WO2016194733A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016194733A1 WO2016194733A1 PCT/JP2016/065446 JP2016065446W WO2016194733A1 WO 2016194733 A1 WO2016194733 A1 WO 2016194733A1 JP 2016065446 W JP2016065446 W JP 2016065446W WO 2016194733 A1 WO2016194733 A1 WO 2016194733A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium ion secondary battery, and more specifically, a lithium ion secondary battery having a negative electrode active material containing a metal and / or metal oxide and a negative electrode containing polyacrylic acid and having excellent cycle characteristics. And a manufacturing method thereof.
- Secondary batteries such as lithium ion secondary batteries are being put to practical use in notebook computers and mobile phones due to advantages such as high energy density, small self-discharge, and excellent long-term reliability.
- batteries with cycle characteristics, storage characteristics, etc. have been developed by expanding the market for motor-driven vehicles such as electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles, and accelerating the development of household and industrial power storage systems. Development of a high-performance secondary battery that has excellent characteristics and further improved capacity and energy density is required.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an electrolyte solution for a secondary battery including an aprotic solvent and a cyclic sulfonic acid ester having at least two sulfonyl groups.
- metal-based active materials such as alloys of lithium and silicon, tin, and metal oxides are attracting attention as negative electrode active materials that provide high-capacity secondary batteries. While these metal-based negative electrode active materials give a high capacity, there is a problem that cycle characteristics deteriorate because the expansion and contraction of the active materials when lithium ions are occluded and released are large.
- a binder for a negative electrode including a metal-based active material having a large expansion / contraction during charging / discharging a binder having a strong binding force that can withstand volume change of the active material can be selected. Is preferred.
- the negative electrode has active material particles in which the periphery of a mixed sintered product of single silicon and silicon oxide is coated with carbon having a mixed composition of amorphous carbon and graphite carbon, and dehydration condensation by heating.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising a non-aqueous electrolyte and a non-aqueous solvent and at least one selected from methylene methane disulfonate, ethylene methane disulfonate, and propylene methane disulfonate.
- a secondary battery is described (claim 1 etc.).
- thermosetting resin functioning as a binder causes a dehydration condensation reaction by heating, it exhibits an action of firmly binding between the active material particles and between the active material and the current collector. It is described that the initial charge / discharge capacity can be improved by reducing the amount of electricity and improving the current collecting property.
- Patent Document 3 includes an alloy material and graphite, and the alloy material includes an A phase mainly composed of Si, and a B phase composed of an intermetallic compound of at least one transition metal element and Si. And at least one of the A phase and the B phase is composed of a microcrystalline or amorphous region, and the proportion of the A phase in the total weight of the A phase and the B phase is more than 40% by weight.
- a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is 95% by weight or less and the ratio of the graphite to the total weight of the alloy material and the graphite is 50% by weight or more and 95% by weight or less. 1) and the like, it is described that a decrease in battery characteristics accompanying expansion of the alloy material can be suppressed, and a secondary battery using polyacrylic acid as a binder for a negative electrode is disclosed.
- JP 2004-281368 A Japanese Patent No. 5192703 JP 2006-164952 A
- Polyacrylic acid has higher binding power and coverage than a highly swelled binder such as PVdF, and can follow the volume change of the active material. Therefore, the polyacrylic acid contains a metal-based active material. Suitable as an adhesive. On the other hand, since the coating property is high, there is a problem that the binder itself becomes a resistance and the cycle characteristics are deteriorated.
- the present invention solves such problems, and provides a lithium ion secondary battery having a high-capacity negative electrode containing a metal and / or metal oxide as an active material and having improved cycle characteristics. Objective.
- a lithium ion secondary battery having a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte solution
- the negative electrode is (A) a carbon material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions; At least one selected from the group consisting of (b) a lithium metal and a metal that can be alloyed with lithium, and (c) a metal oxide that can occlude and release lithium ions; With polyacrylic acid, Including
- the said electrolyte solution contains a at least 1 sort (s) of disulfonic acid ester, It is related with the lithium ion secondary battery characterized by the above-mentioned.
- FIG. 2 It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of the secondary battery which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention. It is a disassembled perspective view which shows the basic structure of a film-clad battery. It is sectional drawing which shows the cross section of the battery of FIG. 2 typically.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material including a metal and / or a metal oxide, and a binder including polyacrylic acid, and includes a disulfonic acid ester. It is characterized by containing the electrolyte solution which carries out. According to this embodiment, a secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- Negative electrode The negative electrode can be configured such that a negative electrode active material layer including a negative electrode active material and a negative electrode binder is formed on a negative electrode current collector.
- Negative electrode active material examples include (a) a carbon material that can occlude and release lithium ions, (b) a lithium metal and a metal that can be alloyed with lithium, and (c) a metal oxide that can occlude and release lithium ions. Etc.
- graphite naturally graphite, artificial graphite, etc.
- graphite material or amorphous carbon is preferred.
- the graphite material has high electron conductivity, excellent adhesion to a current collector made of a metal such as copper, and voltage flatness, and is formed at a high processing temperature, so it contains few impurities and has negative electrode performance. It is advantageous for improvement and is preferable.
- amorphous carbon with low crystallinity has a relatively small volume expansion, so it has a high effect of relaxing the volume expansion of the entire negative electrode, and is less likely to deteriorate due to non-uniformity such as grain boundaries and defects. Has advantages.
- Lithium metal and metal that can be alloyed with lithium include lithium metal, Al, Si, Ti, Pb, Sn, In, Bi, Ag, Ba, Ca, Hg, Pd, Pt, Te, Zn, La, or a binary or ternary alloy of these metals can be used. Two or more of these metals may be mixed and used. These metals may also contain one or more non-metallic elements. Among these, it is preferable to include Si (silicon), Sn (tin), Ti (titanium), or an alloy thereof, and it is particularly preferable to include Si or an alloy containing Si.
- a lithium secondary battery excellent in weight energy density and volume energy density can be provided.
- the lithium metal or lithium alloy is particularly preferably amorphous. This is because the amorphous structure hardly causes deterioration due to non-uniformity such as crystal grain boundaries and defects.
