WO2016026960A1 - Zeolithische materialien mit ausgeprägter makroporosität im einzelkristall und verfahren zu deren herstellung - Google Patents
Zeolithische materialien mit ausgeprägter makroporosität im einzelkristall und verfahren zu deren herstellung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016026960A1 WO2016026960A1 PCT/EP2015/069254 EP2015069254W WO2016026960A1 WO 2016026960 A1 WO2016026960 A1 WO 2016026960A1 EP 2015069254 W EP2015069254 W EP 2015069254W WO 2016026960 A1 WO2016026960 A1 WO 2016026960A1
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- Prior art keywords
- particles
- macropores
- zeolitic
- zeolitic material
- mixture
- Prior art date
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 97
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 89
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 67
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001392 phosphorus oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus hexaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)OP3OP1OP2O3 VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 22
- -1 ammonium cations Chemical class 0.000 description 20
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- LPSKDVINWQNWFE-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapropylazanium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC LPSKDVINWQNWFE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 9
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011363 dried mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical compound C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000005840 aryl radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001639 boron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000003850 cellular structure Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002149 hierarchical pore Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007040 multi-step synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004375 physisorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008707 rearrangement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 2
- WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000003609 titanium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(IV) isopropoxide Chemical compound CC(C)O[Ti](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SLRMQYXOBQWXCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2154-56-5 Chemical compound [CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 SLRMQYXOBQWXCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIPNSKYNPDTRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[2-oxo-2-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 NIPNSKYNPDTRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIUQDSCDWFSTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C]1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound [C]1=CC=CC=C1 CIUQDSCDWFSTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XFBXDGLHUSUNMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;hydrate Chemical class O.[AlH3] XFBXDGLHUSUNMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RREGISFBPQOLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[AlH3] RREGISFBPQOLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium isopropoxide Chemical compound [Al+3].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-] SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZSIQJIWKELUFRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azepane Chemical compound C1CCCNCC1 ZSIQJIWKELUFRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003889 chemical engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007324 demetalation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010218 electron microscopic analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002356 laser light scattering Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002159 nanocrystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002429 nitrogen sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012987 post-synthetic modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011369 resultant mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010414 supernatant solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005207 tetraalkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylammonium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylammonium Chemical compound CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940073455 tetraethylammonium hydroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LRGJRHZIDJQFCL-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylazanium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC LRGJRHZIDJQFCL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylammonium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003608 titanium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JMXKSZRRTHPKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium ethoxide Chemical compound [Ti+4].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-] JMXKSZRRTHPKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003325 tomography Methods 0.000 description 1
- AJSTXXYNEIHPMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl borate Chemical compound CCOB(OCC)OCC AJSTXXYNEIHPMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl borate Chemical compound COB(OC)OC WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/46—Other types characterised by their X-ray diffraction pattern and their defined composition
- C01B39/48—Other types characterised by their X-ray diffraction pattern and their defined composition using at least one organic template directing agent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/16—Alumino-silicates
- B01J20/18—Synthetic zeolitic molecular sieves
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B37/00—Compounds having molecular sieve properties but not having base-exchange properties
- C01B37/02—Crystalline silica-polymorphs, e.g. silicalites dealuminated aluminosilicate zeolites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/04—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof using at least one organic template directing agent, e.g. an ionic quaternary ammonium compound or an aminated compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/06—Preparation of isomorphous zeolites characterised by measures to replace the aluminium or silicon atoms in the lattice framework by atoms of other elements, i.e. by direct or secondary synthesis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/06—Preparation of isomorphous zeolites characterised by measures to replace the aluminium or silicon atoms in the lattice framework by atoms of other elements, i.e. by direct or secondary synthesis
- C01B39/08—Preparation of isomorphous zeolites characterised by measures to replace the aluminium or silicon atoms in the lattice framework by atoms of other elements, i.e. by direct or secondary synthesis the aluminium atoms being wholly replaced
- C01B39/085—Group IVB- metallosilicates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/06—Preparation of isomorphous zeolites characterised by measures to replace the aluminium or silicon atoms in the lattice framework by atoms of other elements, i.e. by direct or secondary synthesis
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Definitions
- the invention relates to hierarchical zeolitic materials with intracrystalline macropores and micropores, and to methods for their preparation.
- Zeolites or zeolite-like materials are among the most important catalytic materials in the petroleum and petrochemical industry [Marcilly et al. Oil & Gas Science and Technology, 56 (2001) 499; Primo et al., Chem. Soc. Rev. (2014) DOI: 10.1039 / C3CS60394F].
- the widespread use of zeolites as catalysts in the production of various products is largely due to their adjustable acidity and perfectly structured micropores [Martinez et al. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 255 (2011) 1580].
- the presence of micropores of diameters of the order of molecules leads to excellent shape selectivity in various zeolite catalyzed processes [Martinez et al. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 255 (2011) 1580].
- Hierarchical zeolites are distinguished from conventional (purely microporous) zeolites by a more efficient mass transfer and resulting longer catalyst lifetimes in numerous reactions [Li et al. ChemCatChem, 6 (2014) 46]. Zeolites with hierarchical pore structure have more than one level of porosity.
- Hierarchical zeolites may have either micro- and meso- or micro- and macropores or all three porosity levels [Chen et al. J. Mater. Chem., 22 (2012) 17381], where the decisive criterion for hierarchy is the cross-linking between the existing porosity levels.
