WO2015133530A1 - 積層体 - Google Patents
積層体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015133530A1 WO2015133530A1 PCT/JP2015/056387 JP2015056387W WO2015133530A1 WO 2015133530 A1 WO2015133530 A1 WO 2015133530A1 JP 2015056387 W JP2015056387 W JP 2015056387W WO 2015133530 A1 WO2015133530 A1 WO 2015133530A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
- B32B27/365—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters comprising polycarbonates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/20—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising aluminium or copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
- B32B27/308—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising acrylic (co)polymers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
- B32B2307/306—Resistant to heat
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/412—Transparent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/554—Wear resistance
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/584—Scratch resistance
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2551/00—Optical elements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2605/00—Vehicles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2605/00—Vehicles
- B32B2605/006—Transparent parts other than made from inorganic glass, e.g. polycarbonate glazings
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a laminate. More specifically, a layer containing a methacrylic resin and a styrenic resin and a layer containing a polycarbonate having excellent balance of transparency, scratch resistance, shape stability in a high temperature and high humidity environment, bending workability, etc. It is related with the laminated body provided.
- Methacrylic resin is excellent in transparency, scratch resistance, weather resistance and the like.
- polycarbonate is excellent in impact resistance.
- a laminate comprising a layer containing a methacrylic resin and a layer containing a polycarbonate is excellent in transparency, scratch resistance, weather resistance, impact resistance, etc., and is a wall of a house, furniture, automobile parts, home appliances, electronic equipment. Used for surface members such as display devices. In recent years, such surface members are often required to have bending workability from the viewpoints of design and safety.
- polycarbonate has high heat resistance and is forced to bend at high temperatures.
- a low-performance methacrylic resin cannot withstand, and the laminate has problems such as bubbles and whitening.
- the laminate is often used outdoors or in cars under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions, but methacrylic resin, which has a lower moisture resistance than polycarbonate, absorbs water and has a problem of warping the laminate. ing.
- Patent Document 1 a unit selected from a methyl methacrylate unit, a methacrylic acid unit, an acrylic acid unit, a maleic anhydride unit, an N-substituted or unsubstituted maleimide unit, a glutaric anhydride structural unit, and a glutarimide structural unit
- a laminate comprising a layer made of methacrylic resin having a glass transition temperature of 110 ° C. or higher and a layer made of polycarbonate has been reported.
- such a laminate has insufficient heat resistance and moisture resistance of the methacrylic resin, and has not yet solved the above-described problems.
- Non-Patent Document 1 reports that the glass transition temperature of a copolymer resin of styrene and maleic anhydride containing 18 to 35% by mass of maleic anhydride is 145 to 175 ° C.
- Non-Patent Document 2 describes a low water-absorbing resin as a copolymer resin of styrene and maleic anhydride.
- a laminate comprising a layer made of such a resin and a layer made of a polycarbonate has low affinity between the resins and poor adhesion between the layers, so that peeling occurs between the layers when the laminate is bent. In some cases, the appearance of the molded body after processing was impaired. Furthermore, there was a problem that the scratch resistance was low, and when used as a surface member, tears, scratches and the like were generated.
- XIRAN (R) SMA "New tricks in polymer blends" [POLYSCOPE] (http://www.bpri.org/documententen/2008_8_flippo.pdf) THOMASNET NEWS "Polyscope Polymers Expands Scope of XIRAN (R) SMA as Additive for Amorphous Thermoplastics" [2010 year, POLYSCOPE, Inc.] (http://news.thomasnet.com/companystory/Polyscope-Polymers-Expands-Scope-of-XIRAN -SMA-as-Additive-for-Amorphous-Thermoplastics-573050)
- the present invention provides a laminate comprising a layer containing a methacrylic resin and a styrenic resin and a layer containing a polycarbonate, which are excellent in transparency, heat resistance, moisture resistance and scratch resistance, and have good bending workability. There is.
- the present invention provides a methacrylic resin in an amount of 5% by weight to less than 50% by weight and at least an aromatic vinyl compound represented by the following general formula (a) (hereinafter referred to as “aromatic vinyl compound (a)”).
- aromatic vinyl compound (a) A copolymer comprising a structural unit derived from a structural unit derived from an acid anhydride represented by the following general formula (b) (hereinafter referred to as “acid anhydride (b)”) (hereinafter referred to as “a layer made of a resin composition (hereinafter referred to as “resin composition (1)”) containing 50% by mass or more and less than 95% by mass; and a layer made of polycarbonate.
- resin composition (1) containing 50% by mass or more and less than 95% by mass
- polycarbonate a layer made of polycarbonate.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.
- R 3 and R 4 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.
- the laminate of the present invention is excellent in transparency, heat resistance, moisture resistance and scratch resistance, has good bending workability, and has a poor appearance such as warping, foaming, whitening, peeling, etc. It can use suitably for a car member, an optical member, etc.
- the resin composition (1) contains a methacrylic resin and an SMA resin.
- the content of the methacrylic resin in the resin composition (1) is in the range of 5% by mass or more and less than 50% by mass, preferably 5% by mass or more and less than 45% by mass, and more preferably 10% by mass or more and less than 40% by mass.
- the range is more preferable, and the range of 15% by mass or more and less than 35% by mass is even more preferable.
- the laminate of the present invention has excellent bending workability when the content of the methacrylic resin in the resin composition (1) is 5% by mass or more, and warpage occurs when it is less than 50% by mass. Can be suppressed.
- the methacrylic resin is a resin containing a structural unit derived from a methacrylic acid ester.
- the methacrylic acid ester include methyl methacrylate (hereinafter referred to as “MMA”), ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, Methacrylic acid alkyl esters such as pentyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, heptyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate; 1-methylcyclopentyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, cyclohexane methacrylate Methacrylic acid cycloalkyl esters such as
- the content of the structural unit derived from the methacrylic ester in the methacrylic resin is preferably 90% by mass or more, more preferably 95% by mass or more, further preferably 98% by mass or more, and only the structural unit derived from the methacrylic ester. Also good.
- the methacrylic resin preferably contains 90% by mass or more of structural units derived from MMA, more preferably 95% by mass or more, and more preferably 98% by mass or more. Preferably, it may be only a structural unit derived from MMA.
- the methacrylic resin may contain a structural unit derived from a monomer other than methacrylic acid ester.
- Such other monomers include methyl acrylate (hereinafter referred to as “MA”), ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-acrylate Butyl, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, acrylic Cyclohexyl acid, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, 3-methoxybutyl acrylate, trifluoromethyl acrylate, trifluoroethyl acrylate, pentafluoroethy
- MA ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, acrylic acid Acrylic esters such as isopropyl, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate and tert-butyl acrylate are preferred, MA and ethyl acrylate are more preferred, and MA is most preferred.
- the total content of structural units derived from these other monomers in the methacrylic resin is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, and even more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the methacrylic resin can be obtained by polymerizing the above methacrylic acid ester and other monomers as optional components.
- the plurality of types of monomers are mixed to prepare a monomer mixture and then subjected to polymerization.
- radical polymerization is preferably performed by a method such as a bulk polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, a solution polymerization method, and an emulsion polymerization method from the viewpoint of productivity.
- the weight average molecular weight (hereinafter referred to as “Mw”) of the methacrylic resin is preferably 40,000 to 500,000.
- Mw means the standard polystyrene conversion value measured using a gel perem chromatography (GPC).
- the content of the SMA resin in the resin composition (1) is in the range of 50 to 95% by weight, preferably in the range of 55 to 95% by weight, and preferably 60 to 90% by weight. It is preferable that it is less than the range, and it is more preferable that it is the range of 65 mass% or more and less than 85 mass%.
- the laminate of the present invention can suppress the occurrence of warpage under high temperature and high humidity when the content of the SMA resin in the resin composition (1) is 50% by mass or more, and is less than 95% by mass. Excellent scratch resistance.
- the SMA resin is a copolymer composed of at least a structural unit derived from the aromatic vinyl compound (a) and a structural unit derived from the acid anhydride (b).
