substituted with fluorine.
- the carboxylate ester is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl formate, ethyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, methyl acetate, and methyl formate.
- a compound in which a hydrogen atom is substituted with a fluorine atom is preferable.
- the chain carboxylic acid ester has a feature that the viscosity is low when the carbon number is short, but the boiling point tends to be low. If the boiling point is low, the battery may vaporize during high temperature operation. If the number of carbon atoms is too large, the viscosity may increase and the conductivity may decrease. For these reasons, the carboxylic acid ester preferably has 3 to 12 carbon atoms. Moreover, oxidation resistance can be improved by substituting with fluorine. If the amount of fluorine substitution is small, it may react with the positive electrode at a high potential, resulting in a decrease in capacity retention rate or generation of gas.
- the substitution amount of fluorine in the hydrogen atoms is preferably 1% or more and 90% or less, more preferably 10% or more and 85% or less, and 20% or more and 80% or less. More preferably.
- solvents to be mixed in addition to the fluorinated ether and / or fluorinated phosphate ester include, for example, ⁇ -lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, 1,2-ethoxyethane (DEE), ethoxy Chain ethers such as methoxyethane (EME), cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, formamide, acetamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolane, acetonitrile, propylnitrile, nitromethane, ethyl Monoglyme, phosphate triester, trimethoxymethane, dioxolane derivative, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, propylene carbonate derivative, tetrahydrofuran derivative And aprotic organic solvents
- Lithium salts include LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 CO 3 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , lower aliphatic lithium carboxylate, lithium chloroborane, lithium tetraphenylborate, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiSCN, or the like can be used.
- a positive electrode active material will not be specifically limited if a lithium ion can be inserted at the time of charge, and can be desorbed at the time of discharge, A well-known thing can be used.
- the positive electrode active material examples include lithium manganate having a layered structure such as LiMnO 2 and Li x Mn 2 O 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) or lithium manganate having a spinel structure; LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2, or these Some transition metals replaced with other metals; LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 and other specific transition metals such as lithium transition metal oxides; LiFePO 4 and other olivines Those having a structure; in these lithium transition metal oxides, those having an excess of Li rather than the stoichiometric composition can be mentioned.
- lithium manganate having a layered structure such as LiMnO 2 and Li x Mn 2 O 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) or lithium manganate having a spinel structure
- LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 and other specific transition metals such as lithium transition metal oxides
- These materials can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- the positive electrode active material that operates at 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium as the positive electrode. Since the electrolyte solvent containing fluorinated ether and / or fluorinated phosphate ester does not easily deteriorate even under a high voltage, in a high energy density secondary battery using a positive electrode active material that operates at 4.5 V or higher, More useful.
- a lithium manganese composite oxide represented by the following formula (6) can be used as a positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or more.
- M is Co
- Y is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cu
- Cu is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ti, Si, K, and Ca. At least one kind.
- lithium manganese composite oxide represented by the formula (6) for example, LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCrMnO 4 , LiFeMnO 4 , LiCoMnO 4 , LiCu 0.5 Mn 1.5 Preferred examples include O 4 .
- These positive electrode active materials have a high capacity.
- the positive electrode active material operating at a potential of 4.5 V or more is more preferably a lithium manganese composite oxide represented by the following formula (6-1) from the viewpoint of obtaining a sufficient capacity and extending the life. .
- LiNi x Mn 2-xy A y O 4 (6-1) (In Formula (6-1), 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.6, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.3, A is at least selected from the group consisting of Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ti, and Si) A kind).
- examples of the olivine-type positive electrode active material include those represented by the following formula (7).
- LiMPO 4 (7) (In Formula (7), M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Co and Ni.)
- LiCoPO 4 LiCoPO 4 , LiNiPO 4 and the like are preferable.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or more include those having a layered structure.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material having such a layered structure are represented by the following formula (8). And the like.
- examples of the positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or more include Si composite oxides, for example, those represented by the following formula (9).
- Li 2 MSiO 4 (9) (In Formula (9), M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe and Co.)
- the positive electrode active material can be selected from several viewpoints. From the viewpoint of increasing the energy density, it is preferable to include a high-capacity compound.
- the high-capacity compound include nickel-lithium oxide (LiNiO 2 ) or lithium-nickel composite oxide obtained by substituting a part of nickel in nickel-lithium oxide with another metal element.
