WO2015032199A1 - Slope water-soil loss experiment apparatus and method in combined extreme meteorological conditions - Google Patents

Abstract

A slope water-soil loss experiment apparatus and method in combined extreme meteorological conditions. The experiment apparatus comprises an experiment table (1), a combined extreme environment simulation unit (2), and a control system unit (3). The experiment table (1) comprises a bottom base (4), a slope base plate (5), a downstream baffle plate (6), a soil block standard element (8), and an experiment table regulating apparatus. The combined extreme environment simulation unit (2) comprises a rainfall simulation device (13), an air field simulation device (14), a freezing rain simulation device (15), a snowfall simulation device (16), a sunlight simulation device (17), an air temperature simulation device (18), and an overland flow simulation device (19). The control system unit (3) comprises a power supply system (20), a water supply system (21), and a signal acquisition and processing system (22). The apparatus performs indoor simulation and measurement of a slope water body loss situation in a single or combined extreme meteorological conditions of rain storm, rain and snow, freezing rain, flood, drought, high temperature and the like, can produce accurate and reliable results, and can be widely used in water-soil loss monitoring, law analysis and governance in complex variable meteorological conditions.

Description

 Experimental device and method for slope soil erosion under complex extreme weather conditions

 The invention relates to the technical field of soil erosion measurement, in particular to an experimental device and a method for soil erosion of slope surface under complex extreme weather conditions. Background technique

 Surface soils may be damaged by erosion, movement, accumulation and loss under the external forces such as rainfall, runoff, erosion, and wind power. Soil erosion refers to the erosion and destruction of soil under the action of water flow. The problem of soil erosion is caused not only by the land water cycle process, but also by the water cycle process. Therefore, it is a hot issue in the current research field of hydrology and water resources. More than 30% of the world's land is currently threatened by soil erosion, and the annual loss of quality soil is 25 billion tons. China is one of the countries with severe soil erosion in the world. About 3.6 million km2 of land is damaged by soil erosion, accounting for 37% of the total land area. Soil erosion can cause serious impacts on two aspects: the soil fertility loss and its own fertility decline, threatening the safety of human food, forestry and animal husbandry; on the other hand, the soil loss into the water body after the formation of siltation affects the stability of the river, while a large amount of nitrogen Nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium are taken into the water body, destroying the health of the water ecological environment. The upper reaches of the great rivers in China are often the hardest hit areas for soil erosion. Under the influence of high-intensity human activities (such as the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects), the original surface and geotechnical layers are strongly disturbed, artificially accelerating soil erosion. What is particularly serious is that with the global climate change, extreme weather phenomena such as heavy rain, drought, typhoon, flood, freezing rain and blizzard frequently increase the intensity and breadth of soil erosion, and also cause many obstacles to the development of soil and water conservation. .

 The small-scale closed catchment area is an independent natural catchment area, which is the basic unit of soil erosion and its secondary disaster management. The first step is to obtain basic data and conduct regular analysis, but the existing observation techniques have obvious defects. :

 (1) The field field observation method is complicated in operation and high in running cost, especially in extreme weather conditions. It is difficult to ensure the reliability of measurement data. In recent years, satellite remote sensing technology has been introduced into large-scale soil erosion analysis, but the time of remote sensing imagery The resolution is relatively thick, and it is difficult to meet the requirements of dynamic law analysis of water and soil loss in small-scale closed catchment areas. There are also practical difficulties in obtaining remote sensing data under extreme meteorological conditions.

(2) It is the most operative way to simulate and measure soil erosion in the catchment area through the indoor physical model experiment method. The conventional soil erosion model experiment needs to make artificial slope surface indoors, and measure artificial soil after simulating natural rainfall. The erosion of the erosion, the actual soil erosion through the scale conversion calculation; such as the patent application number 2006101559070, the name of the "water and soil conservation half-scale model test implementation method" of the Chinese invention patent disclosed a simulated indoor rainfall A scale model test method for the relative evolution of watershed geomorphology. The Chinese invention patent entitled "Mobile Soil and Water Loss Laboratory" with patent application number 2009100612007 discloses a mobile laboratory for soil erosion simulation and monitoring. The artificial slope and the water source are used to artificially change the variable slope experimental tank. Soil erosion test after rainfall; but existing indoor soil erosion experiment There are two obvious problems in the device: It is impossible to simulate soil erosion under complex meteorological conditions, and it is impossible to simulate soil erosion due to complex terrain (slope surface).

 In addition to rainfall, the cause of soil erosion is also affected by various environmental factors such as freezing rain, snowfall, wind field, sunshine, and flooding. The existing soil erosion model experimental methods and techniques can only observe the overall change of soil erosion on the smooth slope under single and ideal rainfall conditions, and can not simulate the actual situation of complex slopes (such as mountains, falling belts, etc.) in complex environments. Soil erosion. Due to the above defects, the data collected by the conventional experimental methods often have large errors with the actual situation. For example, in the laboratory experiment, the artificial rainfall is standing as a uniform rain intensity, ignoring the influence of the wind field affected by the actual rainfall. The collected spatial information of soil erosion will obviously deviate from the actual situation, which makes it difficult to derive the dynamic law of soil erosion. With the frequent occurrence of extreme weather, there is an urgent need for a soil erosion experimental device that can simulate compound extreme weather conditions, providing a reliable technical solution for solving soil erosion protection under more complicated environmental conditions.

 The information disclosed in the Background of the Invention is only intended to provide an understanding of the general background of the invention, and is not to be construed as an admission. Summary of the invention

 The object of the present invention is to provide an indoor simulation technical solution for slope soil erosion under complex extreme weather conditions in view of the deficiencies of the prior art, by inventing a test bench, a composite extreme environment simulation device and a control system unit. Accurately simulate and measure the damage of complex slope surface erosion, erosion, movement, accumulation and loss under single or complex extreme meteorological conditions such as extreme rainfall, freezing rain, blizzard, strong wind, flood, temperature difference, etc. Hydrological water resources observation and monitoring provide accurate data.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides an experimental device for soil erosion on a slope surface under a complex meteorological condition, comprising a test bench, a composite extreme environment simulation unit and a control system unit, the test bench including a bottom base, a slope bottom plate, and a downstream a baffle plate, a plurality of soil block members and a test bench adjusting device, wherein the slope bottom plate is disposed on the bottom base, the downstream baffle is disposed at one end of the bottom base and the downstream baffle Slidingly connecting with the slope bottom plate, the soil block standard is placed on the slope bottom plate, and the experimental table adjusting device is connected with the bottom base for adjusting the inclination angle of the test bench, the soil block a pressure sensor and a soil moisture sensor are disposed in the standard component, and a horizontal displacement sensor is disposed on the downstream baffle, and the horizontal displacement sensor is capable of measuring a horizontal displacement of the downstream end after the upstream slope sliding and soil loss accumulation; The environmental simulation unit includes rainfall simulation equipment, wind field simulation equipment, freezing rain simulation equipment, snowfall simulation equipment, and sunshine mode. a plurality of simulation devices in the pseudo device, the temperature simulation device, and the surface flow simulation device, wherein the rainfall simulation device, the wind field simulation device, the freezing rain simulation device, the snowfall simulation device, and the sunshine simulation device are respectively disposed on the experimental platform Above, the temperature simulation device is disposed around the experimental bench, and the surface flow simulation device is disposed at a side of the test bench and below; the control system unit includes a power supply system, a water supply system, and a signal acquisition and processing system. The power supply system is electrically connected to the wind field simulation device, the sunshine simulation device, and the temperature simulation device to provide power. The water supply system is connected to the rainfall simulation device, the freezing rain simulation device, the snowfall simulation device, and the surface flow simulation device to provide a water source; the signal acquisition and processing system is electrically connected to the experimental station for collecting the sensor signal .

 Preferably, the experimental device comprises a ceiling and four peripheral walls, the ceiling and the four peripheral walls are connected as a cylindrical cover made of transparent tempered glass, and the test stand and the composite extreme environment simulation unit are disposed in the Cylindrical cover body.

 Preferably, the laboratory adjustment device includes a hydraulic rod and a hydraulic cylinder, an upper end of the hydraulic rod is fixed at another end of the bottom base opposite to the downstream baffle, and a lower end of the hydraulic rod and the hydraulic cylinder Connected, the hydraulic cylinder is disposed under the bottom base, and the angle of the bottom base is changed by the extension length of the hydraulic rod, thereby adjusting the longitudinal slope of the slope bottom plate.

