WO2016043014A1 - 太陽電池モジュール - Google Patents
太陽電池モジュール Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016043014A1 WO2016043014A1 PCT/JP2015/074275 JP2015074275W WO2016043014A1 WO 2016043014 A1 WO2016043014 A1 WO 2016043014A1 JP 2015074275 W JP2015074275 W JP 2015074275W WO 2016043014 A1 WO2016043014 A1 WO 2016043014A1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solar cell module having an antiglare function.
- This solar cell module is a photoelectric conversion device capable of converting light energy into electric energy.
- the solar cell module includes a photoelectric conversion element having a transparent electrode layer, a back electrode layer, and a photoelectric conversion layer made of a semiconductor junction or the like sandwiched between the two electrode layers.
- carriers electrospray and holes generated by irradiating the photoelectric conversion layer with light can be collected by the electrode layer and taken out to an external circuit.
- This solar cell module is roughly classified into a so-called crystalline solar cell module and a thin film solar cell module.
- this crystalline solar cell module the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements described above are connected by wiring, and this is sealed using a glass plate (so-called cover glass), a filler, and a back surface protection member such as a film or a glass plate. ing.
- this crystalline solar cell module can inject sunlight from the glass plate side, and can generate electric power with each photoelectric conversion element.
- the above-described photoelectric conversion element is formed on a glass plate, and is sealed using a filler and a back surface protection member such as a film or a glass plate. That is, in the thin film solar cell module, the glass plate is used not only for sealing but also as a support substrate for supporting the photoelectric conversion element. And this thin film solar cell module can also generate sunlight with a photoelectric conversion element by making sunlight enter from the glass plate side like the crystalline solar cell module.
- any general solar cell module has a structure in which light is incident from a glass plate to generate power.
- the above-described solar cell module is often installed on a roof or a wall surface of a building such as a general house or a factory.
- Any of the solar cell modules described above has a structure in which sunlight enters from the glass plate side. Therefore, when the glass plate which comprises the outermost surface of a solar cell module is a mirror surface, the said glass plate may play the role of a mirror and may reflect sunlight. Therefore, in the conventional solar cell module, there is a problem that “glare” and “glare” due to this reflection are pointed out by neighboring residents and passersby.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a solar cell in which surface unevenness is formed on the surface of a glass plate and antiglare treatment is performed.
- the antiglare function is maintained by setting the gloss of the cover glass to 5 or more and 40 or less and further defining the ten-point average roughness of 50 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the anti-glare treatment cannot add an optimal anti-glare function only by determining one numerical value of maximum reflectance and glossiness. That is, the presence or absence of the anti-glare function is determined by a plurality of elements being intertwined in a complex manner.
- the glossiness of a cover glass shall be 5-40.
- the glossiness mainly represents the glossiness by direct reflection, even if the glossiness takes such a range, the “glare” due to scattered light or the like cannot always be controlled. Even if the glossiness is within this range, the way of reflection at the light irradiation site differs depending on the undulation of the light irradiation region.
- the reflectance of regular reflection light does not necessarily take the maximum value, and the reflectance of scattered light around it may take the maximum value. Therefore, even if the amount of specularly reflected light is simply suppressed, sunlight may be reflected as an afterimage on the surface of the glass plate due to scattered light, and the antiglare function may not be obtained.
- the present inventor formed surface irregularities and examined each parameter based on Patent Document 1 with the above in mind.
- the glossiness is reduced to the same level as in Patent Document 1
- direct reflection can be suppressed as compared with a normal glass plate, and an anti-glare function for suppressing “glare” and “glare” can be exhibited to some extent. all right.
- the glossiness below a certain degree cannot be achieved within a range where the surface roughness of the glass plate is large as in Patent Document 1.
- the surface roughness of the glass plate is increased, the scattered light component in the reflected light of the light increases, so that the glare caused by the reflection of light cannot be suppressed.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a solar cell module that suppresses reflection on the surface of a glass plate and reflection of light at the same time and has a higher antiglare function than a conventional solar cell module.
- the present inventor formed surface irregularities having a smaller surface roughness than Patent Document 1 in order to suppress the scattered light component, and examined various parameters relating to antiglare. As a result, it was derived that mainly two parameters are deeply related to the antiglare effect of the solar cell module.
- One aspect of the present invention derived from the above examination includes a glass plate whose surface is macroscopically flat and a photoelectric conversion element, and light passes through the glass plate and enters the photoelectric conversion element.
- the glass plate In the solar cell module in which light is converted into electricity by the photoelectric conversion element, the glass plate has surface irregularities formed on the incident side surface, and the main surface of the incident side of the solar cell module is JIS Z 8741.
- the equivalent 60 degree specular gloss is 6.5% or less, and the maximum reflectance when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal of the main surface on the incident side is 0.8% or less. It is a certain solar cell module.
- the “maximum reflectivity” here refers to when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal of the main surface on the incident side and the detection angle (reflection angle) with respect to the normal on the light receiving side is changed. This is the reflectance value that is maximum at a certain detection angle.
- the solar cell module of this aspect has (1) a 60-degree specular gloss of 6.5% or less according to JIS Z 8741 of the main surface on the incident side of the glass plate, and (2) the incident side of the glass plate. At least two configurations are simultaneously provided: the maximum reflectance when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal of the main surface is 0.8% or less. By satisfying these configurations at the same time, reflection of light (sunlight) on the surface of the glass plate can be suppressed and reflection can also be suppressed, and a higher anti-glare function compared to conventional solar cell modules. Can be provided.
- a preferable aspect is that the 60-degree specular gloss according to JIS Z 8741 of the main surface on the incident side is 4.1% or less.
- a preferable aspect is that the maximum reflectance is 0.45% or less when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal line of the main surface on the incident side.
- a preferred aspect is that when the light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal of the main surface on the incident side, the reflectance at a reflection angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal is R60, and the main surface on the incident side R60 / R45 is 2.7 or less, where R45 is a reflectance at a reflection angle of 45 degrees with respect to the normal line when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal line. .
- the solar cell module of this aspect has a configuration in which (3) R60 / R45 is 2.7 or less in addition to the above configurations (1) and (2). That is, since the scattered light component of the reflected light takes a value close to the regular reflection component, the light is evenly dispersed and the antiglare effect is high.
- R60 / R45 is 2.0 or less.
- a preferred aspect is that the arithmetic mean roughness of the incident surface of the glass plate is 0.25 ⁇ m or more and 1.25 ⁇ m or less.
- the arithmetic average roughness of the glass plate is less than 0.25 ⁇ m, the height difference of the unevenness may be too small to suppress reflection. That is, the light dispersion effect may not be sufficiently exhibited, and the component of specular reflection light may become too large.
- the arithmetic average roughness of the glass plate exceeds 1.25 ⁇ m, the height difference of the unevenness is too large, the light is irregularly reflected on the uneven surface of the protrusion or the recess, and the scattered light component becomes too large. End up. Therefore, reflection of light occurs, and there is a possibility that “dazzle” or “glare” may occur.
- a more preferable aspect is that the arithmetic mean roughness of the incident side surface of the glass plate is 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 0.9 ⁇ m or less, and the standard deviation thereof is 0.015 to 0.02. .
- a preferred aspect is that when the reflectance for each reflection angle when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal of the main surface on the incident side is graphed, the half width of the maximum peak is 22 degrees or more. It is to be.
- the “half-value width” here refers to a width ⁇ X (reflection) at a point having a half value of the peak top peak height ⁇ Y (difference between the maximum point and the minimum point) in a predetermined waveform on the XY plane. Angle width).
- the maximum reflectance is 0.8% or less
- the full width at half maximum of the maximum peak is 22 degrees or more
- the peak is low and broad. If it is this range, even if it sees the glass plate which is an entrance plane of a solar cell module from what angle, reflection and reflection of sunlight can be suppressed and a high glare-proof effect can be exhibited.