- Lithium metal and lithium alloy are formed by an appropriate method such as a melt cooling method, a liquid quenching method, an atomizing method, a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, a plasma CVD method, a photo CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a sol-gel method, etc. can do.
- metal oxides that can occlude and release lithium ions include, for example, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, Examples thereof include lithium oxide, titanium oxide, and composites thereof.
- metal oxides include, for example, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, Examples thereof include lithium oxide, titanium oxide, and composites thereof.
- the whole or one part is an amorphous state. This is because the amorphous structure does not lead to deterioration due to non-uniformity such as crystal grain boundaries and defects. It can be confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurement (general XRD measurement) that all or part of the metal oxide has an amorphous structure.
- the metal oxide may contain, for example, 0.1 to 5% by mass of one or more elements selected from nitrogen, boron, and sulfur. Among these, it is preferable that silicon oxide (SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2)) is included. This is because silicon oxide is stable and does not cause a reaction with other compounds.
- a negative electrode active material contains a metal and a metal oxide
- the volume change as the whole negative electrode can be suppressed, and decomposition
- a metal oxide is an oxide of the metal which comprises a metal.
- Si may be included as a metal, and SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) may be included as a metal oxide, and at least a part of Si may be dispersed in SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- the negative electrode active material includes a carbon material, a metal and / or a metal oxide
- the carbon material and the metal and / or the metal oxide may form a composite.
- a composite containing silicon, silicon oxide and a carbon material hereinafter also referred to as Si / SiO / C composite
- the metal and the metal oxide are limited to silicon and silicon oxide. It is not a thing.
- the Si / SiO / C composite may be a mixture of silicon, silicon oxide and carbon materials, such composites mechanically milling particulate silicon, silicon oxide and carbon materials, respectively. It can manufacture by mixing with.
- the Si / SiO / C composite may be a composite in which silicon and silicon oxide particle surfaces are coated with a carbon material.
- the coating method include a method of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of particles in an organic gas and / or vapor.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- the surface of silicon oxide particles containing silicon is covered with carbon, and at least a part of silicon is nanoclustered in silicon oxide.
- the surface of the metal and / or metal oxide is not coat
- the negative electrode according to the present embodiment includes at least one selected from the group consisting of metals and metal oxides as a negative electrode active material.
- the content of the metal and / or metal oxide is not particularly limited, but the total content of the metal and the metal oxide is 0.5% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less in the negative electrode active material. Is preferable, and more preferably 1% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less.
- the total content of the metal and metal oxide does not include the mass of the combined carbon material.
- the content of the metal and metal oxide By setting the content of the metal and metal oxide within the above range, a high-capacity negative electrode can be obtained, and deterioration of cycle characteristics due to the volume change of the active material accompanying charge / discharge can be further suppressed.
- the metal when the negative electrode active material contains both a metal and a metal oxide, the metal is preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less, based on the total of the metal and the metal oxide, and 1% by mass. More preferably, the content is 20% by mass or less.
- the shape of a carbon material, a metal, and a metal oxide is not specifically limited, For example, a particulate material can be used.
- the center particle size of the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.01 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.02 to 40 ⁇ m. By setting the center particle size within the above range, elution of the constituent elements of the active material can be further suppressed, and insertion / extraction of lithium ions can be made smoother.
- the central particle size (D 50 ) can be measured by a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution (volume particle size distribution) measuring device.
- the center particle size of silicon is smaller than the center particle size of the carbon material and the center particle size of the silicon oxide. In this way, silicon with a large volume change during charge / discharge has a relatively small particle size, and carbon materials and silicon oxides with a small volume change have a relatively large particle size. Micronization can be suppressed more effectively.
- the negative electrode according to this embodiment is characterized by containing polyacrylic acid as a binder.
- the polyacrylic acid according to the present embodiment includes a (meth) acrylic acid monomer unit represented by the following formula (1).
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
- the (meth) acrylic acid monomer unit represented by the formula (1) may have a monovalent metal salt structure represented by the following formula (1-1).
- R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group
- M represents a monovalent metal.
- the ratio of (meth) acrylic acid monomer units in polyacrylic acid is 50 mol% or more of the total monomer units constituting polyacrylic acid. It is preferably 60 mol% or more, more preferably 80 mol% or more, and may be 100 mol%.
- the term “(meth) acrylic acid” is a general term for acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and includes one or both of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
- the polyacrylic acid according to this embodiment preferably includes at least an acrylic acid monomer unit.
- the ratio of the acrylic acid monomer unit to the methacrylic acid monomer unit is not particularly limited, but the acrylic acid / methacrylic acid (molar ratio) is preferably in the range of 100/0 to 30/70, more preferably 100 / 0 to 50/50.
- the polyacrylic acid of the present embodiment can include a monomer unit represented by the following formula (2) or a monovalent metal salt structure thereof.
- R 2 is a sulfo group (—SO 3 H) or a phosphate group (—OPO (OH) 2 ).
- the monomer unit represented by the formula (2) may have a monovalent metal salt structure.
- these monomer units also have groups with high acidity in the side chain, they can act to form a lower resistance film on the negative electrode by reaction with the disulfonic acid ester.
- the monomer unit represented by the formula (1) or the formula (2) may contain a monovalent metal salt structure in an arbitrary ratio.
- the monovalent metal include alkali metals (for example, Na, Li, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, etc.) and noble metal monovalent metals (for example, Ag, Au, Cu, etc.). Among them, alkali metals are preferable, and Na, Li, and K are more preferable.
- the metal salt of the phosphate group may be either a mono salt or a di salt.
- the polyacrylic acid which concerns on this embodiment contains other monomer units other than the monomer unit represented by Formula (1) or Formula (2) in the range which does not impair the effect of this invention. May be.
- Other monomer units are not particularly limited, for example, monocarboxylic acid compounds such as crotonic acid and pentenoic acid, and carboxylic acids having an ethylenically unsaturated group such as dicarboxylic acid compounds such as itaconic acid and maleic acid.
