WO2015103983A1 - 一种放射性废水处理的方法和装置 - Google Patents
一种放射性废水处理的方法和装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015103983A1 WO2015103983A1 PCT/CN2015/070290 CN2015070290W WO2015103983A1 WO 2015103983 A1 WO2015103983 A1 WO 2015103983A1 CN 2015070290 W CN2015070290 W CN 2015070290W WO 2015103983 A1 WO2015103983 A1 WO 2015103983A1
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- membrane module
- water
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- radioactive waste
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- 239000002354 radioactive wastewater Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 185
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 134
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009287 sand filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000909 electrodialysis Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 23
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 23
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- 239000000149 chemical water pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/04—Treating liquids
- G21F9/06—Processing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
- B01D61/026—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration comprising multiple reverse osmosis steps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/08—Apparatus therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D61/58—Multistep processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D63/08—Flat membrane modules
- B01D63/082—Flat membrane modules comprising a stack of flat membranes
- B01D63/084—Flat membrane modules comprising a stack of flat membranes at least one flow duct intersecting the membranes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/008—Sludge treatment by fixation or solidification
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
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- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/444—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by ultrafiltration or microfiltration
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
- C02F1/4693—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/006—Radioactive compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- C02F2301/046—Recirculation with an external loop
Definitions
- the invention relates to radioactive wastewater treatment, in particular to a method and a device for treating radioactive wastewater by a disc tube reverse osmosis membrane technology.
- Each treatment method has its applicable scope and technical characteristics.
- the current research mainly focuses on the decontamination efficiency of radioactive wastewater under different reactor treatment conditions in the case of reactor core melting, and selects suitable radioactive wastewater in combination with treatment flow rate and process characteristics. Processing technology.
- the focus of the radioactive wastewater treatment technology is to increase the decontamination factor of the radioactive waste water so that the concentration of radionuclides in the discharged water is as low as possible and the volume of the radioactive concentrate is as small as possible.
- the radioactive wastewater membrane treatment system has a high decontamination factor, its low concentration factor (usually only 5-10) limits its widespread use.
- the strict requirements of the conventional reverse osmosis membrane treatment system for water ingress also severely limit its use. If pretreatment with diatomaceous earth filtration, the amount of solid waste generated will be greatly increased.
- the invention can simplify the complicated pretreatment process by selecting the highly anti-pollution disc-type reverse osmosis membrane module, and realize the high-efficiency treatment and high-magnification concentration through the optimized combination processing of the disc-type reverse osmosis membrane module.
- DTRO disk-type reverse osmosis
- the radioactive waste water may be sequentially passed through the first stage membrane module and the second stage membrane module to obtain second stage clean water; the first stage concentrated water sent from the first stage membrane module enters the third stage The membrane module is obtained to obtain a concentrate.
- the second stage concentrated water sent from the second stage membrane module and the concentrated stage clean water sent from the third stage membrane module can be returned to the first stage membrane module for reprocessing.
- the radioactive waste water may be subjected to sand filtration, ultrafiltration or pH adjustment before being fed to the membrane module, wherein the pH of the radioactive waste water may be adjusted if pH adjustment is performed. The value is adjusted to 6-8.
- the salt content of the radioactive waste water before the treatment is preferably not more than 5 g/L.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a radioactive waste water treatment apparatus for use in the radioactive waste water treatment method of the present invention, comprising a first stage, a second stage and a third stage disc tube type reverse osmosis membrane module and for providing radioactive waste water
- the water supply pump wherein the clean water outlet of the first stage membrane module is connected to the inlet of the second stage membrane module, and the concentrated water outlet of the first stage membrane module is connected to the inlet of the third stage membrane module.
- both the concentrated water outlet of the second stage membrane module and the clean water outlet of the third stage membrane module are coupled to the inlet of the first stage membrane module.
- the radioactive waste water treatment device further includes first, second, and third stage high pressure pumps and circulating pumps for the first stage, second stage, and third stage disc tubular reverse osmosis membrane modules, respectively. .
- FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of a method of treating a radioactive waste water according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are respectively a schematic structural view and a physical diagram of a radioactive waste water treatment apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 3A and 3B are respectively a flow path schematic and a physical diagram of a disk-type reverse osmosis membrane module used in the present invention.