- the half-value width of the maximum peak is less than 22 degrees, a sharp peak is taken, and “dazzle” or “glare” may occur depending on the angle at which the incident surface is viewed.
- a more preferable aspect is that the full width at half maximum of the maximum peak is 29 degrees or more.
- the glass plate supports a photoelectric conversion element.
- the photoelectric conversion element has two electrode layers, and a photoelectric conversion layer sandwiched between the two electrode layers.
- the electrode layer on the glass plate side is a transparent conductive film.
- a preferred aspect is that an antireflection film is provided on the surface of the incident side of the glass plate, and the refractive index of the antireflection film with respect to light having a wavelength of 600 nm is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the refractive index of the glass plate. That is.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a glass plate whose surface is macroscopically flat and a photoelectric conversion element, wherein light passes through the glass plate and enters the photoelectric conversion element, and the light is incident on the photoelectric conversion element.
- the glass plate has surface irregularities formed on the incident-side surface, and the arithmetic average roughness of the glass plate is 0.25 ⁇ m or more and 1.25 ⁇ m or less
- the incident surface of the solar cell module has a 60-degree specular gloss of 4.1% or less according to JIS Z 8741, and emits light at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal of the incident-side main surface.
- the maximum reflectance when incident is 0.45% or less, and the reflection angle is 60 degrees with respect to the normal line when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal line of the main surface on the incident side.
- the reflectance is R60 and the incident side R60 / R45 is 2.0 or less when the reflectance at a reflection angle of 45 degrees with respect to the normal line when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal line of the main surface It is a solar cell module.
- the solar cell module exhibits a high antiglare function.
- a high antiglare function can be provided.
- FIG. 1 It is a perspective view which represents typically the installation state of the solar cell module of 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing which showed the solar cell module of FIG. 1 typically. It is explanatory drawing showing the manufacturing process of the solar cell module of 1st Embodiment, (a) is sectional drawing when a transparent electrode layer is divided
- (a) is a photography figure of the surface of the solar cell module of the comparative example 4
- (b) is a measurement point represented by the white line in (a). It is a graph showing the brightness
- (c) is a graph which expanded the scale of (b).
- (a) is a photography figure of the surface of the solar cell module of Example 1
- (c) is a graph which expanded the scale of (b).
- the solar cell module 1 of the first embodiment is a wall-mounted solar cell module that is installed on the wall surface of a building such as an office building as shown in FIG. That is, the solar cell module 1 is a wall surface forming member that is attached to the wall 50 of the building and forms a part of the outer wall surface of the building.
- the solar cell module 1 is a thin film solar cell module having a glass substrate 2 (glass plate) as a support substrate.
- a photoelectric conversion element 3 formed of a plurality of thin films is sandwiched between a glass substrate 2 and a sealing member 5.
- the solar cell module 1 is a module in which small pieces of a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements 3 are connected in series and / or in parallel.
- the solar cell module 1 is laminated
- the solar cell module 1 of the present embodiment has an anti-glare treatment applied to the surface of the glass substrate 2 and has one of the characteristics in the surface shape of the glass substrate 2 and the like.
- the glass substrate 2 is a plate made of glass having a planar shape and is a translucent insulating substrate that does not contribute electrically to power generation.
- the glass substrate 2 will not be specifically limited if it is a glass plate which has translucency, White plate glass is preferable from a viewpoint with the high transmittance
- the glass substrate 2 of this embodiment employs white plate glass.
- the glass substrate 2 is one in which at least one main surface is antiglare treated. That is, the glass substrate 2 is a flat surface when viewed macroscopically, but has surface irregularities 6 formed on one main surface when viewed microscopically as shown in the enlarged view of FIG.
- the arithmetic average roughness of the main surface (hereinafter also referred to as the uneven surface 7) having the surface unevenness 6 of the glass substrate 2 is preferably 0.25 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoint of suppressing regular reflection of light. More preferably, it is 4 ⁇ m or more.
- the arithmetic average roughness of the concavo-convex surface 7 of the glass substrate 2 is preferably 1.25 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 0.9 ⁇ m or less, from the viewpoint of suppressing the amount of scattered light by dispersing light.
- the arithmetic average roughness of the concavo-convex surface 7 of the glass substrate 2 of the present embodiment is 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 0.9 ⁇ m or less, and can scatter more light, and the amount of both regular reflection light and scattered light. Can be reduced. Therefore, it is possible to suppress glare caused by regular reflection of sunlight and glare caused by reflection of the sun.
- the standard deviation of the roughness of the surface irregularities 6 of the irregular surface 7 of the glass substrate 2 is preferably 0.015 to 0.02.
- the standard deviation of the roughness of the surface unevenness 6 of the uneven surface 7 of the glass substrate 2 of the present embodiment is 0.017. That is, the surface unevenness 6 of the uneven surface 7 is distributed substantially uniformly.
- the inner main surface of the glass substrate 2 of the present embodiment (the surface opposite to the uneven surface 7) is a smooth surface when viewed macroscopically.
- the average thickness of the glass substrate 2 is appropriately designed depending on the rigidity of the protective sheet 11 and the installation environment, but is preferably 3.0 mm or more and 5.0 mm or less. If it is this range, when using the solar cell module 1 as a wall surface, sufficient intensity
- the refractive index of the glass substrate 2 is preferably 1.50 or more and 1.60 or less. If it is this range, light will not be reflected easily and most of light can be permeate
- a method for processing the surface irregularities 6 of the glass substrate 2 it is preferable to process by spraying sandblast, dipping in an etching solution, or dispersing fine particles. Among them, it is more preferable to form by sandblasting as described later.
- the antireflection film 17 is formed on the surface of the glass substrate 2.
- the antireflection film 17 is a film that suppresses the reflection of light.
- the antireflection film 17 is a film having a refractive index that is between the refractive index of air (about 1) and the refractive index of the glass substrate 2. That is, the antireflection film 17 has a refractive index with respect to light having a wavelength of 600 nm that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the refractive index of the glass substrate 2.
- the antireflection film 17 preferably has a refractive index of 1.35 to 1.60 for light having a wavelength of 600 nm.
- the antireflection film 17 is preferably formed of a substance containing fine particles made of titanium oxide and silicon oxide. That is, the antireflection film 17 contains fine particles of titanium oxide and fine particles of silicon oxide.
- the photoelectric conversion element 3 is a semiconductor element that extracts light energy as electric energy, and includes a photoelectric conversion layer 21 sandwiched between two electrode layers 20 and 22, as shown in FIG. Specifically, the photoelectric conversion element 3 is laminated in the order of the transparent electrode layer 20, the photoelectric conversion layer 21, and the back electrode layer 22 from the glass substrate 2 side.
- the transparent electrode layer 20 is a transparent conductive film, and is a layer having translucency and conductivity.
- the constituent material of the transparent electrode layer 20 is not particularly limited as long as it has translucency and conductivity.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- IZO indium zinc oxide
- oxidation It is made of a transparent conductive oxide such as tin (SnO 2 ) or zinc oxide (ZnO).
- the transparent electrode layer 20 may be obtained by adding a doping agent to the above-described transparent conductive oxide.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 21 is a layer having a function of converting light energy into electric energy, and is a semiconductor layer having at least a PIN structure or a PN structure.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 21 is formed from one or a plurality of photoelectric conversion units.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 21 of the present embodiment includes a crystalline photoelectric conversion unit 25 formed mainly from a crystalline silicon layer and an amorphous layer formed mainly from an amorphous silicon layer.
- a tandem structure to which the system photoelectric conversion unit 26 is connected is employed.
- both the photoelectric conversion units 25 and 26 are provided with a PIN junction.
- Crystal as used herein refers to something other than amorphous. That is, the concept includes microcrystals and polycrystals.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 21 has an amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 26 and a crystal photoelectric conversion unit 25 stacked in order from the transparent electrode layer 20 side.