 Preferably, a standard adjuster is disposed under the soil block standard, the standard adjuster is disposed above the slope bottom plate, the standard adjuster includes a height adjustment rod and a pallet, and the height adjustment The rod is z-shaped for adjusting the height, the upper end of the height adjustment rod is fixedly connected to the pallet, and the soil block standard is placed on the pallet, and the height of each of the standard regulators is adjusted. The actual terrain is uneven to form a complex slope to be simulated.

 Preferably, the pallet is a regular hexagonal steel plate having a small hole, and the upper surface of the pallet is a water-permeable rough cushion layer, and the water-permeable rough cushion layer allows the seepage of the soil block standard by.

 Preferably, the bottom base is a watertight steel structural component having a cavity, and the bottom base is internally provided with a temperature control device for monitoring and adjusting the internal temperature for simulating the internal temperature of the deep soil.

 Preferably, the downstream baffle has a hollow structure, and the surface of the downstream baffle is covered with a flexible filter screen to allow permeation of the soil block standard.

 Preferably, the soil block target is a regular hexagonal prism structure having a rigid steel wire frame, the pressure sensor is disposed at a bottom surface of the soil block standard near six nodes, and the soil moisture sensor is spaced apart at The center of the soil block standard.

 Preferably, the signal acquisition and processing system includes a signal amplifier, a communication network, and a data storage unit, wherein the amplifier is electrically connected to the plurality of pressure sensors, the plurality of soil moisture sensors, and the horizontal displacement sensor, The signal amplifier is electrically connected to the data storage unit through the communication network, that is, the signal amplifier amplifies the signal and transmits the data to the data storage unit through the communication network for data storage.

 Preferably, the rainfall simulation device includes a plurality of water pipes, an upper water tank, and an upper water pump disposed in the ceiling, each of the water pipes is provided with a plurality of raindrop generators, and the water pipes are connected to the water tank, the upper water pump Connected to the upper water tank, the upper water pump is equipped with a frequency conversion speed regulating device to supply water to the water pipe; the water supply system includes the upper water tank and the upper water pump.

Preferably, the wind field simulation device comprises two circular orbits and a plurality of moving fans, wherein the two circular orbits are adjustable in height above and below the test bench, and the plurality of moving fans are disposed at On the two circular orbits, the air outlet of the moving fan of the moving fan can swing up and down, and is used for The power supply system (20) includes an AC motor and a control box, and the AC motor is electrically connected to the control box, and the control box is electrically connected to the moving fan.

 Preferably, the freezing rain simulation device includes a plurality of cooling risers, the cooling riser being disposed in the upper water tank; the water supply system including the upper water tank and the upper water pump.

 Preferably, the snowfall simulation device includes an artificial snow generating device disposed outside the ceiling, and a plurality of snow feeding tubes disposed on the ceiling, the artificial snow generating device being connected to the upper water tank, the upper water tank Providing a water source for the artificial snow generating device; the water supply system including the upper water tank and the upper water pump.

 Preferably, the artificial snow generating device comprises a double inlet nozzle, an air compressor, a low temperature iron can and an air suction pipe disposed outside the ceiling, the double inlet nozzle is embedded in the bottom of the low temperature iron can, and the double inlet nozzle comprises two An inlet and a nozzle outlet, the nozzle outlet extending into the low temperature iron can, an inlet of the double inlet nozzle being connected to the upper water tank for inputting low temperature water, another inlet of the double inlet nozzle and the air pressure The machine is connected for inputting high-pressure gas, and the input low-temperature water and high-pressure gas are mixed in the double inlet nozzle, and then sprayed upward into the low-temperature iron tank from the nozzle outlet of the double inlet nozzle, and crystallized in the low-temperature iron tank Artificial snow is formed, and the top of the low temperature iron can is connected to the plurality of snow pipes through the air suction pipe to transport the manufactured artificial snow.

 Preferably, the sunshine simulation device is disposed on the ceiling, and the sunshine simulation device is composed of a light source with adjustable light intensity for emitting visible light, infrared rays and ultraviolet rays to simulate sunshine and day and night changes; the power supply system includes communication The AC motor of the motor and the control box is electrically connected to the control box, and the control box is electrically connected to the light source.

 Preferably, the air temperature simulation device includes an electric heating film and a cooling pipe, the electric heating film is disposed on the four peripheral walls, and the cooling pipe is disposed on the four peripheral walls through a support rod, and the temperature simulation device installation height is Not lower than the highest end of the test bench, the electric heating film functions to transfer heat to the cylindrical cover body through infrared radiation, and the cooling pipe is used for realizing rapid cooling of the experimental environment in the cylindrical cover body through circulation of cold brine. The power supply system includes an AC motor and a control box, and the AC motor is electrically connected to the control box, and the control box is electrically connected to the electric heating film.

Preferably, the surface flow simulation device comprises an upstream water storage tank, two side water collection tanks, a downstream water collection tank, a lower water storage tank and a lower water pump, wherein the upstream water storage tank is connected to the lower water storage tank through a plastic pipe, and the lower water pump and the lower water pump The lower water storage tank is connected, the upstream water storage tank is installed at one end of the experimental table near the hydraulic rod, and the downstream water collecting tank is disposed at the other end of the experimental table near the downstream baffle, the two sides The sump is respectively disposed on two side walls of the test bench, and the downstream sump is in communication with the two side sumpes, and the two sumpes are respectively connected to the upstream water storage tank through a drain hole, the upstream water storage tank The outer wall is higher than the inner side wall, and the outer water storage tank and the outer side walls of the two side water collecting tanks and the downstream water storage tank are higher than the height of the soil block standard, and the upstream water storage tank and the two sides The sump and the inner side wall of the downstream water storage tank are the side walls of the test bench, so that the water flow can only continuously overflow into the inner side wall and enter the experimental slope surface to form a flow phenomenon on the slope; the water supply system includes the lower storage a water tank and the lower water pump.

 Preferably, the rainfall simulation device, the wind field simulation device, the freezing rain simulation device, the snowfall simulation device, the sunshine simulation device, the temperature simulation device, and the surface flow simulation device can be used independently or in combination.

 Preferably, the rainfall simulation device, the wind field simulation device, the freezing rain simulation device, and the snowfall simulation device are provided with an opening and closing valve at each outlet of the cylindrical cover of the experimental device.

 The invention also provides an experimental method for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme meteorological conditions, wherein the experimental method adopts the experimental device for soil erosion of slope surface under the compound extreme meteorological condition, comprising the following steps: determining simulation parameters, determining the simulation to be simulated Composite one or more of temperature, wind, rainfall, and snowfall parameters for extreme weather and their duration; create a slope model that scales the actual terrain to a model that can be accommodated by the slope floor according to the actual terrain size Dimensions, and dividing the model into the soil block standard of a plurality of regular hexagonal prism structures, wherein the plurality of soil block components are filled with soil prepared according to actual soil components, Arranging a plurality of the soil block targets on the slope bottom plate to form a slope model composed of a plurality of the soil block components; adjusting the topography, corresponding to the actual terrain, adjusting the length of the adjustment hydraulic rod, The overall slope of the slope model has a set rate of change; initializes the humidity of the soil block standard; And sunshine conditions; one or more simulation steps in rainfall simulation, wind field simulation, freezing rain simulation, snowfall simulation, sunshine simulation, temperature simulation and surface flooding, and flood simulation; collecting relevant data through sensors; sending data to the site The signal acquisition and processing system.

 Preferably, the step of initializing the humidity of the soil block standard comprises: at a normal temperature, the temperature control device of the bottom base only performs temperature monitoring, and the normal temperature adopts an annual average temperature of the simulated area, and the rainfall is opened. Simulating the equipment and setting the rainfall intensity and duration. When the soil is completely wetted, the rainfall simulation device is turned off, and the signal of the pressure sensor and the signal of the soil moisture sensor are recorded until the soil water content drops to 40%, and a set is obtained. Initial data for pressure and corresponding moisture content in the soil block standard.

