WO2015003428A1 - 具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料及其用途和制备方法 - Google Patents

具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料及其用途和制备方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015003428A1
WO2015003428A1 PCT/CN2013/082818 CN2013082818W WO2015003428A1 WO 2015003428 A1 WO2015003428 A1 WO 2015003428A1 CN 2013082818 W CN2013082818 W CN 2013082818W WO 2015003428 A1 WO2015003428 A1 WO 2015003428A1
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Prior art keywords
porous ceramic
filter material
ceramic matrix
heavy metals
arsenic
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PCT/CN2013/082818
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
董良杰
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苏州微陶重金属过滤科技有限公司
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Priority to EP13889142.9A priority Critical patent/EP3023143B1/en
Priority to AU2013394225A priority patent/AU2013394225B2/en
Priority to CA2908814A priority patent/CA2908814C/en
Priority to CN201380027599.1A priority patent/CN104519994B/zh
Priority to RU2016104663A priority patent/RU2619320C1/ru
Priority to MX2015014733A priority patent/MX2015014733A/es
Priority to US14/781,395 priority patent/US9988285B2/en
Publication of WO2015003428A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015003428A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
    • B01J20/12—Naturally occurring clays or bleaching earth
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
    • B01J20/14—Diatomaceous earth
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28002—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J20/28004—Sorbent size or size distribution, e.g. particle size
    • B01J20/28007—Sorbent size or size distribution, e.g. particle size with size in the range 1-100 nanometers, e.g. nanosized particles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
    • B01J20/28016—Particle form
    • B01J20/28019—Spherical, ellipsoidal or cylindrical
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
    • B01J20/28026—Particles within, immobilised, dispersed, entrapped in or on a matrix, e.g. a resin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/3078—Thermal treatment, e.g. calcining or pyrolizing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
    • B01J20/3234—Inorganic material layers
    • B01J20/3236—Inorganic material layers containing metal, other than zeolites, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, sulphides or salts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D1/18—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by dipping
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/281—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/288—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using composite sorbents, e.g. coated, impregnated, multi-layered
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
    • B01J20/3204—Inorganic carriers, supports or substrates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3214—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the method for obtaining this coating or impregnating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/103—Arsenic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/106—Selenium compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
    • C02F2101/22—Chromium or chromium compounds, e.g. chromates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
    • C02F2305/08—Nanoparticles or nanotubes