- the crystalline photoelectric conversion unit 25 includes a p-type crystalline silicon semiconductor layer 30 and an i-type crystalline silicon semiconductor from the transparent electrode layer 20 side (amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 26 side).
- the layer 31 and the n-type crystalline silicon based semiconductor layer 32 are formed by being laminated in this order.
- the amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 26 includes a p-type amorphous silicon semiconductor layer 35, an i-type amorphous silicon semiconductor layer 36, and an n-type amorphous silicon semiconductor layer 37 from the transparent electrode layer 20 side. Are stacked in this order.
- the back electrode layer 22 is formed of a metal thin film, a transparent conductive oxide thin film, or a laminate of both.
- a metal thin film thin films, such as aluminum, copper, molybdenum, or silver, can be used, for example.
- the transparent conductive oxide thin film for example, indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), or the like can be used.
- the sealing member 5 has a multilayer structure, and a sealing sheet 13 and a protective sheet 11 are laminated in order from the back electrode layer 22 side.
- the sealing sheet 13 is a member that seals the photoelectric conversion element 3, and is a member that relieves the pressing force from the protective sheet 11.
- EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
- PVB ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
- an ionomer of an ethylene / unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, a thermoplastic elastomer, or a mixture thereof can be employed. .
- the protective sheet 11 is a member that forms the outermost surface of the solar cell module 1, and is a member that protects the photoelectric conversion element 3 from external impacts and the like.
- a laminated film such as PET / aluminum / PVF, PET / aluminum / PET, a glass plate, or the like can be employed.
- the solar cell module 1 of the first embodiment is manufactured mainly by two processes. That is, the solar cell module 1 is manufactured by performing a photoelectric conversion element forming step and a surface treatment step. Since the photoelectric conversion element forming step is generally the same as the manufacturing process of a known solar cell module, it will be briefly described.
- the transparent electrode layer 20 is formed on the back surface (surface facing the light incident surface) side of the glass substrate 2 by a thermal CVD method. To do. And the transparent electrode separation groove
- the transparent electrode layer 20 is introduced into a high-frequency plasma CVD apparatus, and a p-type amorphous silicon-based semiconductor layer 35, an i-type amorphous silicon-based semiconductor layer 36, an n-type amorphous semiconductor are formed on the transparent electrode layer 20.
- the amorphous silicon semiconductor layer 37 and the like are sequentially stacked to form the amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 26.
- a p-type crystalline silicon semiconductor layer 30, an i-type crystalline silicon semiconductor layer 31, an n-type crystalline silicon semiconductor layer 32, etc. are sequentially stacked on the amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 26 using a plasma CVD apparatus.
- the crystalline photoelectric conversion unit 25 is formed, and the photoelectric conversion layer 21 is formed. And as shown in FIG.3 (b) with respect to the photoelectric converting layer 21 formed in this way, the electrode connection which divides the photoelectric converting layer 21 into several small pieces with a laser scribing apparatus as needed. Groove 41 is formed (photoelectric conversion layer forming step).
- a back electrode layer 22 is formed on the photoelectric conversion layer 21 by a sputtering device, and the photoelectric conversion layer 21 and the back surface are formed by a laser scribing device as necessary.
- a back electrode separation groove 42 for dividing the electrode layer 22 is formed (back electrode layer forming step).
- the photoelectric conversion element 3 formed by the above-described process is divided into a plurality of photoelectric conversion cells 43 by the transparent electrode separation groove 40 and the back electrode separation groove 42, and the adjacent photoelectric conversion cells 43 and 43 are The back electrode layer 22 of one photoelectric conversion cell 43 enters the electrode connection groove 41 and is electrically connected by being in contact with the transparent electrode layer 20 of the other photoelectric conversion cell 43.
- the photoelectric conversion element 3 formed by the above-mentioned process is sealed with the sealing member 5 which consists of the sealing sheet 13 and the protective sheet 11, and the photoelectric conversion element formation process is completed.
- the surface treatment process is mainly divided into a concavo-convex process and an antireflection film forming process.
- the surface unevenness 6 is formed on the light incident surface of the glass substrate 2 by a plurality of unevenness forming steps.
- the surface unevenness 6 is formed on the light incident surface of the glass substrate 2 by the first unevenness process process and the second unevenness process process.
- the surface of the glass substrate 2 is blasted with an abrasive in the first concavo-convex processing step to form a rough surface concavo-convex 55.
- the abrasive used in the first concavo-convex processing step in the second concavo-convex processing step for the glass substrate 2 on which the rough surface concavo-convex is formed is changed to the fine surface unevenness 56 by performing blasting with an abrasive material having a smaller particle diameter than the surface unevenness 55.
- both of these blasting operations are performed by sandblasting using an abrasive.
- white alumina can be suitably used as an abrasive used in the first concavo-convex processing step.
- the abrasive used in the first concavo-convex processing step is preferably in the range of # 40 to # 600 in terms of display count.
- white alumina can be suitably used as the abrasive used in the second unevenness processing step.
- the abrasive used in the second concavo-convex processing step is preferably a display count larger than the abrasive used in the first concavo-convex processing step, and preferably within the range of # 400 to # 3000 in the display count. The above is the unevenness process.
- an antireflection film forming step is performed on the substrate on which the surface unevenness is formed by the unevenness forming step.
- the raw material of the liquid antireflection film 17 is applied to the uneven surface by spraying or the like and solidified to form the antireflection film 17.
- the antireflection film 17 is formed by applying a water-soluble titanium silicon coating agent containing fine particles of titanium oxide and silicon oxide on the uneven surface by spraying and air drying.
- the main manufacturing process of the solar cell module 1 is completed when the antireflection film forming process is completed.
- the physical property of the solar cell module 1 obtained by said manufacturing process is demonstrated.
- the physical properties shown here are obtained from the results of a number of experiments, and take into account error bars and empirical rules. For this reason, the physical properties shown here are partly different from the measurement results of the examples of the present invention described later.
- the main surface of the solar cell module 1 on the glass substrate 2 side is irradiated with light from an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal line of the concavo-convex surface 7 of the glass substrate 2 forming the main surface on the incident side according to JIS Z 8741.
- the 60 degree specular gloss of the uneven surface 7 is 6.5% or less.
- the 60-degree specular gloss of the uneven surface 7 is preferably 4.1% or less from the viewpoint of providing a better anti-glare effect.
- the glass substrate 2 of the solar cell module 1 of the present embodiment has one of the characteristics such as the maximum reflectance measured by the measurement method as shown in FIG. First, the measurement method of FIG. 5 will be described.
- the light source 70 is installed so that light is incident on the uneven surface 7 of the glass substrate 2 to be measured at an incident angle of 60 degrees.
- a detector 71 having a light receiving element is installed on the light reflection side.
- the detection angle (reflection angle) of the light receiving element of the detector 71 with respect to the normal L ) Is continuously changed, and the reflectance at each detection angle (each reflection angle) is continuously measured.
- the position of the regular reflection angle of 60 degrees with respect to the incident angle of 60 degrees is set as a reference (0 degree), and the movement angle from this position is represented as ⁇ 1.
- the movement angle is negative ( ⁇ 1) when the detection angle (reflection angle) is smaller than 60 degrees, and positive (+ ⁇ 1) when the detection angle (reflection angle) is larger than 60 degrees. That is, the movement angle ⁇ 1 is a value obtained by subtracting 60 degrees from the detection angle (reflection angle).
- the main surface of the solar cell module 1 on the glass substrate 2 side is each detection angle (reflection angle) when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal L of the uneven surface 7 measured by the measurement method described above.
- the main surface of the solar cell module 1 on the glass substrate 2 side has a maximum reflectance Rmax of 0.8% or less when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal L of the concavo-convex surface 7 shown in FIG. It is.
- the maximum reflectance Rmax is preferably 0.65% or less, and more preferably 0.45% or less, from the viewpoint of providing a better antiglare effect.