- the layered structure represented by the following formula (A) Lithium nickel composite oxide is preferred.
- the Ni content is high, that is, in the formula (A), x is preferably less than 0.5, and more preferably 0.4 or less.
- x is preferably less than 0.5, and more preferably 0.4 or less.
- LiNi 0.8 Co 0.05 Mn 0.15 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2, LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Al can be preferably used 0.1 O 2 or the like.
- the Ni content does not exceed 0.5, that is, in the formula (A), x is 0.5 or more. It is also preferred that the number of specific transition metals does not exceed half.
- LiNi 0.4 Co 0.3 Mn 0.3 O 2 (abbreviated as NCM433), LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 (abbreviated as NCM523), LiNi 0.5 Co 0.3 Mn 0.2 O 2 (abbreviated as NCM532), etc. (however, the content of each transition metal in these compounds varies by about 10%) Can also be included).
- two or more compounds represented by the formula (A) may be used as a mixture.
- NCM532 or NCM523 and NCM433 range from 9: 1 to 1: 9 (typically 2 It is also preferable to use a mixture in 1).
- a material having a high Ni content (x is 0.4 or less) and a material having a Ni content not exceeding 0.5 (x is 0.5 or more, for example, NCM433) are mixed. As a result, a battery having a high capacity and high thermal stability can be formed.
- the positive electrode can be formed, for example, by applying a positive electrode slurry prepared by mixing a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode binder, and, if necessary, a conductivity-imparting agent onto a current collector.
- Examples of the conductivity-imparting agent include carbon materials such as acetylene black, carbon black, fibrous carbon and graphite, metal substances such as Al, and conductive oxide powders.
- the positive electrode binder is not particularly limited.
- polyvinylidene fluoride PVdF
- vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
- styrene-butadiene Copolymer rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, polyamideimide and the like can be used.
- the content of the conductivity-imparting agent in the positive electrode can be, for example, 1 to 10% by mass.
- the content of the binder in the positive electrode can be, for example, 1 to 10% by mass. If it exists in such a range, it will be easy to ensure the ratio of the amount of active materials in an electrode, and it will become easy to obtain sufficient capacity
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited, but aluminum, nickel, copper, silver, and alloys thereof are preferable from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability.
- Examples of the shape include foil, flat plate, and mesh.
- the negative electrode active material in the present embodiment is not particularly limited.
- a carbon material that can occlude and release lithium ions a metal that can be alloyed with lithium, a metal oxide that can occlude and release lithium ions, and the like. Is mentioned.
- Examples of the carbon material include carbon, amorphous carbon, diamond-like carbon, carbon nanotube, or a composite thereof.
- carbon with high crystallinity has high electrical conductivity, and is excellent in adhesiveness and voltage flatness with a negative electrode current collector made of a metal such as copper.
- amorphous carbon having low crystallinity has a relatively small volume expansion, it has a high effect of relaxing the volume expansion of the entire negative electrode, and deterioration due to non-uniformity such as crystal grain boundaries and defects hardly occurs.
- a negative electrode containing a metal or metal oxide is preferable in that it can improve the energy density and increase the capacity per unit weight or unit volume of the battery.
- the metal examples include Al, Si, Pb, Sn, In, Bi, Ag, Ba, Ca, Hg, Pd, Pt, Te, Zn, La, and alloys of two or more thereof. Moreover, you may use these metals or alloys in mixture of 2 or more types. These metals or alloys may contain one or more non-metallic elements.
- the metal oxide examples include silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, lithium oxide, and composites thereof.
- tin oxide or silicon oxide is included as a negative electrode active material, and it is more preferable that silicon oxide is included. This is because silicon oxide is relatively stable and hardly causes a reaction with other compounds.
- 0.1 to 5% by mass of one or more elements selected from nitrogen, boron and sulfur can be added to the metal oxide. By carrying out like this, the electrical conductivity of a metal oxide can be improved.
- the negative electrode active material can be used by mixing a plurality of materials without using a single material.
- the same kind of materials such as graphite and amorphous carbon may be mixed, or different kinds of materials such as graphite and silicon may be mixed.
- the binder for the negative electrode is not particularly limited.
- polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer Rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylic acid, or the like can be used.
