WO2015060434A1 - 光電変換素子、光電変換モジュール、並びに、太陽光発電システム - Google Patents
光電変換素子、光電変換モジュール、並びに、太陽光発電システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015060434A1 WO2015060434A1 PCT/JP2014/078372 JP2014078372W WO2015060434A1 WO 2015060434 A1 WO2015060434 A1 WO 2015060434A1 JP 2014078372 W JP2014078372 W JP 2014078372W WO 2015060434 A1 WO2015060434 A1 WO 2015060434A1
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- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 title claims description 19
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Images
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
- H01L31/022441—Electrode arrangements specially adapted for back-contact solar cells
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
- H01L31/02161—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/02167—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/036—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes
- H01L31/0376—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including amorphous semiconductors
- H01L31/03762—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including amorphous semiconductors including only elements of Group IV of the Periodic System
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/072—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type
- H01L31/0745—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type comprising a AIVBIV heterojunction, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC solar cells
- H01L31/0747—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type comprising a AIVBIV heterojunction, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC solar cells comprising a heterojunction of crystalline and amorphous materials, e.g. heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer or HIT® solar cells; solar cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S10/00—PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/548—Amorphous silicon PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element, a photoelectric conversion module, and a photovoltaic power generation system.
- a back electrode type solar cell is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-281156.
- the back electrode type solar cell is formed on the back surface of the crystal semiconductor, the n-type amorphous semiconductor layer formed on the back surface of the crystal semiconductor opposite to the sunlight irradiation surface, and the back surface.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a photoelectric conversion element capable of improving element characteristics by reducing contact resistance between an amorphous semiconductor layer containing impurities and an electrode formed on the amorphous semiconductor layer. There is to do.
- the photoelectric conversion element includes a semiconductor substrate, a first semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor layer, a first electrode, and a second electrode.
- the first semiconductor layer has a first conductivity type.
- the second semiconductor layer has a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type.
- the first electrode is formed on the first semiconductor layer.
- the second electrode is formed on the second semiconductor layer.
- At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode includes a plurality of metal crystal grains. The average crystal grain size of the metal crystal grains in the in-plane direction of the electrode is larger than the thickness of the electrode.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the embodiment of the present invention can improve the element characteristics by reducing the contact resistance between the amorphous semiconductor layer containing impurities and the electrode formed on the amorphous silicon layer. .
- FIG. 1 It is sectional drawing which shows schematic structure of the photoelectric conversion element by the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing for demonstrating the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element shown in FIG. 1, Comprising: It is sectional drawing which shows a silicon substrate. It is sectional drawing for demonstrating the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element shown in FIG. 1, Comprising: An intrinsic
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element shown in FIG. 15, and is a cross-sectional view showing a state where an amorphous film is formed on a light receiving surface of a silicon substrate.
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a method of manufacturing the photoelectric conversion element shown in FIG. 15, and is a cross-sectional view showing a state where an amorphous film is formed on the passivation film. It is sectional drawing for demonstrating the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element shown in FIG.
- the photoelectric conversion element includes a semiconductor substrate, a first semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor layer, a first electrode, and a second electrode.
- the first semiconductor layer has a first conductivity type.
- the second semiconductor layer has a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type.
- the first electrode is formed on the first semiconductor layer.
- the second electrode is formed on the second semiconductor layer.
- At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode includes a plurality of metal crystal grains. The average crystal grain size of the metal crystal grains in the in-plane direction of the electrode is larger than the thickness of the electrode.
- the contact resistance between the electrode and the semiconductor layer can be lowered.
- the element characteristics of the photoelectric conversion element can be improved.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the second aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to the first aspect, wherein the electrode is made of a metal film containing silver as a main component.
- the resistance of the electrode itself can be reduced. Further, when the electrode is formed on the back surface opposite to the light incident side of the semiconductor substrate, the conversion efficiency is improved by effectively reflecting the light reaching the back surface.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the third aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to the first or second aspect, wherein the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer are back surfaces opposite to the light receiving surface in the semiconductor substrate. Is provided.
- the device characteristics can be improved in the back electrode type photoelectric conversion device.
- a photoelectric conversion device is the photoelectric conversion device according to any one of the first to third aspects, wherein the metal crystal grains have a crystal axis parallel to the thickness direction of the semiconductor substrate ⁇ Priority orientation in the 111> direction.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the fifth aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to any one of the first to fourth aspects, and the electrode is the first electrode.
- the first conductivity type is n-type.
- the average crystal grain size is 1.34 times or more the thickness of the first electrode.
- the fifth aspect it is possible to suppress an increase in contact resistance between the first electrode and the first semiconductor layer.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the sixth aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to any one of the first to fourth aspects, and the electrode is the first electrode.
- the first conductivity type is n-type.
- the average crystal grain size is 1.54 times or more the thickness of the first electrode.
- the contact resistance between the first electrode and the first semiconductor layer can be further suppressed.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the seventh aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to any one of the first to fourth aspects, and the electrode is the second electrode.
- the second conductivity type is p-type.
- the average crystal grain size is greater than 1 times the thickness of the second electrode and less than or equal to 2.44 times.
- the seventh aspect it is possible to suppress an increase in contact resistance between the second electrode and the second semiconductor layer.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the eighth aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to any one of the first to fourth aspects, and the electrode is the second electrode.
- the second conductivity type is p-type.
- the average crystal grain size is 1.26 times or more and 2.44 times or less the thickness of the second electrode.
- the contact resistance between the second electrode and the second semiconductor layer can be further suppressed.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the ninth aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to any one of the first to fourth aspects, wherein the conductivity type of the semiconductor substrate is the first conductivity type.
- the contact area between the second electrode and the second semiconductor layer is at least twice the contact area between the first electrode and the first semiconductor layer.
- the electrodes are a first electrode and a second electrode.
- the average value of the average crystal grain size of the first electrode and the average crystal grain size of the second electrode is not less than 1.3 times the thickness of the first electrode and the second electrode and not more than 4.72 times. is there.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the tenth aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to any one of the first to fourth aspects, wherein the conductivity type of the semiconductor substrate is the first conductivity type.
- the contact area between the second electrode and the second semiconductor layer is one or more times the contact area between the first electrode and the first semiconductor layer.
- the electrodes are a first electrode and a second electrode.
- the average value of the average crystal grain size of the first electrode and the average crystal grain size of the second electrode is not less than 1.3 times the thickness of the first electrode and the second electrode and not more than 4 times.
- the device characteristics can be further improved.
- a photoelectric conversion element according to an eleventh aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to the first aspect, wherein the first semiconductor layer is formed on a semiconductor substrate and includes a first conductivity type amorphous semiconductor.
- a third semiconductor layer including an intrinsic amorphous semiconductor is formed between the semiconductor substrate and the first semiconductor layer.
- the passivation property of the semiconductor substrate is improved as compared with the case where the first semiconductor layer is formed directly on the semiconductor substrate.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the twelfth aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to the eleventh aspect, wherein the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor is hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
- the passivation of the back surface of the semiconductor substrate is further improved.
- a photoelectric conversion element according to a thirteenth aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to the eleventh aspect, wherein the first conductivity type amorphous semiconductor is hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
- deterioration of the contact interface between the first electrode and the first semiconductor layer can be suppressed.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to a fourteenth aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to the first aspect, wherein the second semiconductor layer is formed on a semiconductor substrate and includes a second conductivity type amorphous semiconductor.
- a fourth semiconductor layer including an intrinsic amorphous semiconductor is formed between the semiconductor substrate and the second semiconductor layer.
- the passivation property of the semiconductor substrate is improved as compared with the case where the second semiconductor layer is formed directly on the semiconductor substrate.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the fifteenth aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to the fourteenth aspect, wherein the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor is hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
- the passivation property of the semiconductor substrate is further improved.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the sixteenth aspect of the present invention is the photoelectric conversion element according to the fourteenth aspect, wherein the second conductivity type amorphous semiconductor is hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
- deterioration of the contact interface between the second electrode and the second semiconductor layer can be suppressed.
- the photoelectric conversion module according to the first aspect of the present invention includes the photoelectric conversion element according to any one of the first to sixteenth aspects of the present invention.
- the performance of the photoelectric conversion module can be improved.
- the photoelectric conversion system according to the first aspect of the present invention includes the photoelectric conversion module according to the first aspect of the present invention.