- the main surface of the solar cell module 1 on the glass substrate 2 side is more preferably a maximum reflectance Rmax of 0.40% or less from the viewpoint of suppressing the amount of regular reflection light and scattered light, and 0.38 Particularly preferred is a percentage or less.
- the main surface of the solar cell module 1 on the glass substrate 2 side is each detection angle (reflection angle) when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal L of the uneven surface 7.
- the full width at half maximum H of the maximum peak is preferably 22 degrees or more, and more preferably 29 degrees or more.
- the half-value width H of the maximum peak on the main surface on the glass substrate 2 side of the solar cell module 1 is more preferably 30 degrees or more from the viewpoint of suppressing reflection uniformly when the glass substrate 2 is viewed.
- the solar cell module 1 has a reflectance at a detection angle (reflection angle) of 60 degrees with respect to the normal line L when light is incident at an angle of 60 degrees with respect to the normal line L of the uneven surface 7 shown in FIG.
- R60 / R45 is preferably 2.7 or less, more preferably 2.0 or less, when R60 is set and the reflectance at a detection angle (reflection angle) of 45 degrees with respect to the normal L is R45.
- R60 / R45 is more preferably 1.5 or less. Further, R60 / R45 is preferably 1 or more, and R60 / R45 is more preferably 1.2 or more.
- the solar cell module 1 of this embodiment forms a wall surface.
- the glass substrate is a mirror surface, so that passers-by may be reflected on the glass substrate of the solar cell module and cause discomfort to passers-by. is there.
- the antiglare treatment is performed on the glass substrate 2, it is possible to prevent a passerby from being reflected and giving unpleasant feeling due to direct reflection of light.
- the surface irregularities 6 are provided only on one side of the glass substrate 2, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the surface irregularities 6 may be provided on both sides.
- the surface irregularities 6 are provided on the light incident side surface of the glass substrate 2, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the surface irregularities 6 are provided on the surface on the photoelectric conversion element 3 side. May be.
- the solar cell module 1 is used as a part of the wall surface of a building such as an office building. May be. Further, as conventionally, it may be used as a part of a roof material such as a tile of a building, or may be installed on a roof or ground of a building.
- a so-called thin film type solar cell module has been described.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and other solar cell modules may be used.
- it may be a crystalline solar cell module.
- it is a solar cell module which arrange
- Example 1 The solar cell module 1 of Example 1 was formed by the following photoelectric conversion element formation process and surface treatment process.
- the transparent electrode layer 20 (tin oxide) is formed on the glass substrate 2 (white plate glass) by a thermal CVD method, and the formed transparent electrode layer 20 is formed into a plurality of small pieces by a laser scribing device. Divided.
- this substrate is introduced into a high-frequency plasma CVD apparatus, and a p-type amorphous silicon carbide layer, an i-type amorphous silicon buffer layer, an i-type amorphous silicon conversion layer, an n-type are formed on the transparent electrode layer 20. Silicon oxide layers were sequentially stacked to form an amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 26. Thereafter, a p-type thin film crystalline silicon layer, an i-type crystalline silicon conversion layer, an n-type silicon oxide layer, and an n-type thin film crystalline silicon layer are sequentially stacked on the amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 26 to obtain a crystalline photoelectric conversion. The unit 25 was formed and the photoelectric conversion layer 21 was formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 21 thus formed was divided into a plurality of small pieces by a laser scribing device.
- a thin film of zinc oxide and silver was sequentially formed on the photoelectric conversion layer 21 as a back electrode layer 22 by a sputtering apparatus, and the formed back electrode layer 22 was divided by a laser scribing apparatus.
- the photoelectric conversion element 3 was divided to form a plurality of small pieces, and these were electrically connected in series with each other.
- the photoelectric conversion element 3 formed by the above process is sealed with the sealing sheet 13 and the protective sheet 11, and the photoelectric conversion element formation process is completed.
- an EVA sheet which is a resin sheet was used as the sealing sheet, and PET / aluminum / PVF was used as the protective sheet.
- a water-soluble titanium silicon coating agent containing fine particles of titanium oxide and silicon oxide was applied by spraying and air-dried to form the antireflection film 17.
- no hydrophilic treatment using a hydrophilic treatment agent or the like was performed.
- the solar cell module having the surface irregularities 6 formed in this manner was designated as Example 1.
- Comparative Example 1 As Comparative Example 1, a ceramic tile was used.
- Comparative Example 2 As Comparative Example 2, a decorative slate roof tile was used.
- Comparative Example 3 As Comparative Example 3, a metal roof tile was used.
- the regular reflectance for each incident angle was measured by synchronous measurement of a goniophotometer. It was measured.
- a spectrophotometer (consisting of an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrophotometer V-670 and an automatic absolute reflectance measurement unit ARMN-735) manufactured by JASCO Corporation was used for measuring the regular reflectance. Measurement conditions were such that the incident light wavelength was 550 nm, and the incident angle and detection angle (reflection angle) were in the range of 30 to 70 degrees.
- the light source 70 and the detector 91 are installed at symmetrical positions with respect to the normal line of the uneven surface 7 of the glass substrate 2. That is, the light source 70 is installed so that the angle of the optical axis X1 (incident angle ⁇ 2) and the angle of the optical axis X2 of the detector 91 (detection angle (reflection angle) ⁇ 3) are the same angle.
- the light source 70 and the detector are irradiated with light having a wavelength of 550 nm from the light source 70 so that the angle ⁇ 2 of the optical axis X1 of the light source 70 and the angle ⁇ 3 of the optical axis X2 of the detector 91 are always the same.
- the position of 91 is continuously changed, and the regular reflectance at each incident angle with respect to each normal is continuously measured. The results of the above measurement are shown in FIG.
- Example 1 had a lower reflectance than the roof tiles of Comparative Examples 1 to 3. That is, the solar cell module of Example 1 has a smaller amount of specular reflection and less glare due to specular reflection light when irradiated with light from any angle than the roof tiles of Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- the regular reflectance when the incident angle ⁇ 2 of the ceramic tile of Comparative Example 1 was 60 degrees was about 0.8%.
- the regular reflectance when the incident angle ⁇ 2 of the decorative slate roof tile of Comparative Example 2 was 60 degrees was about 0.6%.
- the regular reflectance when the incident angle ⁇ 2 of the metal roof of Comparative Example 3 was 60 degrees was about 0.28%.
- the regular reflectance when the incident angle ⁇ 2 in the solar cell module of Example 1 was 60 degrees was about 0.21%.
- Comparative Example 4 The solar cell module of Comparative Example 4 was the same as Example 1 except that the antiglare treatment was not performed. That is, in the solar cell module of Comparative Example 4, the surface treatment process was not performed.
- Comparative Example 5 In the solar cell module of Comparative Example 5, the surface irregularities 6 were formed using white alumina whose abrasive grains were larger than in Example 1. Other than that was the same as Example 1.
- the reflectance was measured using the same device as described above.
- the measurement conditions are that the incident light wavelength is 550 nm, the incident angle is fixed at 60 degrees, the position of the regular reflection angle 60 degrees with respect to the incident angle 60 degrees is the reference (0 degree), and the movement angle ⁇ 1 from this position is The range was ⁇ 40 degrees to 10 degrees.
- the solar cell module of Example 1, the solar cell module of Comparative Example 4, and the solar cell module of Comparative Example 5 were each irradiated with light from the normal direction, and the surface was photographed with a camera. The measurement results are shown in FIGS.
- the solar cell module of Comparative Example 4 that was not subjected to the anti-glare treatment showed a high reflectance in the vicinity of a movement angle of 0 degrees (detection angle (reflection angle) of 60 degrees).
- the solar cell module of Comparative Example 4 had a low value in the range of ⁇ 5 degrees or less and 5 degrees or more. From this, it was found that in Comparative Example 4, the reflected light of the irradiated light is dominated by the specularly reflected light component and the scattered light component is small.