- macroporous zeolites have better diffusion and mass transfer properties, which is very important for a number of applications such as catalysis, adsorption, separation and purification processes.
- the macropores can reduce coke deposition and thus increase catalyst life [Chen et al., J. Mater. Chem., 22 (2012) 17381].
- the methods based on the use of "hard templates" are widely used for the preparation of macroporous zeolites.
- carbon, polymers, colloidal particles, monoliths or metallic compounds such as CaC0 3 are used as a solid template for the formation of macropores [Dong et al., Adv. Mater.
- nanoparticles of CaC0 3 were used as a template for the formation of a silicalite-1 material [Zhu et al., Chem. Mater., 20 (2008) 1134] which contains pores with a very broad distribution of about 10 to 100 nm.
- the particles of the material obtained have no clear crystal boundaries, but an aggregation structure of many single crystals.
- This method also has the disadvantage that the nanoparticles of CaC0 3 had to be first dispersed before it could be used for the hydrothermal zeolite synthesis.
- the silicalite-1 material had to be treated with acids after hydrothermal synthesis to remove the template.
- the composition of these materials is limited to silicate.
- Another approach for the preparation of macroporous zeolites is the use of mesoporous silica particles pretreated with zeolite nuclei. These pretreated silica particles simultaneously serve as a template for the formation of hollow zeolite particles in the subsequent vapor-phase transformation [Dong et al., Chem. Mater., 14 (2002) 3217].
- the biggest advantage of this method is that no harsh post-treatment steps are necessary to remove the macroporous template from the synthesis product.
- this method also requires a multistep synthesis procedure.
- hollow zeolite particles are obtained which consist of individual spherical particles. These particles consist of a single macroporous cavity surrounded by a thin polycrystalline zeolite layer.
- Another object of the invention was to provide a simplified process leading to such zeolitic materials with pronounced macroporosity in the single crystals.
- the present invention provides a zeolitic material having pronounced macroporosity in the single crystals and microporous walls of highly crystalline zeolite surrounding the macropores.
- the hierarchical pore system in the material of the present invention can provide excellent diffusion properties and strong resistance to the formation of coke in various catalytic reactions. Therefore, the macroporous zeolites of the invention are useful e.g. as catalysts in petroleum processing, for the transformation of hydrocarbons, for example in redox reactions, rearrangements and condensation reactions.
- the materials of the present invention may find use in separation technique, in the manufacture of membranes and composite materials, as well as carriers for the immobilization of various macromolecules (e.g., enzymes, dyes).
- a method for producing such zeolitic materials having pronounced macroporosity in the single crystals is provided.
- the inventive method is simple and fast to carry out, so that directly - that is without upstream or downstream Keuponiaparations intimid, charge reversal of the oxide particles used as starting material, coating the oxide particles used as starting material with germs, preparation of the macroporous template, dispersing template for the formation of macropores, template-seed coating, 3D assembly formation, and template removal to expose macropores - single crystal zeolitic crystals with intracrystalline macropores can be obtained.
- the zeolitic material according to the invention comprises zeolitic single crystals each having an intracrystalline pore system comprising at least one micropore system and at least one macroporous system, wherein within each of the single crystals a plurality of macropores are formed within a microporous zeolitic framework structure and at least one system of interconnected macropores is present, which has one or more openings to the crystal surface.
- the framework structure of zeolites or zeolitic materials is formed by tetrahedral units linked by their vertices.
- an atom T is surrounded by four oxygen atoms, so that the basic units are also described by the formula T0 2 , or T0 4/2 .
- T denotes an element capable of forming an oxide network and being in tetrahedral coordination (also referred to herein as a "network-forming element").
- Typical network-forming elements whose oxides are suitable for providing zeolite structures are elements of the 3, 4 and 5 main group of the periodic table (Groups 13, 14 and 15 according to current IUPAC classification).
- Examples are one or more elements selected from Si, Al, P, B, Ti, or Ga.
- trivalent atoms T in the skeleton structure occur in the form of linked tetrahedra T0 2 , such as Al, B, or Ti, they carry one negative formal charge. This charge is usually balanced by the presence of cations, whereby cations of one type or cations of different types can be used.
- the microporous zeolitic framework structure is built up from tetrahedral Si0 2 units, wherein silicon atoms in the framework structure may be replaced by one or more other network-forming elements selected from elements of main groups 3, 4 and 5 of the periodic table.
- the other network-forming elements are one or more elements selected from boron, aluminum, phosphorus and titanium.
- the zeolitic skeleton structure is composed of tetrahedral Si0 2 units, wherein silicon atoms in the skeleton structure may be replaced by aluminum, or it is composed exclusively of Si0 2 units.
- not more than 30%, preferably not more than 20%, and more preferably not more than 10% of all silicon atoms in the zeolitic framework are replaced by other elements.
- the percentage refers to the number of all network-forming atoms, and thus all tetrahedrally coordinated positions in the zeolitic framework structure as 100%.
- the cations for charge balance possibly in the framework structure of existing formal charges are preferably selected from alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium cations.
- One A characteristic feature of zeolites or a zeolitic material is the mobility or exchangeability of the cations.
- the microporous zeolitic skeleton structure in the zeolitic material of the present invention is preferably formed by linked Si0 2 (or Si0 4/2 ) tetrahedron, or Si0 2 and A10 2 (or Si0 4/2 and A10 4/2 ) tetrahedron.