- Radioactive wastewater treatment is different from general wastewater treatment such as coking wastewater, pharmaceutical wastewater, textile/dyeing wastewater, petroleum/chemical wastewater, landfill leachate, etc. because: 1) the concentration of radionuclide ions is extremely low. Exceeding the capacity of conventional wastewater treatment technology; the environmental emission requirement is 10Bq/L, and 90 Sr and 137 Cs are taken as examples. The corresponding mass concentrations of nuclide are 2.0 ⁇ 10 -13 mg/L and 3.0 ⁇ 10 respectively. -13 mg/L. 2) The requirements for the generation of secondary radioactive waste are much higher than conventional wastewater treatment. An important principle of radioactive wastewater treatment is the minimization of radioactive waste. 3) The operability and maintainability of the equipment under radioactive conditions need to be considered.
- the inventors Based on the above specific requirements for the treatment of radioactive waste water, the inventors have devised a method and apparatus for treating radioactive waste water of the present invention in which the amount of radioactive waste generated is minimized while ensuring an extremely low concentration of radionuclide ion discharge.
- the "decontamination factor” is also used to measure the mass concentration of radionuclide ions, which is calculated as (the activity of the raw water) / (the activity of the water).
- concentration factor is used to measure the amount of radioactive waste produced, which can be calculated as (raw water volume) / (concentrate volume).
- the decontamination factor is at least 500, and the concentration factor is at least 25 times, which achieves the discharge standard of domestic sewage of 10 Bq/L, and ensures radioactivity.
- the amount of waste generated is as small as possible.
- This is also a key to the method of the present invention which is significantly different from prior art wastewater treatment methods. In prior art wastewater treatment processes, either the concentration factor is never considered, or complex processes and equipment have to be employed in order to simultaneously achieve emission standards and concentration multiples.
- the present invention successfully realizes the discharge of radioactive waste water by using a DTRO membrane module to treat radioactive waste water, and at the same time achieves the least amount of radioactive waste generated by a simple and easy-to-operate process and apparatus.
- the radioactive wastewater is treated using a tertiary DTRO membrane module.
- 1 is an exemplary process flow diagram of a three-stage DTRO membrane module for treating radioactive wastewater.
- the radioactive waste water passes through the first-stage membrane module and the second-stage membrane module in sequence to obtain second-stage clean water; the first-stage concentrated water sent from the first-stage membrane module enters the third-stage membrane module to obtain a concentrate.
- the second stage concentrated water sent from the second stage membrane module and the concentrated stage clean water sent from the third stage membrane module can be returned to the first stage membrane module for reprocessing.
- the pretreatment of raw water is shown in Figure 1, this is not a necessary step. Since the membrane module used in the present invention is a DTRO membrane module, it is possible to directly treat the radioactive waste water without any pretreatment of the raw water and to achieve the required discharge standards. Unlike many radioactive wastewater treatment processes in the prior art, it is necessary to first pretreat the wastewater through a complex ultrafiltration process in order to deliver the pretreated wastewater for reverse osmosis treatment. Obviously, in the method of the present invention, the elimination of the pretreatment process can simplify the processing equipment and greatly reduce the processing cost.
- the raw water is pretreated, it may be an operation such as sand filtration, ultrafiltration or pH adjustment, which is easily determined by those skilled in the art based on actual conditions. If pH adjustment is carried out, it is preferred to adjust the pH of the radioactive waste water to 6-8. At this pH, on the one hand, the reverse osmosis treatment of the DTRO membrane module is the best, and on the other hand, the DTRO membrane module has a long service life.
- ion exchange of the secondary clean water is shown in Fig. 1, this step can be selected according to the actual situation.
- radioactive wastewater that is routinely discharged from nuclear facilities, its radioactivity is generally between 1000 Bq/L and 10,000 Bq/L (total ⁇ ), which are treated by the two-stage DTRO membrane module of the method of the invention, and the activity of the second-stage clean water. It is often below 10Bq/L and meets the discharge standards for domestic sewage.
- the radioactivity can be as high as 50,000 Bq/L; this highly radioactive wastewater is treated by the two-stage DTRO membrane module of the present invention.