- the solar cell module of Comparative Example 5 with rough surface unevenness showed a lower reflectance than Comparative Example 4 in the vicinity of a movement angle of 0 degrees (detection angle (reflection angle) of 60 degrees) due to the dispersion of light.
- the reflectance was still about 1.5%.
- Comparative Example 5 it was found that the reflected light of the irradiated light is dominated by the specularly reflected light component, but the scattered light component is also large.
- the solar cell module of Example 1 showed a lower reflectance than the solar cell modules of Comparative Examples 4 and 5 in the vicinity of a movement angle of 0 degrees (detection angle (reflection angle) of 60 degrees). Moreover, the solar cell module of Example 1 was consistently low in reflectance at any angle, unlike the solar cell modules of Comparative Examples 4 and 5. Probably, in Example 1, the reflected light of the irradiated light is considered to be moderately dispersed into the specularly reflected light component and the scattered light component, resulting in a low reflectance at any detection angle (reflection angle). Conceivable.
- the solar cell module of Example 1 did not generate an afterimage of light as shown in FIG. That is, no reflection of light occurred and no glare occurred. From this, it was found that the solar cell module of Example 1 exhibited a good anti-glare function.
- Example 2 Of the prepared samples, a sample in which the roughness of the surface irregularities of the glass plate was in the range of 0.25 ⁇ m or more and 1.25 ⁇ m or less was taken as Example 2.
- Comparative Example 6 a sample having a surface roughness of the glass plate in the range of less than 0.25 ⁇ m was designated as Comparative Example 6.
- Comparative Example 7 a sample in which the roughness of the surface irregularities of the glass plate was in the range exceeding 1.25 ⁇ m was designated as Comparative Example 7.
- the arithmetic average roughness Sa is calculated using a laser microscope (Olympus Corporation Model OLS4000). did.
- the laser wavelength at this time was 405 nm.
- times specular glossiness according to JISZ8741 was measured with respect to these glass plates, and this was made into the reference value of direct reflection.
- a gloss meter Nippon Denshoku Co., Ltd. Model PG-II was used as the instrument used.
- the solar cell module of Example 2 the solar cell module of Comparative Example 6, and the solar cell module of Comparative Example 7 were each irradiated with light from the normal direction to the concavo-convex surface 7 of the glass plate, and the surface was irradiated with a camera. I took a picture.
- the 60 ° specular glossiness decreased. That is, it was found that as the arithmetic average roughness of the glass plate increases, the amount of light directly reflected by incident light at an incident angle of 60 degrees decreases. Moreover, in the solar cell module of the comparative example 6 whose surface roughness is less than 0.25 ⁇ m, the irradiated light was reflected as shown in FIG. 12A, and the light was clearly reflected on the glass plate. Therefore, the uneven surface was dazzling. In the solar cell module of Example 2 having a surface roughness of 0.25 ⁇ m or more and 1.25 ⁇ m or less, the irradiated light was hardly reflected as shown in FIG.
- the range of Comparative Example 7 includes a range that is reflected even if the 60-degree specular gloss is small. From this, it was found that the range in which the reflection of light does not occur is not uniquely specified only by the roughness of the surface unevenness or the 60 degree specular gloss.
- Measurement of maximum reflectance Rmax, peak half width H, reflectance R60 (incident angle 60 degrees / detection angle (reflection angle) 60 degrees), and reflectance R45 (incident angle 60 degrees / detection angle (reflection angle) 45 degrees) Used a variable angle photometer manufactured by JASCO Corporation (consisting of an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrophotometer V-670 and an automatic absolute reflectance measurement unit ARMN-735). Measurement conditions were such that the incident light wavelength was 550 nm, the incident angle was fixed at 60 degrees, and the movement angle was in the range of ⁇ 40 degrees to 10 degrees (detection angle (reflection angle) 20 degrees to 70 degrees). The above measurement results are shown in Table 1 and FIGS. 13, 14, 15, and 16, respectively.
- the solar cell module of Comparative Example 6 having a surface roughness of less than 0.25 ⁇ m is near a movement angle of 0 degree (detection angle (reflection angle) of 60 degrees) as shown in FIG. 13.
- High reflectivity was shown.
- the solar cell module of Comparative Example 7 having a surface roughness exceeding 1.25 ⁇ m exhibits a lower reflectance than the solar cell module of Comparative Example 6 in the vicinity of a movement angle of 0 degrees (detection angle (reflection angle) of 60 degrees).
- the reflectance was higher than that of the solar cell module of Comparative Example 6.
- the scattered light component of the reflected light was larger in the solar cell module of Comparative Example 7 than in the solar cell module of Comparative Example 6.
- the solar cell modules of Examples 2-1 and 2-2 show lower reflectivities than the solar cell modules of Comparative Examples 6 and 7 near a movement angle of 0 degrees (detection angle (reflection angle) of 60 degrees). It was. Further, the solar cell modules of Examples 2-1 and 2-2, unlike the solar cell modules of Comparative Examples 6 and 7, consistently had low reflectance at any angle. That is, in the solar cell modules of Examples 2-1 and 2-2, both the regular reflection component and the scattered light component of the reflected light were suppressed to be small.
- Examples 2-1 and 2-2 surrounded by a solid line in FIG. 14 with low glossiness and small maximum reflectance, and Reference Examples 1-1 and 1-2. was found to be less likely to reflect.
- Examples 2-1 and 2-2 and Reference Examples 1-1 and 1-2 surrounded by the solid line in FIG. 15 have a large peak half-width and a small maximum reflectance. It turned out that reflection was hard to occur.
- Examples 2-1 and 2-2 and Reference Examples 1-1 and 1-2 surrounded by a solid line in FIG. 16 have a low glossiness and a large peak half width. It was found that it was difficult for
- BGI Blunt Daylight Glare Index
- JIS Z 9125 the solar cell module of Example 1 that was subjected to antiglare treatment
- the solar cell module of Comparative Example 4 that was not subjected to antiglare treatment.
- solar cell modules are installed on the respective wall surfaces, and the luminance distribution and average luminance of the solar cell modules by reflection of sunlight from each direction are measured with a luminance distribution meter (Eye Systems Co., Ltd., Eye).
- FIG. 19 and 20 show the measurement results of the solar cell modules of Comparative Example 4 and Example 1 at 4 pm.
- the brightness was clearly increased due to the reflection of sunlight from the captured image of the CCD camera.
- the luminance exceeded the detection limit of the luminance distribution meter, and BGI could not be calculated.
- the solar cell module of Example 1 As shown in FIG. 20A, there was a place where the brightness was high due to the reflection of sunlight from the image captured by the CCD camera, the range was small, and the brightness The shade was also small. 19 (b), 19 (c) representing the luminance of the white line portion in FIG. 19 (a), and FIGS. 20 (b) and 20 (c) representing the luminance of the white line portion in FIG. 20 (a). As can be seen from the graph, the solar cell module of Example 1 was found to have lower brightness than the solar cell module of Comparative Example 4.