- the alkyl groups represented by R 1 and R 2 in the general formula (a) and R 3 and R 4 in the general formula (b) are each independently a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, isobutyl group, t-butyl group, n-pentyl group, isopentyl group, neopentyl group, n-hexyl group, n-heptyl group, n-octyl group, 2-ethylhexyl group, nonyl Group, decyl group, dodecyl group and the like, preferably an alkyl group having 12 or less carbon atoms, methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, isobutyl group, t-butyl group An al
- R 1 is preferably a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group or a t-butyl group.
- R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are preferably a hydrogen atom, a methyl group and an ethyl group.
- the content of the structural unit derived from the aromatic vinyl compound (a) in the SMA resin is preferably in the range of 50 to 85% by mass, more preferably 55 to 82% by mass, and 60 to 80% by mass. More preferably, it is in the range of%.
- the resin composition (1) is excellent in moisture resistance and transparency.
- aromatic vinyl compound (a) examples include styrene; nuclear alkyl-substituted styrene such as 2-methylstyrene, 3-methylstyrene, 4-methylstyrene, 4-ethylstyrene, 4-tert-butylstyrene; ⁇ -methylstyrene , ⁇ -alkyl-substituted styrene such as 4-methyl- ⁇ -methylstyrene; and styrene is preferable from the viewpoint of availability.
- aromatic vinyl compounds (a) may be used individually by 1 type, or may use multiple types together.
- the content of the structural unit derived from the acid anhydride (b) in the SMA resin is preferably in the range of 15 to 50% by mass, more preferably in the range of 18 to 45% by mass, and 20 to 40%. More preferably, it is in the range of mass%.
- the resin composition (1) is excellent in heat resistance and transparency.
- Examples of the acid anhydride (b) include maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, dimethylmaleic anhydride and the like, and maleic anhydride is preferable from the viewpoint of availability. These acid anhydrides (b) may be used individually by 1 type, or may use multiple types together.
- the SMA resin preferably contains a structural unit derived from a methacrylic acid ester monomer in addition to the aromatic vinyl compound (a) and the acid anhydride (b).
- the content of the structural unit derived from the methacrylic acid ester monomer in the SMA resin is preferably in the range of 1 to 35% by mass, more preferably in the range of 3 to 30% by mass. More preferably, it is in the range of mass%. When the content is in the range of 1 to 35% by mass, the bending workability and transparency are further improved.
- methacrylic acid ester examples include MMA, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate t-butyl methacrylate, And 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, 1-phenylethyl methacrylate, and the like.
- methacrylic acid esters methacrylic acid alkyl esters having 1 to 7 carbon atoms in the alkyl group are preferable, and MMA is particularly preferable because the obtained SMA resin is excellent in heat resistance and transparency.
- methacrylic acid ester may be used individually by 1 type, or may use multiple types together.
- the SMA resin may have a structural unit derived from a monomer other than the aromatic vinyl compound (a), the acid anhydride (b), and the methacrylic ester.
- Such other monomers include MA, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.
- the content of the structural unit derived from the other monomer in the SMA resin is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, and further preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the SMA resin can be obtained by polymerizing the aromatic vinyl compound (a), the acid anhydride (b), the methacrylic acid ester, and other monomers as optional components.
- a monomer mixture is usually prepared by mixing the monomers to be used, and then subjected to polymerization.
- radical-polymerize by methods, such as a block polymerization method and a solution polymerization method.
- the Mw of the SMA resin is preferably in the range of 40,000 to 300,000.
- the laminate of the present invention has excellent scratch resistance and impact resistance.
- the resin composition (1) has excellent moldability. It is excellent and the productivity of the laminate of the present invention can be increased.
- the mass ratio of the methacrylic resin and the SMA resin (methacrylic resin / SMA resin) contained in the resin composition (1) is the suppression of the occurrence of warpage of the laminate under high temperature and high humidity, transparency, scratch resistance, From the viewpoint of bending cracking properties, it is preferably in the range of 50/50 to 5/95, more preferably in the range of 45/55 to 5/95, and in the range of 40/60 to 10/90. Even more preferred is the range 35/65 to 15/85, most preferred.
- Resin composition (1) is obtained by mixing the above-mentioned methacrylic resin and SMA resin.
- a melt mixing method or a solution mixing method can be used.
- the melt mixing method for example, using a melt kneader such as a uniaxial or multiaxial kneader, an open roll, a Banbury mixer, a kneader, and the like, under an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas, argon gas, helium gas, etc. Perform melt-kneading.
- methacrylic resin and SMA resin are dissolved and mixed in an organic solvent such as toluene, tetrahydrofuran, or methyl ethyl ketone.
- the resin composition (1) may contain a polymer other than the methacrylic resin and the SMA resin as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- examples of such other polymers include polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polyamides, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone, polyester, polysulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyimide, polyetherimide, polyacetal, and other thermoplastic resins; phenol resins, melamine resins And thermosetting resins such as silicone resins and epoxy resins. These other polymers may be used individually by 1 type, or may use multiple types together.
- the content of these other polymers in the resin composition (1) is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, and further preferably 2% by mass or less.
- Resin composition (1) may contain various additives as necessary.
- additives include antioxidants, thermal deterioration inhibitors, ultraviolet absorbers, light stabilizers, lubricants, mold release agents, polymer processing aids, antistatic agents, flame retardants, dyes / pigments, and light diffusing agents.
- the content of these additives can be appropriately set within a range not impairing the effects of the present invention.
- the content of the antioxidant is 0.01 to 1 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin composition (1).
- UV absorber content is 0.01-3 parts by mass
- light stabilizer content is 0.01-3 parts by mass
- lubricant content is 0.01-3 parts by mass
- dye / pigment content Is preferably 0.01 to 3 parts by mass.
- the resin composition (1) contains other polymer and / or additive, it is added when the methacrylic resin and / or SMA resin is polymerized, or added when the methacrylic resin and SMA resin are mixed. Or you may add further, after mixing a methacryl resin and SMA resin.
- the glass transition temperature of the resin composition (1) is preferably in the range of 120 to 160 ° C, more preferably in the range of 130 to 155 ° C, and further preferably in the range of 140 to 150 ° C.
- the glass transition temperature in this specification is a temperature when it measures with the temperature increase rate of 10 degree-C / min using a differential scanning calorimeter, and is calculated by the midpoint method.
- the melt flow rate (hereinafter referred to as “MFR”) of the resin composition (1) is preferably in the range of 1 to 10 g / 10 minutes, more preferably in the range of 1.5 to 7 g / 10 minutes. More preferably, it is 2 to 4 g / 10 minutes. When the MFR is in the range of 1 to 10 g / 10 minutes, the stability of heat-melt molding is good.
- MFR of the resin composition (1) in this specification is a value measured using a melt indexer at a temperature of 230 ° C. and a load of 3.8 kg.
- the polycarbonate used in the laminate of the present invention is preferably obtained by copolymerizing a dihydric phenol and a carbonate precursor.
- dihydric phenol examples include 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (commonly called bisphenol A), 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane, and 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane.
- 2,2-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 2,2-bis (3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfide, bis (4- Hydroxyphenyl) sulfone and the like, and among them, bisphenol A is preferred.
- These dihydric phenols may be used individually by 1 type, or may use multiple types together.
- carbonate precursor examples include carbonyl halides such as phosgene, carbonate esters such as diphenyl carbonate, and haloformates such as dihaloformate of dihydric phenol. These carbonate precursors may be used individually by 1 type, or may use multiple types together.
- the polycarbonate production method is not particularly limited.
- an interfacial polymerization method in which an aqueous solution of a dihydric phenol and an organic solvent solution of a carbonate precursor are reacted at the interface, a dihydric phenol and a carbonate precursor are reacted at high temperature, reduced pressure, Examples thereof include a transesterification method in which the reaction is performed under solvent conditions.
- the Mw of the polycarbonate is preferably in the range of 10,000 to 100,000, more preferably in the range of 20,000 to 70,000.
- the laminate of the present invention is excellent in impact resistance and heat resistance, and when it is 100,000 or less, the polycarbonate is excellent in molding processability and the production of the laminate of the present invention. Increases sex.