- Si0 2 and A10 2 or Si0 4/2 and A10 4/2 tetrahedron.
- the framework structure be the Si0 2 and A10 2 tetrahedra , or consists only of Si0 2 -Tetraedern.
- the structure of such a zeolite skeleton can be represented by the formula x / n [(A10 2 ) x (Si0 2 ) y ] or M x / n [(A10 2 ) x (Si0 2 ) y ] z H 2 0.
- M is one or more types of cations having the valency or charge n (eg, alkali and / or alkaline earth cations, such that n is typically 1 or 2, and also assumes values between 1 and 2 in the presence of alkali and alkaline earth cations can)
- z H 2 0 stands for the amount of water that can be adsorbed in the pores of the zeolite skeleton.
- the variables x and y represent the proportion of neutral Si0 2 tetrahedra, and the negatively charged A10 2 tetrahedron.
- the zeolitic material of the present invention is a high silicate zeolitic material, and x may also be zero.
- the Si / Al molar ratio (and especially the ratio y / x in the above formula) in such highly silicate material is preferably at least 3.5, more preferably at least 10, and especially at least 15.
- the preferred highly siliceous zeolitic materials are characterized in that the molar ratio of the tetrahedrally coordinated Si atoms to the sum of the other optionally present tetrahedrally coordinated network-forming atoms, such as boron, aluminum, phosphorus or titanium in the zeolitic framework preferably at least 3.5 , more preferably at least 10, and especially at least 15.
- zeolites form characteristic microporous scaffold structures for which certain type designations have been established.
- zeolite types which can form the framework structure of the zeolitic material according to the invention are, as mentioned above, in particular the so-called highly silicatic zeolites.
- Preferred zeolite types which belong to this class of zeolites and which are provided within the scope of the invention are, in particular, those of MFI, BEA, MOR, FER, MWW, MTW, DDR, CHA, AEI or MEL structure type. Particular preference is given to zeolites of the MFI and BEA type.
- the zeolitic material of the present invention comprises a microporous framework structure which corresponds to the known framework structure of the zeolites described above. Since macropores are also formed within the microporous framework structure in the material according to the invention in addition to the micropores, the term "zeolitic material" is used to clarify this difference to classical zeolite structures connected micropores.
- the zeolitic material of the present invention comprises zeolitic single crystals, which are typically well identifiable as a single, particulate entity due to their crystal geometry in the microscope (e.g., electron microscope) (see Fig. 8). It is not excluded that in addition to the single crystals and crystal types such as twin crystals or adhesions are present in which crystals combine during crystal growth. These also have the intracrystalline pore system described here with at least one microporous and macroporous system each.
- micropores or macropores are based on the IUPAC convention, pores having a pore diameter dp to ⁇ 2 nm being referred to as micropores, and mesopores being pores having a diameter d p of 2 to 50 nm and as macropores pores with a diameter of over 50 nm) [Haber et al. IUPAC, Pure and Appl. Chem., 63 (1991) 1227].
- the pore diameters can be determined, for example, for all sizes with the aid of imaging methods, for example electron micrographs or with the aid of electron beam tomography. The latter is also suitable for the determination of pore diameters in the interior of crystals ..
- sorption by means of gases especially for the diameter of micro or mesopores
- penetration methods using mercury especially for the diameter of the macropores
- the Characteristics of macropores such as pore sizes, pore diameter, diameter distribution and the arrangement of the pores for the macropores usually determined directly by imaging methods. Due to the clear boundaries of the pores in the zeolitic materials of the present invention, the pore diameters are also well defined and can be easily measured in this way. As far as pores with more irregular cross-section occur, for example, several representative cross-sectional diameter can be measured at a pore and the arithmetic mean value are formed. For the analysis of micropores a gas adsorption process was used.
- the pores which are located within the single crystals of the zeolitic material, form according to the invention a pore system which comprises at least one micropore system and at least one macroporous system.
- the pore structure and pore size of the micropores are largely dictated by the zeolite type or composition of the zeolitic material that forms the zeolitic framework structure. As is known to those skilled in the art, these in turn are influenced by the chemical composition of the oxides used in the preparation, the preparation conditions and, if appropriate, the use of an organic template.
- the pore structure and the pore size of the macropores can be obtained according to the invention by the preparation process described in detail below, and e.g. be adjusted by the geometry and in particular the size of the oxide particles used therein.
- the individual crystals of the zeolitic material each have a plurality of macropores which are formed within a microporous zeolitic framework structure.
- the zeolitic framework thus simultaneously forms a wall structure for the macropores.
- the macropores in the zeolitic material of the present invention are not necessarily completely of a microporous zeolitic one Framework structure enclosed. Rather, at least a portion of the macropores formed within the microporous zeolitic framework structure form at least one system of interconnected macropores. As a rule, the majority, or even all, of the macropores are part of a system of interconnected macropores. There may also be two or more such systems side by side in a single crystal. If two or more systems of interconnected macropores exist in single crystal, then at least one of the systems has one or more openings to the crystal surface, preferably all present systems have one or more openings to the crystal surface.
- interconnected macropores there is typically a passage having a cross-sectional diameter that is slightly smaller than the diameter of the connected pores so as to give a 'constricted', restricted passage.
