WO2015145896A1 - アルミナバリア層を有する鋳造製品 - Google Patents
アルミナバリア層を有する鋳造製品 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015145896A1 WO2015145896A1 PCT/JP2014/083417 JP2014083417W WO2015145896A1 WO 2015145896 A1 WO2015145896 A1 WO 2015145896A1 JP 2014083417 W JP2014083417 W JP 2014083417W WO 2015145896 A1 WO2015145896 A1 WO 2015145896A1
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- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
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- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
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- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/10—Oxidising
- C23C8/12—Oxidising using elemental oxygen or ozone
- C23C8/14—Oxidising of ferrous surfaces
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- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
- C21D9/14—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes wear-resistant or pressure-resistant pipes
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- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
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- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/056—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 10% but less than 20%
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- C22C38/005—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing rare earths, i.e. Sc, Y, Lanthanides
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- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/80—After-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D13/00—Centrifugal casting; Casting by using centrifugal force
- B22D13/02—Centrifugal casting; Casting by using centrifugal force of elongated solid or hollow bodies, e.g. pipes, in moulds rotating around their longitudinal axis
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- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/68—Temporary coatings or embedding materials applied before or during heat treatment
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- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/68—Temporary coatings or embedding materials applied before or during heat treatment
- C21D1/70—Temporary coatings or embedding materials applied before or during heat treatment while heating or quenching
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- C21D2251/00—Treating composite or clad material
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- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/004—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni
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- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/10—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of nickel or cobalt or alloys based thereon
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cast product having an alumina barrier layer, and more specifically to a cast product having an alumina barrier layer having a stable structure.
- Heat-resistant cast steel products such as reaction tubes and cracking tubes for ethylene production, carburizing heat treatment furnace hearth rolls, radiant tubes, and metal dusting-resistant materials are exposed to high-temperature atmospheres, so austenitic heat-resistant alloys with excellent high-temperature strength It is used.
- a metal oxide layer is formed on the surface during use in a high temperature atmosphere, and this oxide layer serves as a barrier to protect the base material in a high temperature atmosphere.
- Patent Document 3 the inner surface is processed so that the surface roughness (Ra) of the cast body becomes 0.05 to 2.5 ⁇ m, and then heat treatment is performed in an oxidizing atmosphere to thereby form Al on the inner surface of the cast body.
- a casting product is proposed in which an alumina barrier layer containing 2 O 3 is formed, and Cr-based particles having a higher Cr concentration than the base material base are dispersed at the interface between the alumina barrier layer and the cast body (for example, Patent Document 3). reference).
- Patent Document 3 can maintain excellent oxidation resistance, carburization resistance, nitridation resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. over a long period of time when used in a high temperature atmosphere due to the presence of a stable alumina barrier layer. it can.
- the casting product according to the present invention is A casting product having an alumina barrier layer containing aluminum oxide on a base surface,
- the aluminum oxide is (Al (1-x) M (x) ) 2 O 3 , where M: at least one of Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe, and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5.
- the casting product according to the present invention is A casting product having an alumina barrier layer containing aluminum oxide on a base surface, In the aluminum oxide, at least one of Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe is in solid solution, and at least one Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe in solid solution with Al is Al / (Cr + Ni + Si + Fe in atomic percent ratio). ) ⁇ 2.0.
- the alumina barrier layer formed on the base surface has a stable structure of the aluminum oxide phase by solid solution of at least one of Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe. Can do.
- This aluminum oxide can suppress the bond between the matrix and oxygen and suppress the formation of oxides mainly composed of Cr, Ni, Si, Fe, etc. on the matrix surface.
- the cast product of the present invention can exhibit further excellent oxidation resistance, carburization resistance, nitridation resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. when used in a high temperature atmosphere.
- the cast product of the present invention when employed in, for example, a reaction tube for ethylene production, the occurrence of coking can be suppressed, and the decrease in yield due to the decrease in heat exchange rate and thermal conductivity due to the occurrence of coking can be prevented. And continuous operation time can be lengthened. Further, since it is difficult for coking to occur, the number and time of coking removal work can be shortened, and the operation efficiency can be increased.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a cast product before heat treatment.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a state where an Al thinned layer is formed by low-temperature heat treatment.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a state in which an Al concentrated layer is formed between the Al thinned layer and the base by high-temperature heat treatment.
- FIG. 4 shows a graph of a coating TEM photograph of Example 2 and an EDX analysis result.