- the polycarbonate may contain other polymers as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- another polymer the same methacrylic resin, resin composition (1) and other polymers which may be contained in the above-described resin composition (1) can be used. These other polymers may be used individually by 1 type, or may use multiple types together.
- the content of these other polymers in the polycarbonate is preferably 15% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, and further preferably 5% by mass or less.
- the polycarbonate may contain various additives as necessary.
- an additive the thing similar to the additive which the above-mentioned resin composition (1) may contain can be used.
- the content of these additives can be appropriately set within a range not impairing the effects of the present invention.
- the content of the antioxidant is 0.01 to 1 part by mass and the content of the ultraviolet absorber is 100 parts by mass of the polycarbonate. 0.01-3 parts by weight, light stabilizer content is 0.01-3 parts by weight, lubricant content is 0.01-3 parts by weight, dye / pigment content is 0.01-3 parts by weight Is preferred.
- polymers and / or additives When other polymers and / or additives are added to the polycarbonate, they may be added when copolymerizing the dihydric phenol and the carbonate precursor, or added and melted after the copolymerization is completed. You may knead.
- the glass transition temperature of the polycarbonate is preferably in the range of 120 to 160 ° C., more preferably in the range of 135 to 155 ° C., and still more preferably in the range of 140 to 150 ° C.
- the glass transition temperature is in the range of 120 to 160 ° C., the occurrence of warpage of the laminate of the present invention under high temperature and high humidity can be suppressed.
- the MFR of the polycarbonate is preferably in the range of 1 to 30 g / 10 minutes, more preferably in the range of 3 to 20 g / 10 minutes, and still more preferably in the range of 5 to 10 g / 10 minutes.
- the MFR is in the range of 1 to 30 g / 10 min, the stability of heat-melt molding is good.
- the MFR of polycarbonate in the present specification is measured using a melt indexer under conditions of a temperature of 300 ° C. and a load of 1.2 kg.
- polycarbonate Commercially available products may be used as the polycarbonate.
- the laminate of the present invention may have a plurality of layers made of the resin composition (1) and / or layers made of polycarbonate.
- the laminate of the present invention may have a layer made of another resin (another resin layer) in addition to the layer made of the resin composition (1) and the layer made of polycarbonate.
- another resin another resin layer
- the resin contained in the other resin layer include various thermoplastic resins other than the resin composition (1) and polycarbonate; thermosetting resin; energy ray curable resin; and the like.
- Examples of other resin layers described above include a scratch-resistant layer, an antistatic layer, an antifouling layer, a friction reducing layer, an antiglare layer, an antireflection layer, an adhesive layer, and an impact strength imparting layer.
- These other resin layers may be one layer or plural. When there are a plurality of these other resin layers, they may be made of the same resin or different resins. In the laminate of the present invention, the arrangement order of the other resin layers is not particularly limited, and may be the surface or the inner layer.
- the thickness of the laminate of the present invention is preferably in the range of 0.03 to 5.0 mm, and preferably 0.05 to 4.0 mm from the viewpoint of manufacturing with good productivity while maintaining an excellent appearance. Is more preferable, and a range of 0.1 to 3.0 mm is more preferable.
- the thickness of the layer comprising the resin composition (1) in the laminate of the present invention is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 0.5 mm, more preferably in the range of 0.015 to 0.3 mm. More preferably, it is in the range of 0.02 to 0.1 mm. When the thickness is less than 0.01 mm, scratch resistance and weather resistance may be insufficient. If it exceeds 0.5 mm, the impact resistance may be insufficient.
- the thickness of the polycarbonate layer in the laminate of the present invention is preferably in the range of 0.02 to 4.9 mm, more preferably in the range of 0.035 to 3.9 mm, and 0.08 to 2 More preferably, it is in the range of .9 mm. If the thickness is less than 0.02 mm, the impact resistance may be insufficient. Moreover, when it exceeds 4.9 mm, productivity may fall.
- the layer composed of the resin composition (1) is represented as (1), and the layer composed of polycarbonate as (2).
- the stacking order of the laminate of the present invention is as follows: (1)-(2); (1)-(2)-(1); (2)-(1)-(2); (1)-(2 )-(1)-(2)-(1); and the like, and (1)-(2); (1)-(2)-(1); (1) from the viewpoint of enhancing the scratch resistance -(2)-(1)-(2)-(1); etc. are preferably laminated so that at least one surface is a layer made of the resin composition (1).
- the stacking order of the laminate of the present invention is (1)-(2) -(3); (3)-(1)-(2); (3)-(1)-(2)-(3); (3)-(1)-(2)-(1)-( 3); (1)-(2)-(3)-(2)-(1);
- the stacking order of the laminate of the present invention is (3 ′)-(1)-(2); At least one surface such as 3 ′)-(1)-(2)-(3 ′), (3 ′)-(1)-(2)-(1)-(3 ′) is a scratch-resistant layer It is preferable that they are laminated.
- the stacking order of the laminate of the present invention is (1)-(2)-(3)-(4); (4)-(3)-(1)-(2); (4)-( 3)-(1)-(2)-(3); (4)-(1)-(2)-(3); (4)-(3)-(1)-(2)-(3) -(4); (4)-(3)-(1)-(2)-(1)-(3)-(4);
- the antireflection layer is expressed as (4 ′), and (4 ′) ⁇ (3 ′) ⁇ (1) ⁇ ( 2); (4 ')-(3')-(1)-(2)-(3 '); (4')-(3 ')-(1)-(2)-(3')-( 4 ′); (4 ′)-(3 ′)-(1)-(2)-(1)-(3 ′)-(4 ′);
- the laminate of the present invention has a lamination order that is symmetrical in the thickness direction, and that the thickness of each layer is also symmetrical. preferable.
- the production method of the laminate of the present invention is not particularly limited, but the lamination of the layer made of the resin composition (1) and the layer made of polycarbonate is usually preferably performed by multilayer molding.
- multilayer molding include multi-layer extrusion molding, multilayer blow molding, multilayer press molding, multicolor injection molding, insert injection molding and the like, and multilayer extrusion molding is preferred from the viewpoint of productivity.
- a method for further laminating other resin layers a method of multilayer molding by the above-described method together with a layer made of the resin composition (1) and a layer made of polycarbonate, a layer made of the resin composition (1) prepared beforehand or a polycarbonate
- the method of multilayer extrusion molding is not particularly limited, and a known multilayer extrusion molding method used for the production of multilayer laminates of thermoplastic resins can be preferably employed, and more preferably a flat T die and a surface with a mirror-finished polishing. Molded by an apparatus equipped with a roll.
- the T-die method is a feed block method in which the resin composition (1) and polycarbonate in a heated and melted state are laminated before inflow of the T-die, and the resin composition (1) and polycarbonate are laminated inside the T-die.
- a multi-manifold system can be used. From the viewpoint of improving the smoothness of the interface between the layers constituting the laminate, the multi-manifold method is preferable.
- examples of the polishing roll in this case include a metal roll and an elastic roll having a metal thin film on the outer peripheral portion (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a metal elastic roll).
- the metal roll is not particularly limited as long as it has high rigidity, and examples thereof include a drilled roll and a spiral roll.
- the surface state of the metal roll is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, a mirror surface, or may have a pattern or unevenness.
- the metal elastic roll is, for example, a substantially cylindrical shaft roll that is rotatably provided, a cylindrical metal thin film that is disposed so as to cover the outer peripheral surface of the shaft roll, and is in contact with the film-like object, and these shafts.
- a shaft roll is not specifically limited, For example, it consists of stainless steel etc.
- the metal thin film is made of, for example, stainless steel and preferably has a thickness of about 2 to 5 mm.
- the metal thin film preferably has flexibility, flexibility, etc., and preferably has a seamless structure without a welded joint.
- the metal elastic roll provided with such a metal thin film is excellent in durability, and if the metal thin film is mirror-finished, it can be handled in the same way as a normal mirror roll, and if a pattern or unevenness is given to the metal thin film, Since it becomes a roll that can transfer the shape, it is easy to use.
- Resin composition (1) and polycarbonate are preferably melt filtered through a filter before multilayer molding and / or during multilayer molding.
- the filter medium used is not particularly limited, and is appropriately selected depending on the operating temperature, viscosity, and filtration accuracy.