- the performance of the photoelectric conversion system can be improved.
- FIG. 1 shows a photoelectric conversion element 10 according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10 is a back electrode type solar cell.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10 includes a silicon substrate 12, a passivation film 14, an antireflection film 16, intrinsic amorphous silicon layers 18 and 19, an n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n, and a p-type amorphous silicon layer. 20p, an electrode 22n, and an electrode 22p.
- the silicon substrate 12 is an n-type single crystal silicon substrate.
- the thickness of the silicon substrate 12 is, for example, 50 to 300 ⁇ m.
- the specific resistance of the silicon substrate 12 is, for example, 1.0 to 10.0 ⁇ ⁇ cm.
- an n-type polycrystalline silicon substrate, n single crystal germanium, n-type single crystal silicon germanium, or the like may be used, and a semiconductor substrate may be generally used.
- a p-type may be used instead of the n-type.
- a texture structure is formed on the light receiving surface of the silicon substrate 12. Thereby, the light incident on the silicon substrate 12 can be confined and the light use efficiency can be improved.
- the plane orientation of the silicon substrate 12 is preferably (100). Thereby, formation of a texture structure becomes easy.
- the light receiving surface of the silicon substrate 12 is covered with a passivation film 14.
- the passivation film 14 is, for example, a hydrogenated amorphous silicon film.
- the thickness of the passivation film 14 is, for example, 3 to 30 nm. Note that a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, or the like may be used as the passivation film 14 instead of the hydrogenated amorphous silicon film.
- the antireflection film 16 covers the passivation film 14.
- the antireflection film 16 is, for example, a silicon nitride film.
- the film thickness of the antireflection film 16 is, for example, 50 to 200 nm.
- Intrinsic amorphous silicon 18 and 19 are made of, for example, i-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H).
- the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18 is formed on a part of the back surface of the silicon substrate 12.
- the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 19 is formed adjacent to the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18 on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12. That is, the intrinsic amorphous silicon layers 18 and 19 are alternately formed on the entire back surface of the silicon substrate 12.
- the thickness of the intrinsic amorphous silicon layers 18 and 19 is, for example, 10 nm. In the example shown in FIG.
- the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 19 is formed adjacent to the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18.
- the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18 is formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12. It may be formed in a part of the region that is not.
- the intrinsic amorphous silicon layers 18 and 19 may be composed only of an amorphous phase, or may be composed of a fine crystalline phase and an amorphous phase.
- an n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n is formed on the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18.
- the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n is made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H (n)) containing an n-type impurity (for example, phosphorus).
- the thickness of the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n is, for example, 10 nm.
- the impurity concentration of the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n is, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n may be composed only of an amorphous phase, or may be composed of a fine crystalline phase and an amorphous phase.
- An example of the case where it consists of a fine crystal phase and an amorphous phase is, for example, n-type microcrystalline silicon.
- a p-type amorphous silicon layer 20 p is formed on the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 19.
- the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H (p)) containing a p-type impurity (for example, boron).
- the thickness of the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is, for example, 10 nm.
- the impurity concentration of the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p may be composed of only an amorphous phase, or may be composed of a fine crystalline phase and an amorphous phase.
- An example of the case where it consists of a fine crystal phase and an amorphous phase is, for example, p-type microcrystalline silicon.
- the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n is formed adjacent to the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p.
- the layer 20 n may be formed on at least part of the amorphous silicon layer 18, and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20 p may be formed on at least part of the amorphous silicon layer 19. Good.
- the width dimension of the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n is preferably smaller than the width dimension of the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p.
- the ratio of the area of the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p to the sum of the area of the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and the area of the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is The higher the number, the smaller the distance that the photogenerated minority carriers (holes) must move before reaching the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p.
- a preferred area ratio of the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is 63 to 90%.
- a texture structure may be formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12.
- irregularities corresponding to the texture structure of the back surface of the silicon substrate 12 are formed in the intrinsic amorphous silicon layers 18 and 19, the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n, and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p.
- An electrode 22n is formed on the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n.
- An electrode 22p is formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p.
- the electrodes 22n and 22p are metal films containing silver as a main component.
- the electrodes 22n and 22p may contain an element other than silver (for example, a metal element or oxygen).
- the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p is, for example, 500 nm.
- a texture structure When a texture structure is formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12, the adhesion between the electrode 22n and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n, and the adhesion between the electrode 22p and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p. Will improve. Thereby, the yield and reliability of the photoelectric conversion element 10 are improved. Furthermore, the contact area between the electrode 22n and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and the contact area between the electrode 22p and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p are larger than when the back surface of the silicon substrate 12 is flat. Thus, the contact resistance is reduced. Note that a texture may be formed in any one of a region including at least part of a region overlapping with the electrode 22n or a region including at least part of a region overlapping with the electrode 22p when viewed from the thickness direction of the silicon substrate 12. Good.
- a silicon substrate 12 is prepared.
- the silicon substrate 12 has a texture structure on the entire light receiving surface.
- a method for forming the texture structure is, for example, wet etching.
- wet etching By performing wet etching on the entire light receiving surface of the silicon substrate 12, a texture structure is formed on the entire light receiving surface of the silicon substrate 12.
- the wet etching is performed using, for example, an alkaline solution.
- the wet etching time is, for example, 10 to 60 minutes.
- the alkaline solution used for wet etching is, for example, NaOH or KOH, and its concentration is, for example, 5%.
- intrinsic amorphous silicon layers 18 and 19 are formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12, and an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 20n is formed on the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer 18.
- a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer 20 p is formed on the intrinsic amorphous semiconductor layer 19.
- the intrinsic amorphous silicon layers 18 and 19 can be formed by plasma CVD, for example.
- the reaction gas introduced into the reaction chamber with which a plasma CVD apparatus is provided is silane gas and hydrogen gas.
- the temperature of the silicon substrate 12 is, for example, 100 to 300 ° C.
- a p-type amorphous silicon layer is formed on the intrinsic amorphous silicon layers 18 and 19.
- the p-type amorphous silicon layer can be formed by plasma CVD, for example.
- the reaction gas introduced into the reaction chamber with which a plasma CVD apparatus is provided is silane gas, hydrogen gas, and diborane gas.
- the temperature of the silicon substrate 12 is, for example, 100 to 300 ° C.
- a coating layer as a mask is formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer.
- This covering layer can be obtained, for example, by patterning a silicon nitride film formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer. Instead of the silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride film may be used. The patterning is performed by, for example, a photolithography method.
- the covering layer is a portion of the p-type amorphous silicon layer formed on the intrinsic amorphous silicon layers 18 and 19, which later becomes the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20 p, that is, the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 19.
- the p-type amorphous silicon layer formed thereon is covered.
- the p-type amorphous silicon layer formed on the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18 is removed.
- the method for removing the p-type amorphous silicon layer may be dry etching or wet etching.
- a p-type amorphous silicon layer 20 p is formed on the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 19.
- a coating layer is formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p.
- an n-type amorphous silicon layer is formed on the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18 and on the covering layer formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p.
- the n-type amorphous silicon layer can be formed by plasma CVD, for example.
- the reaction gas introduced into the reaction chamber with which a plasma CVD apparatus is provided is silane gas, hydrogen gas, and phosphine gas.
- the temperature of the silicon substrate 12 is, for example, 100 to 300 ° C.
- the coating layer formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is removed.
- an n-type amorphous silicon layer 20 n is formed on the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18.
- the method for removing the coating layer formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is, for example, wet etching.
- a passivation film 14 is formed on the light receiving surface of the silicon substrate 12.
- the passivation film 14 is formed by, for example, plasma CVD.
- an antireflection film 16 is formed on the passivation film 14.
- the antireflection film 16 is formed by, for example, forming a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, or the like by plasma CVD, for example.
- metal films 21n and 21p are formed.
- the formation method of the metal films 21n and 21p is, for example, as follows.
- a metal film made of silver is formed on the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p by vapor deposition or sputtering.
- a resist pattern as a mask is formed on the metal film.
- the resist pattern can be obtained by patterning a resist formed on the metal film. The patterning is performed by, for example, a photolithography method. The resist pattern does not overlap the boundary between the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p when viewed from the thickness direction of the silicon substrate 12.
- the portion of the metal film not covered with the resist pattern is removed.
- the method for removing the metal film is, for example, wet etching.
- the resist pattern is removed.
