Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D133/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
  • C09D133/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
  • C09D133/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
  • C09D133/12—Homopolymers or copolymers of methyl methacrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
  • C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08G65/329—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds
  • C08G65/336—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds containing silicon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
  • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
  • C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/06—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Ortho-esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/07—Aldehydes; Ketones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/54—Silicon-containing compounds
  • C08K5/541—Silicon-containing compounds containing oxygen
  • C08K5/5415—Silicon-containing compounds containing oxygen containing at least one Si—O bond
  • C08K5/5419—Silicon-containing compounds containing oxygen containing at least one Si—O bond containing at least one Si—C bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/54—Silicon-containing compounds
  • C08K5/544—Silicon-containing compounds containing nitrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/002—Priming paints
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/48—Stabilisers against degradation by oxygen, light or heat
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
  • C09D7/61—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic
  • C09D7/62—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic modified by treatment with other compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/66—Additives characterised by particle size
  • C09D7/67—Particle size smaller than 100 nm
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/66—Additives characterised by particle size
  • C09D7/68—Particle size between 100-1000 nm
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
  • C08K2201/011—Nanostructured additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
  • C08K9/04—Ingredients treated with organic substances
  • C08K9/06—Ingredients treated with organic substances with silicon-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
  • C08K9/08—Ingredients agglomerated by treatment with a binding agent
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31507—Of polycarbonate
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31652—Of asbestos
  • Y10T428/31663—As siloxane, silicone or silane

Definitions

• the invention relates to stable primer formulations and coatings with nano-dispersion of modified metal oxides.
• the formulations produce films having excellent optical and adhesion characteristics, and high UV screening ability and thermal stability.
• Polymeric materials such as polycarbonate
• polycarbonate are promising alternatives to glass for use as structural materials in a variety of applications, including automotive, transportation and architectural glazing applications, where increased design freedom, weight savings, and improved safety features are in high demand.
• Plain polycarbonate substrates are limited by their lack of abrasion, chemical, UV, and weather resistance, and therefore need to be protected with optically transparent coatings that alleviate above limitations in the aforementioned applications.
• polycarbonate substrates are in general coated with thermally curable silicone hardcoat.
• thermally curable silicone hardcoat The poor weatherability of polycarbonate, on the other hand, is addressed with addition of organic or inorganic UV- absorbing materials in the silicone hardcoat layer.
• incorporation of UV absorbers, especially organic based, in the thermal curable silicone layer often leads to inferior abrasion resistance performance.
• inorganic UV-absorbing materials in the form of a colloidal dispersion into an organic-based coating composition, either with or without the presence of colloidal silica in the coating composition.
• the challenges relate to the ability to obtain long-term stability of inorganic UV absorber dispersions, i.e. the ability to inhibit the agglomeration of colloidal particles of the inorganic UV absorbers.
• Stable dispersions of inorganic nano-particles at high concentrations provide the maximum UV screening properties and good coated film uniformity while maintaining transparency and abrasion resistance.
• EP0732356A2 discloses the use of cerium oxide organosol derived from cerium oxide aqueous sol and the incorporation of cerium oxide nano-particles in the acrylic primer formulations.
• the prior art discloses that water is required as a cosolvent in the formulations to stabilize the cerium oxide nano particle in the organic polymer solutions.
• EP0732356A2 discloses in its examples, PMMA containing formulations having water to ceria weight ratios of 0.09 or greater. It should also be noted that PMMA containing formulations with low solids (2.3%) and low water content ( ⁇ 1.6%) were shown to give hazy primer films.
• the present invention is directed to a primer composition, comprising:
• R 1 is
• R is a functional group-containing moiety; wherein each R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; wherein each R 2 and R 5 is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or is -CO-CH3; wherein each R 3 , R 4 and R 6 is independently hydrogen or methyl; and, wherein x, y and z are each an integer independently selected from 1 to 50,
• the functional group-containing moiety of R 1 is selected from amino, carbamate, vinyl, amide, ester, carboxylate, and combinations thereof.