- nonwoven fabric made of polypropylene, cotton, polyester, rayon, glass fiber, etc .; phenol resin-impregnated cellulose film; Bonded film; metal powder sintered film; wire mesh; or a combination thereof.
- the filtration accuracy of the filter is not particularly limited, but is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the scratch-resistant layer will be described in detail as an example of a layer made of another resin composition.
- the scratch-resistant layer is a layer for increasing the hardness by the pencil scratch test, and is a layer showing a hardness of “3H” or more in the pencil scratch test defined by JIS-K5600-5-4. Preferably there is.
- the scratch-resistant layer is preferably provided on the surface of the layer made of the resin composition (1).
- the thickness of the scratch-resistant layer is preferably 2 to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 to 8 ⁇ m, still more preferably 4 to 7 ⁇ m.
- the thickness is 2 ⁇ m or more, scratch resistance tends to be maintained, and when the thickness is 10 ⁇ m or less, the impact resistance of the laminate tends to be excellent.
- the scratch-resistant layer is usually obtained by applying a fluid curable composition comprising a monomer, oligomer, resin, etc. to the surface of another layer (for example, a layer comprising a resin composition (1) or a layer comprising a polycarbonate) It can be formed by curing.
- a fluid curable composition comprising a monomer, oligomer, resin, etc.
- another layer for example, a layer comprising a resin composition (1) or a layer comprising a polycarbonate
- curable compositions are, for example, thermosetting compositions that are cured by heat and energy beam curable compositions that are cured by energy beams such as electron beams, radiation, and ultraviolet rays.
- thermosetting composition examples include phenol resin, urea resin, diallyl phthalate resin, melamine resin, guanamine resin, unsaturated polyester resin, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, aminoalkyd resin, melamine-urea cocondensation resin, silicon
- thermosetting compositions may contain, for example, a curing agent such as a crosslinking agent and a polymerization initiator, a polymerization accelerator, and the like as necessary.
- isocyanate organic sulfonic acid and the like are usually used for polyester resins and polyurethane resins
- amine is epoxy resin, peroxide such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, radical initiator such as azobisisobutyl ester. Used for unsaturated polyester resins.
- the energy ray curable composition examples include a composition containing an oligomer and / or a monomer having a polymerizable unsaturated bond such as an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group, a thiol group, or an epoxy group in the molecule. From the viewpoint of enhancing the scratch resistance, a composition containing an oligomer and / or monomer having a plurality of acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups is preferred.
- the energy beam curable composition may contain a photopolymerization initiator and / or a photosensitizer.
- photopolymerization initiators include carbonyl compounds such as benzoin methyl ether, acetophenone, 3-methylacetophenone, benzophenone and 4-chlorobenzophenone; sulfur compounds such as tetramethylthiuram monosulfide and tetramethylthiuram disulfide; -Trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, benzoyldiethoxyphosphine oxide and the like, and photosensitizers include n-butylamine, triethylamine, tri-n-butylphosphine and the like.
- the content of these curable compounds is preferably in the range of 30 to 100% by mass, more preferably in the range of 40 to 95% by mass, and in the range of 50 to 95% by mass. More preferably it is.
- These curable compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the curable composition may be a monofunctional monomer; an organic solvent; a leveling agent, an antiblocking agent, a dispersion stabilizer, an ultraviolet absorber, a light stabilizer, an antioxidant, an antifoaming agent, a thickener, if necessary.
- An additive such as a lubricant, an antistatic agent, an antifouling agent, an antifogging agent, a filler, and a catalyst may be appropriately contained. The content of these additives can be appropriately set as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- Examples of the coating method for the curable composition include spin coating, dipping, spraying, slide coating, bar coating, roll coating, gravure coating, meniscus coating, flexographic printing, and screen printing. Is mentioned.
- Total light transmittance The laminates obtained in the examples and comparative examples and the sheets obtained in the reference examples were respectively used with a spectrocolor difference meter SE5000 manufactured by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd., and in accordance with the method described in JIS-K7361 It was measured.
- test piece was left in an environment of a temperature of 23 ° C. and a relative humidity of 50% for 24 hours.
- the test pieces according to Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 and 3 were formed of a layer composed of the resin composition (1) along the long side (or the resin composition (1 ′) used instead thereof). Or a layer made of SMA resin (A)) on the inside and a layer made of polycarbonate on the outside, resulting in an arcuate warp.
- the test piece according to Comparative Example 2 has an arcuate warpage along the long side with the layer made of methacrylic resin on the outside and the layer made of polycarbonate on the inside (that is, other Examples 1 to 4, Comparative Example 1). , 3 warping in the opposite direction to the test piece). Place the bow-shaped warped test piece on the surface plate so that the center of the test piece is in contact with the surface plate (that is, the test piece has a downward convex shape), and use a gap gauge to fix the test piece. The maximum value of the gap with the board was measured, and this value was taken as the initial amount of warpage.
- test piece with the short side clipped with a clip was hung in an environmental test machine set at a temperature of 85 ° C and a relative humidity of 85%, left in that state for 72 hours, and then allowed to stand at 23 ° C for 4 hours. Chilled.
- all the test pieces of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were formed of the resin composition (1) layer along the long side of the test piece (or the resin composition used instead thereof).
- (1 ′) a layer made of methacrylic resin or SMA resin (A)) on the inside, and a layer made of polycarbonate on the outside, an arcuate warp was produced.
- the maximum value of the gap between the test piece and the surface plate was measured by the same method, and was taken as the amount of warpage under high temperature and humidity.
- the difference between the initial warpage amount and the warpage amount under high-temperature wet heat [(warpage amount under high-temperature wet heat)-(initial warp amount)] was evaluated as the amount of warpage change.
- the obtained laminated sheet was measured according to the method described in JIS-K6850. That is, adhesion between a layer composed of a resin composition (or methacrylic resin, SMA resin) (corresponding to the first layer of Examples and Comparative Examples) and a layer composed of polycarbonate (corresponding to the second layer of Examples and Comparative Examples) On the surface, a tensile shear bond strength test was measured using an autograph AG-1S (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) at a tensile speed of 50 mm / min, and evaluated visually. The test was performed in a 23 ° C., 50% relative humidity environment using a laminated sheet conditioned for 24 hours at 23 ° C., 50% relative humidity.
- a resin composition or methacrylic resin, SMA resin
- polycarbonate corresponding to the second layer of Examples and Comparative Examples
- methacrylic resin and SMA resin were used.
- SMA resin Each SMA resin can be obtained by the following method.
- the SMA resin (A) which is a styrene-maleic anhydride-MMA copolymer can be obtained by the method described in WO2010 / 013557.
- SMA resin (B) POLYSCOPE, trade name: XIRAN26080 can be used.
- Table 1 shows the mass composition ratio and weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the SMA resin (A) and SMA resin (B) used.
- the copolymer composition of SMA resin (A) and SMA resin (B) was determined by 13C-NMR method according to the following procedure.
- a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus GX-270 manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- a sample solution was prepared by dissolving 1.5 g of SMA resin (A) or SMA resin (B) in 1.5 ml of deuterated chloroform, and measurement was performed under the conditions of room temperature and 4000 to 5000 times. The following values were determined from the measurement results.
- Mw of SMA resin (A) and SMA resin (B) was determined by the GPC method according to the following procedure. Tetrahydrofuran was used as the eluent, and TSKgel SuperMultipore HZM-M manufactured by Tosoh Corporation and SuperHZ4000 were connected in series as the column. As a GPC apparatus, HLC-8320 (product number) manufactured by Tosoh Corporation equipped with a differential refractive index detector (RI detector) was used. A sample solution was prepared by dissolving 4 mg of SMA resin (A) or SMA resin (B) in 5 ml of tetrahydrofuran.
- RI detector differential refractive index detector
- the column oven temperature was set to 40 ° C., 20 ⁇ l of sample solution was injected at an eluent flow rate of 0.35 ml / min, and the chromatogram was measured.
- Ten standard polystyrenes having a molecular weight in the range of 400 to 5000000 were measured by GPC, and a calibration curve showing the relationship between retention time and molecular weight was prepared. Mw was determined based on this calibration curve.