- the content of the monomer unit derived from the (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester is preferably 10 to 20% by mass of the polyacrylic acid.
- the content of the monomer unit derived from the aromatic olefin is preferably 5% by mass or less of the polyacrylic acid.
- the monomer unit which comprises the well-known polymer used as a binder of a secondary battery may be sufficient. At least a part of these monomer units may have a monovalent metal salt structure.
- At least one hydrogen atom in the main chain and the side chain may be substituted with halogen (fluorine, chlorine, boron, iodine, etc.) or the like.
- the copolymer may be a random copolymer, an alternating copolymer, a block copolymer, or a graft copolymer. Any of a polymer etc. and these combinations may be sufficient.
- the molecular weight of the polyacrylic acid according to this embodiment is not particularly limited, but the mass average molecular weight is preferably 1000 or more, more preferably in the range of 10,000 to 5,000,000, and 300,000 to The most preferable range is 350,000.
- the mass average molecular weight is within the above range, good dispersibility of the active material and the conductive auxiliary agent can be maintained, and an excessive increase in slurry viscosity can be suppressed.
- a mass average molecular weight can be calculated
- cross-linked polyacrylic acid can also be used. There are cases where the binding force can be increased by using a cross-linked polyacrylic acid.
- the crosslinkable polyacrylic acid include organic peroxides, polyacrylic acid using a crosslinking agent that forms a crosslink by heat and / or light, and a crosslinkable group that forms a crosslink by heat and / or light ( Examples thereof include polyacrylic acid containing an epoxy group, N-methylolamide group, oxazoline group, and the like.
- the crosslinking agent and the crosslinking group include, but are not limited to, known ones such as those described in International Publication No. 2012/115252 pamphlet.
- Polyacrylic acid in which cross-linking is formed in advance may be used, or a cross-linking may be formed at the time of manufacturing the electrode (at the time of forming the active material layer).
- the content of the monomer unit having a cross-linked structure or a cross-linkable group is 90 mol% of the total monomer units constituting the polyacrylic acid. Or less, more preferably 50 mol% or less.
- the polyacrylic acid of this embodiment may be a non-crosslinked type, a crosslinked type, or a mixture of a non-crosslinked type and a crosslinked type. From the viewpoint of cycle characteristics (capacity retention ratio), it is preferable to include non-crosslinked polyacrylic acid, and it is more preferable to include non-crosslinked polyacrylic acid as a main component of polyacrylic acid (for example, 50% by weight or more). preferable.
- the method for producing polyacrylic acid according to the present embodiment is not particularly limited, but for example, it can be produced by polymerizing (meth) acrylic acid and, if necessary, other monomer components.
- Polyacrylic acid containing a monovalent metal salt structure is, for example, neutralizing the monomer component before the polymerization reaction or the polymer after the polymerization reaction using a monovalent metal hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, etc. Can be manufactured.
- As the polymerization method, polymerization conditions, neutralization method and the like known methods may be appropriately employed.
- the content of polyacrylic acid in the negative electrode is 0.5 to 25 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material from the viewpoints of “sufficient binding force” and “higher energy” which are in a trade-off relationship.
- 0.5 to 5 parts by mass is more preferable.
- a binder other than polyacrylic acid it is also preferable to use a binder other than polyacrylic acid.
- binders other than polyacrylic acid polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene , Polyethylene, polyimide, polyamideimide and the like can be used.
- these binders When these binders are used in combination, it is preferably used in the range of 10 to 200 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polyacrylic acid according to this embodiment.
- Negative electrode current collector aluminum, nickel, stainless steel, chromium, copper, silver, and alloys thereof are preferable from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability.
- Examples of the shape include a foil, a flat plate, and a mesh.
- the negative electrode can be produced by forming a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material and a negative electrode binder on a negative electrode current collector.
- Examples of the method for forming the negative electrode active material layer include a doctor blade method, a die coater method, a CVD method, and a sputtering method.
- a thin film of aluminum, nickel, or an alloy thereof may be formed on the negative electrode active material layer by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering to produce a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode can be configured such that a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode binder is formed on a positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode active material in the present embodiment is not particularly limited as long as it is a material capable of occluding and releasing lithium, but it is preferable to include a high capacity compound from the viewpoint of increasing the energy density.
- the high-capacity compound include lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 ) or lithium nickel composite oxide obtained by substituting a part of Ni in lithium nickelate with another metal element.
- the layered structure is represented by the following formula (3): Lithium nickel composite oxide is preferred.
- Li y Ni (1-x) M x O 2 (3) (However, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.2, and M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co, Al, Mn, Fe, Ti, and B.)
- the Ni content is high, that is, in the formula (3), x is preferably less than 0.5, and more preferably 0.4 or less.
- LiNi ⁇ Co ⁇ Mn ⁇ O 2 (0.75 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.85, 0.05 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.15, 0.10 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.20) may be mentioned.
- LiNi 0.8 Co 0.05 Mn 0.15 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2, LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Al can be preferably used 0.1 O 2 or the like.
- Ni content does not exceed 0.5, that is, x in Formula (3) is 0.5 or more. It is also preferred that the number of specific transition metals does not exceed half.
- LiNi 0.4 Co 0.3 Mn 0.3 O 2 (abbreviated as NCM433), LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 (abbreviated as NCM523), LiNi 0.5 Co 0.3 Mn 0.2 O 2 (abbreviated as NCM532), etc. (however, the content of each transition metal in these compounds varies by about 10%) Can also be included).
- NCM532 or NCM523 and NCM433 range from 9: 1 to 1: 9 (typically 2 It is also preferable to use a mixture in 1).
- a material having a high Ni content (x is 0.4 or less) and a material having a Ni content not exceeding 0.5 (x is 0.5 or more, for example, NCM433) are mixed. As a result, a battery having a high capacity and high thermal stability can be formed.
- the positive electrode active material for example, LiMnO 2 , Li x Mn 2 O 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), Li 2 MnO 3 , Li x Mn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) Lithium manganate having a layered structure or spinel structure such as LiCoO 2 or a part of these transition metals replaced with another metal; Li in these lithium transition metal oxides more than the stoichiometric composition And those having an olivine structure such as LiFePO 4 .
