WO2016070258A1 - Cassete de expressão para a transformação de célula eucariótica, micro-organismo geneticamente modificado com eficiente consumo de xilose, processo de produção de biocombustíveis e/ou bioquímicos e biocombustível e/ou bioquímico e/ou etanol assim produzido - Google Patents
Cassete de expressão para a transformação de célula eucariótica, micro-organismo geneticamente modificado com eficiente consumo de xilose, processo de produção de biocombustíveis e/ou bioquímicos e biocombustível e/ou bioquímico e/ou etanol assim produzido Download PDFInfo
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- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/22—Processes using, or culture media containing, cellulose or hydrolysates thereof
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/80—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for fungi
- C12N15/81—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for fungi for yeasts
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
- C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
- C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
Definitions
- Said invention is in the fields of biofuels, biochemicals and processes for obtaining them. More specifically, the present invention provides technical solutions for the production of second generation fuels based on the conversion of plant biomass, for example from cell wall polymers.
- the present invention describes a genetically modified microorganism submitted to evolutionary engineering process with efficient fermentative performance in the conversion of sugars present in plant biomass to biochemicals and / or biofuels in the presence of high concentration of inhibitors generated by biomass processing to make sugars available.
- the evolutionary engineering improvement process allows the microorganism to increase its xylose consumption and its resistance to inhibitors, especially acids, among which is acetic acid.
- the modifications described in this report favor the performance of said microorganism when on an industrial scale. Additionally, a process for obtaining biofuels and / or biochemicals and the products thus obtained are also described.
- Plant biomass is a complex mixture of chemically distinct compounds that can be fractionated into components with specific applications.
- biorefineries ie biomass-based refineries
- LV Pereira, GAG Green Petrochemicals - Anais do Symposium Microorganisms in Agroenergy: From Prospecting to Bioprocesses (Embrapa Publishing House ISSN 2177-4439, 2013).
- plant biomass as a source of fermentable sugars is a promising and sustainable alternative, however, some challenges still need to be overcome, such as the availability of plant cell wall sugars.
- This procedure can be done, for example, through the action of hydrolytic enzymes (cellulases and hemicellulases), which make available the sugar monomers (hexoses and pentoses) which, in turn, are later metabolized by microorganisms during the fermentation process. for biochemical and biofuel generation.
- the first step is the pretreatment of plant biomass, which consists of a thermal process under pressure to disrupt the ligno-cellulosic matrix and solubilization of hemicellulose and solid cellulose.
- plant biomass which consists of a thermal process under pressure to disrupt the ligno-cellulosic matrix and solubilization of hemicellulose and solid cellulose.
- the second step is hydrolysis, in which hydrolytic enzymes (or an acid treatment) added to the process will act directly on polymers that form the cell wall, reducing these polymers to sugar monomers, which will then be converted to ethanol by yeast. specialized during the fermentation.
- hydrolyzate contains high levels of monomeric sugars provided by hydrolysis (acid or enzymatic).
- Such inhibitors which are present in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate and which negatively interfere with the performance of microorganisms include weak organic acids, sugar-derived compounds such as furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural, and lignin degradation products.
- Acetic acid deserves prominence in this process as it is one of the major inhibitors released during the solubilization and hydrolysis of hemicellulose.
- the rate of acetic acid in hydrolyzate may generally range from 0 to about 17 g / l depending on the material used for hydrolysis and its toxicity is highly elevated at low pH (Palmqvist & Hahn-Hagerdal 2000b; Zaldivar et al. 2001; Lima et al., 2004). It is also important to point out, in relation to compounds that inhibit the metabolism of fermenting microorganisms in the biofuel and biochemical production process, that even the first generation process subjects yeasts to these inhibitors mainly acids.
- inhibitors may also come from molasses or metabolites produced by bacteria such as lactic acid, acetic acid, among others (Basso, L. C, Amorim HV, AJ de Oliveira and ML Lopes. production in Brazil. "Fems Yeast Research 8 (7): 1155-1163, 2008).
- xylose isomerase xylose isomerase
- the XR-XDH pathway common in eukaryotic microorganisms, has higher initial productivity by allowing ethanol to be produced more quickly, only by inserting the genes responsible for xylose conversion.
- This pathway consists of two oxy-reduction reactions. In the first, xylose is reduced to xylitol by the action of the enzyme xylose reductase (XR), in a NADPH / NADH-mediated reaction, and then xylitol is oxidized to xylulose. by the enzyme xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH), mediated exclusively by NAD +.
- XR xylose reductase
- XDH xylitol dehydrogenase
- the NADPH cofactor is mainly regenerated in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway with CO2 production.
- NAD + is mainly regenerated in the respiratory chain, with O2 as the final electron acceptor.
- O2 the final electron acceptor.
- complete NAD + reoxidation does not occur, resulting in redox imbalance and xylitol accumulation, which directly impacts the final ethanol yield [Biochemical Engineering Journal, Amsterdam, v.12, n.1, p .49-59, 2002].
- another formed byproduct is glycerol [FEMS Yeast Research, Delft, v.4, n.6, p.655-664, 2004].
- xylose metabolism performed via the xylose isomerase (XI) pathway is more common in prokaryotes and occurs in a single step, thus avoiding redox imbalance and allowing less formation of byproducts that decrease ethanol yield. Additionally, the XI pathway may result in higher ethanol yield by accumulating fewer fermentation by-products [Microbial Celi Factories, London, v.6, n.5, p.1-10, 2007].