- the metal film 21n is formed on the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n
- the metal film 21p is formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p.
- the method for removing the resist pattern is, for example, wet etching.
- electrodes 22n and 22p are formed. Thereby, the target photoelectric conversion element 10 is obtained.
- the electrodes 22n and 22p are formed by heat-treating the metal films 21n and 21p.
- the heat treatment is performed using, for example, a hot plate.
- the heat treatment time is, for example, 15 minutes.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 125 ° C. to 225 ° C.
- the heat treatment is performed in the atmosphere, for example. You may implement in an inert atmosphere or a vacuum.
- the heat treatment may be performed in any step as long as the metal films 21n and 21p are formed. For example, heat treatment may be performed when a module is manufactured.
- a conductive film may be further formed on the electrodes 22n and 22p. In this case, the boundary between the electrode 22n and the conductive film, and the boundary between the electrode 22p and the conductive film can be determined from the discontinuity of the distribution of the metal crystal grains, the discontinuity of the composition, and the like.
- the average crystal grain size of the plurality of metal crystal grains contained in the electrodes 22n and 22p (hereinafter simply referred to as the average crystal grain size) is made larger than the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p. Characteristics can be improved. Hereinafter, this point will be described. In the case where a conductive film is further formed on the electrode 22n and the electrode 22p after carrying out heat treatment or the like to grow metal crystal grains of a desired size, the metal crystal grains of the desired size are formed. The relationship between the electrode layer being formed and the thickness of the electrode layer only needs to satisfy the above condition.
- the average crystal grain size is determined by analyzing the surfaces of the electrodes 22n and 22p by electron backscatter diffraction (Electron Backscatter Diffraction Pattern).
- the electrodes 22n and 22p include a plurality of metal crystal grains.
- the average crystal grain size is the average of the product of the crystal grain size and area occupancy of each metal crystal grain.
- the crystal grain size is determined by the following formula (1).
- Crystal grain size 2 ⁇ ⁇ (area of crystal grain) / ⁇ 1/2 (1)
- Crystal grain area in the formula (1) is measured using an electron backscatter diffraction method. Equation (1) means that the calculation is performed assuming that the area of the crystal grain is the area of a circle and the crystal grain diameter is the diameter of the circle.
- the corresponding grain boundary of Sigma 3 ( ⁇ 3) is not handled as a grain boundary. Further, when the deviation of crystal orientation is within 5 degrees, it is regarded as the same crystal grain.
- the area occupancy is obtained by dividing the area of the metal crystal grains by the area of the measurement region.
- the area of the metal crystal grain is an area when orthogonally projected onto a plane perpendicular to the thickness direction of the silicon substrate 12.
- the measurement area is 8 ⁇ m ⁇ 23 ⁇ m. Note that the metal crystal grains including the boundary of the measurement region are not included in the calculation of the average crystal grain size.
- the crystal orientation of the metal crystal grains is preferentially oriented to ⁇ 111>.
- the crystal orientations of the metal crystal grains are uniform, the work function of the metal crystal grains at the interface between the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and the electrode 22n, and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p and the electrode 22p.
- the uniformity of the work function of the metal crystal grains at the interface with the metal is improved. As a result, variation in contact resistance can be suppressed.
- the work functions of the ⁇ 110 ⁇ plane, ⁇ 100 ⁇ plane, and ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane of silver are 4.52 eV, 4.64 eV, and 4.74 eV, respectively, and the work function of the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane is the largest. Therefore, preferentially orienting the plane orientation of the metal crystal grains to ⁇ 111 ⁇ , that is, preferentially orienting the crystal orientation of the metal crystal grains to ⁇ 111> with respect to the thickness direction of the silicon substrate 12, This has the effect of reducing the contact resistance between the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p and the electrode 22p.
- the ratio of the metal crystal grains having the ⁇ 111> direction crystal orientation to the electrode 22n within 10 degrees with respect to the thickness direction of the silicon substrate 12 is 61. It was 9%.
- the ratio of the metal crystal grains having the ⁇ 111> direction crystal orientation to the electrode 22p within 10 degrees with respect to the thickness direction of the silicon substrate 12 is 53. It was 5%.
- the ratio of the metal crystal grains having a grain size of 0.5 ⁇ m or more to the electrode 22n among the plurality of metal crystal grains is 6.5% before the heat treatment, After heat treatment at 150 ° C. for 15 minutes, it was 41.2%.
- the film thickness of the electrode 22p is 0.5 ⁇ m, the ratio of the metal crystal grains having a grain size of 0.5 ⁇ m or more to the electrode 22p among the plurality of metal crystal grains is 11.9% before the heat treatment, After heat treatment at 150 ° C. for 15 minutes, it was 33.3%.
- the size of the average crystal grain size depends on the temperature at which the metal films 21n and 21p are heat-treated (hereinafter simply referred to as annealing temperature).
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the average crystal grain size and the annealing temperature.
- FIG. 3 shows the average crystal grain size when the annealing temperature is 25 ° C. This means the average crystal grain size in the state where heat treatment is not performed.
- the average crystal grain size increased as the annealing temperature increased.
- the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p was 0.5 ⁇ m. That is, the average crystal grain size became larger than the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p by heat-treating the metal films 21n and 21p.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the average crystal grain size and the contact resistance.
- the contact resistance was measured using the sample 30 shown in FIG.
- the sample 30 was provided with a silicon substrate 32, an electrode 34, an amorphous silicon layer 36, and an electrode 38.
- the electrode 34 was used as the electrode 22n.
- the amorphous silicon layer 36 includes an n-type impurity
- the silicon substrate 32 is an n-type silicon substrate.
- the specific resistance of the n-type silicon substrate was 0.01 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less.
- the thickness of the electrode 34 was the same as the thickness of the electrode 22n.
- the amorphous silicon layer 36 had the same thickness and impurity concentration as the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n.
- the thickness of the silicon substrate 32 was 300 ⁇ m.
- the electrode 34 was used as the electrode 22p.
- the amorphous silicon layer 36 includes a p-type impurity, and the silicon substrate 32 is a p-type silicon substrate.
- the specific resistance of the p-type silicon substrate was 0.01 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less.
- the thickness of the electrode 34 was the same as the thickness of the electrode 22p.
- the amorphous silicon layer 36 had the same thickness and impurity concentration as the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p.
- the electrode 38 is It was a laminated structure of titanium (Ti), palladium (Pd), and silver (Ag).
- the average crystal grain size of the electrode (electrode 22n) on the n-type amorphous semiconductor is preferably equal to or greater than the thickness of the metal film (thickness of the electrode 22n). More preferably, the average crystal grain size of the electrode 22n is not less than 1.34 times the thickness of the electrode 22n. Specifically, from FIG. 4, when the thickness of the electrode 22n is 0.5 ⁇ m, the average crystal grain size of the electrode 22n is more preferably 0.67 ⁇ m or more.
- the contact resistance between the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and the electrode 22n decreases as the average crystal grain size of the electrode 22n increases, and the average crystal grain size is 1.54 of the thickness of the electrode 22n. If it is more than doubled, the lowest contact resistance can be obtained. Therefore, the average crystal grain size of the electrode 22n on the n-type amorphous semiconductor is more preferably 1.54 times or more the film thickness of the electrode 22n. Specifically, from FIG. 4, when the thickness of the electrode 22n is 0.5 ⁇ m, the average crystal grain size of the electrode 22n is more preferably 0.77 ⁇ m or more.
- the metal crystal grains 24 are large, the crystal grain boundaries are reduced. Therefore, the interface state density is effectively reduced.
- band bending occurs so that the Fermi level of the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n matches the Fermi level of the electrode 22n, and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n A depletion layer is formed inside.
- the donor impurity concentration in the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n is sufficiently high, the depletion layer width becomes sufficiently small and a tunnel current flows. In this case, since the energy barrier between the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and the electrode 22n is small, ohmic characteristics are obtained and the contact resistance is low.
- the contact resistance can be lowered by increasing the crystal grain size of the metal crystal grains 24.
- the average crystal grain size in the electrode 22n is larger than the film thickness of the electrode 22n, most of the crystal grain boundaries between the metal crystal grains 24 penetrate in the film thickness direction of the electrode 22n, so that the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n The grain boundary density in the vicinity of the interface becomes very small, and the interface state density becomes very small. Therefore, the average crystal grain size in the electrode 22n is preferably larger than the film thickness of the electrode 22n. Similarly, the average crystal grain size in the electrode 22p is preferably larger than the film thickness of the electrode 22p.