- the amount of the binder for the negative electrode used is 0.5 to 25 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material from the viewpoints of “sufficient binding force” and “high energy” which are in a trade-off relationship. Is preferred.
- the negative electrode current collector aluminum, nickel, stainless steel, chromium, copper, silver, and alloys thereof are preferable in view of electrochemical stability.
- the shape include foil, flat plate, and mesh.
- the lithium ion secondary battery or its assembled battery according to this embodiment can be used in a vehicle.
- Vehicles according to this embodiment include hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and electric vehicles (all include four-wheel vehicles (passenger cars, trucks, buses and other commercial vehicles, light vehicles, etc.), motorcycles (motorcycles), and tricycles. .).
- the vehicle according to the present embodiment is not limited to an automobile, and may be used as various power sources for other vehicles, for example, moving bodies such as trains.
- the lithium ion secondary battery or its assembled battery according to this embodiment can be used for a power storage device.
- a power storage device for example, a power source connected to a commercial power source supplied to a general household and a load such as a home appliance, and used as a backup power source or auxiliary power at the time of a power failure, Examples include photovoltaic power generation, which is also used for large-scale power storage for stabilizing power output with a large time fluctuation due to renewable energy.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present embodiment can be produced according to a normal method. Taking a laminated laminate type lithium ion secondary battery as an example, an example of a method for producing a lithium ion secondary battery will be described. First, in the dry air or inert atmosphere, the above-mentioned electrode element is formed by arranging the positive electrode and the negative electrode opposite to each other with a separator interposed therebetween. Next, this electrode element is accommodated in an exterior body (container), and an electrolytic solution is injected to impregnate the electrode with the electrolytic solution. Then, the opening part of an exterior body is sealed and a lithium ion secondary battery is completed.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structure of an electrode element included in a laminated laminate type lithium ion secondary battery.
- This electrode element is formed by alternately stacking one or more positive electrodes c and one or more negative electrodes a with a separator b interposed therebetween.
- the positive electrode current collector e of each positive electrode c is welded and electrically connected to each other at an end portion not covered with the positive electrode active material layer, and a positive electrode terminal f is welded to the welded portion.
- a negative electrode current collector d of each negative electrode a is welded and electrically connected to each other at an end portion not covered with the negative electrode active material layer, and a negative electrode terminal g is welded to the welded portion.
- the secondary battery includes a battery element 20, a film outer package 10 that houses the battery element 20 together with an electrolyte, and a positive electrode tab 51 and a negative electrode tab 52 (hereinafter also simply referred to as “electrode tabs”). .
- the battery element 20 is formed by alternately laminating a plurality of positive electrodes 30 and a plurality of negative electrodes 40 with a separator 25 interposed therebetween.
- the electrode material 32 is applied to both surfaces of the metal foil 31.
- the electrode material 42 is applied to both surfaces of the metal foil 41.
- the secondary battery in FIG. 1 has electrode tabs drawn out on both sides of the outer package. However, in the secondary battery to which the present invention can be applied, the electrode tab is drawn out on one side of the outer package as shown in FIG. It may be a configuration. Although detailed illustration is omitted, each of the positive and negative metal foils has an extension on a part of the outer periphery. The extensions of the negative electrode metal foil are collected together and connected to the negative electrode tab 52, and the extensions of the positive electrode metal foil are collected together and connected to the positive electrode tab 51 (see FIG. 3). The portions gathered together in the stacking direction between the extension portions in this way are also called “current collecting portions”.
- the film outer package 10 is composed of two films 10-1 and 10-2 in this example.
- the films 10-1 and 10-2 are heat sealed to each other at the periphery of the battery element 20 and sealed.
- the positive electrode tab 51 and the negative electrode tab 52 are drawn out in the same direction from one short side of the film outer package 10 sealed in this way.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 show examples in which a cup portion is formed on one film 10-1 and a cup portion is not formed on the other film 10-2.
- a configuration in which a cup portion is formed on both films (not shown) or a configuration in which neither cup portion is formed (not shown) may be employed.
- Example 1 and 2 (Preparation of positive electrode) First, powders of MnO 2 , NiO, Li 2 CO 3 , and TiO 2 were weighed so as to have a target composition ratio, and pulverized and mixed. Thereafter, the mixed powder was fired at 750 ° C. for 8 hours to produce LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.37 Ti 0.13 O 4 .