- pellets of the resin composition (1-1) were continuously charged into a single screw extruder having a shaft diameter of 30 mm, and extruded in a molten state under conditions of a cylinder temperature of 220 ° C. and a discharge rate of 2 kg / hour.
- the molten polycarbonate and the resin composition (1-1) are introduced into a junction block, laminated with a multi-manifold die set to 250 ° C., extruded into a sheet, and a resin composition (1- A laminate having a thickness of 1000 ⁇ m formed from two layers of a layer made of 1) (first layer) and a layer made of polycarbonate having a thickness of 940 ⁇ m (second layer) was produced.
- Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the laminate. Table 3 also shows the evaluation results of interlayer adhesion in the same two-layer laminated sheet prepared separately.
- Example 2 A laminate was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the resin composition (1-2) was used instead of the resin composition (1-1) in Example 1.
- Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the laminate. Table 3 also shows the evaluation results of interlayer adhesion in the same two-layer laminated sheet prepared separately.
- Example 3 A laminate was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the resin composition (1-3) was used instead of the resin composition (1-1) in Example 1.
- Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the laminate.
- Table 3 also shows the evaluation results of interlayer adhesion in the same two-layer laminated sheet prepared separately.
- Example 4 A laminate was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the resin composition (1-4) was used instead of the resin composition (1-1) of Example 1.
- Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the laminate.
- Table 3 also shows the evaluation results of interlayer adhesion in the same two-layer laminated sheet prepared separately.
- Example 5 A laminate was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the resin composition (1-5) was used instead of the resin composition (1-1) in Example 1.
- Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the laminate.
- Table 3 also shows the evaluation results of interlayer adhesion in the same two-layer laminated sheet prepared separately.
- Example 6 A laminate was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the resin composition (1-6) was used instead of the resin composition (1-1) in Example 1.
- Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the laminate.
- Table 3 also shows the evaluation results of interlayer adhesion in the same two-layer laminated sheet prepared separately.
- Example 1 A laminate was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the resin composition (1 ′) was used instead of the resin composition (1-1) of Example 1.
- Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the laminate. Table 3 also shows the evaluation results of interlayer adhesion in the same two-layer laminated sheet prepared separately.
- Example 2 A laminate was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a methacrylic resin was used instead of the resin composition (1-1) of Example 1.
- Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the laminate.
- Table 3 also shows the evaluation results of interlayer adhesion in the same two-layer laminated sheet prepared separately.
- Example 3 A laminate was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the SMA resin (A) was used instead of the resin composition (1-1) of Example 1. Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the laminate. Table 3 also shows the evaluation results of interlayer adhesion in the same two-layer laminated sheet prepared separately.
- Reference Example 8 A sheet was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the resin composition (1-1) was replaced with a methacrylic resin. Table 4 shows the evaluation results of the sheet.
- a sheet made of the resin composition (1), (1 ′) or SMA resin (A) used in the laminate of the present invention is a sheet made of methacrylic resin (Reference Example 6) and In comparison, the glass transition temperature is high and the saturated water absorption is low.
- the sheet of the resin composition (1), (1 ′) or SMA resin (A) has a high glass transition temperature and a low saturated water absorption rate. Presumed to be due to the suppression of occurrence.
- the laminated body using the resin composition (1 ′) (Comparative Example 1) and the laminated body using the methacrylic resin (Comparative Example 2) do not sufficiently suppress the occurrence of warpage under high temperature and high humidity.
- the laminate using the SMA resin (A) (Comparative Example 3) has a low surface hardness, and further, the interlayer adhesion between the layer made of the SMA resin (A) and the layer made of the polycarbonate is low. The nature is bad.
- the laminate comprising the resin composition (1) obtained by adding a specific amount of methacrylic resin to SMA resin (A) has surface hardness and bending workability while suppressing the occurrence of warpage under high temperature and high humidity. It has been improved.