- any of the positive electrode active materials described above can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the binder for the positive electrode is not particularly limited, but polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene.
- Polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, polyamideimide and the like can be used.
- polyvinylidene fluoride or polytetrafluoroethylene is preferable, and polyvinylidene fluoride is more preferable.
- the amount of the positive electrode binder used is preferably 2 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material from the viewpoints of “sufficient binding force” and “higher energy” which are in a trade-off relationship. .
- a conductive auxiliary material may be added to the coating layer containing the positive electrode active material for the purpose of reducing impedance.
- the conductive auxiliary material include flaky carbonaceous fine particles such as graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, and vapor grown carbon fiber.
- the positive electrode current collector As the positive electrode current collector, the same as the negative electrode current collector can be used.
- the positive electrode is preferably a current collector using aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or iron / nickel / chromium / molybdenum stainless steel.
- the positive electrode can be produced by forming a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode binder on a positive electrode current collector in the same manner as the negative electrode.
- Electrolytic Solution contains a supporting salt, a nonaqueous solvent, and a disulfonic acid ester.
- the support salt used as an electrolyte, and is not particularly present invention is limited, for example, LiPF 6, LiAsF 6, LiAlCl 4, LiClO 4, LiBF 4, LiSbF 6, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiC 4 F 9
- Examples of the lithium salt include SO 3 , Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , and LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 .
- the supporting salt can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the concentration of the supporting salt in the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.5 to 1.5 mol / l. By setting the concentration of the supporting salt within this range, it becomes easy to adjust the density, viscosity, electrical conductivity, and the like to an appropriate range.
- Non-aqueous solvent is not particularly limited, but an aprotic solvent is preferable.
- carbonates such as cyclic carbonates and chain carbonates, aliphatic carboxylic acid esters, ⁇ -lactone , Cyclic ethers, chain ethers, and fluorine derivatives thereof. These can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- cyclic carbonates examples include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate (BC), and vinylene carbonate (VC).
- chain carbonates examples include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dipropyl carbonate (DPC).
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DPC dipropyl carbonate
- Examples of the aliphatic carboxylic acid esters include methyl formate, methyl acetate, and ethyl propionate.
- ⁇ -lactones examples include ⁇ -butyrolactone.
- cyclic ethers examples include tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran.
- chain ethers examples include 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE), ethoxymethoxyethane (EME), and the like.
- non-aqueous solvents include, for example, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, formamide, acetamide, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, propionitrile, nitromethane, ethyl monoglyme, phosphate triester, trimethoxymethane, dioxolane.
- monofluoromethyl ethylene carbonate is particularly preferable.
- the content of monofluoroethylene carbonate in the electrolytic solution is, for example, preferably 5% by mass or more, and more preferably 10% by mass or more.
- the non-aqueous solvent preferably contains carbonates.
- the carbonates include cyclic carbonates or chain carbonates. Since carbonates have a large relative dielectric constant, the ion dissociation property of the electrolytic solution is improved, and further, the viscosity of the electrolytic solution is lowered, so that ion mobility is improved.
- an electrolytic solution containing carbonates when used, the carbonates are decomposed to generate gas, which may reduce the performance of the secondary battery.
- gas generation can be reduced even when carbonates are used as a non-aqueous solvent, and high performance is achieved. Can be provided.
- the content of carbonates in the electrolytic solution is, for example, preferably 30% by volume or more, more preferably 50% by volume or more, and further preferably 70% by volume or more.
- the electrolytic solution according to the present embodiment contains a sulfur-based additive such as a disulfonic acid ester as an additive.
- the disulfonic acid ester is decomposed at the time of initial charge and discharge to form a film on the negative electrode, and can suppress decomposition of the electrolytic solution and the like.
- a low-resistance film can be formed on the negative electrode by the reaction between the disulfonic acid ester and the acidic group of the side chain of polyacrylic acid as the binder. For this reason, even when polyacrylic acid is used as the binder, good cycle characteristics can be realized.
- the disulfonic acid ester a compound represented by the formula (4) is preferable.
- Q represents an oxygen atom, a methylene group or a single bond
- A represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a carbonyl group, a sulfinyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkylene unit or fluoroalkylene via an ether bond.
- B represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group which may be branched, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkylene group which may be branched, or an oxygen atom.
- Q is an oxygen atom, a methylene group or a single bond, and is preferably an oxygen atom (—O—).
- A is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a carbonyl group, a sulfinyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an ether bond.
- A when A is an alkylene group, it may be linear or branched, and is preferably linear.
- the alkylene group - (CH 2) n - ( n is an integer of 1-5) is represented by, - (CH 2) n - ( n is 1 or 2) methylene group is Or it is more preferable that it is an ethylene group, and it is still more preferable that it is a methylene group.
- At least one hydrogen atom of an alkylene group represented by — (CH 2 ) n — (n is an integer of 1 to 4) is substituted with an alkyl group, for example, —C (CH 3 ) 2 —, —C (CH 3 ) (CH 2 CH 3 ) —, —C (CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH (C m H 2m + 1 ) — (m is an integer of 1 to 4), —CH 2 —C (CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH 2 —CH (CH 3 ) —, —CH (CH 3 ) —CH (CH 3 ) CH 2 CH 2 — or —CH (CH 3 ) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 — and the like.
- an alkyl group for example, —C (CH 3 ) 2 —, —C (CH 3 ) (CH 2 CH 3 ) —, —C (CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH (C m H
- the fluoroalkylene group means that at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkylene group is substituted with a fluorine atom, and all the hydrogen atoms may be substituted with a fluorine atom, and the fluorine substitution position and the number of substitutions. Is optional.
- the fluoroalkylene group may be linear or branched, and is preferably linear. In a linear fluoroalkylene group, when all hydrogen atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms, A is represented by — (CF 2 ) n — (n is an integer of 1 to 5).
- fluoroalkylene group examples include a monofluoromethylene group, a difluoromethylene group, a monofluoroethylene group, a difluoroethylene group, a trifluoroethylene group, and a tetrafluoroethylene group.