- the diameter of the passage between two interconnected macropores is also still in the macroscale range of more than 50 nm. At least, however, it is in accordance with the invention associated macropores in the range of 2 nm or more, preferably 10 nm or more.
- one or more systems of macropores are formed in the form of linear or branched channel systems within the single crystal, which have a cross-sectional diameter of 10 nm or more throughout.
- the network has one or more openings to the crystal surface, wherein the diameter of the openings is also preferably more than 50 nm. Like the pore diameter, the diameter of the openings can also be determined, for example, by means of imaging methods, such as electron micrographs.
- the diameter of the macropores is at least 50 nm.
- the intracrystalline pore system preferably has several macropores with a pore diameter of at least 100 nm, more preferably of at least 150 nm. Typically, the pore diameter of the macropores is less than 500 nm.
- the intra-crystalline pore system has a plurality of macropores having an opening to the crystal surface.
- the diameter of the openings is preferably at least 50 nm, more preferably at least 100 nm, and most preferably at least 150 nm.
- the diameter of the openings of the macropores is less than 500 nm.
- the diameter of the openings may be For example, by means of imaging methods, such as electron microscopic analyzes are determined.
- At least one system of macropores in the form of a linear or branched channel system is present, which has a cross-sectional diameter of at least 10 nm, more preferably at least 50 nm, in particular at least 100 nm and having one or more openings to the crystal surface having a diameter of at least 50 nm, more preferably at least 100 nm, and especially at least 150 nm.
- a system of interconnected macropores extends from at least one first crystal surface to at least one second crystal surface and has at least one opening to both the first and second crystal surfaces, and more particularly that the system has openings to each side of the crystal ,
- the macropores are interconnected so that the resulting system of macropores on each side of the crystal has a plurality of openings.
- the macropores may also be arranged within the single crystals in a cellular structure that occurs when the diameters of the passages of interconnected pores are significantly smaller than the diameters of the connected pores (which then form a cell).
- the macropores in the zeolitic material according to the invention are formed within a zeolitic framework structure, the macropores are also associated with the network of micropores contained in such a framework structure.
- the individual crystals of the zeolitic material according to the invention there is a system of macropores which is associated with a system of micropores typical of zeolites, which offers considerable advantages for the mass transfer and for possible reactions in the zeolitic material.
- the single crystals in the zeolitic material according to the invention may have different shapes and sizes, depending on the zeolite type of the zeolitic framework structure.
- zeolitic materials having a framework structure of the MFI type are generally present (synthesis with TPA cations) as crystals having a cofin-like morphology and an edge length on the longitudinal side of a few ⁇ m, for example 1-3 ⁇ m.
- the zeolitic material according to the invention can be used in various forms. It may, for example, be present in the form of a disordered, typically loose powder of single crystals or of secondary particles formed therefrom and also be used.
- the single crystals may also be in the form of shaped bodies, e.g. as extruded, pelleted or tabletted shaped body.
- suitable binders may be used to ensure dimensional stability.
- Another possibility is to apply the individual crystals in the form of a layer, typically a thin layer, with a layer thickness of at least 0.1 ⁇ on a suitable support, or they are e.g. with the help of a binder to form a self-supporting membrane.
- the zeolitic material of the invention is suitable for a variety of applications, such as those described in the introduction for hierarchical zeolites. Typical applications are the use as a catalyst in heterogeneously catalyzed processes, in particular when refining petroleum or petroleum components. By way of example, cracking, hydrocracking or reforming may be mentioned here.
- the zeolitic material can also generally be used for the transformation of hydrocarbons, for example in redox reactions, rearrangements or condensation reactions.
- the materials according to the invention can also be used as catalysts in the chemical conversion and use of biomass or in the targeted degradation of macromolecular, carbon-based materials. Further uses exist for example in sorption, which can be carried out for example in the context of cleaning or separation processes.
- the materials according to the invention are suitable for the production of membranes or composite materials, or as carriers for the immobilization of various macromolecules, such as, for example, enzymes or dyes.
- the process according to the invention for the preparation of the zeolitic material described above comprises the following steps:
- typical network-forming elements whose oxides are suitable for providing a scaffold structure of a zeolitic material are elements of the 3, 4 and 5 main group of the periodic table (Groups 13, 14 and 15 according to current IUPAC classification). Examples are one or more elements selected from Si, Al, P, B, Ti, or Ga. Accordingly, particles which are formed from one or more oxides of the abovementioned elements are preferably used in the context of the process. Particularly preferred are Si0 2 particles.
- the oxide particles used in step a) are porous and preferably have pore diameters, e.g. determined by sorption measurements with gases, from 1 to 100 nm. Particularly preferred are mesoporous particles, e.g. with a pore diameter of 2 to 50 nm. It is further preferred that at least 80% of all pores, based on the number of pores, particularly preferably at least 90% of all pores, have diameters in these ranges.
- the particles typically have a particle size between 50 nm and 2000 nm, preferably between 100 nm and 800 nm and in particular from 200 nm to 600 nm. be determined by means of electron micrographs. It is further preferred that at least 80% of all particles, based on the number of particles, particularly preferably at least 90% of all particles, have sizes in these ranges. With regard to the particle shape, spherical particles are preferred.
- the particles for use in the method according to the invention have a particle size distribution, for example determined by laser light scattering, with a limited peak width.
- the peak of the particle size distribution preferably has a half-width which is not greater than the range, which results from the size at the maximum of the peak + 30%, more preferably + 20%.