 Preferably, the step of initializing the temperature and the sunshine condition comprises: turning on the electric heating film of the air temperature simulation device to emit infrared rays to rapidly increase the temperature to the weather temperature to be simulated, and then turning on the sunshine simulation device to simulate the change of the day and night sunlight, and setting the duration Simulated days.

 Preferably, the rainfall simulation step comprises turning on the rainfall simulation device to set a rainfall intensity and a change parameter within one day, and setting a continuous simulation day.

 Preferably, the wind field simulation step comprises turning on the wind field simulation device, setting a wind speed, a wind direction and a transformation parameter to be simulated, and setting a continuous simulation day number.

 Preferably, the freezing rain simulation step comprises: turning on the freezing rain simulation device, setting the rainfall and the continuous simulation days, adding a cooling agent to the cooling riser, and maintaining the circulating water in the upper water tank until the water temperature drops to 0 degrees. After that, the upper water pump of the rainfall simulation device and the raindrop generator valve of the rainfall simulation device are turned on to simulate freezing rain precipitation under cold weather conditions.

Preferably, the snowfall simulation step comprises: turning on the snowfall simulation device to perform artificial snowfall simulation, setting a snowfall amount and a continuous simulation day number, and first adding a cold load to the cooling riser in the upper water tank when artificially making snow And then, the circulating low-temperature water is sent into the artificial snow generating device by the upper water pump to form artificial snow, and then the plurality of snow feeding pipes continuously fed into the ceiling through the air suction pipe are under the action of internal and external pressure difference Free fall to the experimental platform, and at the same time enable the temperature simulation equipment to simulate the temperature changes before and after the snowfall event, simulate the extreme snowfall meteorological conditions and the effect of snow dissolution on soil erosion.

 Preferably, the step of simulating the sunshine comprises: turning on the sunshine simulation device to adjust the change of the intensity of the light source according to the transformation of the sunlight, simulating the change of the day and night sunlight and setting the number of simulation days.

 Preferably, the temperature simulation step comprises: when the temperature is simulated, the temperature simulation device is turned on to fill the cooling pipe with a cold brine circulation to quickly cool down to a desired temperature, and then the temperature simulation device is turned off, and the continuous simulation days are set; When the temperature rise is simulated, the electric heating film of the temperature simulation device is turned on to slowly increase the temperature, and the simulated days and the temperature rise within the set simulation days are set.

 Preferably, the surface flow and flood simulation steps include: opening a surface flow simulation device, controlling the flow of the lower water pump such that the water flow continuously overflows through the inner side wall of the upstream water storage tank to form different degrees of slope flow Phenomenon; during the simulated flooding process, raising the outer side walls of the two side sump, the upstream water storage tank and the downstream sump, when the water discharge hole is opened, the water flow flows into the two side sump and into the downstream sump As the water level rises, the flooding process can be simulated.

 Preferably, in the simulation step, the signal of the pressure sensor in the soil block standard, the signal of the soil moisture sensor, and the signal of the horizontal displacement sensor are collected in real time, and the received signal is converted by the signal amplifier. The communication network is stored in the data storage unit.

 Preferably, the step of adjusting the terrain comprises fine-tuning the height of each of the standard adjusters to correspond to the actual terrain, and accurately composing the actual convex and concave terrain.

 Preferably, the simulation steps can be carried out arbitrarily or in combination to accurately simulate the soil erosion on the slope under single extreme weather or different complex extreme weather conditions.

 Preferably, the set change rate is an overall adjustable range of 0-26.7% of the slope model to be simulated.

 The beneficial effects of the invention are: the rainfall simulation device, the wind field simulation device, the freezing rain simulation device, the snowfall simulation device, the sunshine simulation device, the temperature simulation device and the surface flow simulation device can be turned on and used individually or in combination to achieve a single extreme The weather or the simulation of different composite extreme environments, the invention ensures the reliability and applicability of the soil erosion test on the slope under the extreme weather conditions, and has obvious advantages compared with the existing methods. DRAWINGS

 Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent or more apparent from the description of the appended claims.

 1 is a schematic logic diagram of the experimental device for soil erosion on a slope under the compound extreme meteorological conditions according to the present invention;

2 is a schematic structural view of an experimental device for soil erosion on a slope surface under the compound extreme meteorological conditions according to the present invention; 3 is a schematic view showing the structure of the experimental bench and the precipitation device of the present invention;

 4 is a schematic view of a soil block standard and a slope bottom plate according to the present invention;

 5 is a spatial arrangement position diagram of a pressure sensor and a soil moisture sensor according to the present invention; FIG. 6 is a logic diagram of a water supply cycle of the device according to the present invention;

 Figure 7 is a schematic view showing the structure of the artificial snow generating device of the present invention.

 Main symbol description

 1 Experimental bench 2 Composite extreme environment simulation unit

 3 control system unit

 4 bottom base 5 slope bottom plate

 6 downstream baffle 7 hydraulic rod

 8 Soil block standard 9 Standard adjuster

 10 Pressure sensor 11 Soil moisture sensor

 12 Horizontal Displacement Sensor 13 Rainfall Simulation Equipment

 14 Wind field simulation equipment 15 Freezing rain simulation equipment

 16 Snowfall Simulation Equipment 17 Sunshine Simulation Equipment

 18 Temperature simulation equipment 19 Surface flow simulation equipment

 23 exhaust pipe 24 low temperature iron can

 25 upper pump 26 lower pump

 27 Upper water tank 28 Lower water tank

 29 upstream storage tank 30 two sides of the sink

 31 downstream sump 32 double inlet nozzle

 33 air compressor.

 It is to be understood that the particular embodiments of the invention are not intended to The specific design features of the present invention as disclosed herein include, for example, the specific dimensions, orientations, positions and shapes, which are determined in part by the particular application and use.

 In the various figures of the drawings, the same reference numerals indicate the same or equivalent parts of the invention. detailed description

 Numerous specific details are set forth in the description below in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, the present invention can be implemented in many other ways than those described herein, and a person skilled in the art can make a similar promotion without departing from the spirit of the invention, and thus the invention is not limited by the specific embodiments disclosed below.

The invention provides an experimental device for soil erosion on a slope surface under a complex meteorological condition, comprising a test bench, a composite extreme environment simulation unit and a control system unit, the test bench comprising a bottom base, a slope bottom plate, a downstream baffle, and a plurality of a soil block standard and a test bench adjusting device, wherein the slope bottom plate is disposed at the bottom The bottom baffle is disposed at one end of the bottom base and the downstream baffle is slidably connected to the slope bottom plate, and the soil block standard is placed on the slope bottom plate. The experimental table adjusting device is connected to the bottom base for adjusting the tilt angle of the test bench, the soil block standard is provided with a pressure sensor and a soil moisture sensor, and the downstream baffle is provided with a horizontal displacement sensor. The horizontal displacement sensor can measure the horizontal displacement of the downstream end after the sliding of the upstream slope and the soil loss accumulation; the composite extreme environment simulation unit includes a rainfall simulation device, a wind field simulation device, a freezing rain simulation device, a snowfall simulation device, a sunshine simulation device, a plurality of simulation devices in the temperature simulation device and the surface flow simulation device, wherein the rainfall simulation device, the wind field simulation device, the freezing rain simulation device, the snowfall simulation device, and the sunshine simulation device are respectively disposed above the experimental platform, The air temperature simulation device is disposed around the experimental platform, and the surface flow simulation device is provided Positioned on the side of the test bench and below; the control system unit includes a power supply system, a water supply system, and a signal acquisition and processing system, and the power supply system and the wind farm simulation device, the sunshine simulation device, and the temperature simulation device Connected to provide power, the water supply system is connected to the rainfall simulation device, the freezing rain simulation device, the snowfall simulation device, and the surface flow simulation device to provide a water source; the signal acquisition processing system is electrically connected to the test bench Acquiring the sensor signal.