- R 1 —O—R 2 — R 1 and R 2 are Each independently represents an alkylene group or a fluoroalkylene group, and the total number of carbon atoms of R 1 and R 2 is 2 to 6
- R 3 —O—R 4 —O—R 5 — R 3 , R 4 and R 5 each independently represents an alkylene group or a fluoroalkylene group, and the total number of carbon atoms of R 3 , R 4 and R 5 is 3 to 6.
- R 1 and R 2 may both be an alkylene group, or both may be a fluoroalkylene group, or one may be an alkylene group and the other may be a fluoroalkylene group.
- R 3 , R 4 and R 5 may each independently be an alkylene group or a fluoroalkylene group.
- —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—C 2 H 4 —, —C 2 H 4 —O—C 2 H 4 —, —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—CHF—, —CH 2 —O—CF 2 —, —CF 2 —O—CF 2 —, —C 2 F 4 —O—C 2 F 4 —, —CF 2 — O—CF 2 —O—CF 2 —, —CH 2 —O—CF 2 —O—CH 2 — and the like can be mentioned.
- B represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group which may be branched, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkylene group which may be branched, or an oxygen atom.
- the alkylene group preferably has 1 to 5 carbon atoms
- the fluoroalkylene group preferably has 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of the alkylene group and the fluoroalkylene group include the groups listed in A above.
- B is preferably a methylene group (—CH 2 —) or —CH (C m H 2m + 1 ) — (m is an integer of 1 to 4), and is preferably a methylene group or an ethylidene group [—CH ( CH 3 ) —] or —CH (C 2 H 5 ) — is more preferable, and —CH (CH 3 ) — or a methylene group is further preferable.
- the sulfonic acid ester represented by the formula (4) is preferably a 6-membered ring or a 7-membered ring.
- a and B are methylene groups and Q is an oxygen atom.
- Methane disulfonic acid ester (MMDS) A is ethylene group
- B is methylene group
- Q is oxygen atom
- EMDS ethylene methane disulfonic acid ester
- A is methylene group
- B ethylidene group [—CH (CH 3 ) —
- Q is an oxygen atom (3-methyl-1,5,2,4-dioxadithian-2,2,4,4, -tetraoxide (3MDT).
- the sulfone represented by the formula (4) Acid ester may be used individually by 1 type, or may use 2 or more types together.
- the proportion of the compound of the general formula (4) in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, but it is preferably contained at 0.005 to 10 wt% of the entire electrolytic solution.
- concentration of the compound represented by the general formula (4) is preferably 0.005 wt% or more.
- a sufficient film effect can be obtained.
- More preferably, 0.01 wt% or more is added.
- the battery characteristics can be further improved.
- by setting it as 10 wt% or less the raise of the viscosity of electrolyte solution and the increase in resistance accompanying it can be suppressed. More preferably, 5 wt% or less is added, and by doing so, the battery characteristics can be further improved.
- the electrolyte solution can also contain other additives other than the above compounds, if necessary.
- other additives include film forming additives other than disulfonic acid esters, overcharge inhibitors, surfactants, and the like.
- the present invention is not particularly limited as a separator.
- a porous film such as polypropylene, polyethylene, or aramid, or a nonwoven fabric can be used.
- stacked them can also be used as a separator.
- Exterior Body is not particularly limited, and for example, a laminate film can be used.
- a laminated film such as polypropylene or polyethylene coated with aluminum or silica can be used.
- a porous separator 5 a porous film such as a polyolefin such as polypropylene or polyethylene, or a fluororesin is used.
- the exterior body can be appropriately selected as long as it is stable to the electrolytic solution and has a sufficient water vapor barrier property.
- a laminate film made of aluminum, silica-coated polypropylene, polyethylene, or the like can be used as the outer package.
- a secondary battery using the non-aqueous electrolyte of this embodiment has a structure as shown in FIG.
- the layer 1 containing the positive electrode active material was formed on the positive electrode current collector 3
- the layer 2 containing the negative electrode active material was formed on the negative electrode current collector 4.
- These positive electrode and negative electrode are arranged to face each other with a porous separator 5 interposed therebetween.
- the porous separator 5 is disposed substantially parallel to the layer 2 containing the negative electrode active material.
- an electrode element in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are arranged to face each other, and an electrolytic solution are included in the exterior bodies 6 and 7.
- a positive electrode tab 9 is connected to the positive electrode current collector 3, a negative electrode tab 8 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 4, and these tabs are drawn out of the container.
- the electrode element may have a configuration in which a plurality of positive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes are stacked via a separator.
- the shape of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present embodiment is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a laminate exterior type, a cylindrical type, a square type, and a coin type.
- a plurality of secondary batteries according to this embodiment can be connected in series and / or in parallel to form an assembled battery.
- the secondary battery includes a battery element 20, a film outer package 10 that houses the battery element 20 together with an electrolyte, and a positive electrode tab 51 and a negative electrode tab 52 (hereinafter also simply referred to as “electrode tabs”). .
- the battery element 20 is formed by alternately laminating a plurality of positive electrodes 30 and a plurality of negative electrodes 40 with a separator 25 interposed therebetween.
- the electrode material 32 is applied to both surfaces of the metal foil 31.
- the electrode material 42 is applied to both surfaces of the metal foil 41.
- the secondary battery in FIG. 1 has electrode tabs drawn out on both sides of the outer package. However, in the secondary battery to which the present invention can be applied, the electrode tab is drawn out on one side of the outer package as shown in FIG. It may be a configuration. Although detailed illustration is omitted, each of the positive and negative metal foils has an extension on a part of the outer periphery. The extensions of the negative electrode metal foil are collected together and connected to the negative electrode tab 52, and the extensions of the positive electrode metal foil are collected together and connected to the positive electrode tab 51 (see FIG. 3). The portions gathered together in the stacking direction between the extension portions in this way are also called “current collecting portions”.
- the film outer package 10 is composed of two films 10-1 and 10-2 in this example.
- the films 10-1 and 10-2 are heat sealed to each other at the periphery of the battery element 20 and sealed.