- This positive electrode active material was confirmed to have a substantially single-phase spinel structure.
- the produced positive electrode active material and carbon black as a conductivity imparting agent were mixed, and this mixture was dispersed in a solution in which polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder was dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone to prepare a positive electrode slurry.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the mass ratio of the positive electrode active material, the conductivity-imparting agent, and the positive electrode binder was 93/3/4.
- the positive electrode slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a current collector made of Al. Then, it was made to dry in vacuum for 12 hours, and the positive electrode was produced by compression molding with a roll press. In addition, the weight of the positive electrode active material layer per unit area after drying was set to 0.020 g / cm 2 .
- Nonaqueous electrolytes include cyclic carbonate, ethylene carbonate (EC), fluorine-containing ether compound, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (FE1),
- EC ethylene carbonate
- FE1 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether
- FP1 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether
- FP1 tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate
- LiPF 6 was dissolved in this solution at a concentration of 1.0 mol / l to prepare an electrolytic solution.
- Example 1 a separator made of an aramid nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used. This aramid nonwoven fabric separator had a porosity of 72% and a Gurley value of 1.4 seconds.
- Example 2 a separator made of an aramid microporous film having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m was used. The separator of this aramid microporous membrane had a porosity of 65% and a Gurley value of 80 seconds.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were cut into 1.5 cm ⁇ 3 cm. Five layers of the obtained positive electrode and six layers of the negative electrode were alternately stacked while sandwiching an aramid nonwoven fabric separator in Example 1 and an aramid microporous membrane separator in Example 2. The ends of the positive electrode current collector not covered with the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode current collector not covered with the negative electrode active material are welded respectively, and further, the positive electrode terminal made of aluminum and the negative electrode terminal made of nickel are connected to the welded portion. Each was welded to obtain an electrode element having a planar laminated structure. The electrode element was wrapped with an aluminum laminate film as an outer package, and an electrolyte solution was injected therein, and then sealed while reducing the pressure to produce a secondary battery.
- the fabricated secondary battery was evaluated for 3C rate characteristics. Evaluation was performed as follows. First, the battery charged to full charge was discharged to 2.5 V at a 1C rate (60 minute discharge), and the discharge capacity was evaluated. Next, after charging to full charge again, it was discharged to 2.5 V at a 3C rate (current value three times the 1C rate; 20 minutes discharge), and the discharge capacity was evaluated. The rate characteristic 3C / 1C (%) was determined from the obtained 3C discharge capacity and 1C discharge capacity. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and cellulose were used for the separator, and 3C rate characteristic evaluation and high-temperature cycle test were performed, respectively. The results are listed in Table 1.
- Table 2 shows the structure, porosity, thickness, and Gurley value of the separators used in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- the lithium ion secondary batteries using the separators made of aramids of Examples 1 and 2 still have a high capacity maintenance rate of 80% after 100 cycles at 45 ° C., and the rate characteristics are other materials. It was confirmed that this was improved over the lithium ion secondary battery using this separator.
- Table 2 shows the structure, porosity, thickness, and Gurley value of each separator. When a separator made of aramid is used, even when the Gurley value is large, the value of the rate characteristic 3C / 1C is The rate characteristics are considered to be more dependent on the separator material than the separator pore structure.
- Electrolyte solvents using fluorinated ethers or fluorinated phosphates have a high viscosity and impregnation of pores is considered to be somewhat difficult.
- aramid separators have wettability with these electrolyte solvents. It is considered that the impregnation was easy.
- Example 3 (Preparation of positive electrode) Li (Li 0.2 Ni 0.2 Mn 0.6 ) O 2 which is a Li-rich layered positive electrode was used as the positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material and a carbon black as a conductivity-imparting agent were mixed, and the mixture was dispersed in a solution in which polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder was dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone to prepare a positive electrode slurry.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the mass ratio of the positive electrode active material, the conductivity-imparting agent, and the positive electrode binder was 93/3/4.
- the positive electrode slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a current collector made of Al. Then, it was made to dry in vacuum for 12 hours, and the positive electrode was produced by compression molding with a roll press.