- the average crystal grain size in the electrode 22p is not less than 1.26 times the thickness of the electrode 22p and not more than 2.44 times (when the thickness of the electrode 22p is 0.5 ⁇ m, the average crystal grain size is 0.63 ⁇ m). In the case of the above and 1.22 ⁇ m or less), the contact resistance was very small.
- the average crystal grain size of the electrode 22p is preferably larger than the thickness of the electrode 22p, and more preferably larger than 1 times the thickness of the electrode 22p and not more than 2.44 times. Specifically, when the thickness of the electrode 22p is 0.5 ⁇ m, the average crystal grain size of the electrode 22p is preferably larger than 0.5 ⁇ m, more preferably larger than 0.5 ⁇ m and 1.22 ⁇ m or less. It is.
- the average crystal grain size of the electrode 22p is not less than 1.26 times and not more than 2.44 times the thickness of the electrode 22p. Specifically, when the thickness of the electrode 22p is 0.5 ⁇ m, the average crystal grain size of the electrode 22p is 0.63 ⁇ m or more and 1.22 ⁇ m or less.
- the reason why the contact resistance between the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p and the electrode 22p is high is, for example, that a high-resistance layer made of silver oxide or silicon oxide is formed at the interface between the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p and the electrode 22p. It is thought that it was formed. Actually, silver oxide and silicon oxide were detected near the interface between the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p and the electrode 22p by Auger electron spectroscopy. That is, it has been clarified that the oxidation proceeds specifically at the interface between the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p and the electrode 22p, unlike the interface between the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and the electrode 22n.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between the contact resistance (cell resistance) per 1 cm 2 of photoelectric conversion element area and the average value of the average crystal grain size.
- the cell resistance is the contact of the photoelectric conversion element 10 when the ratio of the contact area between the electrode 22n and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and the contact area between the electrode 22p and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is assumed. Resistance.
- the ratios of the contact area between the electrode 22p and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p are 1: 1, 1: 2, and 1: 3, respectively.
- the average value of the average crystal grain size is an average value of the average crystal grain size at the electrode 22n and the average crystal grain size at the electrode 22p.
- the contact area between the electrode 22p and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is more than twice the contact area between the electrode 22n and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n, and the average crystal grain size
- the average value is 0.65 ⁇ m or more and 2.36 ⁇ m or less
- the average value of the average crystal grain size is The thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p is preferably 1.3 times or more and 4.72 times or less. In this case, a cell resistance lower than the cell resistance in a state where heat treatment is not performed is obtained, and the element characteristics are improved.
- the contact area between the electrode 22p and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is one or more times the contact area between the electrode 22n and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n, and the average crystal grain size
- the average value of A was 0.65 ⁇ m or more and 2.0 ⁇ m or less
- the cell resistance was lower than the cell resistance in the state where heat treatment was not performed. That is, when the contact area between the electrode 22p and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is one or more times the contact area between the electrode 22n and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n, the average value of the average crystal grain size is
- the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p is preferably 1.3 times or more and 4 times or less. In this case, a cell resistance lower than the cell resistance in a state where heat treatment is not performed is obtained, and the element characteristics are improved.
- the average value of the average crystal grain size is more preferably 1.3 times or more and 3.18 times or less the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p. In this case, a very low cell resistance can be obtained. Specifically, when the thicknesses of the electrodes 22n and 22p are 0.5 ⁇ m, the average value of the average crystal grain size is 0.65 ⁇ m or more and more preferably 1.59 ⁇ m or less.
- the average value of the average crystal grain size is more preferably 1.46 times or more and 3.18 times or less the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p. In this case, a lower cell resistance can be obtained. Specifically, when the thicknesses of the electrodes 22n and 22p are 0.5 ⁇ m, the average value of the average crystal grain size is 0.73 ⁇ m or more and more preferably 1.59 ⁇ m or less.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the conversion efficiency ⁇ and the average crystal grain size.
- the conversion efficiency ⁇ is normalized based on the conversion efficiency ⁇ in a state where heat treatment is not performed.
- the average value of the average crystal grain size is an average of the average crystal grain size of the plurality of metal crystal grains included in the electrode 22n and the average crystal grain size of the plurality of metal crystal grains included in the electrode 22p.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing the relationship between the fill factor FF and the average crystal grain size.
- the curve factor FF is normalized based on the curve factor FF in a state where heat treatment is not performed.
- the average value of the average crystal grain size is an average of the average crystal grain size of the plurality of metal crystal grains included in the electrode 22n and the average crystal grain size of the plurality of metal crystal grains included in the electrode 22p.
- the electrodes 22n and 22p have a thickness of 0.5 ⁇ m, and the contact area between the electrode 22p and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is the same as that of the electrode 22n and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n.
- the measurement result in the case of 3 times the contact area with is shown.
- the device characteristics specifically, the conversion efficiency ⁇ and the fill factor FF are improved.
- the fill factor FF is improved by performing heat treatment to cause contact resistance between the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and the electrode 22n and contact resistance between the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p and the electrode 22p. This is because it becomes lower. That is, in the photoelectric conversion element 10, the contact resistance between the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and the electrode 22n and the contact resistance between the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p and the electrode 22p can be reduced.
- the fill factor FF can be improved. As a result, the conversion efficiency ⁇ can be improved.
- the average value of the average crystal grain size is preferably larger than the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p and not more than 4.72 times the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p. Specifically, when the thicknesses of the electrodes 22n and 22p are 0.5 ⁇ m, the average value of the average crystal grain size is preferably larger than 0.5 ⁇ m and 2.36 ⁇ m or less. In this case, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the device characteristics are further improved.
- the average value of the average crystal grain size is more preferably 1.3 times or more the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p and 4.0 times or less the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p. Specifically, when the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p is 0.5 ⁇ m, the average crystal grain size is more preferably 0.65 ⁇ m or more and 2.0 ⁇ m or less. In this case, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the device characteristics are further improved.
- the average value of the average crystal grain size is more preferably 1.3 times or more the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p and 3.18 times or less the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p. Specifically, when the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p is 0.5 ⁇ m, the average crystal grain size is more preferably 0.65 ⁇ m or more and 1.59 ⁇ m or less. In this case, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the device characteristics are further improved.
- the average value of the average crystal grain size is still more preferably 1.46 times or more the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p and 3.18 times or less the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p. Specifically, when the thickness of the electrodes 22n and 22p is 0.5 ⁇ m, the average crystal grain size is still more preferably 0.73 ⁇ m or more and 1.59 ⁇ m or less. In this case, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the device characteristics are further improved.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the first embodiment of the present invention may be configured as shown in FIGS.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a schematic configuration of a photoelectric conversion element 10A according to Application Example 1 of the first embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 12, the photoelectric conversion element 10 ⁇ / b> A does not include the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18 compared to the photoelectric conversion element 10.
- an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and a p-type amorphous silicon layer are formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12 in this order.
- the p-type amorphous silicon layer is removed except for the portion that will later become the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p, and the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 19 Remove other parts.
- an n-type amorphous silicon layer is formed on the covering layer formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20 p and on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12.
- the coating layer formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is removed.
- an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 19 and an n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n are formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12, and a p-type amorphous layer is formed on the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 19.
- a silicon layer 20p is formed.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a schematic configuration of a photoelectric conversion element 10B according to Application Example 2 of the first embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 13, the photoelectric conversion element 10 ⁇ / b> B does not include the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 19 compared to the photoelectric conversion element 10.
- an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, an n-type amorphous silicon layer, and a coating layer are formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12 in this order.
- the coating layer, the n-type amorphous silicon layer, and the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer are patterned to expose a part of the silicon substrate 12 and to remove the n-type non-crystalline layer.
- a crystalline silicon layer 20n and an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18 are formed.
- a coating layer is formed on the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n.
- a p-type amorphous silicon layer is formed on the covering layer formed on the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20 n and on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12.
- the coating layer formed on the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n is removed. Thereby, an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18 and a p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p are formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12, and an n-type amorphous silicon layer 18 is formed on the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 18.
- a silicon layer 20n is formed.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a schematic configuration of a photoelectric conversion element 10C according to Application Example 3 of the first embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 14, the photoelectric conversion element 10 ⁇ / b> C does not include the intrinsic amorphous silicon layers 18 and 19 compared to the photoelectric conversion element 10.