- the positive electrode tab 51 and the negative electrode tab 52 are drawn out in the same direction from one short side of the film outer package 10 sealed in this way.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 show examples in which a cup portion is formed on one film 10-1 and a cup portion is not formed on the other film 10-2.
- a configuration in which a cup portion is formed on both films (not shown) or a configuration in which neither cup portion is formed (not shown) may be employed.
- a negative electrode and a positive electrode are laminated via a porous separator, or after winding the laminated one, a battery can or a flexible body made of a synthetic resin and metal foil laminate It is housed in an outer package such as a film and impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte. And a favorable membrane
- coat can be formed on a negative electrode by charging a secondary battery before sealing after sealing an exterior body.
- Vehicles according to the present embodiment can be used in a vehicle.
- Vehicles according to the present embodiment include hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and electric vehicles (all include four-wheeled vehicles (passenger cars, commercial vehicles such as trucks and buses, light vehicles, etc.), two-wheeled vehicles (motorcycles), and three-wheeled vehicles. ). Since these vehicles include the secondary battery according to the present embodiment, safety is high.
- the vehicle according to the present embodiment is not limited to an automobile, and may be various power sources for other vehicles, for example, a moving body such as a train.
- the secondary battery according to the present embodiment can be used for a power storage device.
- a power storage device for example, a power source connected to a commercial power source supplied to a general household and a load such as a home appliance, and used as a backup power source or auxiliary power at the time of a power failure, Examples include photovoltaic power generation, which is also used for large-scale power storage for stabilizing power output with large time fluctuation due to renewable energy.
- Example 1 (Production of electrodes) ⁇ Negative electrode>
- the negative electrode active material graphite and an alloy of Si and Ti were used.
- the negative electrode slurry was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m, dried, and further subjected to heat treatment at 100 ° C. under vacuum to produce a negative electrode.
- Li (Ni 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 ) O 2 was used as the positive electrode active material.
- This positive electrode active material, carbon black as a conductive auxiliary material, and polyvinylidene fluoride as a positive electrode binder were weighed at a mass ratio of 90: 5: 5. These were mixed with N-methylpyrrolidone to prepare a positive electrode slurry.
- the positive electrode slurry was applied to an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, dried, and further pressed to produce a positive electrode.
- Electrode laminate Three layers of the positive electrode and four layers of the negative electrode obtained were alternately stacked while sandwiching an aramid porous film as a separator. The ends of the positive electrode current collector not covered with the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode current collector not covered with the negative electrode active material were welded. Furthermore, the positive electrode terminal made from aluminum and the negative electrode terminal made from nickel were each welded to the welding location, and the electrode laminated body which has a planar laminated structure was obtained.
- MMDS methylenemethane disulfonate
- the electrode laminate was accommodated in an aluminum laminate film as an exterior body, and an electrolyte solution was injected into the exterior body. Thereafter, the outer package was sealed while reducing the pressure to 0.1 atm to produce a secondary battery.
- Capacity maintenance ratio (%) was calculated by (discharge capacity after 50 cycles) / (discharge capacity after 1 cycle) ⁇ 100 (unit:%). The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 A mixed battery of EC and DEC (volume ratio: 30/70) was used as a solvent for the nonaqueous electrolyte solution, LiPF 6 was dissolved as a supporting electrolyte without adding an additive, and a secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. Then, 50 charge / discharge cycle tests were conducted. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a copolymer of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid having a mass average molecular weight of 330,000 was used as the negative electrode binder, and 50 charge / discharge cycle tests were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3% by mass of SBR as the negative electrode binder was 3% by mass of the total of the active material, conductive agent, binder and thickener, and 1% by mass of CMC was used as the thickener. The sample was prepared and subjected to 50 charge / discharge cycle tests. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that acrylic acid having a mass average molecular weight of 330,000 and a copolymer of sodium acrylate and methyl acrylate were used as the negative electrode binder, and charge / discharge cycle test 50 cycles. went. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that acrylic acid having a mass average molecular weight of 100,000 and a copolymer of sodium acrylate and methyl acrylate were used as the negative electrode binder, and charge / discharge cycle test 50 cycles. went. The results are shown in Table 1.
- This embodiment can be used in all industrial fields that require a power source and in industrial fields related to the transport, storage, and supply of electrical energy.
- power supplies for mobile devices such as mobile phones and notebook computers
- power supplies for transportation and transportation media such as trains, satellites, and submarines, including electric vehicles such as electric cars, hybrid cars, electric bikes, and electric assist bicycles
- a backup power source such as a UPS
- a power storage facility for storing power generated by solar power generation, wind power generation, etc .