- microorganisms described in the prior art which have been genetically engineered for xylose consumption invariably possess the genetic modifications described above.
- the differential of each of these microorganisms is the combination between the genes of the pentose phosphate pathway and the promoters by which they are regulated, besides, mainly, the gene that encodes xylose isomerase, since this is the fundamental gene that enables xylose consumption by each modified microorganism.
- microorganisms capable of converting xylose to biochemicals and / or biofuels it is found that obtaining microorganisms which, in addition to being capable of The fact that converting sugars present in lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and / or biochemicals is also sufficiently resistant to inhibitors derived from the pretreatment process is not trivial.
- the microorganism described in the present invention is efficient in the conversion of sugars present in lignocellulosic plant biomass, mainly in high concentrations of inhibitors of cellular metabolism, being the main inhibitor acetic acid, in biofuels and / or among them, mainly ethanol.
- the present invention describes, among other objects, a genetically modified microorganism with efficient fermentative performance in converting sugars contained in plant biomass such as lignocellulosic materials into biofuels and / or biochemicals when compared to their version without them. genetic modifications described herein.
- Said microorganism additionally subjected to process of evolutionary engineering, presents additional genetic modifications that are due to the evolutionary process and that allow it not only to be efficient in the conversion of pentoses into fuels and / or biochemicals, but also to be advantageously effective in performing this conversion in the presence of high concentration.
- substances that inhibit its metabolism and are normally present in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate we can mention mainly acetic acid.
- the genetically modified microorganism described in the present invention refers to a genetically transformed eukaryotic cell, for example a yeast or filamentous fungus, preferably a yeast of the genus Saccharomyces.
- the pentose preferably used by the microorganism for conversion to alcohols and / or biochemicals indicated above is xylose, but is not restricted to it.
- the microorganism described in the present invention is genetically modified by the introduction of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 encoding a peptide with xylose isomerase function, providing expression of an enzyme that favors xylose isomerization into xylulose.
- the present invention also describes an expression cassette comprising a nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, which encodes the xylose isomerase-like peptide and which is optionally inserted into a eukaryotic cell for expression of said isomerase in its active form.
- the expression cassette of the invention is characterized in that it comprises: a nucleotide sequence encoding a peptide with xylose isomerase function SEQ ID NO: 1; at least one promoter for said coding nucleotide sequence; and - one or more nucleotide sequences selected from: a transcription terminator nucleotide sequence; a selection marker; one or more nucleotide sequence (s) coding (s) of other enzymes; combinations thereof or a plasmid comprising such sequences, with at least one of the nucleotide sequences defined above being heterologous.
- One or more expression cassettes are used in the transformation of eukaryotic cells according to the invention.
- the expression cassette of the invention also comprises sequences selected from the group comprising the coding sequences for the enzymes Xylulokinase (SEQ ID NO: 9), Transaldolase (SEQ NO ID: 5), Transcetolase (SEQ ID NO: 11) , Ribose 5-Phosphate Isomerase (SEQ ID NO: 7) and / or Ribose 5-Phosphate Epimerase (SEQ ID NO: 12) and / or combinations thereof.
- the present invention provides a eukaryotic cell, yeast or filamentous fungi, for example a yeast of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transformed with a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, which may be single copy or, for example, multiple copies (at least five to twenty copies or more than twenty copies) of this nucleotide sequence may be inserted into the genome.
- the enzymes presented which constitute the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as the xylose isomerase represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, at least one of the genes encoding them must be overexpressed and, for example, linked. to constitutive or naturally inducible promoters.
- the present invention describes a host cell comprising an expression cassette containing endogenous non-oxidative phase enzyme genes of the pentose phosphate pathway, which are, for example, constructed using strong and constitutive cell promoters. in which they will be inserted.
- the present invention also describes deletion or inactivation of the GRE3 gene, which encodes an aldose reductase and is represented in SEQ ID NO: 14.
- Xylitol production decreases the total ethanol yield that can be obtained.
- xylitol is an inhibitor of the action of the enzyme xylose isomerase.
- the aforementioned genetic modifications favor the flow of the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway.
- the favoring of this pathway can be directly correlated to the host cell's consumption of xylose.
- the more xylose consumed the more active the flow would be.
- the present invention describes the stable and high copy number integration (at least between five and twenty copies or more than twenty copies) of the XI-expressing cassette (SEQ ID N: 1) into the genome. of the host cell.
- This document therefore describes a eukaryotic cell, for example, a genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae microorganism containing in its genome at least one of the enzyme genes required to favor the non-oxidative portion of the pentose phosphate pathway. , inserted, for example, in high copy numbers (at least between five and twenty copies or more than twenty copies) and in the region between the centromere and its first adjacent gene. Having all the metabolic pathway required for xylose conversion under aerobic conditions, the strain is able to consume the xylose present in the culture medium, but under anaerobic conditions consumption is very slow.
- the microorganism After undergoing the genetic modifications described herein, the microorganism is then subjected to an evolutionary engineering process comprising successive subcultures of the microorganism of interest in a culture medium containing a carbon source usable by the microorganism.
- a carbon source usable by the microorganism mainly xylose, and increasing and varying concentrations of at least one microorganism metabolism inhibiting substance, preferably increased acetic acid, as noted in Example 4.
- the process of obtaining microorganisms of the invention allows to obtain a microorganism with substantial and improved pentose conversion, mainly xylose in fuels and / or biochemicals and concomitant resistance to present inhibitors. in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate, mainly to acetic acid.