- the weight of the positive electrode active material layer per unit area after drying was set to 0.020 g / cm 2
- the negative electrode active material SiO, which is a silicon oxide, was used. This SiO has a surface coated with carbon, and the mass ratio of carbon to Si is 95/5. SiO was dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone in which polyimide was dissolved to prepare a negative electrode slurry. The mass ratio of the negative electrode active material and the binder was 85/15. This negative electrode slurry was uniformly applied onto a stainless current collector having a thickness of 8 ⁇ m. In addition, the weight of the positive electrode active material layer per unit area after drying was set to 0.003 g / cm 2 . After drying, the polyimide was cured at 350 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere to produce a negative electrode.
- Nonaqueous electrolytes include cyclic carbonate, ethylene carbonate (EC), fluorine-containing ether compound, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (FE1),
- Example 3 In Example 3, the same separator as in Example 1 was used, and in Example 4, the same separator as in Example 2 was used.
- Example 3 Secondary batteries of Example 3 and Example 4 were fabricated using the above positive electrode and negative electrode in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the fabricated secondary battery was evaluated for 3C rate characteristics.
- the current rate 1C that can be discharged in one hour for rate characteristic evaluation was determined from the discharge capacity at the second discharge during conditioning.
- the current rate was evaluated as follows. First, the battery charged to full charge was discharged to 2 V at a 1C rate (60 minute discharge), and the discharge capacity was evaluated. Next, after charging to full charge again, it was discharged to 2 V at a 3C rate (current value 3 times the 1C rate; discharging for 20 minutes) to evaluate the discharge capacity.
- the rate characteristic 3C / 1C (%) was determined from the obtained 3C discharge capacity and 1C discharge capacity. The results are shown in Table 3.
- a secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and cellulose were used for the separator, and 3C rate characteristics evaluation and a high-temperature cycle test were performed, respectively. The results are listed in Table 3.
- Table 4 shows the structure, porosity, thickness, and Gurley value of the separators used in Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples 4 to 6.
- the lithium ion secondary batteries using the separators made of aramids of Examples 3 and 4 still have a high capacity retention rate of 75% or more after 100 cycles at 45 ° C., and the rate characteristics are other than It was confirmed that the lithium-ion secondary battery using the material separator was improved. The effect similar to Example 1, 2 has been confirmed. It is considered that the same effect was obtained even if the positive and negative electrode materials were changed.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention can be used in, for example, all industrial fields that require a power source and industrial fields related to transport, storage, and supply of electrical energy.