- the laminate (Example 2) using the SMA resin (A) has improved transparency, interlayer adhesion, and bending as compared with the laminate (Example 3) using the SMA resin (B). Sex has been improved.
- the laminate of the present invention can greatly improve the amount of warp change without deteriorating the various performances of the conventional laminate of methacrylic resin and polycarbonate.
- the laminate of the present invention is characterized in that it is less likely to warp under high temperature and high humidity, and has excellent balance of transparency, scratch resistance, bending workability, and the like. It is suitable for use in exterior window materials, covers and the like.
- first layer made of resin composition (or methacrylic resin, SMA resin) 2 Polycarbonate single layer sheet (second layer) 3 Aluminum plate
Landscapes
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
近年、かかる表面部材では、意匠性や安全性の観点から、曲げ加工性が求められる場合が多いが、積層体において、ポリカーボネートは耐熱性が高く、高温での曲げ加工条件を強いられるため、耐熱性の低いメタクリル樹脂が耐えることができず、積層体に気泡、白化の発生などの問題を抱えている。さらに、前記の積層体は高温高湿条件下の屋外や車中で使用される場合が多いが、ポリカーボネートと比較し耐湿性の低いメタクリル樹脂が吸水し、積層体に反りが発生する問題を抱えている。
一方で、耐熱性、耐湿性の高い樹脂としてスチレンとマレイン酸無水物からなる共重合樹脂が知られている。例えば、非特許文献1では、マレイン酸無水物を18~35質量%含むスチレンとマレイン酸無水物の共重合樹脂について、ガラス転移温度が145~175℃であると報告されている。また、非特許文献2では、スチレンとマレイン酸無水物の共重合樹脂について、低吸水性樹脂を謳う記載がある。しかしながら、かかる樹脂からなる層と、ポリカーボネートからなる層とを備える積層体は、樹脂間の親和性が低く層間の密着性が悪いため、かかる積層体を曲げ加工した際に層間で剥離が発生し易く、加工後の成型体の外観を損なう場合があった。さらに、耐擦傷性が低く、表面部材として用いた際に、裂傷や擦傷などが発生するという問題があった。
樹脂組成物(1)について以下説明する。
樹脂組成物(1)は、メタクリル樹脂とSMA樹脂とを含有する。
樹脂組成物(1)中のメタクリル樹脂の含有量は5質量%以上50質量%未満の範囲であり、5質量%以上45質量%未満であることが好ましく、10質量%以上40質量%未満の範囲であることがより好ましく、15質量%以上35質量%未満の範囲であることがさらにより好ましい。本発明の積層体は、樹脂組成物(1)中のメタクリル樹脂の含有量が5質量%以上であることで、曲げ加工性に優れるものとなり、50質量%未満であることで反りの発生を抑制できる。
かかるメタクリル酸エステルとしては、メタクリル酸メチル(以下、「MMA」と称する)、メタクリル酸エチル、メタクリル酸n-プロピル、メタクリル酸イソプロピル、メタクリル酸n-ブチル、メタクリル酸イソブチル、メタクリル酸tert-ブチル、メタクリル酸ペンチル、メタクリル酸ヘキシル、メタクリル酸ヘプチル、メタクリル酸2-エチルヘキシル、メタクリル酸ノニル、メタクリル酸デシル、メタクリル酸ドデシルなどのメタクリル酸アルキルエステル;メタクリル酸1-メチルシクロペンチル、メタクリル酸シクロヘキシル、メタクリル酸シクロヘプチル、メタクリル酸シクロオクチル、メタクリル酸トリシクロ[5.2.1.02,6]デカ-8-イルなどのメタクリル酸シクロアルキルエステル;メタクリル酸フェニルなどのメタクリル酸アリールエステル;メタクリル酸ベンジルなどのメタクリル酸アラルキルエステル;などが挙げられ、入手性の観点から、MMA、メタクリル酸エチル、メタクリル酸n-プロピル、メタクリル酸イソプロピル、メタクリル酸n-ブチル、メタクリル酸イソブチル、およびメタクリル酸tert-ブチルが好ましく、MMAが最も好ましい。メタクリル樹脂におけるメタクリル酸エステルに由来する構造単位の含有量は90質量%以上が好ましく、95質量%以上がより好ましく、98質量%以上がさらに好ましく、メタクリル酸エステルに由来する構造単位のみであってもよい。
体を重合することで得られる。かかる重合において、複数種の単量体を用いる場合は、通常、かかる複数種の単量体を混合して単量体混合物を調製したのち、重合に供する。重合方法に特に制限はないが、生産性の観点から、塊状重合法、懸濁重合法、溶液重合法、乳化重合法などの方法でラジカル重合することが好ましい。
なお本明細書において、Mwはゲルパーエミーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)を用いて測定される標準ポリスチレン換算値を意味する。
曲げクラック性の観点から50/50~5/95の範囲であることが好ましく、45/55~5/95の範囲であることがより好ましく、40/60~10/90の範囲であることがさらにより好ましく、35/65~15/85の範囲であることがもっとも好ましい。
樹脂組成物(1)中におけるこれら他の重合体の含有量は10質量%以下であることが好ましく、5質量%以下であることがより好ましく、2質量%以下であることがさらに好ましい。
なお、本明細書におけるガラス転移温度とは、示差走査熱量計を用い、昇温速度10℃/分で測定し、中点法で算出したときの温度である。
なお、本明細書における樹脂組成物(1)のMFRとは、メルトインデクサーを用いて、温度230℃、3.8kg荷重下で測定した値である。
ポリカーボネートにおけるこれら他の重合体の含有量は15質量%以下であることが好ましく、10質量%以下であることがより好ましく、5質量%以下であることがさらに好ましい。
なお、本明細書におけるポリカーボネートのMFRとは、メルトインデクサーを用いて、温度300℃、1.2kg荷重下の条件で測定したものである。
本発明の積層体は、樹脂組成物(1)からなる層および/またはポリカーボネートからなる層を、複数有していてもよい。
例えば(3)が、耐擦傷層である場合、かかる本発明の積層体の積層順序は、耐擦傷層を(3’)と表記すると、(3’)-(1)-(2);(3’)-(1)-(2)-(3’)、(3’)-(1)-(2)-(1)-(3’)など、少なくとも一方の表面が耐擦傷層となるように積層されていることが好ましい。
この場合のTダイの方式としては、加熱溶融状態の樹脂組成物(1)およびポリカーボネートをTダイ流入前に積層するフィードブロック方式、樹脂組成物(1)およびポリカーボネートをTダイ内部で積層されるマルチマニホールド方式などを採用できる。積層体を構成する各層間の界面の平滑性を高める観点から、マルチマニホールド方式が好ましい。
耐擦傷層は、本明細書においては、鉛筆引掻き試験による硬度を上昇させるための層であり、JIS-K5600-5-4で規定される鉛筆引掻き試験で「3H」以上の硬度を示す層であることが好ましい。耐擦傷層は樹脂組成物(1)からなる層の表面に設けることが好ましい。
これら熱硬化性組成物は、必要に応じて、例えば架橋剤、重合開始剤等の硬化剤、重合促進剤等を含有してもよい。硬化剤としては、通常、イソシアネート、有機スルホン酸等がポリエステル系樹脂、ポリウレタン系樹脂に用いられ、アミンがエポキシ樹脂に、メチルエチルケトンパーオキサイド等の過酸化物、アゾビスイソブチルエステル等のラジカル開始剤が不飽和ポリエステル系樹脂に使用される。
後述する製造例で得られた樹脂組成物、実施例および比較例で得られた積層体、並びに参考例で得られたシートの評価は以下の方法で行った。
参考例で得られたシートを減圧下(1kPa)で80℃、24時間乾燥した後、10mgの試験片を切り出して、アルミパンで封止し、示差走査熱量計(「DSC-50」、株式会社リガク製)を用いて、30分以上窒素置換を行った後、10ml/分の窒素気流中、一旦25℃から200℃まで20℃/分の速度で昇温して、10分間保持し、25℃まで冷却した(1次走査)。次いで、10℃/分の速度で200℃まで昇温して(2次走査)、中点法でガラス転移温度を算出した。
参考例で得られたシートを一辺50mmの正方形に切り出して作製した試験片を、減圧下(1kPa)で80℃、24時間乾燥した後、温度23℃、相対湿度50%のデシケーター中で放冷した後、すみやかに質量を測定し初期質量とした。次いでかかる試験片を23℃の蒸留水中に浸漬して、経時的に質量を測定し、質量変化が見られなくなった時点における質量(吸水質量)を用いて下記式によって飽和吸水率を算出した。
飽和吸水率(%)=[(吸水質量-初期質量)/初期質量]×100
実施例および比較例で得られた積層体と、参考例で得られたシートを各々分光色差計SE5000 日本電色工業(株)製を使用し、JIS‐K7361に記載された方法に準拠して測定した。
実施例および比較例の積層体を押出流れ方向に対して平行な方向が短辺、押出流れ方向に対して垂直な方向が長辺となるように長方形に切り出して、短辺65mm、長辺110mmの試験片を作製した後、温度23℃、相対湿度50%の環境に24時間放置した。
ここにおいて、実施例1~4、比較例1,3にかかる試験片は、長辺に沿って、樹脂組成物(1)からなる層(または、その代わりに用いた樹脂組成物(1’)、またはSMA樹脂(A)からなる層)を内側、ポリカーボネートからなる層を外側にして弓状の反りを生じた。一方、比較例2にかかる試験片は、長辺に沿って、メタクリル樹脂からなる層を外側、ポリカーボネートからなる層を内側にして弓状の反り(すなわちその他の実施例1~4、比較例1,3にかかる試験片と逆方向の反り)を生じた。
定盤上に、かかる弓状の反りを生じた試験片の中央部が定盤に接するように(すなわち試験片が下向きの凸状となるように)置き、隙間ゲージを用いて試験片と定盤との隙間の最大値を測定し、この値を初期の反り量とした。