- Preference is given to using particles which have a monomodal particle size distribution, and particularly preferably particles having a monomodal particle size distribution and also the preferred half-width of the peak, as explained above.
- Spherical, mesoporous SiO 2 particles having a particle size of 100 nm to 800 nm, in particular 200 nm to 600 nm, are therefore particularly preferred for use in the method according to the invention.
- Such particles are conveniently accessible, for example, by means of the Stöber method, in which a silicon source, typically a silicic acid ester such as tetraethyl ortho silicate (TEOS) is hydrolyzed and condensed in a mixture of water, ammonia, an alcohol such as ethanol and a surfactant.
- TEOS tetraethyl ortho silicate
- the porous oxide particles are used according to the invention as a mixture with an organic template suitable for zeolite synthesis.
- organic templates also referred to as structure-directing substances, are known to the person skilled in the art. These are usually alcohols, phosphorus compounds or amines, preferably tetraorganoammonium cations or tetraoorganophosphonium cations which are generally used in the form of their salts, such as, for example, as halides or hydroxides.
- they are tetraorganoammonium cations or tetraoorganophosphonium cations bearing four hydrocarbon radicals, especially hydrocarbon radicals independently selected from alkyl radicals, aryl radicals and alkaryl radicals.
- the alkyl radicals are preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkyl radicals.
- the aryl radical the phenyl radical is preferred, and the alkaryl radical is the benzyl radical.
- Tetraorganoammonium cations used are particularly preferably tetraalkylammonium cations, such as the tetramethylammonium cation, for example in the form of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, the tetraethylammonium cation, for example in the form of tetraethylammonium hydroxide, the tetrapropylammonium cation, for example in the form of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide, the tetrabutylammonium cation, or the triethylmethylammonium cation.
- tetraalkylammonium cations such as the tetramethylammonium cation, for example in the form of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, the tetraethylammonium cation, for example in the form of tetraethylammonium hydroxide, the tetra
- Tetrabutylphosphium cation the triphenylbenzylphosphonium cation or the trimethylbenzylammonium cation.
- primary, secondary or cyclic amines such as piperidine
- imines such as hexamethyleneimine
- alcohols can be used as an organic template.
- the organic template is preferably present on the surface and / or in the pores of the porous particles, more preferably the template is present on the surface and in the pores of the porous particles.
- both components can be mixed in various ways.
- the organic template is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, more preferably in water as a solvent, and brought in contact with the oxide particles in the form of the solution or the dispersion.
- the porous oxide particles with a solution or dispersion of the organic template.
- a solution or dispersion of the organic template can be the particles
- the particles For example, be dipped in the solution or dispersion, or the solution or dispersion is applied to the particles, for example by spraying.
- the solvent for example by evaporation, be completely or partially removed.
- the porous oxide particles can be left in an open vessel at room temperature in an aqueous solution of the organic template for some time, so that by evaporation of the water impregnated particles in sufficiently dry state result for further processing.
- Preferred proportions of template to oxide in the porous oxide particles is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 0.50, preferably 0.05 to 0.30 , more preferably from 0.08 to 0.20, and most preferably from 0.10 to 0.15.
- a preferred method of providing a zeolitic skeleton structure formed of two or more oxides employs as starting material in step a) a mixture of (i) the porous particles of an oxide capable of forming a framework structure of a zeolitic material (ii) an organic template for the synthesis of zeolite and additionally (iii) a precursor compound of one or more further oxides of network-forming elements selected from one or more elements of main groups 3, 4 and 5 of the Periodic Table.
- the precursor compound is one of ordinary skill in the art, for example salts, including a hydroxide, alkoxides or metallates, which can be converted to oxides under the influence of heat and / or moisture.
- the precursor compound is an aluminum compound, a titanium compound, a phosphorus compound or a boron compound, or a combination of two or more thereof.
- Exemplary titanium compounds are titanium salts, titanates, titanium tetraethanolate, or titanium ethoxy compounds such as titanium isopropoxide.
- Exemplary phosphorus compounds are phosphates or phosphoric acid esters.
- Exemplary boron compounds are boric acid, borates or boric acid esters such as triethyl borate or trimethyl borate.
- the precursor compound may be added to the mixture before, during or after the addition of the organic template. It is preferable to add them after the addition of the template.
- the addition of the precursor compound is typically in the form of a solution or a dispersion, preferably in water as a solvent. After addition of the solution or the dispersion, the solvent can be completely or partially removed, for example by evaporation.
- the amount ratio of the precursor compound to the oxide in the porous oxide particles expressed as the molar amount of the atoms of the element (s) selected from one or more of main group 3, 4 and 5 of the Periodic Table is the molar amount of the Atoms of the oxide element in the porous particles, typically in a range of max. 1, preferably less than 0.2 and more preferably less than 0.1.
- spherical, mesoporous Si0 2 - particles having a particle size of 100 nm to 800 nm, in particular 200 nm to 600 nm, impregnated with a tetraalkylammonium, wherein the molar ratio of the template to the molar amount of Si0 2 is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 0.50, more preferably 0.05 to 0.30, more preferably from 0.08 to 0.20 and particularly preferably from 0.10 to 0 , 15th
- an aluminum salt is added to the Si0 2 particles.
- a particulate template also referred to as a macro template
- zeolitic scaffold structure for creating macropores.