- the process sought to select microorganisms that produce or are capable of producing biochemicals and / or biofuels of interest in a shorter time and / or greater amount, in the presence of the sugar source of interest and with a high concentration of inhibitors in relation to the amount of sugars in the culture medium, when compared with microorganisms not evolved for resistance to inhibitors present in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate.
- the microorganism is cultured in a culture medium containing a lignocellulosic hydrolyzate comprising one or more inhibitors such as acetic acid and / or formic acid, as may be seen in Example 5.
- the medium is supplemented with nitrogen.
- the microorganisms with the best growth rate in said medium (s) are selected and isolated for subsequent use.
- This selected microorganism has random genetic mutations arising from the evolution process and is deposited in the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Culture - Leibniz-lnstitut Deutsch Sammiung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen under number 28788 (DSM28788).
- microorganism DSM28788 described in the present invention is, for example, of industrial lineage and differentially exhibits the characteristics of being non-flocculant, allowing low glycerol and xylitol formation, having high viability, high growth rate, not producing foam. , among others.
- the present invention also discloses and comprises a process of producing biofuels and biochemicals from plant biomass, preferably the lignocellulosic portion of the plant biomass.
- the biofuel and / or biochemical production process described in the present invention utilizes the microorganism of the invention (DSM 28788) for biofuel and / or biochemical production.
- said process comprises the following steps:
- the process of the invention provides for the production of biofuels comprising predominantly alcohols, especially ethanol.
- the process of the invention provides for the production of biochemicals selected from the group comprising, but not limited to: succinic acid, malic acid, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, butanol, isobutanol, biodiesel, 1,4-butanediol 2,3-butanediol and / or PHB - poly (butyrate hydroxide).
- the present invention describes biofuels, for example ethanol, and / or biochemicals produced by the process using the microorganism of the invention, such as the microorganism deposited with the Leibniz Institute - Deutsch Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen under number 28788 (DSM28788).
- inventive concept claimed herein is not limited to the embodiments exemplified above, which are to be construed as: evidence of the material existence of the invention; and as an information medium that readily enables a person skilled in the art to reproduce it - both in the specific forms here exemplified and in others legally within the full scope of the revealed inventive concept and the claimed objects.
- the microorganism which is one of the objects of the invention is particularly efficient in converting pentoses constituting lignocellulosic material into alcohols and / or acids.
- Said microorganism is efficient in converting pentoses, including xylose, present in lignocellulosic material, such as that previously subjected to hydrolysis process.
- the microorganism described herein in addition to its efficient ability to convert, for example, xylose to ethanol, also exhibits effective resistance to inhibitors present in the lignocellulosic hydrolyzate during the fermentation process.
- the main inhibitor being comprised in this hydrolyzate is acetic acid.
- acids, including acetic acid in the first generation process for the production of biochemicals and / or biofuels, allowing efficient yield of the present microorganism also in this process.
- Figure 1 shows the nucleotide sequence represented as SEQ ID NO: 17, indicating the region coding for LEU2 (underlined), along with its promoter and terminator (not underlined).
- Figure 2 shows xylose consumption and ethanol production under anaerobic conditions by the microorganism described in the present invention following the genetic manipulation process for insertion of pentose phosphate pathway genes and genetically modified xylose isomerase gene, SEQ ID NO: 1, and before the evolution process.
- the vertical axis describes the concentration in grams per liter and the horizontal axis the time in hours.
- the xylose concentration is indicated by ( ⁇ ), while the ethanol concentration by time is represented by ( ⁇ ).
- Figure 3 shows the consumption of xylose and ethanol production under anaerobic conditions by the microorganism described herein.
- invention after the process of genetic manipulation for insertion of pentose phosphate pathway genes and genetically modified xylose isomerase gene, SEQ ID NO: 1, and after evolution process.
- the vertical axis describes the concentration in g / L and the horizontal axis the time in hours.
- the xylose concentration is indicated by ( ⁇ ), while the ethanol concentration by time is represented by ( ⁇ ).
- Figure 4 shows the comparison in xylose consumption between the control microorganism (modified for xylose consumption only, no selection for inhibitor resistance), represented by (A) and the DSM28788 microorganism, represented by ( ⁇ ) .
- the vertical axis shows the xylose concentration in grams per liter, while the horizontal axis shows the time in hours.
- Figure 5 shows the comparison in ethanol production between the control microorganism (modified for xylose consumption only, no selection for inhibitor resistance), represented by ( ⁇ ) and the microorganism DSM28788, represented by (A) .
- the vertical axis shows the concentration of ethanol in grams per liter, while the horizontal axis shows the time in hours.
- Figure 6 shows us in line (1) the performance of the control microorganism, ie efficiently evolved to xylose consumption and, in line (2), the performance of the microorganism DSM28788, when subjected to different acid concentrations. acetic acid in the culture medium at different times.
- Each of the acetic acid concentrations and time to which the strains were subjected were: (A) 5 grams of acetic acid per liter of YEPD medium for 24hs; (B) 11 grams of acetic acid per liter of YEPD medium for 24 hours; (C) 12 grams of acetic acid per liter of YEPD medium for 30 hours; (D) 12 grams of acetic acid per liter of YEPD medium for 48 hours; (E) 14 grams of acetic acid per liter of YEPD medium for 48 hours.
- Figure 8 shows the comparison of xylose consumption kinetics between the DSM28788 microorganism ( ⁇ ) and the control microorganism ( ⁇ ), evolved only for xylose consumption.