- power sources for mobile devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers
- power sources for mobile vehicles such as electric vehicles, hybrid cars, electric motorcycles, electric assist bicycles, electric vehicles, trains, satellites, submarines, etc .
- It can be used for backup power sources such as UPS; power storage facilities for storing power generated by solar power generation, wind power generation, etc.
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Abstract
Description
アラミド樹脂を含むセパレータと、
を有するリチウムイオン二次電池。
本実施形態に係るセパレータは、アラミド樹脂を含むセパレータであり、好ましくは少なくとも50質量%以上、より好ましくは80質量%以上、最も好ましくは90質量%以上の量でアラミド樹脂を含む。アラミド樹脂は耐熱性が高く、セパレータに用いることで特に高エネルギー密度のリチウムイオン二次電池において安全性を高めることができる。
空孔率(%)=[1-(嵩密度ρ(g/cm3)/材料の理論密度ρ0(g/cm3))]×100
として算出することができる。その他の測定方法としては、電子顕微鏡による直接観察法、水銀ポロシメータによる圧入法が挙げられる。空孔率を上記範囲内とすることにより、二次電池のレート特性、特に、低温において粘度が上昇する電解液を用いた二次電池の低温レート特性を改善することができる。低温レート特性に優れたリチウムイオン二次電池は、車載用途等の低温環境下で使用される用途にも好適に用いることができる。
本実施形態における電解液は、非水溶媒とリチウム塩を含む。
(式(1-1)中、n、mはそれぞれ独立に1~8である。X1~X6は、それぞれ独立に、フッ素原子または水素原子である。ただし、X1~X3の少なくとも1つはフッ素原子であり、X4~X6の少なくとも一つはフッ素原子である。また、nが2以上のとき、複数個存在するX2およびX3は、それぞれ、互いに独立であり、mが2以上のとき、複数個存在するX4およびX5は、それぞれ、互いに独立である。)
(式(2)中、R6、R7、R8は、それぞれ独立に、置換または無置換のアルキル基を示し、R6、R7およびR8のうち、少なくとも1つは、フッ素置換アルキル基である。R6の炭素原子とR7の炭素原子が単結合又は二重結合を介して結合し、環状構造を形成していてもよい。)
本実施形態において、正極活物質は、リチウムイオンを充電時に挿入、放電時に脱離することができるものであれば、特に限定されるものでなく、公知のものを用いることができる。
(式(6)中、0.4≦x≦1.2、0≦y、x+y<2、0≦a≦1.2、0≦w≦1である。MはCo、Ni、Fe、CrおよびCuからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である。Yは、Li、B、Na、Mg、Al、Ti、Si、KおよびCaからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である。Zは、F又はClの少なくとも一種である。)
(式(6-1)中、0.4<x<0.6、0≦y<0.3、Aは、Li、B、Na、Mg、Al、Ti及びSiからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である。)。
(式(7)中、MはCoおよびNiからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である。)
(式(8)中、0≦x<0.3、0.3≦z≦0.7、0≦a≦1であり、MはCo、NiおよびFeからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である。)
(式(9)中、MはMn、FeおよびCoからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である。)
(但し、0≦x<1、0<y≦1.2、MはCo、Al、Mn、Fe、Ti及びBからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素である。)
本実施形態における負極活物質は、特に制限されるものではなく、例えば、リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る炭素材料、リチウムと合金可能な金属、およびリチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る金属酸化物等が挙げられる。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池またはその組電池は、車両に用いることができる。本実施形態に係る車両としては、ハイブリッド車、燃料電池車、電気自動車(いずれも四輪車(乗用車、トラック、バス等の商用車、軽自動車等)のほか、二輪車(バイク)や三輪車を含む。)が挙げられる。なお、本実施形態に係る車両は自動車に限定されるわけではなく、他の車両、例えば電車等の移動体の各種電源として用いることもできる。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池またはその組電池は、蓄電装置に用いることができる。本実施形態に係る蓄電装置としては、例えば、一般家庭に供給される商用電源と家電製品等の負荷との間に接続され、停電時等のバックアップ電源や補助電力として使用されるものや、太陽光発電等の、再生可能エネルギーによる時間変動の大きい電力出力を安定化するための、大規模電力貯蔵用としても使用されるものが挙げられる。