- the use of zeolite seed crystals in the mixture is not necessary.
- the mixture produced in step a) can be carried, for example, in the form of a powder, but also in the form of a shaped body, for example obtainable by tabletting or extrusion Layer or provided as a self-supporting membrane and further processed in step b).
- step b) the mixture provided in step a) is converted into the zeolitic material by heating in the presence of water vapor. It has surprisingly been found that the porous oxide particles serve both as starting material for the formation of the zeolitic skeleton structure and as a template for the formation of macropores within this structure.
- the zeolitic material according to the invention comprising zeolitic single crystals, is formed directly, characterized in that the individual crystals each have an intracrystalline pore system which comprises at least one micropore system and at least one macroporous system, wherein within the individual crystals in each case several macropores within a microporous zeolitic framework structure are formed, and in each case at least one system of interconnected macropores is present, which has one or more openings to the crystal surface.
- step b) can be carried out, for example, by introducing the mixture provided in step a) into an autoclave which contains water which, when heated, at least partly passes into the vapor phase.
- the material to be converted should not come into contact with liquid water. An additional pressurization is not necessary.
- the mixture provided in step a) in step b) may also be converted to atmospheric pressure in the presence of humid air, e.g. in a climatic cabinet or oven.
- the synthesis temperature is typically between 50 ° C and 250 ° C, but preferably between 80 ° C and 160 ° C, and more preferably between 90 ° C and 130 ° C.
- the synthesis time is generally between 12 h (hours) and 10 days, but preferably between 1 d and 5 d and more preferably between 2 d and 4 d.
- the reaction mixture is allowed to cool.
- the product may then be subjected to usual post-treatment steps, such as washing.
- usual post-treatment steps such as washing.
- one of the advantages of the process according to the invention is that the product obtained is already macroporous after the synthesis, so that the after-treatment steps customary for other methods after the synthesis are dispensed with for removal of macrotemplate.
- the properties of the material according to the invention may optionally be optimized by conventional and customary post-synthetic modifications such as demetalation, ion exchange or thermal treatment with respect to specific applications.
- Zeolitic material comprising zeolitic single crystals, characterized in that the individual crystals each have an intracrystalline pore system comprising at least one microporous system and at least one macroporous system, wherein within the single crystals each have a plurality of macropores are formed within a microporous zeolitic framework structure, and in each case at least one system of interconnected macropores having one or more openings to the crystal surface.
- Zeolitic material according to item 1 characterized in that a plurality of macropores are arranged within the single crystals in a cellular structure.
- Zeolitic material according to one of the items 1 to 4, characterized in that the intracrystalline pore system has a plurality of macro pores opened to the crystal surface whose opening diameter is at least 100 nm.
- Zeolitic material 1 according to one of the items 1 to 4, characterized in that the intracrystalline pore system has a plurality of macro pores opened to the crystal surface, whose opening diameter is at least 150 nm. 7.
- Zeolitic material according to one of the items 1 to 8, characterized in that the microporous zeolitic skeleton structure of tetrahedral Si0 2 units is constructed.
- a zeolitic material according to any one of items 1 to 14, characterized in that the material is in the form of a disordered powder, a shaped body, as a supported layer or as a self-supporting membrane.
- step a) comprises impregnating the porous particles with a solution or dispersion of the organic template, optionally followed by partial or complete removal of the solvent of the solution or dispersion.
- step a) additionally contains one or more precursor compounds of one or more oxides of network-forming elements selected from elements of the main groups 3, 4 and 5 of the Periodic Table.
- the constituents of the mixture in step a) are selected so that the framework structure of the zeolitic material produced by the method of tetrahedral Si0 2 units is constructed, with up to 30% , preferably up to 20% and more preferably up to 10% of all silicon atoms in the framework structure may be replaced by one or more other network-forming elements selected from elements of main groups 3, 4 and 5 of the periodic table.
- step a) The method according to any one of items 16 to 30, characterized in that the constituents of the mixture in step a) are selected so that the framework structure of the zeolitic material produced by the method of tetrahedral Si0 2 units is constructed, with up to 30% , Preferably up to 20% and more preferably up to 10% of all silicon atoms in the framework structure may be replaced by one or more elements selected from boron, aluminum, phosphorus and titanium.
- step a) The method according to any one of items 16 to 30, characterized in that the constituents of the mixture in step a) are selected so that the framework structure of the zeolitic material produced by the method of tetrahedral Si0 2 units is constructed, with up to 30% , Preferably up to 20% and more preferably up to 10% of all silicon atoms in the framework structure can be replaced by aluminum.
- step a a molar ratio of the organic template to the oxide of 0.01 to 0.50, preferably 0.05 to 0.30, more preferably from 0.08 to 0.20 and more preferably from 0.10 to 0.15 is set.
- step a) The method according to any one of items 16 to 37, characterized in that the mixture provided in step a) is in the form of a disordered powder, as a shaped body or as a supported layer.
- step b) The method according to any one of items 16 to 38, characterized in that the conversion in step b) is carried out in an autoclave containing water.
- step b) The method according to any one of items 16 to 38, characterized in that the conversion takes place in step b) under atmospheric conditions in contact with moist air.
- step b) by heating the mixture to a temperature of 50 to 250 ° C, preferably from 80 to 160 ° C, particularly preferably from 90 to 130 ° C. takes place.