- the radioactivity of the secondary clean water is also close to 10 Bq/L (e.g., Example 1 below).
- the second stage water sent from the second stage membrane module can be sent for further fine treatment.
- the activity of the second-stage clean water sent from the second-stage membrane module is greater than 1 Bq/L, the second-stage clean water is finely treated.
- an ion exchange treatment or an electrodialysis treatment is preferred.
- the radioactive waste water treated by the method of the invention can obtain water close to the natural water background through one-step fine treatment even if the radioactivity is as high as 50,000 Bq/L. The activity is about 0.5 Bq/L.
- the secondary clean water obtained by the treatment of the secondary DTRO membrane module of the method of the present invention is already very clean, if it is subjected to further ion exchange treatment, the ion exchange resin used can be used for a long time, generally 2-3 Replacement is required only after the year, which significantly reduces the amount of waste resin produced and reduces the processing cost of the entire process.
- the waste resin that is finally removed can be solidified together with the concentrate discharged from the third stage membrane module.
- the number of stages of the DTRO membrane module is correspondingly increased as the water quality requirements are increased.
- the number of stages of the water treatment membrane module must not be increased in an unrestricted manner in order to purify the water quality improvement, because the increased water treatment membrane module also increases the amount of the concentrate.
- the increase in the total amount of concentrate inevitably reduces the concentration factor, resulting in more waste requiring curing treatment.
- the concentrated water treatment membrane module of the increased number of stages has a high concentration of effluent radioactivity, and improper reflux may cause an increase in the activity of the effluent; secondly, the production process is difficult to control and makes Processing costs increase.
- the number of stages of the clean water and concentrated water treatment membrane modules must be reasonably configured based on the double consideration of the decontamination factor and the concentration factor.
- the decontamination factor can be from 500 to 5000 and the concentration factor can be at least 25 times.
- the concentrated water from the third stage membrane module can be returned to the first stage membrane module for reprocessing without discharging the concentrate until the salt content of the concentrate reaches 125 g/L.
- the method of the invention preferably comprises a three-stage DTRO membrane module, that is, a two-stage tandem water treatment membrane module and a first-stage concentrated water treatment membrane module, wherein the concentrated water discharged from the third-stage membrane module can reach the maximum value of the concentrated water of the DTRO membrane module, increasing The concentration series does not further increase the concentration factor.
- DTRO membrane modules are particularly suitable for the treatment of high concentration sewage.
- the inventors have noticed that the salt content of the raw water is increased and the treatment energy consumption is correspondingly increased, so that the salt content of the radioactive waste water before treatment is preferably not more than 5 g/L.
- the present invention also provides a radioactive waste water treatment apparatus for use in the method of the present invention.
- 2A and 2B are respectively a schematic structural view and a physical diagram of a radioactive waste water treatment apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the radioactive waste water treatment apparatus includes a first-stage disc-type reverse osmosis membrane module 1, a second-stage disc-type reverse osmosis membrane module 10, and a third-stage disc-type reverse osmosis membrane.
- the inlets of 9 are connected; the concentrated water outlet of the second stage membrane module 10 and the clean water outlet of the third stage membrane module 9 are all connected to the inlet of the first stage membrane module 1.
- a first stage high pressure pump 7 and a circulation pump 4 a second stage high pressure pump 6 and a circulation pump 3 for the first, second and third stage disc tubular reverse osmosis membrane modules, respectively.
- Disc-type reverse osmosis (DTRO) membrane modules for use in the process of the present invention are well known, but are primarily used in the prior art for treating landfill leachate. As mentioned above, due to the special requirements of radioactive wastewater treatment, it is not possible to simply transplant the existing DTRO membrane module to treat other wastewater by directly transplanting the method and apparatus for treating radioactive wastewater, which also confirms the reason why the prior art still The DTRO membrane module could not be used to treat radioactive wastewater.
- the disc-type membrane module is mainly composed of a filter membrane 2, a baffle plate 5, a central tie rod, a pressure-resistant sleeve 6, various seals at both ends of the flange 8, and a coupling bolt.
- the filter membrane and the deflector are stacked together, fixed by a central tie rod and an end cap flange, and then placed in a pressure-resistant sleeve to form a disc-type membrane module.