本実施形態によるリチウムイオン二次電池は、通常の方法に従って作製することができる。積層ラミネート型のリチウムイオン二次電池を例に、リチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法の一例を説明する。まず、乾燥空気または不活性雰囲気において、正極および負極をセパレータを介して対向配置して、前述の電極素子を形成する。次に、この電極素子を外装体(容器)に収容し、電解液を注入して電極に電解液を含浸させる。その後、外装体の開口部を封止してリチウムイオン二次電池を完成する。
(正極の作製)
まず、MnO2、NiO、Li2CO3、TiO2の粉末を用い、目的の組成比になるように秤量し、粉砕混合した。その後、混合粉末を750℃で8時間焼成して、LiNi0.5Mn1.37Ti0.13O4を作製した。この正極活物質はほぼ単相のスピネル構造であることを確認した。作製した正極活物質と導電付与剤であるカーボンブラックを混合し、この混合物をN-メチルピロリドンに、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)を溶解した溶液に分散させ、正極スラリーを調製した。正極活物質、導電付与剤、正極結着剤の質量比は93/3/4とした。Alからなる集電体の片面に前記正極スラリーを均一に塗布した。その後、真空中で12時間乾燥させて、ロールプレスで圧縮成型することにより正極を作製した。なお、乾燥後の単位面積当たりの正極活物質層の重量を0.020g/cm2とした。
負極活物質としては人造黒鉛を用いた。人造黒鉛を、N-メチルピロリドンにPVDFを溶かしたものに分散させ、負極用スラリーを調製した。負極活物質、結着剤の質量比は90/10とした。この負極用スラリーを厚さ10μmのCu集電体上に均一に塗布した。なお、乾燥後の単位面積当たりの正極活物質層の重量を0.0082g/cm2とした。乾燥させた後、ロールプレスで圧縮成型することにより負極を作製した。
非水電解液としては、環状カーボネートとして、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、フッ素含有エーテル化合物として、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピルエーテル(FE1)と、フッ素化リン酸エステルとして、リン酸トリス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)(FP1)と、を、EC/FE1/FP1=30/40/30(体積比)で混合した溶液を用いた。この溶液にLiPF6を1.0mol/lの濃度で溶解し、電解液を調製した。
実施例1では、25μmの厚みを有する、アラミド不織布からなるセパレータを用いた。このアラミド不織布のセパレータは、空孔率は72%であり、ガーレー値は1.4秒であった。また、実施例2では、15μmの厚みを有する、アラミド微多孔膜からなるセパレータを用いた。このアラミド微多孔膜のセパレータは、空孔率は65%であり、ガーレー値は80秒であった。
上記の正極と負極を1.5cm×3cmに切り出した。得られた正極の5層と負極の6層を、実施例1ではアラミド不織布セパレータを、実施例2ではアラミド微多孔膜セパレータを挟みつつ交互に重ねた。正極活物質に覆われていない正極集電体および負極活物質に覆われていない負極集電体の端部をそれぞれ溶接し、更にその溶接箇所にアルミニウム製の正極端子およびニッケル製の負極端子をそれぞれ溶接して、平面的な積層構造を有する電極素子を得た。上記電極素子を外装体としてのアルミニウムラミネートフィルムで包み、内部に電解液を注液した後、減圧しつつ封止することで二次電池を作製した。
作製した二次電池に初期充放電(コンディショニング)を行った。45℃で、0.2Cの定電流定電圧(CCCV)充電で4.75Vまで、トータルの充電時間が10時間となるように初回充電を行い、0.2Cで定電流(CC)放電を3Vまで行った。2回目充電も同様に行い、放電深度80%まで放電した状態で2日間保管した後、3Vまで放電を行った。
作製した二次電池に対し、3Cレート特性について評価した。評価は以下のように行った。まず、満充電まで充電した電池を1Cレート(60分放電)で2.5Vまで放電させ、放電容量を評価した。次に、再び満充電まで充電した後、3Cレート(1Cレートの3倍の電流値;20分放電)で2.5Vまで放電させ、放電容量を評価した。そして、得られた3C放電容量と1C放電容量よりレート特性3C/1C(%)を求めた。結果を表1に示す。
上記セルと同じ条件でコンディショニングまでを行ったセルに対して、45℃でサイクル試験を行った。1Cで4.75Vまで充電した後、合計で2.5時間定電圧充電を行ってから、1Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電するというサイクルを、45℃で100回繰り返した。容量維持率として初回放電容量に対する100サイクル後の放電容量の割合を求めた。100サイクル後の容量維持率(単位:%)を表1に示す。
セパレータにポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリエチレン(PE)およびセルロースを用いた以外は実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、それぞれ3Cレート特性評価および高温サイクル試験を行った。この結果を表1に記載する。
(正極の作製)
正極活物質に、Li過剰系層状正極であるLi(Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6)O2を使用した。正極活物質と導電付与剤であるカーボンブラックを混合し、この混合物をN-メチルピロリドンに、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)を溶解した溶液に分散させ、正極スラリーを調製した。正極活物質、導電付与剤、正極結着剤の質量比は93/3/4とした。Alからなる集電体の片面に前記正極スラリーを均一に塗布した。その後、真空中で12時間乾燥させて、ロールプレスで圧縮成型することにより正極を作製した。なお、乾燥後の単位面積当たりの正極活物質層の重量を0.020g/cm2とした。
負極活物質としては、シリコン酸化物であるSiOを用いた。このSiOは表面に炭素が被覆されたものであり、炭素とSiの質量比は95/5である。SiOを、N-メチルピロリドンにポリイミドを溶かしたものに分散させ、負極用スラリーを調製した。負極活物質、結着剤の質量比は85/15とした。この負極用スラリーを厚さ8μmのステンレス集電体上に均一に塗布した。なお、乾燥後の単位面積当たりの正極活物質層の重量を0.003g/cm2とした。乾燥させた後、窒素雰囲気中で350℃でポリイミドの硬化処理を行うことにより負極を作製した。