- step b) The method according to any one of items 16 to 42, characterized in that the duration conversion in step b) is between 12 h and 10 d, preferably between 1 d and 5 d, and particularly preferably between 2 d and 4 d.
- Example 1 (comparative example): Preparation of conventional MFI crystals by a standard synthesis method
- the autoclave was cooled to room temperature with cold water, opened and the synthesis product separated by centrifugation from the supernatant solution and then washed with distilled water four times (pH 8). The drying took place at 75 ° C. overnight.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of an electron micrograph (SEM) of the obtained MFI crystals. The typical hexagonal crystal morphology can be seen.
- Example 2 (Production Example): Preparation of Porous Si0 2 Particles as Starting Materials for Zeolite Synthesis
- the resulting Si0 2 particles were separated from the synthesis mixture by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm and washed three times with distilled water. Finally, the purified Si0 2 particles were air-dried at 75 ° C overnight and then calcined at 550 ° C in an air atmosphere.
- the porosity of the thus prepared Si0 2 particles was confirmed by X-ray analysis and N 2 - physisorption, the particles have mesopores. Furthermore, these particles had particle diameters between 400 and 500 nm, as shown in the electron micrographs in Figures 3 to 5.
- TPAOH tetrapropylammonium hydroxide solution
- Si0 2 particles Example 2
- TPOOH tetrapropylammonium hydroxide solution
- the autoclave was heated for 4 days at 110 ° C. After the lapse of time, the autoclave was cooled to room temperature. The solid contained therein was collected by filtration, washed with distilled water, dried overnight at 75 ° C and then characterized. Electron micrographs showed that the solid product obtained consisted of single crystals with interconnected intracrystalline macropores, which could not be obtained by the conventional synthesis method (Example 1). X-ray diffraction indicates that the product is high crystallinity MFI type zeolite.
- Example 2 In a porcelain dish, 0.340 g of 40 wt% tetrapropylammonium hydroxide solution were mixed with 0.25 g of Si0 2 particles (Example 2) and allowed to stand at room temperature for 16 h.
- the Si0 2 particles were prepared according to Example 2, but not at room temperature but at 40 ° C. This made it possible to produce smaller Si0 2 particles with diameters between 200 and 350 nm.
- 0.1 g of 0.001% aluminum solution prepared from Al (NO 3 ) * 9H 2 O was added and allowed to stand at room temperature for 6 hours. Then, the Si0 2 particles containing TPAOH and aluminum were refined with a spatula in the porcelain dish and placed in a 50 mL Teflon tube as shown in Figure 2.
- the Teflon insert contained 24 g of water. The water did not come into contact with the TPAOH-Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 particles. Subsequently, the Teflon vessel was transferred to a stainless steel autoclave and pressure-tight. Finally, the autoclave was heated for 4 days at 110 ° C. After this time, the autoclave was cooled to room temperature, the solid recovered by filtration, washed with distilled water, dried overnight at 75 ° C and characterized.
- Example 5 (Production Example): Preparation of Porous Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 Particles as Starting Materials for Zeolite Synthesis
- Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 particles as starting materials for the preparation of aluminum-containing nanozeolites according to the invention were prepared by a modified method according to Ahmed et. al. [Ahmed et. al., Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 49 (2010) 602].
- first 4 g polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, Mw 31-50k, 98 wt% from Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in 105 g deionized water at 80 ° C in a beaker. After about 20 to 30 min.
- the PVA solution was added 0.12 g of sodium aluminate solution (53 wt Al 2 O 3 and 43 by weight Na 2 0 (Chemie Bad Köstritz GmbH) at 80 ° C with stirring.
- the resultant mixture is made up to the The solution was then cooled to room temperature and transferred to a 500 ml glass stirred reactor, and 1.61 g of CTAB and 101 g of ethanol were added to the cooled mixture with stirring and heated to 40 ° C.
- the structure and porosity of the SiO 2 particles thus prepared were examined by X-ray analysis and N 2 physisorption, and it was confirmed that the particles have mesopores. Furthermore, these particles had particle diameters between 550 and 700 nm, as shown in the electron micrograph in Figure 12.
- Example 6 Preparation of macroporous aluminum-containing zeolite single crystals by the crystallization of aluminum-containing mesoporous silica particles.
- a porcelain dish 0.25 g of the aluminum-containing, mesoporous, spherical silica particles prepared in Example 5 and 0.347 g of aqueous 40% by weight tetrapropylammonium hydroxide solution were weighed out and mixed. The mixture was dried at 40 ° C in a convection oven for 1.5 hours and mixed several times and crushed. The dried mixture was allowed to stand for 16 h at room temperature (RT). Thereafter, the porcelain dish containing the dried mixture was transferred to a 50 ml Teflon® insert (as shown in Fig. 2). The autoclave contained 24 g distilled water that had no contact with the porcelain dish or its contents.
- the Teflon insert was transferred to a stainless steel autoclave and sealed pressure-tight.
- the autoclave was placed in a preheated to 150 ° C drying oven and there for 3 days at 150 ° C, the crystallization carried out. After completion of the crystallization time, the autoclave was cooled to room temperature, the solid was separated from the porcelain dish by filtration, washed with distilled water and dried at 70 ° C overnight. Subsequently, the dried product was characterized.