- the left vertical axis shows the Xylose scale in g / L, while the horizontal axis shows the time in hours.
- the scale of formic acid (dashed line) and acetic acid (dotted line) are observed, both in g / L.
- Figure 10 shows the compilation of values for glucose consumption, xylose and ethanol production by the microorganism DSM28788 when in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate.
- concentrations of glucose ( ⁇ ), xylose ( ⁇ ) and ethanol (A) are shown on the vertical axis in grams per liter, while on the horizontal axis the time in hours is displayed.
- the present invention describes, among other objects, a genetically modified microorganism with efficient fermentative performance in the conversion of sugars contained in plant biomass such as lignocellulosic materials into biofuels and / or biochemicals when compared to their version without them. genetic modifications described herein.
- the present invention presents a expression cassette for eukaryotic cell transformation comprising:
- xylose isomerase SEQ ID NO: 1
- transaldolase SEQ ID NO: 5
- ribose 5-phosphate isomerase SEQ ID NO: 7
- xylulokinase SEQ ID NO: 9
- transcetolase SEQ ID NO: 11
- ribose 5-phosphate epimerase SEQ ID NO: 12
- nucleotide sequence defined in a) is operably linked to the promoter nucleotide sequence defined in b) and the terminator nucleotide sequence defined in c), any of said sequences being heterologous.
- the expression cassette is selected from the group consisting of:
- (a) expression cassette comprising gene encoding xylose isomerase of at least 95% identity of at least sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, TDH1 promoter of at least 95% identity of at least nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, and TDH1 terminator of at least 95% identity of at least nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 3; b) expression cassette comprising ADH1 promoter represented by at least 95% identity of at least sequence SEQ ID NO: 8, XKS1 gene represented by at least 95% identity of at least sequence SEQ ID NO: 9 and ADH1 terminator represented for at least 95% identity of at least sequence SEQ ID NO: 10;
- c) expression cassette comprising TDH1 sequence promoter of at least 95% identity of at least nucleotide SEQ ID NO: 2, TAL1 gene of at least 95% identity of at least sequence SEQ ID NO: 5, TDH1 terminator gene of at least 95% identity of at least sequence SEQ ID NO: 3, followed by PGK1 promoter of at least 95% identity of at least sequence SEQ ID NO: 6, of at least 95% identity of at least RKI1 gene ( SEQ ID NO: 7) and at least 95% identity terminator of at least 5 nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 13;
- d) expression cassette comprising TDH1 promoter of at least 95% identity of at least sequence SEQ ID NO: 02, TKL1 gene of at least 95% identity of at least sequence SEQ ID NO: 11, Ribose 5 encoding gene Phosphate Epimerase at least 95% identity of (SEQ ID NO: 7), TDH1 terminator at least 95% identity of at least sequence SEQ ID NO: 3, followed by PGK1 promoter of at least 95% sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 6, RPE1 gene of at least 95% sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 12 and PGK1 terminator of at least 95% sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 13; and combinations of at least two expression cassettes as described above.
- At least one of said promoters is constitutive or naturally inducible.
- the present invention provides a genetically modified microorganism comprising at least one expression cassette as defined above.
- one or more of said expression cassettes are present in the region between the centromere and its first adjacent gene.
- the promoter sequences, coding sequences, and terminator sequences of the expression cassettes are stable in the microorganism genome or are present in at least 5 copies in the microorganism genome or both.
- the GRE3 gene (SEQ ID NO: 14) is inactivated or deleted in its genome.
- the microorganism is a yeast of the genus selected from the group consisting of: Saccharomyces, Scheffersomyces, Spathaspora, Pichia, Candida, Kluyveromyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Brettanomyces, Hansenula and Yarrowia.
- the microorganism is Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast DSM28788.
- the present invention provides a genetically modified microorganism for expression peptide with xylose isomerase function which is Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM28788.
- the present invention provides a biofuel and / or biochemical production process comprising a. place lignocellulosic plant biomass, optionally previously subjected to pretreatment and hydrolysis, in contact with the microorganism as defined above, preferably under anaerobic conditions, but this is not a restrictive condition for the process; and b. optionally make further collection of the generated compound.
- the biofuel and / or biochemical production process comprises
- the process produces at least 0.70 grams of ethanol per liter of lignocellulosic hydrolyzate per hour under anaerobic conditions in medium comprising at least 12 grams of acetic acid per liter of lignocellulosic hydrolyzate.
- the process produces at least 0.74 grams of ethanol per liter of lignocellulosic hydrolyzate per hour under anaerobic conditions in medium comprising at least 15 grams of acetic acid per liter of lignocellulosic hydrolyzate.
- the present invention provides a biofuel obtained by the process as defined above.
- the present invention provides a biochemist obtained by the process as defined above.
- the present invention provides ethanol obtained by the process as defined above.
- the said microorganism additionally subjected to evolutionary engineering process, presents additional genetic modifications that are due to the evolutionary process and that allow it not only to be efficient in converting pentoses into fuels and / or biochemicals, as well as being advantageously effective in performing such conversion in the presence of high concentration of metabolism inhibiting substances normally present in the lignocellulosic hydrolyzate.
- these inhibitors we can mention mainly acetic acid and formic acid. It may produce at least 0.70 grams of ethanol per liter of lignocellulosic hydrolyzate per hour under anaerobic conditions in medium comprising at least 12 grams of acetic acid per liter of lignocellulosic hydrolyzate.
- the process produces at least 0.74 grams of ethanol per liter of lignocellulosic hydrolyzate per hour under anaerobic conditions in medium comprising at least 15 grams of acetic acid per liter of lignocellulosic hydrolyzate.