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Abstract
Description
この太陽電池モジュールは、光エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換可能な光電変換装置である。
太陽電池モジュールは、透明電極層と、裏面電極層と、当該2つの電極層に挟まれた半導体接合等からなる光電変換層を有した光電変換素子を備えている。そして、この太陽電池モジュールは、光電変換層に光を照射することにより発生するキャリア(電子及び正孔)を電極層により収集して外部回路に取り出すことが可能となっている。
この結晶太陽電池モジュールは、上記した複数の光電変換素子が配線で接続され、これをガラス板(いわゆるカバーガラス)、充填剤、及びフィルムやガラス板等の裏面保護部材を用いて、封止されている。そして、この結晶太陽電池モジュールは、ガラス板側から太陽光を入射し、各光電変換素子で発電を行うことができる。
上記したいずれの太陽電池モジュールでも、太陽光がガラス板側から入射する構造を取る。そのため、太陽電池モジュールの最表面を構成するガラス板が鏡面である場合、当該ガラス板が鏡の役割を果たして太陽光を反射することがある。そのため、従来の太陽電池モジュールでは、この反射による「眩しさ」や「ぎらつき」などが近隣の住民や通行人から指摘されるという課題があった。
例えば、特許文献1では、カバーガラスの光沢度を5以上40以下としている。しかしながら、光沢度は主に直接反射による光沢を表しているので、光沢度がたとえこのような範囲を取ったとしても、散乱光等による「眩しさ」を制御できるとは限らない。
また、光沢度がこの範囲であっても、光の照射部位の起伏によって、光の照射部位での反射の仕方が異なる。すなわち、光の照射部位の表面凹凸によって光が散乱するので、正反射光の反射率が必ずしも最大値を取るとは限らず、その周囲の散乱光の反射率が最大値を取ることもある。そのため、単に正反射光の光量を抑えても、散乱光によってガラス板の表面に太陽光が残像として映り込んでしまい、防眩機能を得られない場合がある。
しかしながら、その一方で、特許文献1のようにガラス板の表面粗さが大きい範囲では、ある程度以下の光沢度にできないことがわかった。ガラス板の表面粗さを大きくすると、光の反射光における散乱光成分が大きくなるので、光の映りこみによる眩しさを抑えることができなかった。
このように、特許文献1の太陽電池と同様の表面粗さでは、従来の太陽電池に比べて直接反射による「眩しさ」を抑えられるものの、散乱光により、ガラスの表面に光が残像として映り込むことがあった。この光の映り込みが発生すると、「眩しさ」や「ぎらつき」が完全に解消されず、通行人等に不快感を与えるおそれが未だ残っていることがわかった。
これらの構成を同時に充足することによって、ガラス板の表面での光(太陽光)の反射を抑えつつ、映り込みも抑えることができ、従来の太陽電池モジュールに比べて、より高い防眩機能を備えることができる。
仮に、ガラス板の入射側の主面のJIS Z 8741に準ずる60度鏡面光沢度が6.5パーセント超過である場合や、ガラス板の入射側の主面の法線に対して60度の角度で光を入射したときの最大反射率が0.8パーセント超過である場合には、直接反射を抑えることが可能だとしても、正反射光や散乱光による映り込みにより「眩しさ」が生じてしまったり、正反射光や散乱光による映り込みを防止できても、直接反射による「眩しさ」が生じてしまったりしてしまう。そのため、このような場合、十分な防眩機能を確保できないおそれがある。
ガラス板の算術平均粗さが0.25μm未満の場合、凹凸の高低差が小さすぎて、反射を抑制できない場合がある。すなわち、光の分散効果が十分に発揮せず、正反射光の成分が大きくなりすぎてしまう場合がある。
また、ガラス板の算術平均粗さが1.25μm超過の場合、凹凸の高低差が大きすぎて、凹凸の凸部や凹部の側面で光が乱反射してしまい、散乱光成分が大きくなりすぎてしまう。そのため、光の映りこみが生じ、「眩しさ」や「ぎらつき」などが生じるおそれがある。
この範囲であれば、どの角度から太陽電池モジュールの入射面であるガラス板を見ても、太陽光の反射及び映り込みを抑制することができ、高い防眩効果を発揮することができる。
最大ピークの半値幅が22度未満である場合、シャープなピークをとるので、入射面を見る角度によって、「眩しさ」や「ぎらつき」などが生じたりするおそれがある。
なお、以下の説明において、特に断りがない限り、太陽電池モジュール1の上下の位置関係は、図1の姿勢を基準に説明する。
太陽電池モジュール1は、図2に示されるように、光入射側から、ガラス基板2、光電変換素子3、封止部材5の順に積層されている。
ガラス基板2は、透光性を有するガラス板であれば特に限定されないが、太陽電池モジュールの吸収波長の範囲において、透過率が高くかつ安価である観点から、白板ガラスが好ましい。
本実施形態のガラス基板2は、白板ガラスを採用している。
ガラス基板2の凹凸面7の算術平均粗さは、光を分散させて散乱光の光量を抑制する観点から1.25μm以下であることが好ましく、0.9μm以下であることがより好ましい。
本実施形態のガラス基板2の凹凸面7の算術平均粗さは、0.4μm以上0.9μm以下となっており、光をより散乱させることができ、正反射光、散乱光の双方の光量を低減することができる。そのため、太陽光が正反射することによる眩しさや太陽が映り込むことによる眩しさを抑制することができる。
また、ガラス基板2の凹凸面7の表面凹凸6の粗さの標準偏差は、0.015~0.02であることが好ましい。本実施形態のガラス基板2の凹凸面7の表面凹凸6の粗さの標準偏差は、0.017である。すなわち、凹凸面7の表面凹凸6は、概ね一様に分布している。
反射防止膜17は、光の反射を抑制する膜であり、具体的には、屈折率が、空気の屈折率(約1)とガラス基板2の屈折率の間の値を持つ膜である。すなわち、反射防止膜17は、波長600nmの光に対する屈折率が1より大きくガラス基板2の屈折率以下である。反射防止膜17は、波長600nmの光に対する屈折率が1.35~1.60であることが好ましい。
透明電極層20の構成材料としては、透光性と導電性を有していれば、特に限定されるものではなく、例えば、インジウム錫酸化物(ITO)、インジウム亜鉛酸化物(IZO)、酸化錫(SnO2)、酸化亜鉛(ZnO)等の透明導電性酸化物で形成されている。
なお、透明電極層20は、上記した透明導電性酸化物にドーピング剤を添加したものであってもよい。
光電変換層21は、一又は複数の光電変換ユニットから形成されている。
そして、光電変換層21は、いずれの光電変換ユニット25,26もPIN接合を備えている。
ここでいう「結晶」とは、非晶質以外のものを表す。すなわち、微結晶や多結晶等を含む概念である。
封止シート13としては、例えば、EVA(エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体)、PVB、エチレン・不飽和カルボン酸共重合体のアイオノマー、熱可塑性エラストマー等のいずれか、又はそれらの混合物などが採用できる。
保護シート11としては、例えば、PET/アルミニウム/PVF、PET/アルミニウム/PET等の積層フィルムやガラス板等が採用できる。
すなわち、太陽電池モジュール1は、光電変換素子形成工程と、表面処理工程を実施して製造される。
光電変換素子形成工程では、概ね公知の太陽電池モジュールの製造工程と同一であるので、簡単に説明する。
その後、引き続きプラズマCVD装置を用いて、非晶質系光電変換ユニット26上にp型結晶シリコン系半導体層30、i型結晶シリコン系半導体層31、n型結晶シリコン系半導体層32等を順次積層して結晶系光電変換ユニット25を形成し、光電変換層21を形成する。そして、このようにして形成された光電変換層21に対して、図3(b)に示されるように、必要に応じてレーザースクライブ装置によって、光電変換層21を複数の小片に分割する電極接続溝41を形成する(光電変換層形成工程)。
このとき、上記した工程により形成された光電変換素子3は、透明電極分離溝40及び裏面電極分離溝42によって複数の光電変換セル43に分割されており、隣接する光電変換セル43,43は、一方の光電変換セル43の裏面電極層22が電極接続溝41内に進入して他方の光電変換セル43の透明電極層20と接することによって電気的に接続される。
本実施形態の凹凸化工程では、第1凹凸加工工程と第2凹凸加工工程によってガラス基板2の入光面に表面凹凸6を形成する。