- the resulting product was subjected to an alkaline treatment. To this was mixed 0.05g of the sample with 5g of an aqueous 1M sodium hydroxide solution in a 25ml polypropylene Erlenmeyer flask. This was shaken for 48 h at room temperature. Subsequently, the solid was separated by filtration, washed with distilled water and dried overnight at 75 ° C. The product was subsequently characterized.
- Electronmicroscopic analyzes showed that predominantly single crystals with pronounced intracrystalline macropores were obtained, which were free from residues (see Figure 16).
- Example 7 Preparation of macroporous aluminum-containing zeolite single crystals by the crystallization of aluminum-containing mesoporous silica particles
- the dried mixture was left at RT for 16 h. After that, the porcelain bowl became transferred with the dried mixture into a 50 ml Teflon insert (as shown in Fig. 2).
- the autoclave contained 24 g of distilled water that had no contact with the porcelain dish or its contents.
- the Teflon insert was transferred to a stainless steel autoclave and sealed pressure-tight.
- the autoclave was placed in a preheated to 150 ° C drying cabinet and there for 3 days at 150 ° C, the crystallization carried out. After completion of the crystallization time, the autoclave was cooled to room temperature, the solid was separated from the porcelain dish by filtration, washed with distilled water and dried at 70 ° C overnight. Subsequently, the dried product was characterized.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the main steps in the production of single crystals of macroporous MFI type zeolite.
- Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of the various steps and the experimental setup in the production of single crystals of macroporous MFI type zeolite.
- Figure 3 shows an SEM image of a conventionally prepared MFI zeolite.
- FIG. 4 shows an X-ray diffractogram of the calcined mesoporous silica particles from Example 2.
- Figure 5 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the calcined mesoporous silica particles of Example 2.
- Figure 6 shows the nitrogen sorption isotherm (a) and DFT pore size distribution (b) of the calcined mesoporous silica particles of Example 2.
- FIG. 7 shows an X-ray diffractogram of the monocrystals of a macroporous MFI-type zeolite according to the invention without aluminum.
- Figure 8 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the single crystals of a macroporous MFI type zeolite according to the invention without aluminum.
- Figure 9 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the single crystals of a macroporous MFI type zeolite according to the invention without aluminum.
- FIG. 10 shows an X-ray diffractogram of the aluminum-containing single crystals of a macroporous MFI-type zeolite according to the invention with aluminum.
- Figure 11 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the aluminum-containing single crystals of a macroporous MFI type zeolite according to the invention.
- Figure 12 is a scanning electron micrograph of the calcined mesoporous silica particles of Example 3.
- FIG. 13 shows an X-ray diffractogram of the calcined mesoporous silica particles from Example 3.
- FIG. 14 shows an X-ray diffractogram of the aluminum-containing monocrystals of a macroporous MFI-type zeolite according to the invention with aluminum produced according to Example 6.
- FIG. 15 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the aluminum-containing monocrystals of a macroporous MFI-type zeolite according to the invention with aluminum produced according to Example 6.
- Figure 16 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the aluminum-containing single crystals of a macroporous MFI type zeolite according to the invention with aluminum prepared according to Example 6 after the alkaline treatment.
- FIG. 17 shows an X-ray diffractogram of the aluminum-containing single crystals of a macroporous MFI type zeolite according to the invention with aluminum produced according to Example 7.
- FIG. 18 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the aluminum-containing monocrystals of a macroporous MFI type zeolite according to the invention with aluminum produced according to Example 7.
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KR1020177007759A KR102508183B1 (ko) | 2014-08-22 | 2015-08-21 | 특유의 단결정 대공극률을 갖는 제올라이트 물질 및 그 제조 방법 |
RU2017109385A RU2722028C2 (ru) | 2014-08-22 | 2015-08-21 | Цеолитные материалы с выраженной макропористостью монокристаллов и способ их получения |
JP2017529144A JP6724007B2 (ja) | 2014-08-22 | 2015-08-21 | 単結晶中に特徴的なマクロ多孔性を有するゼオライト系材料及び該ゼオライト系材料の製造方法 |
BR122020007784-0A BR122020007784B1 (pt) | 2014-08-22 | 2015-08-21 | Material zeolítico compreendendo monocristais zeolíticos |
CN201580044408.1A CN107074565B (zh) | 2014-08-22 | 2015-08-21 | 在单晶中具有突出的大孔隙度的沸石材料及其制造方法 |
US15/505,870 US10301184B2 (en) | 2014-08-22 | 2015-08-21 | Zeolitic materials having a distinctive single crystal macroporosity and method for the production thereof |
BR112017003122-1A BR112017003122B1 (pt) | 2014-08-22 | 2015-08-21 | Método para a produção de um material zeolítico que compreende monocristais zeolíticos |
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US11179707B2 (en) | 2017-03-31 | 2021-11-23 | Johnson Matthey Catalysts (Germany) Gmbh | Composite material |
RU2781191C2 (ru) * | 2017-03-31 | 2022-10-07 | Джонсон Мэтти Каталистс (Джермани) Гмбх | Композиционный материал |
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GB201900484D0 (en) | 2019-01-14 | 2019-02-27 | Johnson Matthey Catalysts Germany Gmbh | Iron-loaded small pore aluminosilicate zeolites and method of making metal loaded small pore aluminosilicate zeolites |
KR102459932B1 (ko) * | 2020-09-29 | 2022-10-27 | 서강대학교산학협력단 | 매크로스케일 중공구조의 mww-타입 제올라이트 |
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