- FIG. 5 shows a film TEM photograph of Example 7 and a graph of EDX analysis results.
- the cast product of the present invention has an alumina barrier layer containing aluminum oxide on the base surface.
- the aluminum oxide of the alumina barrier layer is (Al (1-x) M (x) ) 2 O 3 , where M: at least one of Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe, and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5 Adjusted to
- the aluminum oxide of the alumina barrier layer has at least one of Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe as a solid solution, and at least one of Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe as a solid solution with Al has an atomic% ratio.
- the cast product of the present invention can achieve the effects of the present invention as long as it is a heat-resistant alloy containing 15% Cr or more, 18% Ni or more, and 1 to 5% Al by mass%.
- % means “% by mass” unless otherwise indicated.
- C 0.05% to 0.7% C has the effect of improving castability and increasing the high temperature creep rupture strength. For this reason, at least 0.05% is contained.
- the content is too large, the primary carbide of Cr 7 C 3 is likely to be widely formed, and the movement of Al forming the alumina barrier layer is suppressed, so there is insufficient supply of Al to the surface portion of the cast body. As a result, local breakage of the alumina barrier layer occurs, and the continuity of the alumina barrier layer is impaired.
- the upper limit is set to 0.7%.
- the C content is more preferably 0.3% to 0.5%.
- Si more than 0% and 2.5% or less Si is included as a deoxidizer for molten alloy and to increase the fluidity of the molten alloy. However, if the content is too high, the high temperature creep rupture strength is reduced. Therefore, the upper limit is 2.5%.
- the Si content is more preferably 2.0% or less.
- Mn more than 0% and 3.0% or less Mn is included as a deoxidizer for molten alloy and for fixing S in the molten metal, but if the content is too large, the high temperature creep rupture strength is reduced. Therefore, the upper limit is set to 3.0%.
- the Mn content is more preferably 1.6% or less.
- Cr 15.0% to 50.0% Cr is contained in an amount of 15.0% or more for the purpose of contributing to improvement of high temperature strength and repeated oxidation resistance. However, if the content is too large, the high temperature creep rupture strength is lowered, so the upper limit is made 50.0%.
- the Cr content is more preferably 23.0 to 35.0%.
- Ni 18.0% to 70.0%
- Ni is an element necessary for ensuring repeated oxidation resistance and stability of the metal structure.
- the Fe content is relatively high, and as a result, Cr—Fe—Mn oxide is easily generated on the surface of the cast body. . For this reason, it shall contain at least 18.0% or more. Even if the content exceeds 70.0%, the effect corresponding to the increase cannot be obtained, so the upper limit is made 70.0%.
- the Ni content is more preferably 28.0 to 45.0%.
- Al 1.0% to 5.0%
- Al is an element effective for improving carburization resistance and coking resistance. Moreover, in this invention, it is an indispensable element in order to produce an alumina barrier layer on the surface of a casting. For this reason, it is made to contain at least 1.0% or more. However, if the content exceeds 5%, ductility deteriorates, so the upper limit is specified to 5.0% in the present invention.
- the Al content is more preferably 2.5% to 3.8%.
- the rare earth element means 17 kinds of elements obtained by adding Y and Sc to 15 kinds of lanthanum series from La to Lu in the periodic table, but the rare earth element contained in the heat-resistant alloy of the present invention is Ce, It is preferable that at least one of the groups consisting of La and Nd is included. This rare earth element contributes to the generation and stabilization of the alumina barrier layer. When the production of the alumina barrier layer is carried out by heat treatment in a high-temperature oxidizing atmosphere, the rare earth element is contained in an amount of 0.005% or more, which contributes effectively to the production of the alumina barrier layer. On the other hand, if the content is too large, ductility and toughness deteriorate, so the upper limit is made 0.4%.
- W 0.5% to 10.0% and / or Mo: 0.1% to 5.0% W and Mo are dissolved in the matrix and strengthen the austenite phase of the matrix, thereby improving the creep rupture strength.
- at least one of W and Mo is contained.
- W 0.5% or more is contained
- Mo 0.1% or more is contained.
- the content of W and Mo is too large, the ductility is lowered and the carburization resistance is deteriorated.
- primary carbides of (Cr, W, Mo) 7 C 3 are easily formed widely, and the movement of Al that forms the alumina barrier layer is suppressed.