 The bottom base of the test bench is a steel structure cavity, and a temperature control device for monitoring and adjusting the internal temperature is provided inside to simulate the internal temperature of the deep soil; the bottom base is covered with a slope bottom plate, and the bottom plate is a piece A rectangular smooth steel plate with holes allows the soil to seep and leak out to the bottom base. The hydraulic rod is fixed at one end of the bottom base, and the root is connected with the hydraulic cylinder. When the length of the top changes, the angle between the rod and the bottom base is changed, and the range is between 0 and 75 degrees, thereby realizing the longitudinal slope adjustment of the slope bottom plate. Downstream of the experimental bench, that is, the other end of the hydraulic rod is provided with a downstream baffle, and the inner and outer surfaces of the downstream baffle are covered with a flexible filter screen to allow the soil to seep through the slope surface, and the downstream baffle is slidably connected with the slope bottom plate, the downstream baffle A horizontal displacement sensor is provided to measure the horizontal displacement of the downstream end after the sliding of the upstream slope and the accumulation of soil loss.

 The slope bottom plate is used to carry a manually-formed complex slope to be simulated, and the slope surface is composed of a plurality of pairs of soil block components and a standard regulator. The standard adjuster arranged one by one above the slope bottom plate is composed of a height adjustment rod and a pallet, the height adjustment rod is a Z-shaped adjustable height thin steel pipe, and the upper end of the height adjustment rod is welded with a pallet, which is used for supporting The soil block standard, the pallet is a regular hexagonal steel plate with a small hole, and the upper surface is a layer of water-permeable rough cushion, which allows the seepage of the upper soil block standard; the soil block standard and the slope bottom plate Connected by the standard regulator, the soil block standard is a regular hexagonal prism structure with a side length of 20cm and a height of 15cm. The rigid steel wire meshes the frame and is required to fill the soil layer by layer in the mold to form a standard piece. Pressure sensors and soil moisture sensors are arranged in the standard components, wherein the pressure sensors are arranged at the bottom of the soil block standard near six nodes, and the soil water content sensors are arranged at the center of the soil block standard for measuring soil water load; The block standard pieces are placed side by side on the standard adjuster, and the convexity and concave are not made by adjusting the height of each soil standard adjuster according to the actual topographical change. The actual terrain slope to form a complex to be simulated.

The composite extreme environment simulation unit is provided with rainfall simulation equipment, including four water pipes disposed in the ceiling of the confined space, and each of the water pipes is evenly arranged with eight raindrop generators, and the water pipes are connected with an external dedicated upper water tank. Even, through the variable frequency speed control water pump for water supply, it can simulate artificial rainfall with a rain intensity range of 0.5-30 mm/min; the wind field simulation equipment consists of multiple moving fans placed on the circular orbit, and the circular orbit is the upper and lower layers. The height of the track is adjustable. There are no less than 8 moving fans on each circular track. The air inlet of the fan is located at the upper part, and the wind is blown out from the air outlet through the air supply duct. The wind direction of the moving fan outlet can be swung up and down and left and right. For simulating a complex wind field; when the rainfall simulation equipment and the wind field simulation equipment are simultaneously turned on to the upper limit value, the heavy rainfall process such as a typhoon under extreme compound conditions can be simulated; the freezing rain simulation equipment includes a cooling stand set in the above-mentioned dedicated upper water tank. 10 tubes, when it is necessary to simulate freezing rain, fill the cooling riser with the propylene glycol solution, and the water in the upper tank keeps circulating until the water temperature drops below 0 °, then turn on the variable frequency water pump and raindrops of the rainfall simulation equipment. The generator's valve can simulate freezing rain and precipitation under cold weather conditions; the snowfall simulation equipment is made up of external artificial snow The device is composed of four snow-feeding pipes arranged in the ceiling. When the snow is made, the circulating low-temperature water in the special upper water tank is sent to the double inlet nozzle by the upper water pump, and the air compressor is turned on to input high-pressure air to mix with it, and spray upward. After the low-temperature iron cans, low-temperature atomized water droplets are formed, and artificial snow is formed by crystallizing in the low-temperature iron can. The artificial snow is continuously sent to the four snow-feeding tubes of the ceiling through the exhaust pipe, and is freely floated to the experimental bench under the action of the internal and external pressure difference. In the simulated extreme snowfall meteorological conditions and soil erosion after snow dissolution; the sunshine simulation equipment is placed in the ceiling, which is composed of multiple simulated sunlight sources, and the light source emits visible light, infrared and ultraviolet light, and the light source is adjusted by the electrical switch. Simulating day and night changes in sunshine; The temperature simulation equipment consists of an electric heating film disposed on the four peripheral walls and a cooling tube placed on the side wall support rods. The installation height is not lower than the top of the test bench. The function of the electric heating film is to pass the infrared radiation to the closed space. Internal heat transfer achieves rapid temperature rise, and the function of the cooling tube is to achieve a closed space through the cold brine circulation. To test the rapid cooling of the environment, the alternating use of the two can simulate the extreme cold and hot alternating temperature environment; the surface flow simulation equipment includes an upstream water storage tank connected by a plastic pipe and another dedicated storage lower water storage tank, and the left and right side walls of the experimental bench Two sides of the sump, and a downstream sump consisting of downstream baffles and coamings. The upstream water storage tank is installed at one end of the experimental platform, and water is supplied to the tank through the water pipe and the water pump and the water tank connected thereto, and the outer wall of the upstream water storage tank is higher than the inner side wall, so that the water flow continuously overflows the inner side wall to form a slope. The flow phenomenon of the surface; the two sides of the sump are connected with the upstream and downstream sump, and the inner and outer walls are 10cm high. The outer wall can be installed with a raised baffle during the simulated flood process. The lower ends of the two sump are connected to the downstream sump. The water flow can be directly passed through, and the upper end of the two sides of the sump and the upstream water storage tank are connected through the openable drain hole controlled by the electric switch. When the drain hole is opened, the water flow directly flows into the two side sump and can be merged into the downstream sump, downstream The bottom of the sump is equipped with an openable water outlet controlled by an electrical switch to discharge excess water from the water tank. When the water outlet is closed and the water level is continuously high, the flooding process can be simulated, and the upstream water storage flow and downstream storage can be controlled. The water flow from the tank can simulate the fluctuation of the water level.

The power supply system of the control system unit provides power for the wind field simulation device, the sunshine simulation device, the temperature simulation device and the test bench; the water supply system uses a variable frequency speed control water pump connected to a dedicated upper water tank, which is a rainfall simulation device, freezing rain The simulation equipment and the snowfall simulation equipment respectively provide water sources of different temperatures; one micro AC water pump is connected with a dedicated lower water storage tank to provide water source for surface flow simulation equipment; the signal acquisition and processing system is used for collecting various types of sensor signals, including soil block labels. Pressure sensor letter No., soil moisture sensor signal, horizontal displacement sensor signal, the received signal is converted by the signal amplifier and stored in the data storage unit by the communication network.

 The rainfall simulation device, the freezing rain simulation device, and the snowfall simulation device share an upper water pump and an upper water tank, and the upper water tank contains a controllable cooling riser to adjust the water temperature change of the water source. The control feature is that when the rainfall simulation device is enabled to perform the normal temperature The cooling riser is not activated during the rainfall simulation. When the freezing rain simulation device is enabled for the low temperature freezing rain simulation, the cooling riser is turned on. When the snowfall simulation device is enabled for the snowfall simulation, the cooling riser is turned on to provide water for the artificial snow.

 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Referring to FIG. 1 to FIG. 7 , the present invention provides an experimental device for soil erosion on a slope surface under extreme weather conditions.

 As shown in FIG. 1, the experimental device of the present invention comprises a test bench 1, a composite extreme environment simulation unit 2, and a control system unit 3:

 As shown in FIG. 2, the experimental device is disposed in a cylindrical cover made of transparent glass reinforced plastic, the cover includes a ceiling and four peripheral walls, and the core operation of the experimental device is completed in a cylindrical closed space, and the radius of the bottom surface is 4.0m, height 4.0m, four peripheral walls and ceiling are made of transparent glass; the exit of the experimental platform 1, the composite extreme environment simulation unit 2 is placed in the confined space, and the control system unit 3 and other auxiliary equipment are placed in the Outside the confined space:

 The bottom base 4 of the test bench 1 is made of a steel structure, and the bottom base plate is a rectangular impervious smooth steel plate having a size of 7 mX 4.6 m, and the inside of the base is a cavity structure with a height of about 0.4 m, and a temperature regulator is arranged. The temperature within the cavity can be monitored and controlled. The bottom base 4 is supported by two hydraulic rods 7 and casters. The hydraulic rod 7 is connected to the hydraulic cylinder and fixed at one end of the lower base near the upstream side. When the length of the hydraulic rod 7 is changed (the length of the rod is 0-1.87 m) ), the angle between the hydraulic rod and the bottom base 4 changes, the angle varies from 0 to 75 degrees, and the longitudinal slope of the slope bottom plate 5 can be further adjusted. The overall adjustable range of the slope model to be simulated is 0-26.7%; as shown in Fig. 3, at the other end of the hydraulic rod 7, that is, downstream of the variable slope, a downstream baffle 6 having a size of 4.6 mX 0.2 m is provided, and the downstream baffle is hollowed out. The material is covered with a flexible filter screen to allow the permeation of the upstream soil to pass through, and the bottom of the downstream baffle is installed on the guide rail above the slope bottom plate and fixed by the spring, which can be within a certain range when subjected to horizontal thrust. Sliding, a horizontal displacement sensor 12 is provided on the downstream baffle for measuring the horizontal displacement of the sliding and accumulation after erosion of the upstream slope.