- an n-type amorphous silicon layer and a coating layer are formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12 in this order.
- the coating layer and the n-type silicon layer are patterned to expose a part of the silicon substrate 12 and to form an n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n.
- a coating layer is formed on the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n.
- a p-type amorphous silicon layer is formed on the covering layer formed on the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20 n and on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12.
- the coating layer formed on the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n is removed.
- an n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n and a p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p are formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 12.
- FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a photoelectric conversion element 50 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the photoelectric conversion element 50 includes a silicon substrate 52, an amorphous film 54, an amorphous film 56, an electrode 58, an insulating film 60, and an electrode 62.
- the silicon substrate 52 is an n-type single crystal silicon substrate. Silicon substrate 52 includes a p-type diffusion layer 64p and an n-type diffusion layer 64n.
- the p-type diffusion layer 64p includes, for example, boron (B) as a p-type impurity.
- the maximum concentration of boron (B) is, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the p-type diffusion layer 64p has a thickness of 50 to 1000 nm, for example.
- the n-type diffusion layers 64n are in contact with the back surface of the silicon substrate 52 opposite to the surface on the light incident side, and are arranged in the in-plane direction of the silicon substrate 52 at desired intervals.
- the n-type diffusion layer 64n includes, for example, phosphorus (P) as an n-type impurity.
- the maximum concentration of phosphorus (P) is, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 20 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the n-type diffusion layer 64n has a thickness of 50 to 1000 nm, for example.
- the other description of the silicon substrate 52 is the same as the description of the silicon substrate 12.
- the amorphous film 54 is disposed in contact with the surface of the silicon substrate 52 on the light incident side.
- the amorphous film 54 includes at least an amorphous phase and is made of, for example, a-Si: H.
- the film thickness of the amorphous film 54 is, for example, 1 to 20 nm.
- the amorphous film 56 is disposed in contact with the amorphous film 54.
- the amorphous film 54 includes at least an amorphous phase and is made of, for example, silicon nitride.
- the film thickness of the amorphous film 56 is, for example, 50 to 200 nm.
- the electrode 58 penetrates the amorphous film 54 and the amorphous film 56 and is in contact with the p-type diffusion layer 64p of the silicon substrate 52 and is disposed on the amorphous film 56.
- the electrode 58 is made of silver.
- the insulating film 60 is disposed in contact with the back surface of the silicon substrate 52.
- the insulating film 60 is made of, for example, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminum oxide, or the like.
- the insulating film 60 has a thickness of 50 to 1000 nm, for example.
- the electrode 62 is disposed so as to penetrate the insulating film 60 and contact the n-type diffusion layer 64n of the silicon substrate 52 and cover the insulating film 60.
- the electrode 62 is made of silver.
- an n-type diffusion layer 64n is formed on a silicon substrate 52. Specifically, first, a silicon substrate 52 is prepared. Subsequently, a resist is applied to the back surface of the silicon substrate 52. Subsequently, the resist is patterned by a photolithography method to form a resist pattern. Subsequently, n-type impurities such as P and arsenic (As) are ion-implanted into the silicon substrate 52 using the resist pattern as a mask. Thereby, an n-type diffusion layer 64n is formed on the back side of the silicon substrate 52. Note that heat treatment for electrically activating the n-type impurity may be performed after the ion implantation. Instead of the ion implantation method, a vapor phase diffusion method, a solid phase diffusion method, a plasma doping method, an ion doping method, or the like may be used.
- an insulating film 60 is formed on the entire back surface of the silicon substrate 52.
- the insulating film 60 is formed by, for example, a plasma CVD method.
- the insulating film 60 may be formed by an ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method, a thermal CVD method, or the like.
- a p-type diffusion layer 64p is formed on the silicon substrate 52.
- p-type impurities such as B, gallium (Ga), and indium (In) are ion-implanted into the silicon substrate 52 from the light incident side.
- the p-type diffusion layer 64p is formed on the light incident side of the silicon substrate 52.
- heat treatment for electrically activating the p-type impurity may be performed after the ion implantation.
- a vapor phase diffusion method, a solid phase diffusion method, a plasma doping method, an ion doping method, or the like may be used.
- an amorphous film 54 is formed on the light receiving surface of the silicon substrate 52.
- the amorphous film 54 is formed by, for example, plasma CVD.
- an amorphous film 56 is formed on the amorphous film 54.
- the amorphous film 56 is formed by, for example, plasma CVD.
- metal films 581 and 621 are formed.
- the metal films 581 and 621 are formed as follows.
- a resist is applied to the entire surface of the amorphous film 56.
- the resist is patterned by a photolithography method to form a resist pattern.
- the amorphous film 56 and a part of the amorphous film 54 are etched using a mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid or the like using the resist pattern as a mask.
- the resist pattern is removed. Thereby, a part of the p-type diffusion layer 64p is exposed.
- a metal film made of Ag is formed on the entire surface of the amorphous film 56 by vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the metal film is patterned. Thereby, the metal film 581 is formed.
- a resist is applied to the entire surface of the insulating film 60.
- the resist is patterned by a photolithography method to form a resist pattern.
- a part of the insulating film 60 is etched using hydrofluoric acid or the like to remove the resist pattern. Thereby, a part of the n-type diffusion layer 64n of the silicon substrate 52 is exposed.
- a metal film 621 made of Ag is formed so as to cover the insulating film 60 by vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the metal films 581 and 621 are heat-treated to form the electrodes 58 and 62.
- the heat treatment is performed in the same manner as in the first embodiment. Thereby, as shown to FIG. 16G, the photoelectric conversion element 50 is obtained.
- the element characteristics are improved as in the photoelectric conversion element 10.
- a p-type diffusion layer 64p provided on the entire surface of the silicon substrate 52 forms a depletion layer on the entire light receiving surface side of the silicon substrate 52, and a lateral surface by the p-type diffusion layer 64p.
- a high passivation effect can be obtained by the amorphous film 54 (for example, i-type a-Si: H) provided on the surface of the silicon substrate 52.
- the passivation performance deteriorates due to high-temperature treatment (for example, 300 ° C. or higher). Resistance is obtained.
- the photoelectric conversion element 50 may include an n-type diffusion layer instead of the p-type diffusion layer 64p, and may include a p-type diffusion layer instead of the n-type diffusion layer 64n.
- the conductivity type of the silicon substrate 52 may be p-type.
- FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a schematic configuration of a photoelectric conversion element 50A according to an application example of the second embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion element 50 ⁇ / b> A includes an amorphous film 70 and an amorphous film 72 instead of the amorphous film 54 as compared with the photoelectric conversion element 50.
- the photoelectric conversion element 50 ⁇ / b> A includes an electrode 76 instead of the electrode 58 as compared with the photoelectric conversion element 50.
- the amorphous film 70 includes at least an amorphous phase and is made of, for example, a-Si: H.
- the amorphous film 70 is preferably made of i-type a-Si: H, but may contain a p-type impurity having a lower concentration than the concentration of the p-type impurity contained in the amorphous film 72.
- the amorphous film 70 has a thickness of 1 nm to 20 nm, for example.
- the amorphous film 70 is disposed on and in contact with the p-type diffusion layer 64 p of the silicon substrate 50 to passivate the silicon substrate 52.
- the amorphous film 72 includes at least an amorphous phase and is made of, for example, p-type a-Si: H.
- the amorphous film 72 has a thickness of 1 to 30 nm, for example.
- the amorphous film 72 is disposed on the amorphous film 70 in contact with the amorphous film 70.
- the electrode 76 is made of Ag.
- the electrode 76 passes through the amorphous film 56 and is in contact with the amorphous film 72 and is disposed on the amorphous film 56.
- the electrode 76 is not in direct contact with the silicon substrate 52, and the surface of the silicon substrate 52 is covered with the amorphous film 70. Therefore, even better passivation characteristics than the photoelectric conversion element 50 are obtained. It is done. As a result, the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be further improved.
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element 50A is a method of changing the process of forming the amorphous film 54 to the process of forming the amorphous film 70 and the amorphous film 72 in the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element 50, and
- the step of forming the electrode 58 may be changed to the step of forming the electrode 76.
- the photoelectric conversion element 50A may not include the amorphous film 70.