- the liquid passes through the gap between the filter membrane 2 stack and the pressure resistant sleeve 6 and then enters the bottom deflector 5 through the raw water passage 1, and the treated liquid rapidly flows through the filter membrane at the shortest distance. 2, then reversed to another film surface at 180°, and then flowed into the next filter membrane, thereby forming a tangential flow filter on the surface of the film from the circumference of the guide disc to the center of the circle, to the circumference, and then to the center of the circle.
- the concentrate finally flows out from the feed end flange 8. While the liquid flows through the filtration membrane, the permeate is continuously discharged through the central collection tube 7.
- the concentrate and the permeate are separated by an O-ring 3 mounted on the deflector.
- the high pressure pump and the circulation pump used for the water supply pump and the DTRO membrane module may be various pumps commonly used in the art, such as a plunger pump, a centrifugal pump, and the like.
- the high pressure pump has to meet the requirements of high lift and low flow
- the circulating pump has to meet the requirements of low lift and high flow.
- the operation steps of the radioactive waste water treatment device of the invention are as follows: firstly, the raw water supply pump is started; the concentrated water outlet valve of the first stage membrane module is completely opened, the first stage high pressure pump and the circulation pump (frequency conversion control) are started, and the pressure is adjusted to 2.5 to 7 MPa. (The specific pressure is based on the concentration of radioactive raw water.
- the total beta activity of the clean water discharged from the first-stage membrane module is 500 Bq/L
- the activity of the clean water discharged from the second-stage membrane module is 10 Bq/L
- the decontamination factor of the two-stage membrane system is 5000.
- the volume of the concentrate to be solidified by the cement is 0.4 cubic meters (the salt content is 125 g/L), whereby the concentration ratio of the radioactive waste water of the entire process is 25 times.
- the total volume of clean water can be 9.6 tons, and the total beta activity of the final clean water is 0.5 Bq/L, thereby going through the entire process.
- the fouling factor is 100,000.
- the volume of waste to be solidified is 1.2 cubic meters, and if the disposal cost of the solidified body is calculated as 100,000 yuan/m3, the disposal cost after concentration of the waste liquid is 120,000 yuan.
- the total beta activity of the clean water discharged from the first-stage membrane module is 100 Bq/L
- the activity of the clean water discharged from the second-stage membrane module is 2 Bq/L
- the decontamination factor of the two-stage membrane system is 5000.
- the volume of the concentrate to be solidified by the cement is 0.4 cubic meters (the salt content is 125 g/L), whereby the concentration ratio of the radioactive waste water of the entire process is 25 times.
- the total volume of clean water obtained is 9.6 tons, and the total beta activity of the final clean water is 0.1 Bq/L, whereby the decontamination factor of the entire process is 100,000.
- the volume of waste to be solidified is 1.2 cubic meters, and if the disposal cost of the solidified body is calculated as 100,000 yuan/m3, the disposal cost after concentration of the waste liquid is 120,000 yuan.
- the total beta activity of the clean water discharged from the first-stage membrane module is 50 Bq/L
- the activity of the clean water discharged from the second-stage membrane module is 1 Bq/L
- the decontamination factor of the two-stage membrane system is 5000.
- the volume of the concentrate to be solidified by the cement is 0.4 cubic meters (the salt content is 125 g/L), whereby the concentration ratio of the radioactive waste water of the entire process is 25 times.
- the total volume of clean water can be 9.6 tons, and the total beta activity of the final clean water is 0.05 Bq/L, thereby the entire process goes.
- the fouling factor is 100,000.
- the volume of waste to be solidified is 1.2 cubic meters, and if the disposal cost of the solidified body is calculated as 100,000 yuan/m3, the disposal cost after concentration of the waste liquid is 120,000 yuan.
- the total beta activity of the clean water discharged from the first-stage membrane module is 10 Bq/L
- the activity of the clean water discharged from the second-stage membrane module is 0.2 Bq/L
- the decontamination factor of the two-stage membrane system is 5000.
- the volume of the concentrated solution requiring cement solidification is 0.4 cubic meters (the salt content is 125 g/L), whereby the concentration ratio of the radioactive waste water of the entire process is 25 times.