- W and Mo have a large atomic radius, they dissolve in the matrix, thereby suppressing the movement of Al and Cr and preventing the formation of an alumina barrier layer. Therefore, W is 10.0% or less, and Mo is 5.0% or less. Even when both elements are contained, the total content is preferably 10.0% or less.
- Ti, Zr and Nb are It is an element that easily forms carbides, and does not dissolve in the matrix as much as W and Mo. Therefore, no special action is observed in the formation of the alumina barrier layer, but it has the action of improving the creep rupture strength.
- at least one of Ti, Zr and Nb can be contained. The contents of Ti and Zr are 0.01% or more and Nb is 0.1% or more. However, if added excessively, ductility is reduced. Nb further reduces the peel resistance of the alumina barrier layer. For this reason, the upper limits are 0.6% for Ti and Zr, and 1.8% for Nb.
- B More than 0% and 0.1% or less B has an effect of strengthening the grain boundary of the cast body, and can be contained as required. In addition, since the fall of creep rupture strength will be caused when content increases, even when adding, it shall be 0.1% or less.
- the heat-resistant alloy constituting the cast body of the present invention contains the above components and the balance is Fe, but P, S and other impurities inevitably mixed during the melting of the alloy are usually allowed in this type of alloy material. As long as it is within the range, it may be present.
- the cast product of the present invention is prepared by melting a molten metal having the above component composition, and casting to the above composition by centrifugal casting, stationary casting, or the like.
- the resulting cast product can be shaped according to the intended application.
- the casting product can be exemplified by a tube, particularly a reaction tube used in a high temperature environment.
- the casting product of the present invention is particularly suitable for production by centrifugal casting. This is because, by applying centrifugal casting, a fine metal structure grows in the radial direction with the progress of cooling by the mold, and an alloy structure in which Al easily moves can be obtained.
- the cast product is subjected to the heat treatment described later.
- the heat treatment By this heat treatment, an alumina barrier layer having a stable phase structure is formed.
- the cast product of the present invention is heat-treated in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the heat treatment can be divided into a low temperature heat treatment and a high temperature heat treatment. Note that the low-temperature heat treatment and the high-temperature heat treatment can be performed in separate steps, or after the low-temperature heat treatment, the high-temperature heat treatment may be performed continuously.
- the low-temperature heat treatment is a treatment for forming an aluminum oxide layer on the surface of the base in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the low temperature can be exemplified by less than 1050 ° C. Desirably, the temperature is 600 ° C to 900 ° C.
- the low temperature heat treatment is desirably performed for 5 to 15 hours.
- the base 10 comes into contact with oxygen and oxidizes Al, Cr, Ni, Si, Fe diffused from the base 10 to the base surface, as shown in FIG.
- the oxide layer 22 is formed. Since this heat treatment is performed at a low temperature, Al forms an oxide in preference to Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe. Therefore, the oxide layer is an aluminum oxide layer 22 mainly composed of Al and in which at least one of Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe diffused from the base is dissolved.
- At least one kind of Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe dissolved in Al has an atomic% ratio of Al / (Cr + Ni + Si + Fe) ⁇ 2.0.
- the composition thereof is (Al (1-x) M (x) ) 2 O 3 , provided that M: at least one of Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe, and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5. Is desirable.
- at least Cr is solid-solved in the aluminum oxide, and it is more preferable that Cr solid-dissolved with Al is Al / Cr ⁇ 10 in terms of atomic% ratio, and Al / Cr ⁇ 15. Is more preferable.
- it is more desirable that at least one of Ni, Si, and Fe is in solid solution, and the total atomic% of at least one of Ni, Si, and Fe dissolved in Al is 10 atomic% or less.
- the aluminum oxide formed by the low-temperature heat treatment described above has a metastable ⁇ or ⁇ alumina structure and a porous structure. Therefore, the strength is not sufficient.
- the high-temperature heat treatment is a heat treatment performed after the low-temperature heat treatment.
- the aluminum oxide formed by the low-temperature heat treatment is transformed into an ⁇ -alumina structure (corundum structure), and the aluminum oxidation is performed.
- An aluminum oxide layer having a high Al concentration is formed between the material layer and the base.
- the high-temperature heat treatment can be performed by heating a cast product that has been subjected to a low-temperature heat treatment and has an alumina barrier layer having a ⁇ or ⁇ alumina structure at a high temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the high temperature can be exemplified by 1050 ° C or higher.
- the high temperature heat treatment is desirably performed for 3 hours to 15 hours.