そして、図4(b),図4(c)から読み取れるように、粗めの表面凹凸が形成されたガラス基板2に対して、第2凹凸加工工程にて第1凹凸加工工程で用いる研磨材よりも粒径の小さな砥粒の研磨材でブラスト加工を施して研磨し、表面凹凸55を細かい表面凹凸56にする。
第1凹凸加工工程で用いる研磨材としては、ホワイトアルミナが好適に使用可能である。第1凹凸加工工程で用いる研磨材としては、表示番手で#40から#600の範囲内であることが好ましい。
また第2凹凸加工工程で用いる研磨材としては、ホワイトアルミナが好適に使用可能である。第2凹凸加工工程で用いる研磨材としては、第1凹凸加工工程で用いる研磨材よりも大きな表示番手であって、かつ、表示番手で#400から#3000の範囲内であることが好ましい。
以上が凹凸化工程である。
本実施形態では、凹凸面にチタン酸化物及びシリコン酸化物からなる微粒子を含む水溶性チタンシリコンコーティング剤をスプレーで塗布し、風乾することで反射防止膜17を形成する。
まず、図5の測定方法について説明すると、光源70を測定対象となるガラス基板2の凹凸面7に入射角度60度で光が入射するように設置する。一方、光の反射側に受光素子を有する検出器71を設置する。
そして、光源70から550nmの波長の光を凹凸面7の法線Lに対して入射角度60度で照射し、その状態で、検出器71の受光素子の前記法線Lに対する検出角度(反射角度)を連続的に変化させて、各検出角度(各反射角度)での反射率を連続的に測定する。
ここで、入射角度60度に対する正反射角度60度の位置を基準(0度)とし、この位置からの移動角度をθ1と表す。移動角度は、検出角度(反射角度)が60度より小さくなる場合をマイナス(-θ1)、検出角度(反射角度)が60度より大きくなる場合をプラス(+θ1)とする。すなわち、移動角度θ1は、検出角度(反射角度)から60度を引いた値となる。
太陽電池モジュール1のガラス基板2側の主面は、図6に示される凹凸面7の法線Lに対して60度の角度で光を入射したときの最大反射率Rmaxが0.8パーセント以下である。この最大反射率Rmaxは、より良好な防眩効果をもたらす観点から、0.65パーセント以下であることが好ましく、0.45パーセント以下であることがより好ましい。
さらに、太陽電池モジュール1のガラス基板2側の主面は、正反射光及び散乱光の光量を抑制する観点から、最大反射率Rmaxが0.40パーセント以下であることがさらに好ましく、0.38パーセント以下であることが特に好ましい。
太陽電池モジュール1のガラス基板2側の主面での最大ピークの半値幅Hは、ガラス基板2を見たときに一様に反射を抑える観点から30度以上であることがさらに好ましい。
また、R60/R45が1以上であることが好ましく、R60/R45が1.2以上であることがより好ましい。
従来の太陽電池モジュールをビル等の建物の下部壁面に設けた場合、ガラス基板が鏡面となっているため、通行人が太陽電池モジュールのガラス基板に映り込み、通行人に不快感を与えるおそれがある。
一方、本実施形態の太陽電池モジュール1であれば、ガラス基板2に防眩処理が施されているため、光の直接反射によって、通行人が映り込んで不快感を与えることを防止できる。
実施例1の太陽電池モジュール1は、次の光電変換素子形成工程と、表面処理工程によって形成した。
その後、非晶質系光電変換ユニット26上にp型薄膜結晶質シリコン層、i型結晶質シリコン変換層、n型シリコンオキサイド層、n型薄膜結晶質シリコン層を順次積層して結晶系光電変換ユニット25を形成し、光電変換層21を形成した。
このとき、封止シートとして、樹脂シートであるEVAシートを使用し、保護シートとしてPET/アルミニウム/PVFを用いた。
比較例1として、陶器瓦を用いた。
比較例2として、化粧スレート瓦を用いた。
比較例3として、金属瓦を用いた。
そして、光源70から550nmの波長の光を凹凸面7に照射し、光源70の光軸X1の角度θ2と検出器91の光軸X2の角度θ3が常に同一となるように光源70及び検出器91の位置を連続的に変化させて、各法線に対する各入射角度での正反射率を連続的に測定する。以上の測定の結果を図8に示す。
比較例1の陶器瓦における入射角度θ2が60度のときの正反射率は、0.8%程度であった。比較例2の化粧スレート瓦における入射角度θ2が60度のときの正反射率は、0.6%程度であった。比較例3の金属瓦における入射角度θ2が60度のときの正反射率は、0.28%程度であった。一方、実施例1の太陽電池モジュールにおける入射角度θ2が60度のときの正反射率は、0.21%程度であった。
残像と光学評価を行うために実施例1の太陽電池モジュールと以下の比較例4,5の太陽電池モジュールを作製し、評価を行った。
比較例4の太陽電池モジュールでは、実施例1において、防眩処理を行わない点以外は同様とした。すなわち、比較例4の太陽電池モジュールでは、表面処理工程を行わなかった。
比較例5の太陽電池モジュールでは、砥粒が実施例1よりも大きなホワイトアルミナを用いて表面凹凸6を形成した。それ以外は、実施例1と同様とした。
また、実施例1の太陽電池モジュール、比較例4の太陽電池モジュール、比較例5の太陽電池モジュールのそれぞれに法線方向から光を照射し、その表面をカメラで撮影した。
測定結果を図9,図10に示す。
また、表面凹凸の粗い比較例5の太陽電池モジュールは、光が分散されて移動角度0度(検出角度(反射角度)60度)近傍において、比較例4に比べて低い反射率を示したものの、未だに1.5パーセント程度の反射率を示した。比較例5では、照射した光の反射光は、正反射光成分が支配的であるが、散乱光成分も大きいことがわかった。
おそらく、実施例1では、照射した光の反射光は、正反射光成分と散乱光成分に適度に分散されると考えられ、どの検出角度(反射角度)でも反射率が低いという結果になったと考えられる。
また、比較例5の太陽電池モジュールは、図10(b)に示されるように、光の残像が残り、光の映り込みが生じた。すなわち、光入射面(ガラス板の凹凸面)を直視すると、正反射光の反射が比較例4に比べて抑えられているものの部分的に眩しく光っていた。
表面凹凸と反射率との相関関係を導くために、実施例1の太陽電池モジュールの作製手順に従って、表面粗さが散らばるように、凹凸化工程で使用するホワイトアルミナの番手を変更していき、複数のサンプルを作製した。
作製したサンプルの内、ガラス板の表面凹凸の粗さが0.25μm以上1.25μm以下の範囲にあるサンプルを実施例2とした。
作製したサンプルの内、ガラス板の表面凹凸の粗さが0.25μm未満の範囲にあるサンプルを比較例6とした。
作製したサンプルの内、ガラス板の表面凹凸の粗さが1.25μm超過の範囲にあるサンプルを比較例7とした。
また、これらのガラス板に対して、JIS Z 8741に準ずる60度鏡面光沢度を測定し、これを直接反射の基準値とした。このとき、使用した機器は、光沢計(日本電色工業株式会社製 型式PG-II)を使用した。
さらに実施例2の太陽電池モジュール、比較例6の太陽電池モジュール、比較例7の太陽電池モジュールのそれぞれにガラス板の凹凸面7に対して法線方向から光を照射し、その表面をカメラで撮影した。
また、表面粗さが0.25μm未満である比較例6の太陽電池モジュールでは、図12(a)のように照射した光が反射し、ガラス板上に明確に光が映り込んでいた。そのため、凹凸面が眩しく光っていた。
表面粗さが0.25μm以上1.25μm以下である実施例2の太陽電池モジュールでは、図12(b)のように照射した光がほとんど反射せず、ガラス板上に光が映り込まなかった。そのため、眩しさが生じなかった。
表面粗さが1.25μm超過である比較例7の太陽電池モジュールでは、実施例2の太陽電池モジュールよりも表面粗さが粗いにもかかわらず、図12(c)に示されるように、照射した光が若干反射し、ガラス板上にかすかに光が映り込んでいた。そのため、若干の眩しさが感じられた。
すなわち、実施例2から2サンプル(実施例2-1,実施例2-2)、比較例6から1サンプル、比較例7から1サンプルずつ抽出し、各測定を行った。また、参考例として60度鏡面光沢度が異なる2つの陶器瓦(参考例1-1,参考例1-2)についても各測定を行った。
最大反射率Rmax、ピーク半値幅H、反射率R60(入射角度60度/検出角度(反射角度)60度)、及び反射率R45(入射角度60度/検出角度(反射角度)45度)の測定は、日本分光株式会社製の変角光度計(紫外可視近赤外分光光度計V-670及び自動絶対反射率測定ユニットARMN-735から構成)を使用した。また、測定条件は、入射光波長を550nmとし、入射角度を60度で固定し、移動角度を-40度~10度(検出角度(反射角度)20度~70度)の範囲とした。