As shown in Fig. 3, the above-mentioned slope bottom plate 5 is used to simulate a complicated slope surface where soil erosion may occur. Due to the undulating terrain of the actual slope (eg, the shoreline of the reservoir, the small watershed in the mountain area, etc.), flooding and streams may occur after the occurrence of rainfall. The traditional experimental methods are usually only for artificially produced smooth slopes, and cannot be true. Reflecting the actual soil erosion situation, the present invention firstly proposes a method and device for making soil erosion slopes suitable for complex slope topography: Firstly, according to the actual terrain, the scale coordinates are scaled to the topographic coordinates of the indoor experimental slope surface (this In the example, the horizontal zoom scale 1000: 1) ; The terrain is divided into multiple uniform grids, the grid is a regular hexagon, the side length is 20cm, and a soil block standard 8 is placed in each grid, 15cm high, placed On the pallet of a standard regulator 9; after all the soil block standard 8 has been placed (this implementation In the example, 310 is used, and the height of each of the standard adjusters 9 is finely adjusted to correspond to the actual terrain, so that the actual convex and concave terrain can be accurately simulated. The soil block standard 8 is a regular hexagonal prism structure with a side length of 20 cm and a height of 15 cm. The rigid steel wire is used to form a structural frame, and the soil block standard is firstly formed in the standard mold according to the actual underlying surface soil. The layer is filled with soil; the standard adjuster 9 welded on the slope bottom plate 5 is used to support the soil block standard 8, and the two are spaced 20 cm apart; the standard adjuster 9 is composed of a height adjusting rod and a pallet, and the height is adjusted. The rod is a Z-shaped adjustable height thin steel pipe, and the upper end of the height adjustment rod is welded with a pallet for supporting the soil block standard 8, the pallet is a regular hexagonal steel plate with a small hole, and the upper surface is A layer of permeable, rough underlayer allows the permeation of the upper soil block 8 to pass through (Figure 4). As shown in FIG. 5, the soil block standard member is disposed with a pressure sensor 10 and a soil moisture sensor 11, wherein the pressure sensor 10 is disposed at six nodes on the bottom surface of the soil block standard, and the soil moisture sensor 11 is spaced apart from the soil. The block standard center is used to measure soil water load.

 The above is not only the experimental platform for performing indoor experiments on the slope soil erosion experimental device under the compound extreme weather condition of the present invention.

When different meteorological conditions change, the corresponding slope soil erosion will also change, which is the main reason for the excessive measurement error of the conventional indoor soil erosion experimental method. To overcome the above drawbacks, the present invention provides a composite extreme environment simulation unit 2 for simulating regular, or extreme, or single, or complex meteorological and ground environmental conditions in a confined space, including rainfall, wind, Freezing rain, snowfall, sunshine, temperature, etc., also provides the function of surface flow simulation. As shown in Fig. 1, the rainfall simulation device 13 includes four galvanized water pipes arranged in a ceiling of a confined space, the pipe diameter is 32 mm, and eight raindrop generators are evenly arranged at the lower end of each water pipe. The water pipe is connected with a dedicated upper water tank, and the upper water tank is connected. The size is 1.2mX 1.2 X 1.5m, the upper water tank 27 is connected to a variable frequency speed control upper water pump 25 (DC-85W-10000L/H-5m), and the upper water pump is used to control the upper water pump as the water pressure constant pressure water supply. Electric, automatically adjusts the outflow of the raindrop generator, the simulated rain intensity ranges from 0.5-30 mm/min; the wind farm simulation device 14 includes 16 fans placed on the upper and lower circular orbits (for ease of reading, Figure 1 Only one fan is given), the circular track is equipped with a driving device that can move up and down, and 8 movable fans are arranged on each track. The air outlet is lm below the air inlet, and the air direction can be swung up and down and left and right. When the wind speed and angle of the tuyere can simulate the required complex wind field in the confined space, in addition, when the rainfall simulation device 13 and the wind field simulation device 14 are simultaneously turned on to the upper limit value, the analog pole can be simulated. The heavy rainfall process under end composite conditions (such as typhoon); the freezing rain simulation device 15 includes 10 cooling risers disposed in the above-mentioned dedicated upper water tank 27, and when the simulated freezing rain is required, the cooling riser is filled with a coolant propylene glycol solution. The water in the upper tank 27 is kept circulating to avoid freezing. When the water temperature drops below 0 degrees, the variable frequency speed upper water pump 25 and the raindrop generator valve of the rainfall simulation equipment are turned on, which can simulate the cold weather conditions. Freezing rain and precipitation, while enabling the temperature simulation equipment as described below to simulate the temperature changes before and after the freezing rain event, can accurately measure the potential damage and impact of the freezing rain process on the soil erosion on the slope; the snowfall simulation equipment 16 is composed of an external artificial snow generating device (such as Figure 7) consists of 4 snow pipes placed in the ceiling. As shown in FIG. 7, the artificial snow generating device includes a double inlet nozzle 32, an air compressor 33, a low temperature iron can 24 and an air suction pipe 23 disposed outside the ceiling, the double inlet The nozzle 32 is embedded in the bottom of the cryogenic canister 24, the dual inlet nozzle 32 includes two inlets and one nozzle outlet, the nozzle outlet extends into the cryogenic canister 24, an inlet of the dual inlet nozzle 32 and the upper header 27 Connected for inputting low temperature water, another inlet of the dual inlet nozzle 32 is connected to the air compressor 33 for inputting high pressure gas, and the input low temperature water and high pressure gas are mixed in the double inlet nozzle by the double The nozzle outlet of the inlet nozzle is sprayed upward into the low temperature iron can 24, and the artificial snow is crystallized in the low temperature iron can 24, and the top of the low temperature iron can 24 is connected to the plurality of snow supply pipes through the suction pipe 23 Made of artificial snow. When artificial snowmaking, firstly, the cooling riser inward of the special upper water tank 27 is filled with a coolant propylene glycol solution, and then the circulating low temperature water is sent to the double inlet nozzle by the upper water pump 25, and the air compressor is continuously turned on to continuously input high pressure air and The mixture is sprayed into the low-temperature iron cans to form low-temperature atomized water droplets, and the low-temperature atomized water droplets crystallize in the low-temperature iron cans to form artificial snow. The artificial snow is continuously sent to the ceiling of the four snow-feeding tubes through the suction pipe, and the pressure difference between the inside and the outside is Freely falling to the test bench under the action of the air temperature simulation device to simulate the temperature change before and after the snowfall event, used to simulate the extreme snowfall meteorological conditions and the effect of snow dissolution on soil erosion; the sunshine simulation device 17 is placed in the ceiling, It is composed of multiple illuminating sources of simulated sunlight, with a density of 4/m ² , and the light source emits visible light, infrared light and ultraviolet light. The intensity of the light source is adjusted by the electrical switch to simulate the day and night changes of the sunlight; the temperature simulation device 18 is arranged in the Electrothermal film of four peripheral walls and four cooling tubes placed on the side wall support rods, electric heating film and cooling The installation height is not lower than the top height of the test bench 1. When rapid temperature rise is required, the electric heating film is turned on to emit infrared rays for radiation heat transfer. When rapid cooling is required, the valve is opened to cool the cooling pipe to cool the cooling water; The flooding simulation device 19 is used to simulate the surface flooding process that may be caused by flooding in the basin. The equipment system includes a dedicated lower water storage tank 28, a lower micro AC water pump 26, which is placed in the upper storage tank 29 of the experimental bench, and the left and right side walls of the experimental bench. The water collecting tank 30 on both sides, and the downstream sump 31 formed by the downstream baffle and the surrounding plate, the upstream water storage tank is connected by the plastic water pipe and the water pump and the water tank, and the water is sent to the tank through the water pump, and the inner and outer side walls of the upstream water storage tank are respectively 5 cm high. And 8cm, when the device is activated, the flow rate of the lower water pump is controlled so that the water flow continuously overflows through the inner wall of the tank, forming different degrees of slope flow; the two sides of the experimental platform are respectively provided with sump, two sides of the sump and The upstream water storage tank and the downstream water collection tank are connected, and the inner and outer side walls of the water collecting tanks on both sides are 10 cm high, and the outer side wall is simulated. During the water process, the heightening baffle can be installed. The two side water collecting tanks are connected with the upstream water storage tank through the openable drain hole controlled by the electrical switch. When the water discharge hole is opened, the upstream water storage tank flows into the two side water collecting tanks and merges into the downstream collecting set. The water tank is continuously high, so that the flooding process can be simulated. The bottom of the downstream sump is equipped with an openable water outlet controlled by an electrical switch to discharge excess water from the water tank. By adjusting the flow rate of the upstream water storage tank (ie, controlling the lower water pump) 26) and downstream sump outlet flow can simulate water level fluctuations.