- the aluminum oxide having the ⁇ or ⁇ alumina structure formed first is transformed into a stable ⁇ alumina structure (corundum structure).
- at least one of Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe is dissolved in the aluminum oxide layer having a ⁇ or ⁇ alumina structure.
- the casting product having the aluminum oxide layer transformed into the ⁇ -alumina structure (corundum structure) is further subjected to high-temperature heat treatment, whereby the oxygen-containing aluminum oxide layer 22 is obtained as shown in FIG. Pass through.
- the oxygen that has passed through the layer of the aluminum oxide 22 oxidizes Al diffused from the base to form an aluminum oxide layer 24 having a high Al concentration.
- an aluminum oxide layer in which at least one of Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe formed by low-temperature heat treatment is dissolved is an “Al thinned layer”, an Al thinned layer, A layer of aluminum oxide having a high Al concentration formed between the base surface and the base surface is referred to as an “Al concentrated layer”. That is, the Al concentrated layer 24 is a layer having a larger Al / (Cr + Ni + Si + Fe) than the Al thinned layer 22.
- the alumina barrier layer has a higher Al concentration in the Al concentrated layer formed between the matrix and the Al thinned layer than the Al thinned layer on the surface.
- the formed Al thinned layer 22 allows a small amount of oxygen to pass in an oxidizing atmosphere. From the base 10 side, as shown in FIG. 3, Al, Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe diffuse to the base surface side. However, since Al requires less energy for bonding with oxygen than Cr, Ni, Si, and Fe, Al preferentially bonds with oxygen, and a high concentration aluminum oxide layer (Al enrichment) This is because the layer 24) is formed between the base 10 and the Al thinned layer 22.
- the Al concentrated layer 24 Since the Al concentrated layer 24 is generated by heat treatment at a high temperature, it has a stable ⁇ -alumina structure (corundum structure). Desirably, the aluminum oxide of the Al thinned layer 22 and the Al concentrated layer 24 has an ⁇ -alumina structure (corundum structure) with a crystal structure of 80% by volume or more.
- the alumina barrier layer 20 composed of the Al thinned layer 22 and the Al concentrated layer 24 formed between the base 10 and the Al thinned layer 22 has a stable ⁇ -alumina structure (corundum structure), Casting products that have high density and have these functions as a barrier to prevent oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen from entering the base metal from the outside when used in high-temperature atmospheres, providing excellent oxidation resistance and carburization resistance Further, nitriding resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. can be maintained over a long period of time.
- the Al concentrated layer 24 is preferably formed to be thicker than the Al thinned layer 22, and the Al concentrated layer 24 is formed to be 1/5 or more of the thickness of the alumina barrier layer 20. It is preferable to do.
- the Al thinned layer 22 is 0.04 ⁇ m to 8.0 ⁇ m
- the Al concentrated layer 24 is 0.01 ⁇ m to 2.0 ⁇ m.
- the alumina product may be subjected to a surface treatment on the cast product.
- polishing can be exemplified as the surface treatment.
- the raw material hydrocarbon and the cast product Fe, Ni, etc. come into contact with each other, and coke (carbon) tends to adhere to the inner surface of the tube due to the catalytic action of Fe or Ni.
- the treatment to reduce the surface roughness (Ra) of the alumina barrier layer, adhesion of coke can be suppressed.
- the surface roughness (Ra) of the alumina barrier layer be 15 ⁇ m or less. More desirably, the surface roughness (Ra) is 0.05 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- the molten metal was melted by air melting in a high frequency induction melting furnace, and a tube having an alloy chemical composition listed in Table 1 below was cast by mold centrifugal casting.
- the tube had an inner diameter of 80 mm, an outer diameter of 100 mm, and a length of 250 mm.
- Examples 1 to 8 which are invention examples, all satisfy Al / (Cr + Ni + Si + Fe) ⁇ 2.0 in atomic percent ratio. Further, Al / Cr ⁇ 10. On the other hand, since Comparative Example 1 does not contain Al in the base, aluminum oxide is not generated, and Al / (Cr + Ni + Si + Fe) and Al / Cr are both zero.
- the atomic percent of Fe + Ni + Si is 10 atomic percent or less in Examples 1 to 4, Example 6, Example 7, and Comparative Example 3, and the other Examples and Comparative Examples exceed 10 atomic percent. ing.