- the genetically modified microorganism described in the present invention refers to a genetically transformed eukaryotic cell, for example a yeast or filamentous fungus.
- yeast are considered to be any individual of the Eumycotina group, i.e. unicellularly growing true fungi which preferentially perform anaerobic fermentation such as Saccharomyces, Scheffersomyces, Spathaspora, Pichia, Candida, Kluyveromyces. , Schizosaccharomyces, Brettanomyces, Hansenula and Yarrowia.
- Filamentous fungi are those characterized by presenting vegetative mycelium and growing from the elongation of the hyphae, as well as performing aerobic respiration, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Moniliophthora and Acremonium.
- the present invention describes a genetically modified microorganism, for example a yeast of the genus Saccharomyces.
- One embodiment of the invention describes a microorganism of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae species more efficient in converting pentoses present in the lignocellulosic material into alcohols and / or biochemicals such as, for example, succinic acid, malic acid, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, butanol, isobutanol, biodiesel, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, PHB - poly (butyrate hydroxide) without, however, being restricted to them as compared to their version without the genetic modifications described herein.
- biochemicals such as, for example, succinic acid, malic acid, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, butanol, isobutanol, biodiesel, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, PHB - poly (butyrate
- the pentose preferably used by the microorganism for conversion to alcohols and / or biochemicals above is xylose, but is not restricted to it.
- the microorganism described in the present invention is genetically modified by introducing the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 encoding a peptide with xylose isomerase function, providing expression of an enzyme that favors xylose isomerization into xylulose.
- a nucleotide sequence encoding a peptide with xylose isomerase function has been described in Orpinomyces sp. (XI, EC 5.3.1 .5). Such a sequence was manually optimized by the inventors for the codons preferably used by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- the optimized xylose isomerase sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 used in the present invention is therefore unnatural and different from natural xylose isomerase sequences already described in banks.
- CAI Codon Adaptation Index
- the CAI index is the geometric mean of the relative adaptation values and non-synonymous codons and, in some cases, the termination codons are excluded. Values range from 0 to 1, with larger values indicating a higher proportion of the most abundant codons [Nucleic Acids Research 15: 1281-1295].
- the present invention also describes an expression cassette comprising a nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, encoding the xylose isomerase-like peptide and which is optionally inserted into a eukaryotic cell for expression of said isomerase in its active form.
- the expression cassette of the invention is characterized in that it comprises: a nucleotide sequence encoding a peptide with xylose isomerase function SEQ ID NO: 1; at least one promoter for said coding nucleotide sequence; and - one or more nucleotide sequences selected from: a transcription terminator nucleotide sequence; a selection marker; one or more nucleotide sequence (s) coding for another enzyme; combinations thereof or a plasmid comprising such sequences, with at least one of the nucleotide sequences defined above being heterologous.
- One or more expression cassettes are used in the transformation of eukaryotic cells according to the invention.
- the expression cassette of the invention also comprises sequences selected from the group comprising the coding sequences of the enzymes Xylulokinase (SEQ ID NO: 9), Transaldolase (SEQ NO ID: 5), Transcetolase (SEQ ID NO: 11) , Ribose 5-Phosphate Isomerase (SEQ ID NO: 7) and / or Ribose 5-Phosphate Epimerase (SEQ ID NO: 12) and / or combinations thereof.
- the eukaryotic host cell / microorganism is a yeast of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae species, but it is noted that any eukaryotic cell can be transformed with one or more expression cassettes of the invention comprising the nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the present invention provides a eukaryotic cell, yeast or filamentous fungi, for example a yeast of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transformed with a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, which may be single copy or, for example, multiple copies (at least five to twenty copies or more than twenty copies) of this nucleotide sequence may be inserted into the genome.
- the genetically modified host cell further comprises pentose phosphate pathway genes, so that the insertion of SEQ ID NO: 1 encoding xylose isomerase favors the xylose isomerization into xylulose. Therefore, in addition to the insertion of SEQ ID NO: 1 into the host cell, the present invention describes genetic modifications in that host cell aimed at favoring the metabolic flow through the pentose phosphate pathway, but these modifications are not, however, a restrictive factor for host cell transformation with the nucleotide sequence represented in SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the enzymes presented which constitute the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as the xylose isomerase represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, at least one of the genes encoding them must be overexpressed and, for example, linked. to constitutive or naturally inducible promoters. Overexpression of the genes encoding these enzymes may be due to increased copy number of the nucleotide sequence encoding them, expression of episomal genes present in vectors that may be inserted into the host eukaryotic cell through the use of heterologous promoters to that sequence.
- promoters may be constitutive or naturally inducible.
- the present invention describes host cell comprising an expression cassette containing endogenous non-oxidative phase enzyme genes of the pentose phosphate pathway, which are, for example, constructed using strong and constitutive cell promoters. in which they will be inserted.
- the present invention describes four embodiments of integrative expression cassettes, which were constructed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae constitutive, high expression promoters, and stably integrated into the host cell genome.
- One of the described cassettes comprises the gene encoding xylose isomerase, SEQ ID NO: 1.
- copy of SEQ ID NO: 1 is inserted into the flanked host cell, for example, by the promoter and terminator region of the Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase gene, isoenzyme 1 (TDH1).