• the functional group-containing moiety of R 1 is suitably selected from
• the present invention is directed to a primer film on a substrate
• R is a functional group-containing moiety; wherein each R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; wherein each R 2 and R 5 is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or is -CO-CH3; wherein each R 3 , R 4 and R 6 is independently hydrogen or methyl; and, wherein x, y and z are each an integer
• the functional group-containing moiety of R 1 is selected from amino, carbamate, vinyl, amide, ester, carboxylate, and combinations thereof.
• the functional group-containing moiety of R 1 is suitably selected from
• the present invention is directed to a substrate, such as a polycarbonate or acrylate substrate, coated with the above primer composition
• the present invention is directed to a substrate, such as a
• polycarbonate or acrylate substrate coated with the above primer film.
• This substrate may also be coated with a silicone hardcoat.
• the present invention is directed to an article comprising a substrate coated with the above primer film and overcoated with a silicone hardcoat.
• Figure 1 is a graph showing UV absorbance of Ceria-containing primer
• Figure 2 is a graph showing dynamic light scattering data for compositions of the invention.
• Figure 3 is a TEM micrograph for the ceria containing primer of the invention
• the present invention is directed to the use of surface modified inorganic
• nanoparticles as UV absorbers in a coating composition, replacing conventional organic UV absorbers.
• the inorganic nanoparticles are compatibilized with the primer matrix by modifying their surface with functionalized silane and dispersing them uniformly in the coating without agglomeration, thus minimizing the negative effects on the optical properties of the final coated substrate and providing long shelf-life of the coating solution.
• the final coated substrates have good optical properties as well as good long term adhesion in harsh testing conditions.
• functional silanes are used to modify the surface of cerium oxide, and stable nano cerium oxide sols were prepared in organic medium.
• the resulting primer coatings along with a silicone top coat exhibit higher transmittance, lower haze, and good adhesion to polycarbonate substrates under normal and harsh conditions as required for applications such as automotive and architectural glazing.
• Nanoparticles in general can be defined as particles with the dimensions in the range of one to a few hundred nanometers. For clear coat applications, it is required that the size of the nanoparticle should be below a certain limit in order not to scatter light which is passing though the coating. It is generally understood that nano particles with dimensions less than ⁇ /2 do not scatter light of ⁇ , where ⁇ is the wavelength of light and therefore will not disrupt the transparency of the matrix in which they are incorporated. Hence particles with a diameter ⁇ 190 nm could be used in clear coats without disrupting the transmission or haze of visible light passing though the coating film.
• the primer composition of the invention contains (a) metal oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with an organofunctional silane moiety; (b) an organic polymer; and (c) one or more solvents. Each of these components is described in more detail below.
• the metal oxide nanoparticles used in the composition of the invention are not particularly limited. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, cerium oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the metal oxide nanoparticles are cerium oxide nanoparticles.
• the amount of the metal oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with an organo functional silane moiety in the composition of the invention ranges preferably from about 0.1 to about 10 wt%, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 5 wt.%, and most preferably from about 0.5 to about 3 wt.%, all based on the total weight of the composition.
• the organofunctional silane moiety used in the composition of the invention preferably has th gagture of Formula I or II:
• R l-12 alkyl carbon chain, either same or different
• R 2 , R 5 l-4 alkyl carbon chain, CO-CH 3
• R 3 , R 4 , R 6 H or CH 3
• x l-50; preferably 1-25 and more preferably between 5-15
• y l-50; preferably 1-25; more preferably between 2-15
• z l-50; preferably 1-25; more preferably between 5-15
• the organofunctional silane moiety is 2- methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)9_i2 propyl trimethoxysilane, ⁇ - methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 2-[(acetoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-triethoxysilane, tripropyleneglycol propyl ether carbamate silane, bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)poly ethylene oxide, triethyleneglycol monobutyl ether carbamate silane, methyltrimethoxy silane, aminosilane, epoxy functional silane, isocyanatosilane, aldehyde containing silane, mercaptosilane, hydroxyl terminated silane, acrylate silane, N-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma- aminopropyl-trimethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl
• the amount of the organofunctional silane moiety that surface-modifies the metal oxide nanoparticles preferably ranges from about 0.1 to about 50 wt.%, based on the total weight of the metal oxide nanoparticles, and more preferably ranges from about 5 to about 30 wt.%, based on the total weight of the metal oxide nanoparticles.