次いで、温度85℃、相対湿度85%に設定した環境試験機の中に短辺側をクリップで止めた試験片を吊り下げ、その状態で72時間放置した後、23℃環境下で4時間放冷した。その結果、実施例1~4、比較例1~3のすべての試験片は、試験片の長辺に沿って、樹脂組成物(1)からなる層(または、その代わりに用いた樹脂組成物(1’)、メタクリル樹脂またはSMA樹脂(A)からなる層)を内側、ポリカーボネートからなる層を外側にして弓状の反りを生じた。試験片と定盤との隙間の最大値を同様の方法で測定し、高温湿熱下での反り量とした。
初期の反り量と高温湿熱下での反り量の差[(高温湿熱下での反り量)-(初期の反り量)]を反り変化量として評価した。
テーブル移動式鉛筆引掻き試験機(型式P)(東洋精機社製)を用いて測定した。実施例および比較例で得られた積層体の樹脂組成物(1)からなる層(または、その代わりに用いた樹脂組成物(1’)、メタクリル樹脂またはSMA樹脂(A)からなる層)の表面に対して角度45度、荷重750gで鉛筆の芯を押し付けながら引っ掻き傷の傷跡の有無を確認した。鉛筆の芯の硬度は順に増していき、傷跡を生じた時点よりも1段階軟かい芯の硬度を鉛筆引掻き硬度とした。
製造例1~5で得られた樹脂組成物、実施例で用いたメタクリル樹脂、SMA樹脂(A)およびSMA樹脂(B)のそれぞれについて、金型枠に入れて、230℃、50kg/cm2にて、5分間、プレスし、幅25mm、長さ100mm、厚さ1mmの短冊状の単層シートを各々作製した(実施例及び比較例の第一層に相当)。また、実施例で用いたポリカーボネートを用い、上記と同様の条件で同一寸法の単層シートを作成した(実施例及び比較例の第二層に相当)。得られた各々の単層シートの片面をアルミ板で補強した。
実施例及び比較例の第一層に相当する単層シートの一を選択し、ポリカーボネートからなる単層シートと、重ね合せ部の幅が25mm、長さが25mmとなるよう、アルミ板と反対側で両単層シートが密着するように、金型枠に入れて、230℃、100kg/cm2にて、5分間、プレスした。これにより2層からなり、幅25mm、長さ175mm、重ね合わせ部の厚さ2mmの積層シートを得た。(図1参照)。この方法により、各実施例および比較例と同一の2層構成の積層シートを各々作製した。得られた積層シートを、JIS‐K6850に記載された方法に準拠して測定した。すなわち、樹脂組成物(または、メタクリル樹脂、SMA樹脂)からなる層(実施例及び比較例の第一層に相当)とポリカーボネートからなる層(実施例及び比較例の第二層に相当)の接着面において、オートグラフAG-1S(島津製作所製)を用い、引張速度50mm/minで、引張りせん断接着強さ試験を測定し、目視で評価をした。試験は、23℃、相対湿度50%環境下で24時間調湿した積層シートを用い、23℃、相対湿度50%環境下で実施した。
[評価基準]
○:界面で凝集破壊
△:部分的に界面で凝集破壊
×:界面剥離
なお、層間密着性は、熱溶融により隣接する2層の樹脂を積層した際には、その樹脂に依存するものと思われる。層間密着性の優劣は、積層体の曲げ加工性の優劣に影響することとなる。
実施例および比較例で得られた積層体を押出流れ方向に対して平行な方向が短辺、押出流れ方向に対して垂直な方向が長辺となるように長方形に切り出して、短辺50mm、長辺200mmの試験片を作製した。試験片を遠赤外線ヒーターで厚み方向の上下から均等に加熱して、試験片の主面の表面温度が表裏ともに160℃に達した後、曲率半径25mmの金型を用いて積層体のポリカーボネート層が内側となるように曲げ加工した。試験片の加工状況を目視にて評価した。
[評価基準]
○:外観異常なし
△:剥離、発泡、揺らぎのいずれかが極僅かに発生
×:剥離、発泡、揺らぎのいずれかが発生
[メタクリル樹脂]
メタクリル樹脂は、クラレ社製、商品名;パラペットHR-S(MMAとMAの質量組成比98.9:1.1の共重合体、Mw=90,000)を使用した。
[SMA樹脂]
各SMA樹脂は以下の方法で入手できる。
WO2010/013557に記載の方法で、スチレン-無水マレイン酸-MMA共重合体であるSMA樹脂(A)得ることができる。
SMA樹脂(B)として、POLYSCOPE社製、商品名;XIRAN26080を使用することができる。
用いたSMA樹脂(A)、SMA樹脂(B)の質量組成比および重量平均分子量(Mw)を表1に示す。
SMA樹脂(A)、SMA樹脂(B)の共重合組成は、下記の手順で13C-NMR法により求めた。
13C-NMRスペクトルは、核磁気共鳴装置(日本電子社製 GX-270)を用いた
。SMA樹脂(A)またはSMA樹脂(B)1.5gを重水素化クロロホルム1.5mlに溶解させて試料溶液を調整し、室温環境下、積算回数4000~5000回の条件にて、測定した。測定結果より、以下の値を求めた。
・〔スチレン単位中のベンゼン環(炭素数6)のカーボンピーク(127、134,143ppm付近)の積分強度〕/6
・〔無水マレイン酸単位中のカルボニル部位(炭素数2)のカーボンピーク(170ppm付近)の積分強度〕/2
・〔MMA単位中のカルボニル部位(炭素数1)のカーボンピーク(175ppm付近)の積分強度〕/1
以上の値の面積比から、試料中のスチレン単位、無水マレイン酸単位、MMA単位のモル比を求めた。得られたモル比とそれぞれのモノマー単位の質量比(スチレン単位:無水マレイン酸単位:MMA=104:98:100)から、SMA樹脂(A)、SMA樹脂(B)中の各単量体の組成を求めた。
SMA樹脂(A)、SMA樹脂(B)のMwは、下記の手順でGPC法により求めた。
溶離液としてテトラヒドロフラン、カラムとして東ソー株式会社製のTSKgel SuperMultipore HZM-Mの2本とSuperHZ4000を直列に繋いだものを用いた。GPC装置として、示差屈折率検出器(RI検出器)を備えた東ソー株式会社製のHLC-8320(品番)を使用した。SMA樹脂(A)またはSMA樹脂(B)4mgをテトラヒドロフラン5mlに溶解させて試料溶液を調整した。カラムオーブンの温度を40℃に設定し、溶離液流量0.35ml/分で、試料溶液20μlを注入して、クロマトグラムを測定した。分子量が400~5000000の範囲内にある標準ポリスチレン10点をGPCで測定し、保持時間と分子量との関係を示す検量線を作成した。この検量線に基づいてMw決定した。
95質量部のSMA樹脂(A)と5質量部のメタクリル樹脂を2軸押出機のホッパーに供給し、シリンダ温度230℃で溶融混練して押出成形し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物(以下「樹脂組成物(1-1)」と称する)を得た。組成を表2に示す。なお、メルトインデクサーを用いて、温度230℃、3.8kg荷重下で測定した樹脂組成物(1-1)のMFRは1.9g/10分であった。
90質量部のSMA樹脂(A)と10質量部のメタクリル樹脂を2軸押出機のホッパーに供給し、シリンダ温度230℃で溶融混練して押出成形し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物(以下「樹脂組成物(1-1)」と称する)を得た。組成を表2に示す。なお、メルトインデクサーを用いて、温度230℃、3.8kg荷重下で測定した樹脂組成物(1-2)のMFRは1.9g/10分であった。
70質量部のSMA樹脂(A)と30質量部のメタクリル樹脂を2軸押出機のホッパーに供給し、シリンダ温度230℃で溶融混練して押出成形し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物(以下「樹脂組成物(1-3)」と称する)を得た。組成を表2に示す。なお、メルトインデクサーを用いて、温度230℃、3.8kg荷重下で測定した樹脂組成物(1-3)のMFRは2.0g/10分であった。
70質量部のSMA樹脂(B)と30質量部のメタクリル樹脂を2軸押出機のホッパーに供給し、シリンダ温度230℃で溶融混練して押出成形し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物(以下「樹脂組成物(1-4)」と称する)を得た。組成を表2に示す。なお、メルトインデクサーを用いて、温度230℃、3.8kg荷重下で測定した樹脂組成物(1-4)のMFRは3.8g/10分であった。
60質量部のSMA樹脂(A)と40質量部のメタクリル樹脂を2軸押出機のホッパーに供給し、シリンダ温度230℃で溶融混練して押出成形し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物(以下「樹脂組成物(1-5)」と称する)を得た。組成を表2に示す。なお、メルトインデクサーを用いて、温度230℃、3.8kg荷重下で測定した樹脂組成物(1-5)のMFRは2.0g/10分であった。
51質量部のSMA樹脂(A)と49質量部のメタクリル樹脂を2軸押出機のホッパーに供給し、シリンダ温度230℃で溶融混練して押出成形し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物(以下「樹脂組成物(1-6)」と称する)を得た。組成を表2に示す。なお、メルトインデクサーを用いて、温度230℃、3.8kg荷重下で測定した樹脂組成物(1-6)のMFRは2.1g/10分であった。
30質量部のSMA樹脂(A)と70質量部のメタクリル樹脂を2軸押出機のホッパーに供給し、シリンダ温度230℃で溶融混練して押出成形し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物(以下「樹脂組成物(1’)」と称する)を得た。組成を表2に示す。なお、メルトインデクサーを用いて、温度230℃、3.8kg荷重下で測定した樹脂組成物(1’)のMFRは2.3g/10分であった。
軸径50mmの単軸押出機にポリカーボネート(住化スタイロンポリカーボネート株式
会社製「カリバー300-8」、Mw=50,000、ガラス転移温度=150℃、温度300℃、1.2kg荷重下でのMFR=6.7g/10分)のペレットを連続的に投入し、シリンダ温度280℃、吐出量30kg/時の条件にて溶融状態で押し出した。一方、軸径30mmの単軸押出機に樹脂組成物(1-1)のペレットを連続的に投入し、シリンダ温度220℃、吐出量2kg/時の条件にて溶融状態で押し出した。かかる溶融状態のポリカーボネートと樹脂組成物(1-1)をジャンクションブロックに導入し、250℃に設定したマルチマニホールドダイで積層し、シート状に押出成形し、厚さ60μmの樹脂組成物(1-1)からなる層(第一層)と厚さ940μmのポリカーボネートからなる層(第二層)との2層から形成される厚さ1000μmの積層体を製造した。かかる積層体の評価結果を表3に示す。また、別途作製した同一の2層構成の積層シートでの、層間密着性の評価結果も、併せて表3に示す。
実施例1の樹脂組成物(1-1)の代わりに樹脂組成物(1-2)を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様に積層体を作製した。かかる積層体の評価結果を表3に示す。また、別途作製した同一の2層構成の積層シートでの、層間密着性の評価結果も、併せて表3に示す。
実施例1の樹脂組成物(1-1)の代わりに樹脂組成物(1-3)を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様に積層体を作製した。かかる積層体の評価結果を表3に示す。また、別途作製した同一の2層構成の積層シートでの、層間密着性の評価結果も、併せて表3に示す。