- TDH1 Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase gene
- the cassette containing the gene encoding xylose isomerase that has been inserted into the host cell genome is formed by the TDH1 promoter, whose nucleotide sequence is represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 gene XI (SEQ ID NO : 1 and TDH1 terminator, whose nucleotide sequence is represented by SEQ ID NO: 3).
- a second cassette described in the present invention contains gene encoding the enzyme Xylulokinase (SEQ ID NO: 9).
- the present disclosure indicates that the cassette is, for example, constructed using promoter and terminator of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) enzyme encoding gene.
- ADH1 alcohol dehydrogenase
- the cassette containing the Xylulokinase coding gene is described as constituted by the ADH1 promoter represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, XKS1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 9) and ADH1 terminator represented by SEQ ID NO: 10.
- Another cassette described in the present invention contains genes encoding Transaldolase (SEQ NO ID: 5) and Ribose 5-Phosphate Isomerase (SEQ ID NO: 7).
- This cassette is constructed, for example, using promoters and terminators of the gene encoding the enzyme Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, isoenzyme 1 (TDH1) to flank the Transaldolase gene and promoters and terminators of the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK1) enzyme. to flank the Ribose 5-Phosphate Isomerase gene.
- the expression cassette consists of, for example, TDH1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 2), TAL1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 5), and TDH1 terminator (SEQ ID NO: 3), followed by promoter PGK1, whose nucleotide sequence is represented by SEQ ID NO: 6, RKI1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 7 and terminator, whose nucleotide sequence is represented by SEQ ID NO: 13.
- a last cassette described in the present invention contains genes encoding Transcetolase (SEQ ID NO: 11) and Ribose 5-Phosphate Epimerase (SEQ ID NO: 7), for example, with function associated with Glyceraldehyde 3 gene promoters and terminators.
- the expression cassette that has been inserted into the host cell genome and contains the Transcetolase and Ribose 5-Phosphate Epimerase genes is comprised, for example, of the TDH1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 2), TKL1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 11) and TDH1 terminator (SEQ ID NO: 3), followed by PGK1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 6), RPE1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 12) and PGK1 terminator (SEQ ID NO: 13).
- All expression cassettes with the pentose phosphate metabolic pathway genes that favor xylose consumption are inserted into the target chromosome region located between the centromere and the first gene adjacent to it, for example in the first 5,000 region base pairs counted from the centromere in either upstream or downstream direction, and may even be upstream only, downstream only, or both simultaneously.
- Upstream direction is considered to be that located prior to the start point of the transcription unit of a DNA sequence, which starts at the promoter and ends at the terminator.
- downstream is considered the region located after the starting point of the transcription unit of a DNA sequence.
- the present invention also describes the deletion or inactivation of the GRE3 gene, which encodes an aldose reductase and is represented in SEQ ID NO: 14.
- Xylitol production decreases the total ethanol yield that can be obtained.
- xylitol is an inhibitor of the action of the enzyme xylose isomerase.
- the aforementioned genetic modifications favor the flow of the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway.
- the favoring of this pathway can be directly correlated to the host cell's consumption of xylose.
- the present invention describes the stable and high copy number integration (at least between five and twenty copies or more than twenty copies) of the XI-expressing cassette (SEQ ID N: 1) into the genome. of the host cell.
- This document therefore describes a eukaryotic cell, for example, a genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae microorganism containing in its genome at least one of the enzyme genes required to favor the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. , inserted, for example, in high copy numbers (at least between five and twenty copies or more than twenty copies) and in the region between the centromere and its first adjacent gene. Having all the metabolic pathway required for xylose conversion under aerobic conditions, the strain is able to consume the xylose present in the culture medium, but under anaerobic conditions consumption is very slow.
- the microorganism After undergoing the genetic modifications described herein, the microorganism is then subjected to an evolutionary engineering process comprising successive subcultures of the microorganism of interest in a culture medium containing a carbon source usable by the microorganism. mainly xylose, and varying and increasing concentrations of at least one microorganism metabolism inhibiting substance, preferably increased acetic acid, as noted in Example 4. Repeating this operation allows selection of microorganisms that have random genetic modifications derived from the process of evolution, such microorganisms being resistant to said inhibitor of interest, as shown in Example 4.
- an evolutionary engineering process comprising successive subcultures of the microorganism of interest in a culture medium containing a carbon source usable by the microorganism. mainly xylose, and varying and increasing concentrations of at least one microorganism metabolism inhibiting substance, preferably increased acetic acid, as noted in Example 4. Repeating this operation allows selection of microorganisms that have random genetic modifications derived from the process of evolution, such
- the process of obtaining microorganisms of the invention allows to obtain a microorganism with substantial and improved pentose conversion, mainly xylose in fuels and / or biochemicals and concomitant resistance to present inhibitors.
- a microorganism with substantial and improved pentose conversion mainly xylose in fuels and / or biochemicals and concomitant resistance to present inhibitors.
- lignocellulosic hydrolyzate mainly to acetic acid.
- the process sought to select microorganisms that produce or are capable of producing biochemicals and / or biofuels of interest in a shorter time and / or greater amount, in the presence of the sugar source of interest and with a high concentration of inhibitors in relation to the amount of sugars in the culture medium, when compared with microorganisms not evolved for resistance to inhibitors present in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate.
- the microorganism is cultured in a culture medium containing a lignocellulosic hydrolyzate comprising one or more inhibitors such as acetic acid and / or formic acid, as may be seen in Example 5.
- the medium is supplemented with nitrogen.
- the microorganisms with the best growth rate in said medium (s) are selected and isolated for subsequent use.