 The above is a composite extreme environment simulation unit for performing indoor experiments on a slope soil erosion experimental device under the compound extreme weather condition of the present invention.

The invention provides a control system unit 3, comprising a power supply system 20, a water supply system 21 and a signal acquisition and processing system 22; the power supply system 20 is composed of an AC motor and a control box, and is a wind field simulation device 14, a sunshine simulation device 17, and a temperature simulation device. 18 provides power supply; the water supply system 21 includes a variable frequency speed control upper water pump 25, a miniature AC lower water pump 26, a dedicated upper water tank 27, and a dedicated lower water storage tank 28, and a dedicated upper water tank 27 It is connected with the upper frequency water pump 25 of the frequency conversion speed regulation, and provides water sources of different temperatures for the rainfall simulation device 13, the freezing rain simulation device 15, and the snowfall simulation device 16, respectively, and the dedicated lower water storage tank 28 and the micro AC lower water pump 26 are connected to each other, which is a surface flow simulation device 19 The water source is provided; the signal acquisition and processing system 22 is configured to collect various types of sensor signals, including the pressure sensor 10 signal in the soil block standard 8, the soil moisture sensor 11 signal, and the horizontal displacement sensor 12 signal, and the received signal is converted by the signal amplifier. It is stored in the data storage unit by the communication network.

 The above is the control system unit 3 for performing indoor experiments on the slope soil erosion experimental device under the compound extreme weather condition of the present invention.

 Example:

Using the device of the invention to carry out indoor simulation measurement of soil erosion in the small closed catchment area upstream of the reservoir bay of a mountainous reservoir, and provide basic data for studying the temporal and spatial variation of soil erosion under complex extreme meteorological conditions. The closed catchment area is located in the mountainous area with a total area of 26.8km ² . The terrain of the slope is complex, the elevation of the terrain is large, and the vertical temperature changes obviously. The annual average temperature is 16 degrees, and the average annual rainfall is ll lOmm, but at 3 per year. - In October, heavy rains often occur, accounting for 70% of the annual rainfall. At the same time, the temperature in the basin changes drastically, and snowfall often occurs in the spring, causing soil erosion. According to field investigations, soil erosion is significantly intensified in extreme meteorological conditions. A large amount of sediment collects into the water body and accumulates. At the same time, a large amount of nutrients are brought into the water, which obviously destroys the water quality, and often blooms. Therefore, compound extreme weather is carried out. Indoor simulation of soil erosion under conditions (storm, rainfall, strong wind, alternating hot and cold, etc.) is necessary.

 The device of the invention is used to simulate the change of soil erosion in the case of continuous extreme weather conditions occurring within 2 weeks. The extreme meteorological conditions are: continuous high temperature for 2 days, continuous strong wind and strong rainfall for 3 days, continuous low temperature for 2 days, continuous snowfall for 3 days. , continue to heat up for 4 days. The steps for implementing a specific experiment using the present invention are as follows:

 (1) According to the actual terrain, the actual terrain is reduced to a 7mX 4.6m slope indoor model size according to the horizontal zoom scale 1000: 1 and divided into 310 uniform hexagonal grids of uniform size, within each grid. Put the soil block standard made from the actual soil components;

 (2) Corresponding to the actual terrain, adjust the length of the hydraulic rod 7 so that the overall slope change rate of the slope is 5.6%, and then fine-tune the height of each of the standard adjusters 9 to match the actual terrain, which can accurately simulate the actual convex and concave terrain. ;

 (3) At room temperature (take an average temperature of 16 degrees), the pedestal temperature regulator only monitors the temperature, turns on the rainfall simulation equipment and sets the rain intensity to 0.4mm/d. After at least 1 hour, the soil is completely wet, and the rainfall is closed. Simulating the device, recording the pressure sensor 10 signal, the soil moisture sensor 11 signal until the soil moisture content drops to 40%, obtaining initial data of the pressure and corresponding water content in a set of soil block standards;

 (4) Turn on the temperature simulation device 18 to emit infrared light to rapidly heat up to 30 degrees, then turn on the sunshine simulation device 17 to simulate the change of day and night sunlight for 2 simulation days;

(5) The rainfall simulation device 13 is started to work simultaneously with the wind field simulation device 14 to simulate a strong rainfall process under strong wind conditions, where the wind speed varies linearly from 8 m/s to 20 m/s; the wind direction is from north to south. During the turning process, the change in rainfall intensity during the day is a linear change from 0 to 6 mm/hr for 3 simulation days; The pressure sensor 10 signal, the soil moisture sensor 11 signal, and the horizontal displacement sensor 12 signal in the soil block standard 8 are collected in real time, and the received signal is converted by the signal amplifier and stored in the data storage unit by the communication network;

 (6) Turn off the rainfall simulation device 13 and the wind field simulation device 14, and turn on the temperature simulation device 18 to fill the cooling pipe with a cold brine cycle to quickly cool down to 5 degrees and then turn off the temperature simulation device 18 for 2 simulation days; collect the soil block in real time. The pressure sensor 10 signal in the standard 8 , the soil moisture sensor 11 signal, the horizontal displacement sensor 12 signal, the received signal is converted by the signal amplifier and stored in the data storage unit by the communication network;

 (7) The snowfall simulation device 16 is turned on for artificial snowfall simulation, the snowfall amount is 5 mm/d, and the simulation is continued for 3 simulation days; the pressure sensor 10 signal in the soil block standard 8 is collected in real time, the soil moisture sensor 11 signal, the horizontal displacement sensor 12 signal, the received signal is converted by the signal amplifier and stored in the data storage unit by the communication network;

 (8) Turn off the snowfall simulation device 16, turn on the electric heating film of the temperature simulation device 18, and slowly increase the temperature, and raise the temperature to 20 degrees in 4 simulation days; collect the pressure sensor 10 signal and soil in the soil block standard 8 in real time. The humidity sensor 11 signal and the horizontal displacement sensor 12 signal are converted by the signal amplifier and stored in the data storage unit by the communication network.

 By analyzing the recorded values of the initial data set pressure sensor 10 corresponding to the same soil moisture for the selected time period, the two-dimensional distribution of the soil erosion amount of the slope model can be obtained; by analyzing the recorded values of the soil moisture and pressure sensors in the designated area, The change of soil erosion in this area with time; By analyzing the value recorded by the horizontal displacement sensor, the stability of the soil on the slope surface can be obtained.

 In this embodiment, the rainfall simulation device, the wind field simulation device, the freezing rain simulation device, the snowfall simulation device, the sunshine simulation device, the temperature simulation device, and the surface flow simulation device can be used independently or in combination to achieve a single extreme weather or different. The flexible and accurate simulation of the complex extreme environment ensures the reliability and applicability of the slope soil erosion test under the extreme weather conditions, which has obvious advantages compared with the existing methods.