非水電解液としては、環状カーボネートとして、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、フッ素含有エーテル化合物として、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピルエーテル(FE1)と、スルホン化合物として、ジエチルスルホン(SL)と、を、EC/SL/FE1=5/30/65(体積比)で混合した溶液を用いた。この溶液にLiPF6を0.8mol/lの濃度で溶解し、電解液を調製した。
実施例3では、実施例1と同じセパレータを使用し、実施例4では、実施例2と同じセパレータを使用した。
上記の正極と負極を、実施例1と同じ方法で、実施例3と、実施例4の二次電池を作製した。
作製した二次電池に初期充放電(コンディショニング)を行った。45℃で、0.1Cの定電流定電圧(CCCV)充電で4.5Vまで、トータルの充電時間が10時間となるように初回充電を行い、0.1Cで定電流(CC)放電を2Vまで行った。2回目充電も同様に行った。
作製した二次電池に対し、3Cレート特性について評価した。コンディショニング時の2回目放電時の放電容量から、レート特性評価用の1時間で放電できる電流レート1Cを決めた。電流レートの評価は以下のように行った。まず、満充電まで充電した電池を1Cレート(60分放電)で2Vまで放電させ、放電容量を評価した。次に、再び満充電まで充電した後、3Cレート(1Cレートの3倍の電流値;20分放電)で2Vまで放電させ、放電容量を評価した。そして、得られた3C放電容量と1C放電容量よりレート特性3C/1C(%)を求めた。結果を表3に示す。
上記セルと同じ条件でコンディショニングまでを行ったセルに対して、45℃でサイクル試験を行った。0.5Cで4.5Vまで充電した後、0.5Cで2.0Vまで定電流放電するというサイクルを、45℃で100回繰り返した。容量維持率として初回放電容量に対する100サイクル後の放電容量の割合を求めた。100サイクル後の容量維持率(単位:%)を表3に示す。
セパレータにポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリエチレン(PE)およびセルロースを用いた以外は実施例3と同様に二次電池を作製し、それぞれ3Cレート特性評価および高温サイクル試験を行った。この結果を表3に記載する。
b セパレータ
c 正極
d 負極集電体
e 正極集電体
f 正極端子
g 負極端子
10 フィルム外装体
20 電池要素
25 セパレータ
30 正極
40 負極
Claims (11)
- 下式(1)で表されるフッ素化エーテルおよび下式(2)で表されるフッ素化リン酸エステルより選択される1種類以上の化合物を含む電解液と、
アラミド樹脂を含むセパレータと、
を有するリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記電解液が、式(1)で表されるフッ素化エーテルを5体積%以上含む、請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記電解液が、式(2)で表されるフッ素化リン酸エステルを5体積%以上含む、請求項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記セパレータがアラミド樹脂を50質量%以上含む、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記アラミド樹脂を含むセパレータが55%以上の空孔率を有する請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記アラミド樹脂を含むセパレータの膜厚が30μm以下である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- リチウムに対して4.5V以上の電位で動作する正極を有する、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 正極が下式(6)または(7)で表されるリチウムマンガン複合酸化物を含む、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
Lia(MxMn2-x-yYy)(O4-wZw) (6)
(式(6)中、0.4≦x≦1.2、0≦y、x+y<2、0≦a≦1.2、0≦w≦1である。MはCo、Ni、Fe、CrおよびCuからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である。Yは、Li、B、Na、Mg、Al、Ti、Si、KおよびCaからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である。Zは、F又はClの少なくとも一種である。)
Lia(LixM1-x-zMnz)O2 (7)
(式(8)中、0≦x<0.3、0.3≦z≦0.7、0≦a≦1であり、MはCo、NiおよびFeからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である。) - 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池を搭載したことを特徴とする車両。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池を用いたことを特徴とする蓄電装置。
- 電極素子と電解液と外装体とを有するリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法であって、
正極と、負極と、セパレータを介して対向配置して電極素子を作製する工程と、
前記電極素子と、電解液と、を外装体の中に封入する工程と、
を含み、
前記電解液が、請求項1に記載の式(1)で表されるフッ素化エーテルおよび請求項1に記載の式(2)で表されるフッ素化リン酸エステルより選択される化合物を含み、前記セパレータがアラミド樹脂を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法。
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JP2018056021A (ja) * | 2016-09-30 | 2018-04-05 | 旭化成株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
WO2021131889A1 (ja) * | 2019-12-23 | 2021-07-01 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 非水電解質蓄電素子及びその製造方法 |
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CN115882067A (zh) * | 2022-11-25 | 2023-03-31 | 湖北亿纬动力有限公司 | 一种电解液和锂离子电池 |
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