- This selected microorganism has random genetic mutations arising from the evolution process and is deposited in the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Culture - Leibniz-lnstitut Deutsch Sammiung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen under number 28788 (DSM28788).
- microorganism DSM28788 described in the present invention is, for example, of industrial lineage and differentially exhibits the characteristics of being non-flocculant, allowing low glycerol and xylitol formation, having high viability, high growth rate, not producing foam. , among others.
- the present invention also discloses and comprises a process for producing biofuels and biochemicals from plant biomass, preferably the lignocellulosic portion of plant biomass.
- the biofuel and / or biochemical production process described in the present invention utilizes the microorganism of the invention (DSM 28788) for biofuel and / or biochemical production.
- said process comprises the following following steps:
- the process of the invention provides for the production of biofuels comprising predominantly alcohols, especially ethanol.
- the process of the invention provides for the production of biochemicals selected from the group comprising, but not limited to: succinic acid, malic acid, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, butanol, isobutanol, biodiesel, 1,4-butanediol 2,3-butanediol and / or PHB - poly (butyrate hydroxide).
- the present invention describes biofuels, for example ethanol, and / or biochemicals produced by the process using the microorganism of the invention, such as the microorganism deposited with the Leibniz Institute - Deutsch Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen under number 28788 (DSM28788).
- inventive concept claimed herein is not limited to the embodiments exemplified above, which are to be interpreted: as evidence of the material existence of the invention; and as an informational medium that readily enables a person skilled in the art to reproduce it - both in the specific forms here exemplified and in others legally within the full scope of the disclosed inventive concept and claimed objects.
- the microorganism which is one of the objects of the invention is particularly efficient in converting pentoses constituting lignocellulosic material into alcohols and / or acids.
- Said microorganism is efficient in converting pentoses, including xylose, present in lignocellulosic material, such as that previously subjected to hydrolysis process.
- the microorganism described herein in addition to its efficient ability to convert, for example, xylose to ethanol, also exhibits effective resistance to inhibitors present in the lignocellulosic hydrolyzate during the fermentation process.
- the main inhibitor being comprised in this hydrolyzate is acetic acid.
- acids, including acetic acid in the first generation process for the production of biochemicals and / or biofuels, allowing efficient yield of the present microorganism also in this process.
- each gene was amplified by PCR of the S. cerevisiae genome and cloned into integrative expression cassettes. .
- the URA3 gene flanked by two loxP regions in the same orientation was cloned, allowing that region to be removed by expression of Cre recombinase and the URA3 auxotrophic marker could be used in all expression cassettes. with the described genes.
- the xylulokinase gene-encoding gene expression cassette for example, that gene was amplified by PCR of the S. cerevisiae genome and cloned adjacent to the promoter and terminator of the Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) -coding gene. . After the terminator, it was inserted the URA3 gene flanked by two loxP regions in the same orientation. At the end of the cassette, homology regions were cloned near S. cerevisiae centromere two and eight. Two transformations were performed to insert the cassettes expressing the XKS1 gene at 288 bp from centromere two and 228 bp from centromere eight. Thus, in addition to the endogenous copy, the transformant has two more copies of the XKS1 gene under the action of a high-expressive constitutive promoter.
- ADH1 Alcohol dehydrogenase
- Transaldolase TAL 1
- Ribose 5-Phosphate Isomerase RKI1
- TDH1 isoenzyme 1
- PGK1 3-phosphoglycerate kinase
- TTL1 Transcetolase
- RPE1 Ribose 5-Phosphate Epimerase
- 126 bp were cloned from each side with homology to a region close to Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome five, allowing integration via homologous recombination into that region.
- the Xylose Isomerase expressing cassette represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 has been modified by including at the ends of the cassette delta elements of the retrotransposon Ty1 ( element present in high copy number in the genome of S. cerevisiae).
- the URA3 marker flanked by the loxP regions is replaced in this plasmid by the LEU2 marker.
- the LEU2 gene is deleted in a step of genetic manipulation. In this step, the URA3 gene is integrated, flanked by loxP regions adjacent to LEU2 promoter and terminator homology regions, resulting in deletion of this gene. Then, the XI cassette flanked by the Ty1 elements is inserted and using the auxotrophic marker LEU2 to select the transformants.
- the deletion of the GRE3 gene which encodes an aldose reductase and is represented in SEQ ID NO: 14, was performed in two steps by genetic manipulation, aimed at decreasing xylitol production from xylose.
- the URA3 gene was integrated, flanked by loxP regions adjacent to GRE3 gene promoter and terminator homology regions, resulting in deletion of this region.
- the URA3 marker was removed by transient expression of Cre recombinase.
- the micro- genetically modified organism described in the present invention when under anaerobic conditions, consumes xylose present in the culture medium slowly and with low biofuel generation, in the case of ethanol, as can be seen in Figure 2.
- Said microorganism was subjected to an evolutionary engineering process which consisted of successive subcultures in medium containing 50 g / l xylose under semi-anaerobic conditions.
- the inoculum was started with optical density (OD) of -1.0. Due to low initial growth, in the first two experiments a low amount of glucose (0.5%) was added to the medium for faster culture growth. After 48 hours of cultivation, an aliquot was transferred to a new culture medium flask and the experiment was repeated. In the third transfer, the addition of glucose to the culture medium was not necessary because there was an increase in the growth rate of the xylose microorganism as the sole carbon source. Twenty colonies of the evolved cell mixture were isolated and analyzed.