- the thickness of the Al concentrated layer with respect to the thickness of the alumina barrier layer is 0.3 or more, that is, 1/5 or more, but the comparative example has a maximum of 0.15. You can see that In Comparative Example 1, since the base does not contain Al, an alumina barrier layer is not formed.
- the low-temperature heat treatment temperature was less than 1050 ° C. and the high-temperature heat treatment temperature was 1050 ° C. or higher, so an Al thinned layer was formed on the surface of the base by the low-temperature heat treatment. Thereafter, it is shown that an Al concentrated layer was formed between the Al thinned layer and the base by high-temperature heat treatment.
- Comparative Examples 2 to 6 in which the alumina barrier layer was formed it is considered that the Al concentrated layer remained at a maximum of 0.15 for the following reason.
- Comparative Example 2 is because Al contained in the cast body is as low as 0.9%, and Al for forming a film on the surface of the cast body is insufficient.
- Comparative Example 3 since the low-temperature heat treatment temperature is as high as 1200 ° C., an oxide mainly composed of Cr, Ni, Si, Fe, etc. was formed before the formation of the alumina barrier layer having the ⁇ or ⁇ alumina structure. It is.
- Comparative Example 4 is because the low-temperature heat treatment temperature was as low as 500 ° C., and thus an alumina barrier layer having a ⁇ or ⁇ alumina structure was not formed. This is because Comparative Example 5 and Comparative Example 6 have a low temperature of high-temperature heat treatment as low as 1000 ° C. As a result, after the Al thinned layer is formed by the low-temperature heat treatment, less oxygen passes through the Al thinned layer in the high-temperature heat treatment, and the incorporated oxygen and Al are sufficiently bonded because the temperature is low. This is because a large amount of energy was not obtained.
- the caulking test was performed by installing a test tube in an electric furnace, supplying hydrocarbon (ethane) to the test tube, and heating at a high temperature (955 ° C.) for a predetermined time (12 to 24 hours). And after completion
- Examples 1 to 8 are excellent in carburization resistance because a stable ⁇ -alumina structure (corundum structure) alumina barrier layer comprising an Al concentrated layer and an Al thinned layer is suitably formed on the surface of the base. Because. In particular, Example 1, Example 3, Example 4, and Examples 6 to 8 have carburization resistance that is extremely superior to other examples. This is considered because Example 2 and Example 5 had less formation of Al concentration layer compared with the other Example.
- the surface roughness (Ra) of these test tubes was measured. The results are shown in Table 4. Referring to Table 4, it can be seen that there is a substantially proportional relationship between the weight ratio of the produced coke and the surface roughness (Ra). Accordingly, the surface roughness (Ra) is preferably 15 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the surface roughness (Ra) can be adjusted by performing heat treatment while rotating the cast product, and the surface roughness (Ra) of Comparative Example 3 and Comparative Example 6 exceeds 15 ⁇ m. This is probably because the heat treatment for generating the film was not appropriate, and the surface roughness became rough due to peeling and regeneration of the film.
- the Al thinned layer 22 formed on the surface side is mainly an oxide of Al, but a small amount of Cr, Fe, and Ni are observed.
- the Al concentrated layer 24 Cr, Fe, Ni and the like other than Al are not observed. Therefore, it can be seen that the Al concentrated layer 24 is formed of an aluminum oxide having a very high purity.
- the Al thinned layer 22 formed on the surface is mainly an oxide of Al, but a small amount of Cr is observed.
- the Al concentrated layer 24 is not observed except for Al. Therefore, it can be seen that the Al concentrated layer 24 is formed of an aluminum oxide having a very high purity.