• the organic polymer component of the invention is not particularly limited.
• Suitable polymers useful in the composition of the invention include, but are not limited to, homo and copolymers of alkyl acrylates, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, urethane hexaacrylates, pentaerythritol triacrylates, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylbutyrals, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), as well as combinations of these.
• the organic polymer is polymethylmethacrylate.
• the amount of the organic polymer in the composition of the invention ranges preferably from about 0.5 to about 15 wt.%, more preferably from about 2 to about 10 wt.%, and most preferably from about 3 to about 8 wt.%, all based on the total weight of the composition.
• the primer composition of the invention includes a solvent.
• the solvent is not particularly limited.
• Exemplary solvent includes alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert- butanol, methoxypropanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, or combinations thereof.
• Other polar organic solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, and 2-butoxy ethanol, can also be utilized.
• the solvent used is one or more selected from l-methoxy-2-propanol, diacetone alcohol (DAA) , acetyl acetone, cyclohexanone, methoxypropylacetate, ketones, glycol ether, and mixtures thereof.
• the amount of solvent in the composition of the invention ranges preferably from about 80 to about 99 wt.%, more preferably from about 85 to about 99 wt.%, and most preferably from about 90 to about 97 wt.%, all based on the total weight of the composition.
• the composition of the invention may further include optional additional additives such as UV absorbing agents, antiblushing agents, leveling agents, surface lubricants, antioxidants, light stabilizers, surfactants, IR absorbing agents, and combinations thereof.
• the metal oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with organofunctional silane moiety may be prepared by mixing the metal oxide nanoparticles and organofunctional silane in a suitable solvent, removing water and solvent, for example, under vacuum to produce a viscous liquid or gel residue, and dissolving the residue in an organic solvent such as diacetone alcohol or l-methoxy-2-propanol.
• the primer composition of this invention can be prepared by simply mixing the surface-modified nanoparticles, the acrylic polymer, and any optional ingredients in a solvent. The order of mixing of the components is not critical. The mixing can be achieved through any means known to a person skilled in the art, for example, milling, blending, stirring, and the like.
• the primer compositions with varying loading of surface-modified nanoparticles Ce0 2 are found to be stable for several months or greater than 1 year.
• the primer compositions of the invention can be suitably coated onto a polymeric substrate such as a plastic surface.
• plastics include synthetic organic polymeric materials, such as acrylic polymers, for example, poly(methylmethacrylate), and the like; polyesters, for example, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), and the like; polyamides, polyimides, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile- butadiene terpolymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and the like, polycarbonates, and copolycarbonates, high-heat polycarbonates.
• the preferred substrate is formed of polycarbonate or an acrylic resin.
• Polycarbonates are especially preferred materials for transparent substrates because of their excellent physical, mechanical and chemical properties. In general, the choice of substrate is ultimately determined by the contemplated end use.
• the primer composition of the invention is coated on a substrate by flow coat, dip coat, spin coat or any other methods known to a person skilled in the field, it is allowed to dry by removal of any solvents, for example by evaporation, thereby leaving a dry coating. Heating of the primer composition, to aid in evaporation of solvents, can be done up to a maximum temperature defined by the heat distortion temperature of the substrate to provide a primer layer that is free of solvent.
• the primer layer formed from the primer composition of the invention is effective in providing adhesion of an abrasion resistant topcoat layer to a substrate and can be used as part of a coated article of the invention.
• a coated article including a polymeric substrate, a primer layer disposed on at least one surface of said substrate, and an abrasion-resistant silicone hardcoat layer disposed on said primer layer, wherein said primer layer is made from any of the primer composition of the invention disclosed herein.