- microorganisms that showed efficient growth using xylose as sole carbon source were inoculated in medium containing 50 g / L xylose, 6 g / L yeast, 1 g / l Ammonium chloride, 5 g / l Monobasic potassium phosphate, 1.5 g / l Magnesium chloride and starting with 5 g / l acetic acid, at pH4.5 and temperature of 30 ° C.
- the initial inoculum had Optical Density (OD) equal to 0.2 and successive subcultures were performed every 48 hours, selecting for each subculture those strains with the highest growth potential in medium containing acetic acid.
- OD Optical Density
- the strain with the best resistance potential in acetic acid-containing medium containing random genetic mutations resulting from the evolution process was deposited at the Leibniz Institute - Deutsch Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen under 28788 (DSM28788). This strain was also selected due to its superior performance in the xylose to ethanol conversion capacity, as can be seen in Figure 3.
- the culture medium was prepared using sugarcane straw hydrolyzate which comprised between 1 g / l and 50 g / l xylose, for example 42 g / l and between 1 and 60 g / l glucose, being for example 55 g / L, in addition to 0-1% acetic acid, 0-0.5% HMF and 0-0.5% furfural, the main inhibitors that occur in the fermentation process.
- the hydrolyzate was supplemented with adequate nutrients to support yeast growth.
- Each of the cultures was started with an Optical Density (OD) of 0.1 when measured at 600 nm wavelength and incubated at 200 rpm at 30 ° C for 16 hours.
- OD Optical Density
- One volume of each culture was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. The pellet cells were washed in distilled water and resuspended in the culture medium suitable for bioreactor transfer.
- Xylose and ethanol quantifications were performed by HPLC high performance liquid chromatography and using the Alliance HT (Waters) refractive index detector chromatograph (Waters 2414). The runs were performed using an HPX-87H (BioRad) column maintained at 35 ° C with 4 mM sulfuric acid as the mobile phase and a flow rate of 0.6 mL / min.
- Figure 7 shows the increased ethanol production capacity by the DSM28788 microorganism compared to a microorganism control that was modified only for xylose consumption, without selection for inhibitor resistance, thus proving to be the most suitable for biofuel and / or biochemical production, for example ethanol.
- the pre-inoculum of the strains was done in YEPD medium (20 g / l glucose, 20 g / l peptone and 10 g / l yeast extract) and grown in shaker for approximately 16 hours at 30 ° C. by 200 rpm. After this period, the cells were centrifuged, washed and resuspended in sterile distilled water with final OD 1.0.
- microorganism DSM28788 that was evolved to resist inhibitors comprised in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate, for example acetic acid, also showed higher growth in medium supplemented with 11 g / l acetic acid relative to the control microorganism ( Figure 6, column B).
- Example 7 COMPARATIVE FERMENTATION BETWEEN DSM 28788 LINE AND NON-RESISTANT LINE (CONTROL) USING LAB MEDIA UNDERSTANDING THE HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ORGANIC ACID (ACETIC ACID AND FORMIC ACID).
- microorganisms Two microorganisms, one of them being control, ie modified and evolved only for efficient xylose consumption, and the microorganism deposited at the Leibniz Institute - Deutsch Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen under number 28788 (DSM28788) were tested halfway. A combination of high concentrations of acetic acid and formic acid, aiming to evaluate the performance of both microorganisms when subjected to high concentrations of inhibitors.
- the laboratory medium used was YEP (10 g / L yeast extract and 20 g / L bacteriological peptone) containing a mixture of sugars (50 g / L glucose and 40 g / L xylose) and two normally found inhibitors. in lignocellulosic hydrolysates (8 g / l acetic acid and 4 g / l formic acid). Cultures were started with approximately 0.4 g / l of cells on a dry basis. In addition, the cultures were maintained in anaerobic condition to induce fermentation, each culture was incubated in a bioreactor where the pH was adjusted and controlled at 5 ° C and where the temperature was maintained at 32 ° C. Samples were taken at appropriate intervals and xylose, glucose and ethanol were quantified.
- Table X shows us the comparison of volumetric productivity and sugar intake index between the DSM28788 microorganism and the control microorganism that was evolved only for xylose consumption.
- Table 2 Comparison of volumetric productivity and sugar consumption index.
- the present invention also discloses and comprises a process for producing biofuels and biochemicals from plant biomass, for example the lignocellulosic portion of plant biomass.
- the biofuel and / or biochemical production process described in the present invention utilizes the microorganism of the invention for biofuel and / or biochemical production.
- said process consists of the following steps:
- the present process is capable of yielding at least 0.46 grams of ethanol produced per gram of sugar consumed when performed in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate. Additionally, the present process yields at least 0.74 grams of ethanol produced per liter of hydrolyzate every hour.
- the process of the invention provides for the production of biofuels comprising predominantly alcohols, especially ethanol.
- the process of the invention provides for the production of biochemicals selected from the group comprising, but not limited to: succinic acid, malic acid, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, butanol, isobutanol, biodiesel, 1,4-butanediol 2,3-butanediol and / or PHB - poly (butyrate hydroxide).
- the present invention describes biofuels, for example ethanol, and biochemicals produced by the process using the microorganism of the invention, such as the microorganism deposited with the Leibniz Institute - Deutsch Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen under 28788 (DSM28788).
- inventive concept claimed herein is not limited to the embodiments exemplified above, which are to be interpreted: as evidence of the material existence of the invention; and as an informational medium that readily enables a person skilled in the art to reproduce it - both in the specific forms here exemplified and in others legally within the full scope of the disclosed inventive concept and claimed objects.
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