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Abstract
Description
このため、上記特許文献のオーステナイト系耐熱合金は、Al2O3によるバリア機能の向上を期待することはできても、母材の延性低下を招来する不都合がある。
基地表面にアルミニウム酸化物を含むアルミナバリア層を有する鋳造製品であって、
前記アルミニウム酸化物は、(Al(1-x)M(x))2O3、但し、M:Cr、Ni、Si、Feの少なくとも1種、且つ、0<x<0.5である。
基地表面にアルミニウム酸化物を含むアルミナバリア層を有する鋳造製品であって、
前記アルミニウム酸化物は、Cr、Ni、Si、Feの少なくとも1種が固溶しており、Alと固溶した少なくとも1種のCr、Ni、Si、Feは、原子%比でAl/(Cr+Ni+Si+Fe)≧2.0である。
本発明の鋳造製品は、基地表面にアルミニウム酸化物を含むアルミナバリア層を有する。
本発明の鋳造製品は、質量%にて、Cr15%以上Ni18%以上、Alを1~5%含有する耐熱合金であれば、本発明の効果を得ることができ、たとえば以下の成分により作製される。なお、以下の説明で、「%」は、特に表示がないときは、全て質量%である。
Cは、鋳造性を良好にし、高温クリープ破断強度を高める作用がある。このため、少なくとも0.05%を含有させる。しかし、含有量があまり多くなると、Cr7C3の一次炭化物が幅広く形成され易くなり、アルミナバリア層を形成するAlの移動が抑制されるため、鋳造体の表面部へのAlの供給不足が生じて、アルミナバリア層の局部的な寸断が起こり、アルミナバリア層の連続性が損なわれる。また、二次炭化物が過剰に析出するため、延性、靱性の低下を招く。このため、上限は0.7%とする。なお、Cの含有量は0.3%~0.5%がより望ましい。
Siは、溶湯合金の脱酸剤として、また溶湯合金の流動性を高めるために含有させるが、含有量があまり多くなると高温クリープ破断強度の低下を招くので上限は2.5%とする。なお、Siの含有量は2.0%以下がより望ましい。
Mnは、溶湯合金の脱酸剤として、また溶湯中のSを固定するために含有させるが、含有量があまり多くなると高温クリープ破断強度の低下を招くので上限は3.0%とする。なお、Mnの含有量は1.6%以下がより望ましい。
Crは、高温強度及び繰返し耐酸化性の向上への寄与の目的のため、15.0%以上含有させる。しかし、含有量があまり多くなると高温クリープ破断強度の低下を招くので上限は50.0%とする。なお、Crの含有量は23.0~35.0%がより望ましい。
Niは、繰返し耐酸化性及び金属組織の安定性の確保に必要な元素である。また、Niの含有量が少ないと、Feの含有量が相対的に多くなる結果、鋳造体の表面にCr-Fe-Mn酸化物が生成され易くなるため、アルミナバリア層の生成が阻害される。このため、少なくとも18.0%以上含有させるものとする。70.0%を超えて含有しても増量に対応する効果が得られないので、上限は70.0%とする。なお、Niの含有量は28.0~45.0%がより望ましい。
Alは耐浸炭性及び耐コーキング性の向上に有効な元素である。また、本発明では、鋳造体の表面にアルミナバリア層を生じさせるために必要不可欠の元素である。このため、少なくとも1.0%以上含有させる。しかし、含有量が5%を超えると延性が劣化するため、本発明では上限を5.0%に規定する。なお、Alの含有量は2.5%~3.8%がより望ましい。
希土類元素とは、周期律表のLaからLuに至る15種類のランタン系列に、YとScを加えた17種類の元素を意味するが、本発明の耐熱合金に含有させる希土類元素は、Ce、La及びNdからなる群のうち少なくとも一種以上が含まれることが好ましい。この希土類元素は、アルミナバリア層の生成と安定化の促進に寄与する。
アルミナバリア層の生成を高温の酸化性雰囲気下での加熱処理によって行なう場合は、希土類元素を0.005%以上含有させることでアルミナバリア層生成に有効に寄与する。
一方、あまりに多く含有すると、延性、靱性が悪化するので、上限は0.4%とする。
W、Moは、基地中に固溶し、基地のオーステナイト相を強化することにより、クリープ破断強度を向上させる。この効果を発揮させるために、W及びMoの少なくとも一種を含有させるものとし、Wの場合は0.5%以上、Moの場合は0.1%以上含有させる。
しかし、W及びMoは、含有量があまり多くなると、延性の低下や、耐浸炭性の劣化を招く。また、Cが多い場合と同じように、(Cr,W,Mo)7C3の一次炭化物が幅広く形成され易くなり、アルミナバリア層を形成するAlの移動が抑制されるため、鋳造体の表面部分へのAlの供給不足が生じ、アルミナバリア層の局部的な寸断が起こり、アルミナバリア層の連続性が損なわれ易くなる。また、WやMoは原子半径が大きいため、基地中に固溶することにより、AlやCrの移動を抑制してアルミナバリア層の生成を妨げる作用がある。
このため、Wは10.0%以下、Moは5.0%以下とする。なお、両元素を含有する場合でも、合計含有量は10.0%以下とすることが好ましい。