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Abstract
Description
正極と、負極と、電解液と、を有するリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記負極は、
(a)リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る炭素材料と、
(b)リチウム金属及びリチウムと合金可能な金属、並びに(c)リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る金属酸化物、から成る群より選ばれる少なくとも1種と、
ポリアクリル酸と、
を含み、
前記電解液は、少なくとも1種のジスルホン酸エステルを含有する
ことを特徴とする、リチウムイオン二次電池に関する。
負極は、負極集電体上に、負極活物質と負極結着剤を含む負極活物質層が形成された構成とすることができる。
負極活物質としては、例えば、(a)リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る炭素材料、(b)リチウム金属及びリチウムと合金可能な金属、並びに(c)リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る金属酸化物等を挙げることができる。
本実施形態に係る負極は、結着剤としてポリアクリル酸を含むことを特徴とする。
負極集電体としては、電気化学的な安定性から、アルミニウム、ニッケル、ステンレス、クロム、銅、銀、およびそれらの合金が好ましい。その形状としては、例えば、箔、平板状、メッシュ状等が挙げられる。
負極は、負極集電体上に、負極活物質と負極結着剤を含む負極活物質層を形成することにより作製することができる。負極活物質層の形成方法としては、例えば、ドクターブレード法、ダイコーター法、CVD法、スパッタリング法等が挙げられる。予め負極活物質層を形成した後に、該負極活物質層の上に、蒸着、スパッタ等の方法でアルミニウム、ニッケルまたはそれらの合金の薄膜を形成し、負極を作製してもよい。
正極は、正極集電体上に、正極活物質と正極結着剤を含む正極活物質層が形成された構成とすることができる。
本実施形態における正極活物質としては、リチウムを吸蔵放出し得る材料であれば特に限定されないが、高エネルギー密度化の観点からは、高容量の化合物を含むことが好ましい。高容量の化合物としては、ニッケル酸リチウム(LiNiO2)またはニッケル酸リチウムのNiの一部を他の金属元素で置換したリチウムニッケル複合酸化物が挙げられ、下式(3)で表される層状リチウムニッケル複合酸化物が好ましい。
(但し、0≦x<1、0<y≦1.2、MはCo、Al、Mn、Fe、Ti及びBからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素である。)
正極用結着剤としては、特に限定されないが、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、ビニリデンフルオライド-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、スチレン-ブタジエン共重合ゴム、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン、ポリイミド、ポリアミドイミド等を用いることができる。また、上述の本実施形態に係るポリアクリル酸を用いてもよい。中でも、汎用性や低コストの観点から、ポリフッ化ビニリデンまたはポリテトラフルオロエチレンが好ましく、ポリフッ化ビニリデンがより好ましい。使用する正極用結着剤の量は、トレードオフの関係にある「十分な結着力」と「高エネルギー化」の観点から、正極活物質100質量部に対して、2~10質量部が好ましい。
正極活物質を含む塗工層には、インピーダンスを低下させる目的で、導電補助材を添加してもよい。導電補助材としては、鱗片状、煤状、線維状の炭素質微粒子等、例えば、グラファイト、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、気相法炭素繊維等が挙げられる。
正極集電体としては、負極集電体と同様のものを用いることができる。特に正極としては、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、鉄・ニッケル・クロム・モリブデン系のステンレスを用いた集電体が好ましい。
正極は、負極と同様の方法で、正極集電体上に、正極活物質と正極用結着剤を含む正極活物質層を形成することで作製することができる。
本実施形態の電解液は、支持塩と、非水溶媒と、ジスルホン酸エステルを含有する。
電解質として用いられる支持塩としては、特に本願発明が制限されるものではないが、例えば、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiAlCl4、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiCF3SO3、LiC4F9SO3、Li(CF3SO2)2、LiN(CF3SO2)2等のリチウム塩が挙げられる。支持塩は、一種を単独で、または二種以上を組み合わせて使用することができる。
非水溶媒としては、特に本願発明が制限されるものではないが、非プロトン性溶媒が好ましく、例えば、環状カーボネート類及び鎖状カーボネート類等のカーボネート類、脂肪族カルボン酸エステル類、γ-ラクトン類、環状エーテル類、鎖状エーテル類、並びにそれらのフッ素誘導体等が挙げられる。これらは、一種を単独で、または二種以上を組み合わせて使用することができる。
本実施形態に係る電解液は、添加剤として、ジスルホン酸エステル等の硫黄系添加剤を含有する。ジスルホン酸エステルは、初期の充放電時に分解して負極上に被膜を形成し、電解液等の分解を抑制することができる。さらに、本実施形態によれば、ジスルホン酸エステルと、結着剤としてのポリアクリル酸の側鎖の酸性基との反応により、負極に低い抵抗の被膜を形成することができる。このため、結着剤としてポリアクリル酸を用いた場合も良好なサイクル特性を実現することができる。ジスルホン酸エステルとしては、式(4)で表される化合物が好ましい。
Qは酸素原子、メチレン基又は単結合を表し、
Aは、置換もしくは無置換の炭素数1~5のアルキレン基、カルボニル基、スルフィニル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素数1~6のフルオロアルキレン基、または、エーテル結合を介してアルキレン単位もしくはフルオロアルキレン単位が結合した炭素数2~6の基を表し、
Bは、分岐していてもよい置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、分岐していてもよい置換もしくは無置換のフルオロアルキレン基、または酸素原子を表す。)
セパレータとしては、特に本願発明が制限されるものではないが、例えば、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン、アラミド等の多孔質フィルムや不織布を用いることができる。また、セパレータとしては、それらを積層したものを用いることもできる。
外装体は、特に制限されるものではないが、例えば、ラミネートフィルムを用いることができる。例えば積層ラミネート型の二次電池の場合、アルミニウム、シリカをコーティングしたポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のラミネートフィルムを用いることができる。多孔質セパレータ5としては、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のポリオレフィン、フッ素樹脂等の多孔性フィルムが用いられる。外装体としては、電解液に安定で、かつ十分な水蒸気バリア性を持つものであれば、適宜選択することができる。例えば、積層ラミネート型の二次電池の場合、外装体としては、アルミニウム、シリカをコーティングしたポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のラミネートフィルムを用いることができる。
本実施形態の非水電解液を用いた二次電池は、たとえば図1のような構造を有する。正極は、正極活物質を含有する層1が正極集電体3上に成膜されたものであり、負極は、負極活物質を含有する層2が負極集電体4上に成膜されたものである。これらの正極と負極は、多孔質セパレータ5を介して対向配置されている。多孔質セパレータ5は、負極活物質を含有する層2に対して略平行に配置されている。二次電池は、これら正極および負極が対向配置された電極素子と、電解液とが外装体6および7に内包されている。正極集電体3には正極タブ9が接続され、負極集電体4には負極タブ8が接続され、これらのタブは容器の外に引き出されている。電極素子は、複数の正極及び複数の負極がセパレータを介して積層された構成であってもよい。本実施形態に係る非水電解液二次電池の形状としては、特に制限はないが、例えば、ラミネート外装型、円筒型、角型、コイン型などがあげられる。また、本実施形態に係る二次電池を複数個、直列及び/又は並列に接続して組電池とすることができる。