 The above embodiments are intended to exemplify the principles of the present invention and their effects, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The above embodiments may be modified by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present invention should be covered by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

Claim

1. An experimental device for soil erosion on slopes under complex extreme weather conditions, comprising a test bench (1), a complex extreme environment simulation unit (2) and a control system unit (3), characterized in that:

 The test bench (1) comprises a bottom base (4), a slope bottom plate (5), a downstream baffle (6), a plurality of soil block targets (8) and a test bench adjustment device, the slope bottom plate ( 5) a cover is disposed on the bottom base (4), the downstream baffle (6) is disposed at one end of the bottom base (4) and the downstream baffle (6) and the slope bottom plate (5) sliding connection, the soil block standard (8) is placed on the slope bottom plate (5), and the experimental table adjusting device is connected with the bottom base (4) for adjusting the inclination of the experimental table Angle, the soil block standard (8) is provided with a pressure sensor (10) and a soil moisture sensor (11), and the downstream baffle (6) is provided with a horizontal displacement sensor (12), the horizontal displacement sensor (12) It is capable of measuring the horizontal displacement of the downstream end after the upstream slope slip and soil loss accumulation;

 The composite extreme environment simulation unit (2) includes a rainfall simulation device (13), a wind field simulation device (14), a freezing rain simulation device (15), a snowfall simulation device (16), a sunshine simulation device (17), and a temperature simulation device. (18) and a plurality of simulated devices in the surface flow simulation device (19), wherein the rainfall simulation device (13), the wind field simulation device (14), the freezing rain simulation device (15), the snowfall simulation device (16) The sunshine simulation device (17) is respectively disposed above the test bench, the temperature simulation device (18) is disposed around the test bench, and the surface flow simulation device (19) is disposed on the test bench side. Side and bottom;

 The control system unit (3) includes a power supply system (20), a water supply system (21), and a signal acquisition processing system (22), the power supply system (20) and the wind field simulation device (14), and a sunshine simulation device.

(17) and the temperature simulation device (18) is electrically connected to provide power, the water supply system (21) and the rainfall simulation device (13), the freezing rain simulation device (15), the snowfall simulation device (16), and The surface flow simulation device (19) is connected to provide a water source; the signal acquisition processing system (22) is electrically connected to the test station (1) for collecting the sensor signal.

2. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1, wherein: the experimental device comprises a ceiling and four peripheral walls, and the ceiling and the four peripheral walls are connected by transparent tempered glass. The cylindrical cover body, the test stand (1) and the composite extreme environment simulation unit (2) are disposed in the cylindrical cover body.

3. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the experimental table adjusting device comprises a hydraulic rod (7) and a hydraulic cylinder, and the hydraulic rod (7) The upper end is fixed at the other end of the bottom base (4) opposite to the downstream baffle (6), the lower end of the hydraulic rod (7) is connected to the hydraulic cylinder, and the hydraulic cylinder is disposed at the bottom Below the base (4), the angle of the bottom base (4) is changed by the change in the extension length of the hydraulic rod (7), thereby adjusting the longitudinal slope of the slope bottom plate (5). 4. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: a standard condition adjuster (9) is arranged below the soil block standard (8), the standard piece Regulator

(9) disposed above the slope bottom plate (5), the standard adjuster (9) includes a height adjustment rod and a pallet, the height adjustment rod is zigzag for adjusting the height, The upper end of the height adjustment rod is fixedly connected to the pallet, and the soil block standard (8) is placed on the pallet, and the actual terrain of the unevenness is made by adjusting the height of each of the standard regulators (9). Form a complex slope to be simulated.

5. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 4, wherein: the pallet is a regular hexagonal steel plate having small holes, and the upper surface of the pallet is a layer. A water permeable rough mat layer that allows permeation of the soil block standard (8).

6. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: said bottom base (4) is a watertight steel structural member having a cavity, said bottom portion The base (4) has a temperature control device for monitoring and adjusting the internal temperature to simulate the internal temperature of the deep soil.

7. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the downstream baffle (6) has a hollow structure, and the downstream baffle (6) is covered with a surface. A layer of flexible screen allows the permeation of the soil block standard (8). 8. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the soil block standard (8) is a regular hexagonal prism structure having a rigid steel wire frame. The pressure sensor (10) is disposed at a bottom surface of the soil block standard (8) near six nodes, and the soil moisture sensor (11) is spaced apart at the center of the soil block standard (8). 9. The apparatus for predicting soil erosion on a slope surface under complex extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: said signal acquisition processing system (22) comprises a signal amplifier, a communication network and a data storage unit, said amplifier Electrically connecting with the plurality of pressure sensors (10), the plurality of soil moisture sensors (11), and the horizontal displacement sensor (12), wherein the signal amplifier is electrically connected to the data storage unit through the communication network Sexual connection, that is, the signal amplifier amplifies the signal and transmits it to the data storage unit through the communication network for data storage.

10. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: said rainfall simulation device (13) comprises a plurality of water pipes and upper water tanks disposed in said ceiling (27) And an upper water pump (25), each of the water pipes is provided with a plurality of raindrop generators, the water pipes are connected to the water tank (27), and the upper water pump (25) is connected to the upper water tank (27) The upper water pump (25) is equipped with a frequency conversion device for supplying water to the water pipe; the water supply system (21) includes the upper water tank (27) and the upper water pump (25).

11. The experimental device for soil erosion on a slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, The wind field simulation device (14) includes two circular orbits and a plurality of moving fans, wherein the two circular orbits are adjustable in height above and below the experimental platform (1). The plurality of moving fans are disposed on the two circular orbits, and the wind direction of the air outlet of the moving fan can be swung up and down and left and right for simulating a complex wind field; the power supply system (20) includes an AC motor and a control box. The AC motor is electrically connected to the control box, and the control box is electrically connected to the moving fan.

12. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the freezing rain simulation device (15) comprises a plurality of cooling risers, and the cooling riser is disposed at the The upper water tank (27) is included; the water supply system (21) includes the upper water tank (27) and the upper water pump (25).

13. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: said snowfall simulation device (16) comprises an artificial snow generating device disposed outside said ceiling and disposed in a plurality of snow supply pipes of the ceiling, the artificial snow generating device being connected to the upper water tank (27), the upper water tank (27) providing a water source for the artificial snow generating device; the water supply system (21) The upper water tank (27) and the upper water pump (25) are included.

14. The apparatus for predicting soil erosion on a slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 13, wherein: the artificial snow generating device comprises a double inlet nozzle (32) and an air compressor disposed outside the ceiling ( 33), a low temperature iron can (24) and an air suction pipe (23), the double inlet nozzle (32) is embedded in the bottom of the low temperature iron can, and the double inlet nozzle (32) comprises two inlets and one nozzle outlet, and the nozzle outlet extends Into the low temperature iron can, an inlet of the double inlet nozzle (32) is connected to the upper water tank (27) for inputting low temperature water, and another inlet of the double inlet nozzle and the air compressor (33) Connected for inputting high-pressure gas, while the input low-temperature water and high-pressure gas are mixed in the double inlet nozzle (32), and then sprayed upward into the low-temperature iron can (24) from the nozzle outlet of the double inlet nozzle (32), The artificial snow is crystallized in the low temperature iron can (24), and the top of the low temperature iron can (24) is connected to the plurality of snow supply pipes through the suction pipe (23) to transport the manufactured artificial snow.

15. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: said sunshine simulation device (17) is disposed in said ceiling, said sunshine simulation device (17) being a multi-intensity adjustable light source distribution component for emitting visible light, infrared rays and ultraviolet rays to simulate sunshine and day and night changes; the power supply system (20) comprising an alternating current motor and a control box, the alternating current motor and the control box are electrically connected, The control box is electrically connected to the light source. The apparatus for predicting soil erosion on a slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the temperature simulation device (18) comprises an electric heating film and a cooling tube, and the electric heating film is disposed on the a four peripheral wall, the cooling pipe is disposed on the four peripheral walls by a support rod, and the temperature simulation device (18) is installed at a height not lower than a highest end of the test bench (1), and the electric heating film functions Infrared Radiation heats the inside of the cylindrical cover body, wherein the cooling pipe is used for rapid cooling of the experimental environment in the cylindrical cover body by circulating cold water; the power supply system (20) includes an alternating current motor and a control box, and the alternating current The motor is electrically connected to the control box, and the control box is electrically connected to the electric heating film. 17. The apparatus for predicting soil erosion on a slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: said surface flow simulation device (19) comprises an upstream water storage tank (29) and two side water collection tanks (30) a downstream sump (31), a lower water storage tank (28) and a lower water pump (26), wherein the upstream water storage tank is connected to the lower water storage tank (28) through a plastic pipe, the lower water pump (26) and the a lower water storage tank (28) is connected, the upstream water storage tank is installed at an end of the experimental table (1) close to the hydraulic rod (7), and the downstream sump is disposed at the experimental platform (1) close to the The other ends of the downstream baffle (6) are respectively disposed on the two side walls of the experimental bench, the downstream sump is connected to the two side sump, and the two sumpes respectively pass through the drain hole Connecting with the upstream water storage tank, the outer side wall of the upstream water storage tank is higher than the inner side wall, and the outer water storage tank and the outer side walls of the two side water collecting tanks and the downstream water storage tank are higher than the soil block Height of piece (8) The inner side wall of the upstream water storage tank and the two side water collecting tanks and the downstream water storage tank are the side walls of the experimental platform, so that the water flow can only continuously overflow into the inner side wall and enter the experimental slope surface. a flow phenomenon that forms a slope; the water supply system (21) includes the lower water storage tank (28) and the lower water pump (26).

18. The apparatus for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 1, wherein: the rainfall simulation device (13), the wind field simulation device (14), the freezing rain simulation device (15), and snowfall. The analog device (16), the sunshine simulation device (17), the temperature simulation device (18), and the surface flow simulation device (19) can be turned on or used individually or in combination.

19. The apparatus for predicting soil erosion on a slope surface under complex extreme weather conditions according to claim 1, wherein: the rainfall simulation device (13), the wind field simulation device (14), the freezing rain simulation device (15), and snowfall. The simulation device (16) is provided with an opening and closing valve at each outlet of the cylindrical housing of the experimental device.

20. An experimental method for soil erosion of slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions, wherein the experimental method employs the experimental apparatus according to claims 1 to 19, comprising the steps of:

 Determining the simulation parameters to determine one or more of the temperature, wind, rainfall, and snowfall parameters of the composite extreme weather to be simulated and their duration;

 Making a slope model, scaling the actual terrain to a size of the model that can be accommodated by the slope bottom plate (5) according to the actual terrain size, and dividing the model into the soil of a plurality of regular hexagonal prism structures a block standard (8), wherein the plurality of soil block targets (8) are filled with soil prepared according to actual soil components, and the plurality of soil block standards (8) are arranged Forming a slope model consisting of a plurality of the soil block labels (8) on the slope bottom plate (5);

Adjusting the terrain, corresponding to the actual terrain, adjusting the length of the adjusting hydraulic rod (7), so that the overall slope of the slope model has a set rate of change; Initializing the humidity of the soil block standard (8);

 Initialize temperature and sunshine conditions;

 Perform one or more simulation steps in rainfall simulation, wind field simulation, freezing rain simulation, snowfall simulation, sunshine simulation, temperature simulation and surface flooding, and flood simulation;

 Collect relevant data through sensors;

 Data is sent to the signal acquisition processing system (22).

 The method for testing soil erosion on a slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 20, wherein the step of initializing the humidity of the soil block standard (8) comprises: at normal temperature, the temperature of the bottom base The control device only performs temperature monitoring, and the ambient temperature adopts the annual average temperature of the area to be simulated, opens the rainfall simulation device (13) and sets the rainfall intensity and duration, and when the soil is completely wetted, the rainfall simulation device is turned off (13) Recording the signal of the pressure sensor (10) and the signal of the soil moisture sensor (11) until the soil moisture content drops to 40%, obtaining a set of pressure and corresponding water content in the soil block standard (8) Initial data.

The method for testing soil erosion on a slope surface under the compound extreme weather condition according to claim 20, wherein the step of initializing the temperature and the sunshine condition comprises: turning on the electric heating film of the temperature simulation device (18) to emit infrared rays for rapid temperature rise to After the weather temperature to be simulated, the sunshine simulation device (17) is turned on to simulate the change of day and night sunlight, and the simulation is continued for a number of simulation days.

The method for testing soil erosion on a slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 20, wherein the rainfall simulation step comprises: turning on the rainfall simulation device (13) to set a rainfall intensity and a variation parameter within a day, The number of continuous simulation days. 24. The method for predicting soil erosion on a slope surface under complex extreme weather conditions according to claim 20, wherein said wind field simulation step comprises turning on said wind field simulation device (14), setting a wind speed and a wind direction to be simulated. Transform parameters and set the number of continuous simulation days.

The method for testing soil erosion on a slope under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 20, wherein the freezing rain simulation step comprises: turning on the freezing rain simulation device (15), setting the rainfall and the continuous simulation days, The cooling riser is filled with a refrigerant, and the water in the upper tank is kept circulating until the water temperature drops below 0 degrees, and the upper water pump (25) of the rainfall simulation device (15) and the rainfall simulation device (13) are turned on. The raindrop generator valve is designed to simulate freezing rain precipitation under cold weather conditions. The method for testing soil erosion on a slope under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 20, wherein the snowfall simulation step comprises: turning on the snowfall simulation device (16) to perform artificial snowfall simulation, setting snowfall and duration The number of simulated days, when artificial snow is generated, first, the cooling riser in the upper water tank (27) is filled with a coolant, and then the circulating low temperature water is sent to the artificial snow generating device by the upper water pump (25). After the artificial snow is formed, a plurality of snow-feeding tubes that are continuously fed into the ceiling through the suction pipe are freely floated to the test bench under the action of the internal and external pressure difference, and the temperature simulation device (18) is activated to simulate the temperature before and after the snowfall event. Changes, simulating extreme snowfall meteorological conditions and the effects of snow dissolution on soil erosion. The method for testing soil erosion on a slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 20, wherein the step of simulating the sunshine comprises turning on the sunshine simulation device (17) to adjust the intensity of the light source according to the change of sunlight. , Simulate the change of day and night sunlight and set the number of simulation days.

The method for testing soil erosion on a slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 20, wherein the temperature simulation step comprises: when the temperature is simulated, the temperature simulation device (18) is turned on to the cooling tube. Fill the cold brine circulation to quickly cool down to the required temperature, then turn off the temperature simulation equipment (18), set the continuous simulation days; simulate the temperature rise, turn on the temperature simulation equipment (18), the electric heating film emits infrared light slowly, set the simulation The number of days and the temperature rised within the set number of simulated days. 29. The method for predicting soil erosion on a slope surface under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 20, wherein the surface flow and flood simulation steps comprise: opening a surface flow simulation device (19), and controlling the lower water pump (26) The flow causes the water flow to continuously overflow into the inner side wall of the upstream water storage tank (29) to form different degrees of slope flow; during the simulated flood process, the two side sump (30) and the upstream storage are raised. a water tank (29) and an outer wall of the downstream sump (31). When the water discharge hole is opened, water flows into the two side sump and merges into the downstream sump, and the water level is continuously increased, thereby simulating the flood submersion process. .

30. The experimental method for soil erosion of a slope under compound extreme weather conditions according to any one of claims 23 to 29, wherein in the simulation step, the soil block standard (8) is collected in real time. The signal of the pressure sensor (10), the signal of the soil moisture sensor (11) and the signal of the horizontal displacement sensor (12), the received signal is converted by the signal amplifier and stored in the data storage unit by the communication network.

31. The method for predicting soil erosion of a slope under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 20, wherein the step of adjusting the terrain comprises fine-tuning the height of each of the standard adjusters (9) to be consistent with the actual terrain, and can accurately simulate The actual convex and concave terrain.

32. The method for predicting soil erosion on a slope surface under complex extreme weather conditions according to claim 20, wherein the simulation step can be performed arbitrarily or in combination to achieve soil erosion on a slope under single extreme weather or different complex extreme weather conditions. Simulate accurately.

33. The method for predicting soil erosion on a slope under compound extreme weather conditions according to claim 20, wherein the set change rate is an overall adjustable range of 0-26.7 of the slope model to be simulated. %.