実施例1の樹脂組成物(1-1)の代わりに樹脂組成物(1-4)を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様に積層体を作製した。かかる積層体の評価結果を表3に示す。また、別途作製した同一の2層構成の積層シートでの、層間密着性の評価結果も、併せて表3に示す。
実施例1の樹脂組成物(1-1)の代わりに樹脂組成物(1-5)を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様に積層体を作製した。かかる積層体の評価結果を表3に示す。また、別途作製した同一の2層構成の積層シートでの、層間密着性の評価結果も、併せて表3に示す。
実施例1の樹脂組成物(1-1)の代わりに樹脂組成物(1-6)を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様に積層体を作製した。かかる積層体の評価結果を表3に示す。また、別途作製した同一の2層構成の積層シートでの、層間密着性の評価結果も、併せて表3に示す。
実施例1の樹脂組成物(1-1)の代わりに樹脂組成物(1’)を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様に積層体を作製した。かかる積層体の評価結果を表3に示す。また、別途作製した同一の2層構成の積層シートでの、層間密着性の評価結果も、併せて表3に示す。
実施例1の樹脂組成物(1-1)の代わりにメタクリル樹脂を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様に積層体を作製した。かかる積層体の評価結果を表3に示す。また、別途作製し
た同一の2層構成の積層シートでの、層間密着性の評価結果も、併せて表3に示す。
実施例1の樹脂組成物(1-1)の代わりにSMA樹脂(A)を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様に積層体を作製した。かかる積層体の評価結果を表3に示す。また、別途作製した同一の2層構成の積層シートでの、層間密着性の評価結果も、併せて表3に示す。
樹脂組成物(1-1)を短辺110mm、長辺150mmの長方形状の金型枠に入れて、230℃、50kg/cm2にて、5分間、プレスし、厚さ2mm、短辺110mm、長辺150mmのシートを作製した。かかるシートの評価結果を表4に示す。
樹脂組成物(1-1)を樹脂組成物(1-2)に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様にしてシートを作製した。かかるシートの評価結果を表4に示す。
樹脂組成物(1-1)を樹脂組成物(1-3)に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様にしてシートを作製した。かかるシートの評価結果を表4に示す。
樹脂組成物(1-1)を樹脂組成物(1-4)に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様にしてシートを作製した。かかるシートの評価結果を表4に示す。
樹脂組成物(1-1)を樹脂組成物(1-5)に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様にしてシートを作製した。かかるシートの評価結果を表4に示す。
樹脂組成物(1-1)を樹脂組成物(1-6)に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様にしてシートを作製した。かかるシートの評価結果を表4に示す。
樹脂組成物(1-1)を樹脂組成物(1’)に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様にしてシートを作製した。かかるシートの評価結果を表4に示す。
樹脂組成物(1-1)をメタクリル樹脂に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様にしてシートを作製した。かかるシートの評価結果を表4に示す。
樹脂組成物(1-1)をSMA樹脂(A)に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様にしてシートを作製した。かかるシートの評価結果を表4に示す。
樹脂組成物(1’)を用いた積層体(比較例1)およびメタクリル樹脂を用いた積層体(比較例2)は高温高湿下における反りの発生の抑制が十分ではない。また、SMA樹脂(A)を用いた積層体(比較例3)は、表面硬度が低く、さらに、SMA樹脂(A)からなる層とポリカーボネートからなる層との層間密着性が低いため、曲げ加工性が悪い。
これと比較し、SMA樹脂(A)にメタクリル樹脂を特定量加えた樹脂組成物(1)からなる積層体は、高温高湿下における反りの発生を抑制しつつ、表面硬度および曲げ加工性が改善されている。
さらに、SMA樹脂(A)を用いた積層体(実施例2)は、SMA樹脂(B)を用いた積層体(実施例3)と比較し、透明性が向上し、層間密着性、曲げ加工性が改善されている。
このように本発明の積層体は、従来のメタクリル樹脂とポリカーボネートの積層体の種々の性能を低下させることなく、反り変化量を大幅に改善できる。
2 ポリカーボネート単層シート(第二層)
3 アルミ板
Claims (5)
- 前記の共重合体が芳香族ビニル化合物(a)に由来する構造単位を50~85質量%含有し、酸無水物(b)に由来する構造単位を15~50質量%含有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の積層体。
- 前記の共重合体が芳香族ビニル化合物(a)に由来する構造単位を50~84質量%含有し、酸無水物(b)に由来する構造単位を15~49質量%含有し、メタクリル酸エステル単量体を1~35質量%含有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の積層体。
- 前記のメタクリル酸エステル単量体がメタクリル酸メチルであることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の積層体。
- 少なくとも一方の表面にさらに耐擦傷性層を備える請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の積層体。
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CN201580012581.3A CN106103092A (zh) | 2014-03-07 | 2015-03-04 | 层叠体 |
JP2016506532A JP6470255B2 (ja) | 2014-03-07 | 2015-03-04 | 積層体 |
KR1020167027437A KR102338971B1 (ko) | 2014-03-07 | 2015-03-04 | 적층체 |
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JP (1) | JP6470255B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR102338971B1 (ja) |
CN (2) | CN109514954A (ja) |
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WO (1) | WO2015133530A1 (ja) |
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JP2016020052A (ja) * | 2014-07-14 | 2016-02-04 | 三菱樹脂株式会社 | 積層体 |
WO2016132743A1 (ja) * | 2015-02-20 | 2016-08-25 | 株式会社クラレ | 樹脂組成物、成形品および積層体 |
KR20180088681A (ko) | 2015-12-01 | 2018-08-06 | 미츠비시 가스 가가쿠 가부시키가이샤 | 투명 수지 적층체 |
KR20180127414A (ko) * | 2016-03-23 | 2018-11-28 | 주식회사 쿠라레 | 압출 수지판의 제조 방법 및 압출 수지판 |
WO2020022426A1 (ja) * | 2018-07-27 | 2020-01-30 | 株式会社クラレ | 赤外線遮蔽性積層シートとその製造方法 |
JP2021030475A (ja) * | 2019-08-19 | 2021-03-01 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 透明樹脂積層体並びにそれを用いた透明基板材料及び透明保護材料 |
WO2021100661A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-18 | 2021-05-27 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 樹脂組成物、平板状成形体、多層体および反射防止成形体 |
JP7470597B2 (ja) | 2020-08-05 | 2024-04-18 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 透明樹脂積層体並びにそれを用いた透明基板材料及び透明保護材料 |
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JP2021030475A (ja) * | 2019-08-19 | 2021-03-01 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 透明樹脂積層体並びにそれを用いた透明基板材料及び透明保護材料 |
JP7265960B2 (ja) | 2019-08-19 | 2023-04-27 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 透明樹脂積層体並びにそれを用いた透明基板材料及び透明保護材料 |
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JP7470597B2 (ja) | 2020-08-05 | 2024-04-18 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 透明樹脂積層体並びにそれを用いた透明基板材料及び透明保護材料 |
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KR20160130444A (ko) | 2016-11-11 |
US20170015088A1 (en) | 2017-01-19 |
JP6470255B2 (ja) | 2019-02-13 |
KR102338971B1 (ko) | 2021-12-13 |
CN109514954A (zh) | 2019-03-26 |
TW201542370A (zh) | 2015-11-16 |
JPWO2015133530A1 (ja) | 2017-04-06 |
CN106103092A (zh) | 2016-11-09 |
TWI669213B (zh) | 2019-08-21 |
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