本実施形態に係る二次電池は、車両に用いることができる。本実施形態に係る車両としては、ハイブリッド車、燃料電池車、電気自動車(いずれも四輪車(乗用車、トラック、バスなどの商用車、軽自動車など)のほか、二輪車(バイク)や三輪車を含む)が挙げられる。これらの車両は本実施形態に係る二次電池を備えるため、安全性が高い。なお、本実施形態に係る車両は自動車に限定されるわけではなく、他の車両、例えば電車などの移動体の各種電源であってもよい。
また、本実施形態に係る二次電池は、蓄電装置に用いることができる。本実施形態に係る蓄電装置としては、例えば、一般家庭に供給される商用電源と家電製品等の負荷との間に接続され、停電時等のバックアップ電源や補助電力として使用されるものや、太陽光発電などの、再生可能エネルギーによる時間変動の大きい電力出力を安定化するための、大規模電力貯蔵用としても使用されるものが挙げられる。
(電極の作製)
<負極>
負極活物質として、黒鉛と、SiとTiの合金を用いた。この負極活物質と、導電補助材としてのアセチレンブラックと、負極結着剤として架橋型でない、質量平均分子量33万のアクリル酸及びアクリル酸ナトリウムの共重合体を、90:7:3の質量比で計量した。そして、これらを水と混合して、負極スラリーを調製した。負極スラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔に塗布した後に乾燥し、さらに真空下で100℃の熱処理を行うことで、負極を作製した。
正極活物質として、Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2を用いた。この正極活物質と、導電補助材としてのカーボンブラックと、正極結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデンとを、90:5:5の質量比で計量した。そして、これらをN-メチルピロリドンと混合して、正極スラリーを調製した。正極スラリーを厚さ20μmのアルミ箔に塗布した後に乾燥し、さらにプレスすることで、正極を作製した。
得られた正極の3層と負極の4層を、セパレータとしてのアラミド多孔質フィルムを挟みつつ交互に重ねた。正極活物質に覆われていない正極集電体および負極活物質に覆われていない負極集電体の端部をそれぞれ溶接した。さらに、その溶接箇所に、アルミニウム製の正極端子およびニッケル製の負極端子をそれぞれ溶接して、平面的な積層構造を有する電極積層体を得た。
非水電解液の溶媒としてエチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)の混合溶媒(体積比:EC/DEC=30/70)を用い、支持電解質としてLiPF6を非水電解液中1Mとなるように溶解した。
電極積層体を外装体としてのアルミニウムラミネートフィルム内に収容し、外装体内部に電解液を注入した。その後、0.1気圧まで減圧しつつ外装体を封止し、二次電池を作製した。
(45℃における容量維持率)
作製した二次電池に対し、45℃に保った恒温槽中で、2.5Vから4.2Vの電圧範囲で充放電を50回繰り返す試験を行い、サイクル維持率(容量維持率)(%)について評価した。充電は、1Cで4.2Vまで充電した後、合計で2.5時間定電圧充電を行った。放電は、1Cで2.5Vまで定電流放電した。
非水電解液の溶媒としてECとDECの混合溶媒(体積比:30/70)を用い、添加剤は加えずに支持電解質としてLiPF6を溶解し、実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験50サイクル行った。結果を表1に示す。
負極結着剤として、質量平均分子量33万のアクリロニトリル及びアクリル酸の共重合体を用いた他は実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験50サイクル行った。結果を表1に示す。
非水電解液の溶媒としてECとDECの混合溶媒(体積比:30/70)を用い、添加剤は加えずに支持電解質としてLiPF6を溶解し、実施例2と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験50サイクル行った。結果を表1に示す。
負極結着剤としてSBRを活物質、導電剤、結着剤、増粘剤の合計の3質量%、増粘剤としてCMCを1質量%用いた他は実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験50サイクル行った。結果を表1に示す。
非水電解液の溶媒としてECとDECの混合溶媒(体積比:30/70)を用い、添加剤は加えずに支持電解質としてLiPF6を溶解し、比較例3と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験50サイクル行った。結果を表1に示す。
負極結着剤として、質量平均分子量33万のアクリル酸及びアクリル酸ナトリウム及びアクリル酸メチルの共重合体を用いた他は実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験50サイクル行った。結果を表1に示す。
負極結着剤として、質量平均分子量10万のアクリル酸及びアクリル酸ナトリウム及びアクリル酸メチルの共重合体を用いた他は実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験50サイクル行った。結果を表1に示す。
2 負極活物質層
3 正極集電体
4 負極集電体
5 多孔質セパレータ
6 ラミネート外装体
7 ラミネート外装体
8 負極タブ
9 正極タブ
10 フィルム外装体
20 電池要素
25 セパレータ
30 正極
40 負極
Claims (12)
- 正極と、負極と、電解液と、を有するリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記負極は、
(a)リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る炭素材料と、
(b)リチウム金属及びリチウムと合金可能な金属、並びに(c)リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る金属酸化物、から成る群より選ばれる少なくとも1種と、
ポリアクリル酸と、
を含み、
前記電解液は、少なくとも1種のジスルホン酸エステルを含有する
ことを特徴とする、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 前記式(1)で表される(メタ)アクリル酸単量体単位及びその一価の金属塩構造の比率が、合計で、前記ポリアクリル酸の単量体単位全体の50モル%以上である、請求項2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記式(1)で表される(メタ)アクリル酸単量体単位及びその一価の金属塩構造の比率が、合計で、前記ポリアクリル酸の単量体単位全体の80モル%以上である、請求項3に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記式(1-1)のMがNaである、請求項5に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記ポリアクリル酸の質量平均分子量が30万~35万である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記負極は、SiおよびSiOx(0<x≦2)から成る群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池を備えた電動車両。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池を備えた蓄電装置。
- 正極と、負極と、電解液と、を有するリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法であって、
正極と負極を含む電極素子を製造する工程と、
前記電極素子と電解液を外装体に封止する工程と、
を含み、
前記負極は、
(a)リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る炭素材料と、
(b)リチウム金属及びリチウムと合金可能な金属、並びに(c)リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る金属酸化物、から成る群より選ばれる少なくとも1種と、
ポリアクリル酸と、
を含み、
前記電解液は、少なくとも1種のジスルホン酸エステルを含有する
ことを特徴とする、リチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法。
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