- the volume of waste to be solidified is 1.2 cubic meters, and if the disposal cost of the solidified body is calculated as 100,000 yuan/m3, the disposal cost after concentration of the waste liquid is 120,000 yuan.
- the raw water supply pump was started, and 10 tons of waste water having a salt content of 1 g/L and a total ⁇ activity of 10,000 Bq/L was sent to the apparatus shown in Fig. 2B for treatment.
- the total beta activity of the clean water discharged from the first-stage membrane module is 200 Bq/L
- the activity of the clean water discharged from the second-stage membrane module is 4 Bq/L
- the decontamination factor of the two-stage membrane system is 2,500.
- the volume of the concentrate to be solidified by the cement is 0.2 cubic meters (the salt content is 50 g/L), whereby the concentration of the radioactive waste water of the entire process is 50 times.
- the total volume of clean water can be 9.8 tons, and the total beta activity of the final clean water is 0.2 Bq/L, thereby going through the entire process.
- the fouling factor is 50,000.
- the volume of waste to be solidified is 0.6 cubic meters, and if the disposal cost of the solidified body is calculated as 100,000 yuan/m3, the disposal cost after concentration of the waste liquid is 60,000 yuan.
- the total beta activity of the clean water discharged from the first-stage membrane module is 100 Bq/L
- the activity of the clean water discharged from the second-stage membrane module is 2 Bq/L
- the decontamination factor of the two-stage membrane system is 50 times.
- the total volume of clean water can be 9.8 tons, and the total beta activity of the final clean water is 0.1 Bq/L, thereby the entire process.
- the fouling factor is 50,000.
- the volume of waste to be solidified is 0.6 cubic meters, and if the disposal cost of the solidified body is calculated as 100,000 yuan/m3, the disposal cost after concentration of the waste liquid is 60,000 yuan.
- the total beta activity of the clean water discharged from the first stage membrane module is 20 Bq/L
- the activity of the clean water discharged from the second stage membrane module is 0.4 Bq/L
- the decontamination factor of the two-stage membrane system is 2500.
- the volume of the concentrate to be solidified by the cement is 0.2 cubic meters (the salt content is 50 g/L), whereby the concentration of the radioactive waste water of the entire process is 50 times.
- the volume of waste to be solidified is 0.6 cubic meters, and if the disposal cost of the solidified body is calculated as 100,000 yuan/m3, the disposal cost after concentration of the waste liquid is 60,000 yuan.
- the raw water supply pump was started, and 10 tons of waste water having a salt content of 0.1 g/L and a total beta activity of 5000 Bq/L was sent to the apparatus shown in Fig. 2B for treatment.
- the total beta activity of the clean water discharged from the first-stage membrane module is 125 Bq/L
- the activity of the clean water discharged from the second-stage membrane module is 10 Bq/L
- the decontamination factor of the two-stage membrane system is 500.
- the volume of the concentrate to be solidified by the cement is 0.1 cubic meter (the salt content is 10 g/L), whereby the concentration ratio of the radioactive waste water of the entire process is 100 times.
- the total volume of clean water can be 9.9 tons, and the total beta activity of the final clean water is 0.5 Bq/L, thereby the entire process goes.
- the fouling factor is 10,000.
- the volume of waste to be solidified is 0.3 cubic meters, and if the disposal cost of the solidified body is calculated as 100,000 yuan/m3, the disposal cost after concentration of the waste liquid is 30,000 yuan.
- the total beta activity of the clean water discharged from the first-stage membrane module is 25 Bq/L
- the activity of the clean water discharged from the second-stage membrane module is 2 Bq/L
- the decontamination factor of the two-stage membrane system is 500.
- the volume of the concentrate to be solidified by the cement is 0.1 cubic meter (the salt content is 10 g/L), whereby the concentration ratio of the radioactive waste water of the entire process is 100 times.
- the total volume of clean water can be 9.9 tons, and the total beta activity of the final clean water is 0.1 Bq/L, thereby going through the entire process.
- the fouling factor is 10,000.
- the volume of waste to be solidified is 0.3 cubic meters, and if the disposal cost of the solidified body is calculated as 100,000 yuan/m3, the disposal cost after concentration of the waste liquid is 30,000 yuan.