- the p-type diffusion layer 64p is replaced with an n-type diffusion layer
- the n-type diffusion layer 64n is replaced with a p-type diffusion layer
- the amorphous film 72 is made of n-type a-Si: H. It may be replaced.
- the conductivity type of the silicon substrate 52 may be changed to p-type.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a photoelectric conversion element 80 according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the photoelectric conversion element 80 is obtained by replacing the silicon substrate 52 of the photoelectric conversion element 50 with the silicon substrate 82, replacing the insulating film 60 with the amorphous films 84 and 86, and replacing the electrode 62 with the electrode 88. Others are the same as the photoelectric conversion element 50.
- the silicon substrate 82 is obtained by replacing the n-type diffusion layer 64n of the silicon substrate 52 with an n-type diffusion layer 90n. Others are the same as those of the silicon substrate 52.
- n-type diffusion layer 90n is disposed in the silicon substrate 82 in contact with the entire back surface of the silicon substrate 82 opposite to the light incident side.
- N-type diffusion layer 90n has the same thickness as n-type diffusion layer 64n and includes an n-type impurity having the same concentration as the n-type impurity of n-type diffusion layer 64n.
- the amorphous thin film 84 includes at least an amorphous phase and is made of, for example, i-type a-Si: H or n-type a-Si: H.
- the film thickness of the amorphous thin film 84 is, for example, 1 to 20 nm.
- the amorphous thin film 84 is disposed on the silicon substrate 82 in contact with the back surface of the silicon substrate 82 opposite to the light incident side.
- the amorphous thin film 86 includes at least an amorphous phase and is made of, for example, silicon nitride.
- the film thickness of the amorphous thin film 86 is, for example, 50 to 200 nm.
- the electrode 88 is made of Ag.
- the electrode 88 passes through the amorphous thin films 84 and 86 and is in contact with the n-type diffusion layer 90 n and is disposed on the amorphous thin film 86.
- the photoelectric conversion element 80 the light incident side surface of the silicon substrate 82 is passivated by the amorphous thin film 54, and the back surface of the silicon substrate 82 is passivated by the amorphous thin film 84. Thereby, high photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtained. Note that light may be incident from the back side of the silicon substrate 82.
- an n-type diffusion layer 90n is formed on a silicon substrate 82.
- n-type impurities such as P and arsenic (As) are ion-implanted into the silicon substrate 82 to form the n-type diffusion layer 90 n on the back surface side of the silicon substrate 82.
- heat treatment for electrically activating the n-type impurity may be performed after the ion implantation.
- a vapor phase diffusion method, a solid phase diffusion method, a plasma doping method, an ion doping method, or the like may be used.
- a p-type diffusion layer 64p is formed on the silicon substrate 82.
- p-type impurities such as B, gallium (Ga), and indium (In) are ion-implanted into the silicon substrate 82 from the light incident side.
- the p-type diffusion layer 64p is formed on the light incident side of the silicon substrate 82.
- heat treatment for electrically activating the p-type impurity may be performed after the ion implantation.
- a vapor phase diffusion method, a solid phase diffusion method, a plasma doping method, an ion doping method, or the like may be used.
- amorphous films 54 and 56 are formed on the light receiving surface of the silicon substrate 82.
- the amorphous films 54 and 56 are formed by, for example, plasma CVD.
- amorphous thin films 84 and 86 are sequentially stacked on the back surface of the silicon substrate 82.
- the amorphous films 84 and 86 are formed by, for example, plasma CVD.
- metal films 581 and 881 are formed.
- the formation method of the metal films 581 and 881 is, for example, as follows.
- a resist is applied to the entire surface of the amorphous film 56.
- the resist is patterned by a photolithography method to form a resist pattern.
- the amorphous film 56 and a part of the amorphous film 54 are etched using the resist pattern as a mask.
- the resist pattern is removed. Thereby, a part of the p-type diffusion layer 64p is exposed.
- a metal film made of Ag is formed on the entire surface of the amorphous film 56 by vapor deposition, sputtering, or the like.
- the metal film is patterned. Thereby, the metal film 581 is formed.
- a resist is applied to the entire surface of the amorphous film 86.
- the resist is patterned by a photolithography method to form a resist pattern.
- a part of the amorphous film 86 is etched using the resist pattern as a mask, and the resist pattern is removed. Thereby, a part of the n-type diffusion layer 64n of the silicon substrate 82 is exposed.
- a metal film 881 made of Ag is formed so as to cover the amorphous film 86 by using an evaporation method, a sputtering method, or the like.
- the metal films 581 and 881 are heat-treated to form the electrodes 58 and 88.
- the heat treatment is performed in the same manner as in the first embodiment. Thereby, as shown to FIG. 19F, the photoelectric conversion element 80 is obtained.
- the element characteristics are improved as in the photoelectric conversion element 10.
- the p-type diffusion layer 64p may be replaced with an n-type diffusion layer
- the n-type diffusion layer 90n may be replaced with a p-type diffusion layer.
- the amorphous thin film 54 is made of i-type a-Si: H or n-type a-Si: H
- the amorphous thin film 84 is made of i-type a-Si: H or p-type a-Si: H. Consists of.
- FIG. 20 is a longitudinal sectional view illustrating a schematic configuration of a photoelectric conversion element 80A according to Application Example 1 of the third embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion element 80 ⁇ / b> A includes an amorphous film 70 and an amorphous film 72 instead of the amorphous film 54 as compared with the photoelectric conversion element 80.
- an amorphous film 94 and an amorphous film 96 are provided.
- an electrode 58 is provided.
- An electrode 98 is provided instead of the electrode 88.
- the amorphous thin film 94 includes at least an amorphous phase and is made of, for example, i-type a-Si: H or n-type a-Si: H.
- the amorphous thin film 94 is disposed on the back surface of the silicon substrate 82 in contact with the back surface of the silicon substrate 82.
- the amorphous thin film 96 includes at least an amorphous phase and is made of, for example, n-type a-Si: H.
- the amorphous thin film 96 is disposed on the amorphous thin film 941 in contact with the amorphous thin film 94.
- the electrode 98 is made of Ag.
- the electrode 98 passes through the amorphous thin film 86 and is in contact with the amorphous thin film 96 and is disposed on the amorphous thin film 86.
- the step of forming the amorphous film 54 in the method of manufacturing the photoelectric conversion element 80 is changed to the step of forming the amorphous film 70 and the amorphous film 72.
- the step of forming the crystalline film 84 is changed to the step of forming the amorphous film 94 and the amorphous film 96, the step of forming the electrode 58 is changed to the step of forming the electrode 76, and the electrode 88 is changed. What is necessary is just to change the process to form into the process of forming the electrode 98.
- amorphous films 70 and 72 are formed between the electrode 76 and the silicon substrate 82, and amorphous films 94 and 96 are formed between the electrode 98 and the silicon substrate 82. Therefore, a higher passivation effect can be obtained as compared with the photoelectric conversion element 80.
- the photoelectric conversion element 80A may not include the amorphous films 70 and 94.
- the p-type diffusion layer 64p is replaced with an n-type diffusion layer
- the n-type diffusion layer 90n is replaced with a p-type diffusion layer
- the amorphous film 72 is made of n-type a-Si: H.
- the amorphous film 96 may be replaced with a film made of p-type a-Si: H.
- the conductivity type of the silicon substrate 82 may be changed to p-type.
- FIG. 21 is a longitudinal sectional view illustrating a schematic configuration of a photoelectric conversion element 80B according to Application Example 2 of the third embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion element 80 ⁇ / b> B includes an amorphous film 70 and an amorphous film 72 instead of the amorphous film 54 as compared with the photoelectric conversion element 80.
- an electrode 76 is provided.
- the step of forming the amorphous film 54 in the method of manufacturing the photoelectric conversion element 80 is changed to the step of forming the amorphous film 70 and the amorphous film 72. What is necessary is just to change the process of forming 58 to the process of forming the electrode 76.
- the photoelectric conversion element 80B may not include the amorphous film 70.
- the p-type diffusion layer 64p is replaced with an n-type diffusion layer
- the n-type diffusion layer 90n is replaced with a p-type diffusion layer
- the amorphous film 72 is made of n-type a-Si: H. It may be replaced.
- the conductivity type of the silicon substrate 82 may be changed to p-type.
- FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a photoelectric conversion module including the photoelectric conversion element according to this embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion module 1000 includes a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements 1001, a cover 1002, and output terminals 1003 and 1004.
- the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements 1001 are arranged in an array and connected in series. Instead of connecting in series, parallel connection or a combination of series and parallel may be performed.
- Each of the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements 1001 includes one of the photoelectric conversion elements 10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 50, 50A, 80, 80A, and 80B.
- the cover 1002 is made of a weather resistant cover and covers the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements 1001.
- the output terminal 1003 is connected to a photoelectric conversion element 1001 arranged at one end of a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements 1001 connected in series.
- the output terminal 1004 is connected to the photoelectric conversion element 1001 disposed at the other end of the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements 1001 connected in series.
- the photoelectric conversion elements 10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 50, 50A, 80, 80A, and 80B have improved element characteristics. Therefore, the performance of the photoelectric conversion module 1000 can be improved.
- the photoelectric conversion module according to the fourth embodiment is not limited to the configuration shown in FIG. 22, and any one of the photoelectric conversion elements 10, 10 ⁇ / b> A, 10 ⁇ / b> B, 10 ⁇ / b> C, 50, 50 ⁇ / b> A, 80, 80 ⁇ / b> A, 80 ⁇ / b> B is used. Any configuration may be used.
- FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a photovoltaic power generation system including the photoelectric conversion element according to this embodiment.
- the photovoltaic power generation system 1100 includes a photoelectric conversion module array 1101, a connection box 1102, a power conditioner 1103, a distribution board 1104, and a power meter 1105.
- connection box 1102 is connected to the photoelectric conversion module array 1101.
- the power conditioner 1103 is connected to the connection box 1102.
- Distribution board 1104 is connected to power conditioner 1103 and electrical equipment 1110.
- the power meter 1105 is connected to the distribution board 1104 and the commercial power system.
- the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 converts sunlight into electricity to generate DC power, and supplies the generated DC power to the connection box 1102.
- connection box 1102 receives the DC power generated by the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 and supplies the received DC power to the power conditioner 1103.
- the power conditioner 1103 converts the DC power received from the connection box 1102 into AC power, and supplies the converted AC power to the distribution board 1104.
- Distribution board 1104 supplies AC power received from power conditioner 1103 and / or commercial power received via power meter 1105 to electrical equipment 1110. Further, when the AC power received from the power conditioner 1103 is larger than the power consumption of the electric device 1110, the distribution board 1104 supplies the surplus AC power to the commercial power system via the power meter 1105.
- the power meter 1105 measures the power in the direction from the commercial power system to the distribution board 1104 and measures the power in the direction from the distribution board 1104 to the commercial power system.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 shown in FIG. Referring to FIG. 24, photoelectric conversion module array 1101 includes a plurality of photoelectric conversion modules 1120 and output terminals 1121 and 1122.
- the plurality of photoelectric conversion modules 1120 are arranged in an array and connected in series. Instead of connecting in series, parallel connection or a combination of series and parallel may be performed.
- Each of the plurality of photoelectric conversion modules 1120 includes a photoelectric conversion module 1000 shown in FIG.
- the output terminal 1121 is connected to a photoelectric conversion module 1120 located at one end of a plurality of photoelectric conversion modules 1120 connected in series.
- the output terminal 1122 is connected to the photoelectric conversion module 1120 located at the other end of the plurality of photoelectric conversion modules 1120 connected in series.
- the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 generates sunlight by converting sunlight into electricity, and supplies the generated DC power to the power conditioner 1103 via the connection box 1102.
- the power conditioner 1103 converts the DC power received from the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 into AC power, and supplies the converted AC power to the distribution board 1104.
- the distribution board 1104 supplies the AC power received from the power conditioner 1103 to the electrical device 1110 when the AC power received from the power conditioner 1103 is greater than or equal to the power consumption of the electrical device 1110. Then, the distribution board 1104 supplies the surplus AC power to the commercial power system via the power meter 1105.
- the distribution board 1104 receives the AC power received from the commercial power system and the AC power received from the power conditioner 1103 to the electric device 1110. Supply.
- the solar power generation system 1100 includes any one of the photoelectric conversion elements 10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 50, 50A, 80, 80A, and 80B having improved element characteristics. Therefore, the performance of the photovoltaic power generation system 1100 can be improved.
- the photovoltaic power generation system according to the fifth embodiment is not limited to the configuration shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, and any one of the photoelectric conversion elements 10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 50, 50A, 80, 80A, and 80B is used. Any configuration may be used as long as it is used.
- FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a photovoltaic power generation system including a photoelectric conversion element according to this embodiment.
- photovoltaic power generation system 1200 includes subsystems 1201 to 120n (n is an integer equal to or greater than 2), power conditioners 1211 to 121n, and a transformer 1221.
- the photovoltaic power generation system 1200 is a photovoltaic power generation system having a larger scale than the photovoltaic power generation system 1100 illustrated in FIG.
- the power conditioners 1211 to 121n are connected to the subsystems 1201 to 120n, respectively.
- the transformer 1221 is connected to the power conditioners 1211 to 121n and the commercial power system.
- Each of the subsystems 1201 to 120n includes module systems 1231 to 123j (j is an integer of 2 or more).
- Each of the module systems 1231 to 123j includes photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i (i is an integer of 2 or more), connection boxes 1311 to 131i, and a current collection box 1321.
- Each of the photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i has the same configuration as the photoelectric conversion module array 1101 shown in FIG.
- connection boxes 1311 to 131i are connected to the photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i, respectively.
- the current collection box 1321 is connected to the connection boxes 1311 to 131i. Also, j current collection boxes 1321 of the subsystem 1201 are connected to the power conditioner 1211. The j current collection boxes 1321 of the subsystem 1202 are connected to the power conditioner 1212. Hereinafter, similarly, j current collection boxes 1321 of the subsystem 120n are connected to the power conditioner 121n.
- the i photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i of the module system 1231 convert sunlight into electricity to generate DC power, and the generated DC power is supplied to the current collecting box 1321 through the connection boxes 1311 to 131i, respectively.
- the i photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i of the module system 1232 convert sunlight into electricity to generate DC power, and the generated DC power is supplied to the current collecting box 1321 through the connection boxes 1311 to 131i, respectively.
- the i photoelectric conversion module arrays 1301 to 130i of the module system 123j convert sunlight into electricity to generate DC power, and the generated DC power is connected to the connection boxes 1311 to 131i, respectively. To supply box 1321.
- the j current collection boxes 1321 of the subsystem 1201 supply DC power to the power conditioner 1211.
- the j current collection boxes 1321 of the subsystem 1202 supply DC power to the power conditioner 1212 in the same manner.
- the j current collecting boxes 1321 of the subsystem 120n supply DC power to the power conditioner 121n.
- the power conditioners 1211 to 121n convert the DC power received from the subsystems 1201 to 120n into AC power, and supply the converted AC power to the transformer 1221.
- the transformer 1221 receives AC power from the power conditioners 1211 to 121n, converts the voltage level of the received AC power, and supplies it to the commercial power system.
- the photovoltaic power generation system 1200 includes any one of the photoelectric conversion elements 10, 10A, 10B, 10C, 50, 50A, 80, 80A, and 80B having improved element characteristics. Therefore, the performance of the photovoltaic power generation system 1200 can be improved.
- the photovoltaic power generation system according to the sixth embodiment is not limited to the configuration shown in FIG. 25, as long as one of the photoelectric conversion elements 10, 10 ⁇ / b> A, 10 ⁇ / b> B, 10 ⁇ / b> C, 50, 50 ⁇ / b> A, 80, 80 ⁇ / b> A, 80 ⁇ / b> B is used. Any configuration may be used.
- the silicon substrate 12 may be a p-type single crystal silicon substrate.
- the width dimension of the p-type amorphous silicon layer 20p is smaller than the width dimension of the n-type amorphous silicon layer 20n in the in-plane direction of the silicon substrate 12.
- the texture structure on the light receiving surface side and the texture structure on the back surface side of the silicon substrate 12 are not essential components. The same applies to Application Examples 1 to 3.
- the passivation film 14 and the antireflection film 16 are not essential components. The same applies to Application Examples 1 to 3.
- a high concentration region may be formed on the light receiving surface side of the silicon substrate 12.