• a silicone hardcoat is formed by first applying a coating composition onto the primer layer, followed by curing the composition.
• the silicone hardcoat composition is not particularly limited. Silicone hardcoats comprised of a siloxanol resin/colloidal silica dispersions are one example of a coating composition that may be used as a topcoat.
• the silicone hardcoat may contain additional organic UV-absorbing agents if desired, but the loading can be lower than those that do not have inorganic absorbing agent in either the primer layer or the hardcoat layer. Thus the abrasion integrity is maintained and in some cases improved by limiting the amount of organic UV-absorbing agent, while at the same time, the weatherability is improved.
• Example S-2 Preparation of 15wt % Polyethyleneoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (PEO silane) Silane Modified Cerium Oxide Nanosol
• Example S-3 Synthesis of Triethyleneglycol monobutylether (TEGMBE) carbamate silane based ceria sol
• TEGMBE Triethyleneglycol monobutylether
• 50g of Cerium Oxide dispersion Naacol, 20wt%, acetate stabilized, 10-20nm, pH3.0
• 2.0g of Triethyleneglycol monobutylether based carbamate silane (synthesized from
• Triethyleneglycol mono butyl ether and Isocyanatopropyl triethoxysilane was added drop wise and stirred overnight at room temperature.
• 80 g of 1 -methoxy-2-propanol was then added to the mixture and volatile components were stripped out at 50°C under vacuum (30mbar).
• the residue in the pot reached a solids of ⁇ 33wt% vacuum stripping was stopped.
• the final solids content of the ceria nanosol was 32.39% and no water remaining in the solution.
• the sol was stable, transparent, and light yellow in color.
• Example S-4 Acetoxy polyethyleneoxy propyl trimethoxy silane based ceria sol
• Example S-5 Preparation of Surface Functionalized Cerium Oxide Sol using 5wt% ⁇ - Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane
• Example S-6 Preparation of surface functionalized cerium oxide sol using 20wt% gamma-Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane
• a related modified process helps to stabilize ceria in lower amount of DAA and successfully stabilized the modified ceria in mixture of MP and DAA solvents.
• the modification is essentially in the stripping of the solvent mixture as given below in example S-7.
• Example S-7 Preparation of surface functionalized cerium oxide sol using 20wt% gamma-Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane Through Modified Solvent Exchange
• Example S-9 Preparation of surface functionalized cerium oxide sol using 20wt% N 1 -(3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl) ethane-l,2-diamine
• Primer Formulations 6 Various examples of primer formulations were prepared by mixing a PMMA solution with a given Cerium Oxide sol, and optionally, additional solvent and a flow control agent (Table 1 and Table 2).
• the PMMA solutions were prepared by dissolving PMMA resin in a mixture of l-methoxy-2-propanol (85wt %) and diacetone alcohol (15wt %). Solvent dilutions were done with an 85: 15 (weight ratio) mixture of l-methoxy-2- propanol: diacetone alcohol.
• Components were combined in an appropriately sized glass or polyethylene bottle then shaken well to mix. Samples were allowed to stand for at least lhr prior to coating application.
• PC Polycarbonate
• plaques (6 x 6 x 0.3 cm) were cleaned with a stream of N 2 gas to remove any dust particles adhering to the surface followed by rinsing of the surface with iso-propanol.
• the plates are then allowed to dry inside the fume hood for 20min.
• the primer solutions were then applied to the PC plates by flow coating.
• the solvent in the primer coating solutions were allowed to flash off in the a fume hood for -20 minutes (22°C, 45%RH) and then placed in a preheated circulated air oven at 125°C for 45min.
• the primed PC plates were then flow coated with AS4700 hardcoat solution. After drying for -20 minutes (22°C, 45% RH ), the coated plates were placed in a preheated circulated air oven at 125°C for 45min.
• Gardner haze guard instrument ASTM D 1003.