- the total beta activity of the effluent at each stage is as follows: first stage membrane module 200Bq/L, second stage membrane module 4Bq/L, ion exchanger 0.2Bq/L; therefore, decontamination of the first stage membrane module
- the factor is 50
- the decontamination factor of the second stage membrane module is 50
- the decontamination factor of the entire process is 50,000.
- the total volume of clean water discharged after the treatment of the process is 9 tons, and the volume of the concentrate required to solidify the cement is 1 cubic meter, so the concentration multiple is 10 times.
- the volume of waste to be solidified is 3 cubic meters, and if the disposal cost of the solidified body is 100,000 yuan/m3, the disposal cost after concentration of the waste liquid is 300,000 yuan. Obviously, the processing cost is five times that of the embodiment 5.
- the total beta activity of the effluent at each stage is as follows: first stage membrane module 200Bq/L, second stage membrane module 4Bq/L, ion exchanger 0.2Bq/L; therefore, decontamination of the first stage membrane module
- the factor is 50
- the decontamination factor of the second stage membrane module is 50
- the decontamination factor of the entire process is 50,000.
- the total volume of clean water discharged after the treatment of the process is 9 tons, and the volume of the concentrate required to solidify the cement is also 1 cubic meter, so the concentration multiple is 10 times.
- the volume of waste to be solidified is 3 cubic meters, and if the disposal cost of the solidified body is 100,000 yuan/m3, the disposal cost after concentration of the waste liquid is 300,000 yuan. Obviously, the processing cost is still five times that of Embodiment 5.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (14)
- 一种放射性废水处理方法,其特征在于将放射性废水通过碟管式反渗透膜组件进行处理,其中去污因子达至少500,并且浓缩倍数达至少25倍。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于放射性废水依次通过第一级膜组件和第二级膜组件,得到第二级清水;从第一级膜组件送出的第一级浓水进入第三级膜组件,得到浓缩液。
- 根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于从第二级膜组件送出的第二级浓水返回送入第一级膜组件。
- 根据权利要求2或3所述的方法,其特征在于从第三级膜组件送出的浓缩级清水返回送入第一级膜组件。
- 根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于如果从第二级膜组件送出的第二级清水的放射性活度大于1Bq/L,则将第二级清水送去精细处理,优选离子交换处理或电渗析处理。
- 根据权利要求2至5中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于从第三级膜组件送出的浓缩级清水返回送入第一级膜组件进行再处理而不排放浓缩液,直至浓缩液的含盐量达到125g/L才予以排放。
- 根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于放射性废水在进料到碟管式反渗透膜组件之前,经过砂滤、超滤或pH值调节的预处理。
- 根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于放射性废水在进料到膜组件之前将其pH值调节到6-8。
- 根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于放射性废水在处理前的含盐量不超过5g/L。
- 一种用于根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述方法的放射性废水处理装置,其包括第一级、第二级和第三级碟管式反渗透膜组件以及用于提供放射性废水的供水泵,其中第一级膜组件的清水出口与第二级膜组件的进口相连,第一级膜组件的浓水出口与第三级膜组件的进口相连。
- 根据权利要求10所述的装置,其特征在于第二级膜组件的浓水出口与第一级膜组件的进口相连。
- 根据权利要求10或11所述的装置,其特征在于第三级膜组件的清水出口与第一级膜组件的进口相连。
- 根据权利要求10至12中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于所述装置还包括分别用于第一级、第二级和第三级碟管式反渗透膜组件的第一级、第二级和第三级高压泵和循环泵。
- 根据权利要求10至13中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于所述装置还包括用于处理第二级清水的精细处理装置,优选离子交换器或电渗析器。
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CN115448485B (zh) * | 2021-06-09 | 2023-08-01 | 北京科泰兴达高新技术有限公司 | 一种高浓度难降解有机废水处理系统 |
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CN106448787B (zh) | 2018-10-02 |
JP2017501421A (ja) | 2017-01-12 |
US10457573B2 (en) | 2019-10-29 |
EP3018659A4 (en) | 2017-03-01 |
CN103745759A (zh) | 2014-04-23 |
EP3018659A1 (en) | 2016-05-11 |
CN103745759B (zh) | 2017-01-18 |
CN106448787A (zh) | 2017-02-22 |
US20160251239A1 (en) | 2016-09-01 |
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