Ti、Zr及びNbは、炭化物を形成し易い元素であり、WやMoほど基地中には固溶しないため、アルミナバリア層の形成には特段の作用は認められないが、クリープ破断強度を向上させる作用がある。必要に応じて、Ti、Zr及びNbの少なくとも一種を含有させることができる。含有量は、Ti及びZrが0.01%以上、Nbが0.1%以上である。
しかし、過剰に添加すると、延性の低下を招く。Nbは、さらに、アルミナバリア層の耐剥離性を低下させる。このため、上限は、Ti及びZrは0.6%、Nbは1.8%とする。
Bは、鋳造体の粒界を強化する作用があるので、必要に応じて含有させることができる。なお、含有量が多くなるとクリープ破断強度の低下を招くため、添加する場合でも0.1%以下とする。
本発明の鋳造製品は、上記成分組成の溶湯を溶製し、遠心力鋳造、静置鋳造等により上記組成に鋳造される。
たとえば、鋳造製品として、管、特に高温環境下で使用される反応管を例示することができる。
本発明の鋳造製品は、酸化性雰囲気下で加熱処理を行なう。加熱処理は、低温加熱処理と高温加熱処理に分けることができる。なお、低温加熱処理と高温加熱処理は、別工程で行なうこともできるし、低温加熱処理の後、続けて高温加熱処理を行なってもよい。
低温加熱処理は、酸化性雰囲気下で基地の表面にアルミニウム酸化物の層を形成する処理である。低温とは、1050℃未満を例示できる。望ましくは、600℃~900℃である。低温加熱処理は、5時間~15時間実施することが望ましい。
高温加熱処理は、低温加熱処理の後に実施される熱処理であって、後述するとおり、低温加熱処理にて形成されたアルミニウム酸化物をαアルミナ構造(コランダム構造)に相変態させると共に、このアルミニウム酸化物の層と基地との間にAlの濃度の高いアルミニウム酸化物層を形成するものである。
そして、基地10側からは、図3に示すように、Al、Cr、Ni、Si、Feが基地表面側に拡散する。しかしながら、Alは、Cr、Ni、Si、Feに比べて、酸素との結合に必要なエネルギーが小さいから、Alが優先して酸素と結合し、濃度の高いアルミニウム酸化物の層(Al濃化層24)が、基地10とAl薄化層22との間に形成されるためである。
必要に応じて、鋳造製品には、アルミナバリア層に表面処理を行なうことができる。たとえば表面処理として研磨を例示できる。たとえば、鋳造製品を反応管に使用したときに、原料の炭化水素と鋳造製品のFeやNi等が触れて、FeやNiの触媒作用によりコーク(炭素)が管内面に付着し易いが、表面処理を施して、アルミナバリア層の表面粗さ(Ra)を小さくすることで、コークの付着を抑えることができる。
比較例2は、鋳造体に含まれるAlが0.9%と低く、鋳造体表面に皮膜を形成するためのAlが不足しているためである。比較例3は、低温加熱処理温度が1200℃と高いため、γ又はθアルミナ構造を有するアルミナバリア層が形成される前にCr、Ni、Si、Fe等を主体とする酸化物が形成されたためである。比較例4は、低温加熱処理温度が500℃と低いために、γ又はθアルミナ構造を有するアルミナバリア層が形成されなかったためである。比較例5及び比較例6は、高温加熱処理の温度が1000℃と低いからである。この結果、低温加熱処理にてAl薄化層が形成された後、高温加熱処理においてAl薄化層を通過する酸素が少なく、また、温度が低いから取り込まれた酸素とAlが結合するに十分なエネルギーを得られなかったためである。
コーキング試験は、供試管を電気炉内に設置し、供試管に炭化水素(エタン)を供給して、所定の時間(12~24時間)、高温加熱(955℃)することにより行なった。そして、試験終了後、供試管の内面の浸炭度合いを比較すると共に、供試管の内面に付着したコーク(炭素)の重量比を測定した。結果を表4に示す。
20 アルミナバリア層
22 Al薄化層
24 Al濃化層
Claims (12)
- 基地表面にアルミニウム酸化物を含むアルミナバリア層を有する鋳造製品であって、
前記アルミニウム酸化物は、(Al(1-x)M(x))2O3、但し、M:Cr、Ni、Si、Feの少なくとも1種、且つ、0<x<0.5である、
ことを特徴とする鋳造製品。 - 基地表面にアルミニウム酸化物を含むアルミナバリア層を有する鋳造製品であって、
前記アルミニウム酸化物は、Cr、Ni、Si、Feの少なくとも1種が固溶しており、Alと固溶した少なくとも1種のCr、Ni、Si、Feは、原子%比でAl/(Cr+Ni+Si+Fe)≧2.0である、
ことを特徴とする鋳造製品。 - 前記アルミニウム酸化物は、80体積%以上の結晶構造が、コランダム構造である、
請求項1又は請求項2に記載の鋳造製品。 - 前記アルミニウム酸化物は、少なくともCrが固溶しており、Alと固溶したCrは、原子%比でAl/Cr≧10である、
請求項1乃至請求項3の何れかに記載の鋳造製品。 - 前記アルミニウム酸化物は、Ni、Si、Feの少なくとも1種が固溶しており、Alと固溶した少なくとも1種のNi、Si、Feの合計原子%は、10原子%以下である、
請求項1乃至請求項4の何れかに記載の鋳造製品。 - 前記アルミニウム酸化物は、前記基地側が、表面側に比して、前記Al/(Cr+Ni+Si+Fe)が大きいAl濃化層を有する、