- the high concentration region is a region in which impurities having the same conductivity type as that of the silicon substrate 12 are doped at a higher concentration than the silicon substrate 12.
- the high density region functions as FSF (Front Surface Field). The same applies to Application Examples 1 to 3.
Abstract
Description
図1には、本発明の第1の実施の形態による光電変換素子10が示されている。光電変換素子10は、裏面電極型の太陽電池である。
図2A~図2Fを参照しながら、光電変換素子10の製造方法について説明する。
光電変換素子10においては、電極22n、22pに含まれる複数の金属結晶粒の平均結晶粒径(以下、単に平均結晶粒径と称する)を電極22n、22pの厚みよりも大きくすることで、素子特性を向上させることができる。以下、この点について説明する。なお、熱処理等を実施して所望のサイズの金属結晶粒を成長させた後、電極22nおよび電極22pの上に、更に、導電膜を形成する場合については、所望のサイズの金属結晶粒が形成されている電極層と当該電極層の厚みとの関係が、上記の条件を満たせばよい。
結晶粒径=2×{(結晶粒の面積)/π}1/2・・・(1)
式(1)における「結晶粒の面積」は、電子後方散乱回折法を用いて測定したものである。式(1)は、結晶粒の面積を円の面積と仮定し、且つ、結晶粒径を円の直径と仮定して計算することを意味する。結晶粒径を求める際、シグマ3(Σ3)の対応粒界は、粒界として取り扱わないこととする。また、結晶方位のずれが5度以内である場合には、同一の結晶粒とみなすこととする。
セル抵抗={(電極22nとn型非晶質シリコン層20nとの接触抵抗)×(1+N)}+{(電極22pとp型非晶質シリコン層20pとの接触抵抗)×(1+N)/N}・・(2)
図9に示すように、電極22pとp型非晶質シリコン層20pとの接触面積が、電極22nとn型非晶質シリコン層20nとの接触面積の2倍以上であり、平均結晶粒径の平均値が、0.65μm以上であって、且つ、2.36μm以下である場合には、セル抵抗が、熱処理をしていない状態(平均結晶粒径の平均値=0.27μm)でのセル抵抗よりも低くなった。即ち、電極22pとp型非晶質シリコン層20pとの接触面積が、電極22nとn型非晶質シリコン層20nとの接触面積の2倍以上である場合、平均結晶粒径の平均値は、電極22n、22pの厚みの1.3倍以上、且つ、4.72倍以下であることが好ましい。この場合、熱処理をしていない状態でのセル抵抗よりも低いセル抵抗が得られ、素子特性が向上する。
本発明の第1の実施の形態による光電変換素子は、図12~図14に示すような構成であってもよい。
図15は、本発明の第2の実施の形態による光電変換素子50の構成を示す断面図である。光電変換素子50は、シリコン基板52と、非晶質膜54と、非晶質膜56と、電極58と、絶縁膜60と、電極62とを含む。
図16A~図16Gを参照しながら、光電変換素子50の製造方法について説明する。
図17は、第2の実施の形態の応用例に係る光電変換素子50Aの概略構成を示す断面図である。光電変換素子50Aは、光電変換素子50と比べて、非晶質膜54の代わりに、非晶質膜70及び非晶質膜72を備える。また、光電変換素子50Aは、光電変換素子50と比べて、電極58の代わりに、電極76を備える。
図18は、本発明の第3の実施の形態による光電変換素子80の概略構成を示す断面図である。光電変換素子80は、光電変換素子50のシリコン基板52をシリコン基板82に代え、絶縁膜60を非晶質膜84、86に代え、電極62を電極88に代えたものである。その他は、光電変換素子50と同じである。
図19A~19Fを参照しながら、光電変換素子80の製造方法について説明する。
図20は、第3の実施の形態の応用例1に係る光電変換素子80Aの概略構成を示す縦断面図である。光電変換素子80Aは、光電変換素子80と比べて、非晶質膜54の代わりに、非晶質膜70及び非晶質膜72を備える。非晶質膜84の代わりに、非晶質膜94及び非晶質膜96を備える。電極58の代わりに、電極76を備える。電極88の代わりに、電極98を備える。
図21は、第3の実施の形態の応用例2に係る光電変換素子80Bの概略構成を示す縦断面図である。光電変換素子80Bは、光電変換素子80と比べて、非晶質膜54の代わりに、非晶質膜70及び非晶質膜72を備える。電極58の代わりに、電極76を備える。
図22は、この実施の形態による光電変換素子を備える光電変換モジュールの構成を示す概略図である。図22を参照して、光電変換モジュール1000は、複数の光電変換素子1001と、カバー1002と、出力端子1003,1004とを備える。
図23は、この実施の形態による光電変換素子を備える太陽光発電システムの構成を示す概略図である。図23を参照して、太陽光発電システム1100は、光電変換モジュールアレイ1101と、接続箱1102と、パワーコンディショナー1103と、分電盤1104と、電力メーター1105とを備える。
図25は、この実施の形態による光電変換素子を備える太陽光発電システムの構成を示す概略図である。図25を参照して、太陽光発電システム1200は、サブシステム1201~120n(nは2以上の整数)と、パワーコンディショナー1211~121nと、変圧器1221とを備える。太陽光発電システム1200は、図23に示す太陽光発電システム1100よりも規模が大きい太陽光発電システムである。
Claims (12)
- 半導体基板と、
第1導電型の第1半導体層と、
前記第1導電型とは反対の第2導電型の第2半導体層と、
前記第1半導体層上に形成された第1電極と、
前記第2半導体層上に形成された第2電極とを備え、
前記第1電極と前記第2電極のうち少なくとも一方の電極は、金属結晶粒を複数含み、
前記電極の面内方向における前記金属結晶粒の平均結晶粒径が前記電極の厚みより大きい、光電変換素子。 - 請求項1に記載の光電変換素子であって、
前記電極は、銀を主成分とする金属膜からなる、光電変換素子。 - 請求項1又は2に記載の光電変換素子であって、
前記第1半導体層及び前記第2半導体層は、前記半導体基板における受光面とは反対側の裏面に設けられた、光電変換素子。 - 請求項1~3の何れか1項に記載の光電変換素子であって、
前記金属結晶粒は、前記半導体基板の厚み方向に平行な結晶軸が<111>方向に優先配向している、光電変換素子。 - 請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の光電変換素子であって、
前記電極は、前記第1電極であり、
前記第1導電型は、n型であり、
前記平均結晶粒径は、前記第1電極の厚みの1.34倍以上である、光電変換素子。 - 請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の光電変換素子であって、
前記電極は、前記第1電極であり、
前記第1導電型は、n型であり、
前記平均結晶粒径は、前記第1電極の厚みの1.54倍以上である、光電変換素子。 - 請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の光電変換素子であって、
前記電極は、前記第2電極であり、
前記第2導電型は、p型であり、
前記平均結晶粒径は、前記第2電極の厚みの1倍より大きく、2.44倍以下である、光電変換素子。 - 請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の光電変換素子であって、
前記電極は、前記第2電極であり、
前記第2導電型は、p型であり、
前記平均結晶粒径は、前記第2電極の厚みの1.26倍以上、且つ、2.44倍以下である、光電変換素子。 - 請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の光電変換素子であって、
前記半導体基板の導電型は、前記第1導電型であり、
前記第2電極と前記第2半導体層との接触面積は、前記第1電極と前記第1半導体層との接触面積の2倍以上であり、
前記電極は、前記第1電極及び前記第2電極であり、
前記第1電極の平均結晶粒径と前記第2電極の平均結晶粒径との平均値は、前記第1電極及び前記第2電極の厚みの1.3倍以上であって、且つ、4.72倍以下である、光電変換素子。 - 請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の光電変換素子であって、
前記半導体基板の導電型は、前記第1導電型であり、
前記第2電極と前記第2半導体層との接触面積は、前記第1電極と前記第1半導体層との接触面積の1倍以上であり、
前記電極は、前記第1電極及び前記第2電極であり、
前記第1電極の平均結晶粒径と前記第2電極の平均結晶粒径との平均値は、第1電極及び第2電極の厚みの1.3倍以上であって、且つ、4倍以下である、光電変換素子。 - 請求項1~10の何れか1項に記載の光電変換素子を少なくとも1つ含む光電変換モジュール。
- 請求項11に記載の光電変換モジュールを少なくとも1つ含む太陽光発電システム。
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