以上の測定結果を表1及び図13,図14,図15,図16にそれぞれ示す。
表面粗さが1.25μm超過の比較例7の太陽電池モジュールは、移動角度0度(検出角度(反射角度)60度)近傍において、比較例6の太陽電池モジュールに比べて低い反射率を示したものの、-5度~-10度の範囲では、比較例6の太陽電池モジュールに比べて高い反射率を示した。このことから、比較例6の太陽電池モジュールに比べて比較例7の太陽電池モジュールでは、反射光の散乱光成分が大きいことがわかった。
一方、実施例2-1,2-2の太陽電池モジュールは、移動角度0度(検出角度(反射角度)60度)近傍において、比較例6,7の太陽電池モジュールよりも低い反射率を示した。また、実施例2-1,2-2の太陽電池モジュールは、比較例6,7の太陽電池モジュールとは異なり、いずれの角度においても一貫して低い反射率となった。すなわち、実施例2-1,2-2の太陽電池モジュールでは、反射光の正反射成分及び散乱光成分の双方が小さく抑えられていた。
また、表1及び図14に示されるように、光沢度が小さく、最大反射率が小さい図14の実線で囲んだ実施例2-1、2-2、および参考例1-1、1-2は映り込みが生じにくいことがわかった。
表1及び図15に示されるように、ピーク半値幅が大きく、最大反射率が小さい図15の実線で囲んだ実施例2-1、2-2、および参考例1-1、1-2は映り込みが生じにくいことがわかった。
表1及び図16に示されるように、光沢度が小さく、ピーク半値幅が大きい図16の実線で囲んだ実施例2-1、2-2、および参考例1-1、1-2は映り込みが生じにくいことがわかった。
防眩処理を施した実施例1の太陽電池モジュールと、防眩処理を施していない比較例4の太陽電池モジュールを用いて、JIS Z 9125に準じて、BGI(British Daylight Glare Index)を測定した。
具体的には、株式会社カネカのソーラーエネルギー技術センター(豊岡市,北緯35.5度東経134.9度)の敷地にて、図17,図18から読み取れるように、東西の2方位に地面に対して直立した壁面を設置し、それぞれの壁面に太陽電池モジュールを設置し、各方位から太陽光の反射による太陽電池モジュールの輝度分布及び平均輝度を輝度分布計(株式会社アイシステム社製、Eye Scale One)にて測定した。
太陽電池モジュールでの太陽光の反射を理想的な面光源と仮定し、その立体角をπ〔sr〕とし、その位置指数Pを指線が光源を向いていたと仮定して1.5〔m〕とした。
また、太陽の位置を考慮して、東面側の太陽電池モジュールを午前9時及び午前10時に測定し、西面側の太陽電池もモジュールを午後2時、午後3時、及び午後4時に測定した。各時間における太陽光の太陽電池モジュールの入射面への入射角度θ及び検知角度は、午前9時が48.8度、午前10時が60.61度、午後2時が59.72度、午後3時が47.86度、午後4時が35.69度とした。
比較例4の太陽電池モジュールでは、図19(a)に示されるように、CCDカメラの撮影画像から明らかに太陽光の反射により輝度が高くなっているところがあった。
比較例4の太陽電池モジュールでは、東西の両方位において、いずれの輝度も輝度分布計の検出限界を超えており、BGIを算出できなかった。
また、図19(a)の白線部分の輝度を表す図19(b),図19(c)、及び図20(a)の白線部分の輝度を表す図20(b),図20(c)から読み取れるように、実施例1の太陽電池モジュールでは、比較例4の太陽電池モジュールに比べて輝度が小さいことがわかった。
このことから、実施例1の太陽電池モジュールでは、比較例4の太陽電池モジュールに比べて極めて防眩機能が付加されており、太陽光が反射しても、その反射光が気になり始める程度で不快と感じない程度であることがわかった。
2 ガラス基板(ガラス板)
3 光電変換素子
17 反射防止膜
20 透明電極層(電極層)
22 裏面電極層(電極層)
Claims (12)
- 表面が巨視的に平面であるガラス板と、光電変換素子を備え、光が前記ガラス板を透過して光電変換素子に入射し、前記光が前記光電変換素子で電気に変換される太陽電池モジュールにおいて、
前記ガラス板は、入射側の面に表面凹凸が形成されており、
前記太陽電池モジュールの入射側の主面のJIS Z 8741に準ずる60度鏡面光沢度が6.5パーセント以下であって、かつ、入射側の主面の法線に対して60度の角度で光を入射したときの最大反射率が0.8パーセント以下であることを特徴とする太陽電池モジュール。 - 前記入射側の主面のJIS Z 8741に準ずる60度鏡面光沢度が4.1パーセント以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の太陽電池モジュール。
- 前記入射側の主面の法線に対して60度の角度で光を入射したときの最大反射率が0.45パーセント以下であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の太陽電池モジュール。
- 前記入射側の主面の法線に対して60度の角度で光を入射したときの前記法線に対して反射角度60度の反射率をR60とし、前記入射側の主面の法線に対して60度の角度で光を入射したときの前記法線に対して反射角度45度の反射率をR45としたときに、R60/R45が2.7以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の太陽電池モジュール。
- 前記R60/R45が2.0以下であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の太陽電池モジュール。
- 前記ガラス板の入射側の面の算術平均粗さは、0.25μm以上1.25μm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の太陽電池モジュール。
- 前記ガラス板の入射側の面の算術平均粗さは、0.4μm以上0.9μm以下であって、かつ、その標準偏差が0.015~0.02であることであることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の太陽電池モジュール。
- 前記入射側の主面の法線に対して60度の角度で光を入射したときの各反射角度に対する反射率をグラフ化したときに、その最大ピークの半値幅が22度以上であることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の太陽電池モジュール。
- 前記最大ピークの半値幅が29度以上であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の太陽電池モジュール。
- 前記ガラス板は、光電変換素子を支持するものであり、
前記光電変換素子は、2つの電極層と、当該2つの電極層の間に光電変換層が挟まれており、
前記2つの電極層のうち、前記ガラス板側の電極層が透明導電膜であることを特徴とする請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の太陽電池モジュール。 - 前記ガラス板の入射側の面の表面に反射防止膜が設けられており、
前記反射防止膜の波長600nmの光に対する屈折率は、1より大きく前記ガラス板の屈折率以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~10のいずれかに記載の太陽電池モジュール。 - 表面が巨視的に平面であるガラス板と、光電変換素子を備え、光が前記ガラス板を透過して光電変換素子に入射し、前記光が前記光電変換素子で電気に変換される太陽電池モジュールにおいて、
前記ガラス板は、入射側の面に表面凹凸が形成されており、
前記ガラス板の算術平均粗さは、0.25μm以上1.25μm以下であり、
前記太陽電池モジュールの入射側の主面のJIS Z 8741に準ずる60度鏡面光沢度が4.1パーセント以下であって、かつ、入射側の主面の法線に対して60度の角度で光を入射したときの最大反射率が0.45パーセント以下であり、
さらに前記入射側の主面の法線に対して60度の角度で光を入射したときの前記法線に対して反射角度60度の反射率をR60とし、入射側の主面の法線に対して60度の角度で光を入射したときの前記法線に対して反射角度45度の反射率をR45としたときに、R60/R45が2.0以下であることを特徴とする太陽電池モジュール。
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