請求項1乃至請求項5の何れかに記載の鋳造製品。 - 前記Al濃化層は、前記アルミナバリア層の厚さの1/5以上である、
請求項6に記載の鋳造製品。 - 前記アルミナバリア層の表面粗さ(Ra)は、15μm以下である、
請求項1乃至請求項7の何れかに記載の鋳造製品。 - 前記基地は、質量%にて、C:0.05%~0.7%、Si:0%を越えて2.5%以下、Mn:0%を越えて3.0%以下、Cr:15.0%~50.0%、Ni:18.0%~70.0%、Al:1.0%~5.0%、希土類元素:0.005%~0.4%、並びに、W:0.5%~10.0%及び/又はMo:0.1%~5.0%を含有し、残部Fe及び不可避的不純物からなる、
請求項1乃至請求項8の何れかに記載の鋳造製品。 - 前記基地は、さらに、質量%にて、Ti:0.01%~0.6%、Zr:0.01%~0.6%及びNb:0.1%~1.8%からなる群から選択される少なくとも一種を含有する、
請求項9に記載の鋳造製品。 - 前記基地は、さらに、質量%にて、B:0%を越えて0.1%以下を含有する
請求項9又は請求項10に記載の鋳造製品。 - 請求項1乃至請求項11の何れかに記載の鋳造製品からなる反応管であって、
炭化水素原料ガスの流通する管内面に前記アルミナバリア層が形成されている、
反応管。
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WO2019087539A1 (ja) * | 2017-11-06 | 2019-05-09 | 株式会社クボタ | 鋼材と接触して使用される鉄鋼製品 |
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EP3458620A1 (en) * | 2016-05-20 | 2019-03-27 | Sandvik Intellectual Property AB | An object comprising a pre-oxidized nickel-based alloy |
GB2611082A (en) * | 2021-09-27 | 2023-03-29 | Alloyed Ltd | A stainless steel |
CN115404413B (zh) * | 2022-08-22 | 2023-11-28 | 北京首钢吉泰安新材料有限公司 | 一种铁铬铝合金及其制备方法、电热元件 |
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- 2014-03-28 JP JP2014067836A patent/JP6247977B2/ja active Active
- 2014-12-17 CA CA2940179A patent/CA2940179C/en active Active
- 2014-12-17 US US15/116,738 patent/US20170306468A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-12-17 CN CN201480077579.XA patent/CN106460144B/zh active Active
- 2014-12-17 ES ES14887198T patent/ES2765349T3/es active Active
- 2014-12-17 WO PCT/JP2014/083417 patent/WO2015145896A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2014-12-17 CA CA3167432A patent/CA3167432A1/en active Pending
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP3124645A1 (en) | 2017-02-01 |
CA2940179C (en) | 2022-09-20 |
CA2940179A1 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
EP3124645B1 (en) | 2019-10-23 |
CA3167432A1 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
ES2765349T3 (es) | 2020-06-08 |
JP6247977B2 (ja) | 2017-12-13 |
CN106460144A (zh) | 2017-02-22 |
CN106460144B (zh) | 2019-01-15 |
JP2015190005A (ja) | 2015-11-02 |
US20170306468A1 (en) | 2017-10-26 |
EP3124645A4 (en) | 2017-11-01 |
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