• the initial adhesion was measured using a cross hatch adhesion test according to ASTM D3002/D3359. The adhesion is rated in a scale of 5B-0B, 5B indicative of highest adhesion.
• Adhesion after water immersion was done by immersing the coated PC plates in 65°C hot water followed by cross hatch adhesion test at different time intervals.
• the particle size of the ceria nanoparticles was measured using Viscotek -Dynamic light scattering instrument on 1% solution of the sols in 1- methoxy-2-propanol.
• the morphology of the coatings was studied using the TEM - Tecnai make, on microtomed samples, under bright field transmitted mode.
• ceria in dry film Total wt. of ceria x 100/Total solids
• Table 4 Details for calculating wt. % of ceria in the dry primer film
• the ceria sols prepared as mentioned in the examples S-l to S-7 were all stable for more than a year with solids ranging from 20-50wt%. In general, all the sols appear light yellow to dark yellow in color and were transparent to translucent in appearance. For example, the sol prepared as in examples S-l , S-2, S-3 and S-4 were light to dark yellow colored and transparent in appearance whereas the sols in examples S-5 ,S-6, S-7 were brownish yellow and translucent. On the other hand, the sol described in the comparative example CS-1 was opaque and white in color with poor solution stability, with ceria precipitating within few hours of the preparation. Similar trend on the appearance and stability was observed in the case of comparative example CS-2.
• primer formulations were stable in primer formulations at ceria loadings ranging from 10wt% to 35wt% in the dry film.
• the primer solution formulations were transparent and light yellow in color, with excellent stability for more than a year under ambient conditions.
• primer formulations C-2 and C-3 prepared with ceria sols CS-1 and CS-2 respectively, were opaque and straw yellow in appearance.
• the primer solution formulations were unstable and the ceria completely precipitated within one day of initial formulation.
• the primer formulation CE-4 was stable and translucent but very viscous, which made it difficult to coat. This was likely due to the high water acting as an anti-solvent for the PMMA in solution.
• the average particle size of the ceria nanoparticles in the commercial unmodified aqueous sol is in the range of 5-40 nm. Up on surface functionalization, the particles are covered with the siloxane matrix which results in a slight increase in particle size. Further, the higher light transmission values of the final coatings are evidence that the particle size is below a minimum value for it to affect the final coatings optical properties.
• the hydrodynamic radius of the surface functionalized ceria nanoparticles was measured using Dynamic Light Scattering method. The results are tabulated for the commercial aqueous ceria sol and the modified ceria sols in the Table 5. The data supports the conclusion that modification the metal oxide nano particle with the silanes found useful for this invention does not cause an increase in particle size that would cause the scattering of visible light.
• Figure 1 shows the absorbance of these coatings (which contain 10-20wt% of ceria in primer matrix) at a thickness of ⁇ 2 microns.
• the Ce0 2 containing film at a ceria loading of 20wt% shows a similar absorbance value at 330nm compared to C-l at 2.0 micron thickness.
• Examples 26 - 28, primer formulations containing 5.68, 12.33, and 24.33wt% respectively of Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane modified ceria were prepared by mixing PMMA solution and Ceria sol and BYK331 as described previous primer examples. A small portion, ⁇ lg was then placed in an aluminum cup and heated at 125°C for 45 minutes to produce solid flakes of the primer. DSC was performed on the solid materials to measure the T g of the solid. Comparative example C-l which contains -25% of organic UV absorber and that of pure PMMA were prepared in a similar fashion and were also examined using DSC. The ceria loading and T g values are shown in Table 7.
• T g of pure PMMA was around 124°-121°C, which reduces to 81°C in the presence of organic UV absorber as indicated by the Tg in comparative example C-l .
• primer formulations in examples 26, 27 & 28 in Table 5 shows Tg values of 120, 1 18 & 1 17 respectively, showing a minimal deviation from the glass transition temperature of PMMA even at 24wt% ceria loading. This offers the advantage of allowing higher service temperature conditions with the Ceria containing primer over the organic UV absorber containing primers.

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