Definitions

  • Filter material having the functions of adsorbing and fixing arsenic and heavy metals, and ffi method and preparation method thereof
  • the invention belongs to the field of filter material preparation, in particular to a filter material having the functions of absorbing and fixing arsenic and heavy metals, and a preparation method and use thereof, the filter material can effectively remove arsenic and pentavalent arsenic contained in a fluid such as water. .
  • Arsenic is one of the most toxic elements and is also the main inorganic toxin removed from drinking water standards in various countries. In the natural waters, there are mostly trivalent and pentavalent states. However, as a metal element, it does not exist in the state of ordinary ffl ions, but mainly in the form of arsenite and arsenate. Even modern technologies such as reverse osmosis membranes (RO) have a removal rate of trivalent arsenic of only about 50%, which does not meet the filtration requirements for rhodium. In addition, filtration materials must be compatible with W and highly toxic heavy metal filtration, and must be fixed after adsorption.
  • RO reverse osmosis membranes
  • zero-valent iron or nano-zero-valent iron as a coating on porous ceramic particles prepared from activated carbon, natural diatomaceous earth, kaolin and kaolin.
  • the coating prepared by the activated carbon mixing method is easy to fall off when the pH changes or the water quality changes, which causes acute poisoning in drinking water; in addition, the filter material is liable to cause zero-valent iron powder falling off and The problem of surface oxidation, thereby reducing its ability to suck.
  • Chinese invention patent ZL200680052402.X discloses a method and composition for removing arsenic and heavy metals from water, wherein the method of using zero-valent iron coating by using kaolin ceramic particles can effectively remove gods and heavy metals, and realize heavy metal fixing on ceramic surfaces.
  • this method can only utilize the ceramic surface structure, and the adsorption efficiency needs to be further improved.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is the deficiencies of the prior art, and a novel filter material having the function of removing the gods is provided to solve the above technical problems, and a technical solution adopted by the present invention is:
  • the filter material for fixing the crucible and the heavy metal function is composed of a porous ceramic substrate having a porosity of 35% to 85% and nano-zero-valent iron particles generated in situ in the interior of the porous ceramic substrate, and the pore size of the porous ceramic substrate is 2 ⁇ 10 microns, and a velvety amorphous ferrosilicon-carbon structure is formed in the micropores.
  • At least 25% of the ceramic component constituting the porous ceramic substrate is diatomaceous earth, and the velvety amorphous silicon-iron-carbon structure in the micropores can form an adsorption film after water absorption.
  • the surface of the filter material is iron cyan or cyan, the fresh section is blue, and the filter material becomes black after absorbing water or immersing in water.
  • the filter material can suck the Y25 magnet powder of 0.1 mm or less. After the filter material was scraped off, the pH measured according to the NY/T 1377-2007 soil standard was 7.2 to 8.5.
  • the ceramic component constituting the porous ceramic substrate is entirely diatomaceous earth, or a combination of diatomaceous earth and one or both selected from the group consisting of kaolin and bentonite, wherein at least 25% of the ceramic component is silicon. Algae soil.
  • the ceramic component further contains at least bentonite.
  • the material composition of the porous ceramic substrate is: 55 to 65 parts by weight of diatomaceous earth; 12', .15 parts of calcium bentonite, 7 to 12 parts of carbon powder, 2 parts of starch, kaolin 4 ⁇ 6 copies.
  • the material composition of the porous ceramic substrate is: 50 to 55 parts of diatomaceous earth, 6 to 8 parts of bentonite, 3 to 4 parts of starch, 3 to 5 parts of kaolin, liquid wax. 1 ⁇ 2 parts, 1 ⁇ 3 parts of iron powder, 3 ⁇ 15 parts of carbon powder.
  • the material composition of the porous ceramic substrate is: diatomaceous earth 75 to 85 parts, carbon powder 8 to 10 parts, bentonite 1 to 3 parts, and kaolin 3 to 5 parts by weight.
  • the porous ceramic substrate has a porosity of 50% to 70'1 ⁇ 2.
  • the filter material is obtained by nano-iron modification of the porous ceramic substrate, and the method for modifying the nano-iron is to first absorb the ferrous ions by the porous ceramic substrate, and then use the reducing agent to absorb the porous ceramic substrate.
  • the ferrous ions on the surface are subjected to in situ reduction, and finally the porous ceramic substrate is subjected to anaerobic sintering at 300 Torr to 500 Torr.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of preparing the above filter material having the functions of sucking and fixing bismuth and heavy metals, comprising the following steps -
  • the porous ceramic substrate subjected to the step (1) is immersed in ⁇ 8, 5 ⁇ 9,5, sodium borohydride (Uwt'1 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 5wt% aqueous solution, taken out after 2 ⁇ 8 minutes, and dried for use;
  • the porous ceramic substrate subjected to the step (2) is placed in an oxygen-free furnace for oxygen-free sintering, and the heating rate is 80 to 100 ⁇ hr, and the temperature is raised to 300 ⁇ to 500 Torr, and the temperature is maintained for 0.5 to 3 hours.
  • a filter material that has the function of adsorbing and fixing arsenic and heavy metals.
  • the tackifier may be a combination of one or more selected from the group consisting of glucose, sucrose, and starch, and the content of the tackifier in the aqueous phase mixture is 0.2 wt%. 15 wt %;
  • the content of the ferrous ion in the aqueous phase mixture is preferably 0, 1 wt% to 5 wt%, more preferably 0, 2 wt% to 2 wt%.
  • the ferrous ion can be introduced into the solution in the form of ferrous chloride or ferrous sulfate.
  • the content of sodium borohydride in the aqueous solution in the step (2) is preferably from 2% by weight to 5% by weight.
  • step U sodium citrate adjusts the pH.
  • step ( 2 ) ffl tartaric acid modulates p H .
  • the sintering is carried out under the protection of nitrogen or hydrogen.
  • the sintering temperature is 3801 to 420 ⁇ . More preferably, the sintering temperature is 400 Torr.
  • the content of sodium borohydride is from 2 wt% to 5 wt%.
  • Still another aspect of the present invention provides the use of the above filter material having the function of absorbing and fixing arsenic and heavy metals for removing trivalent arsenic, pentavalent arsenic and heavy metal ions in water.
  • the heavy metal ions include, but are not limited to, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, and the like. Due to the implementation of the above technical solutions, the present invention has the following advantages compared with the prior art -
  • the filter material of the invention has high absorbing function for bismuth and bismuth bismuth.
  • the filter element made by the invention can remove arsenic, lead, chromium, mercury and manganese ion removal rate under the condition of hydraulic contact time of 15 seconds. more than 90 percent;
  • the water filtered by the filter material of the present invention has stable weak alkalinity
  • Fe G Fe + +X
  • Fe + can form on the surface of silica (FeOOH)
  • X can be lead, cadmium, mercury ion, but not limited to these heavy metal ions
  • the fixed wastewater filter material does not precipitate heavy metals under simulated landfill conditions.
  • the used domestic filter material does not fall off or precipitate heavy metals, which ensures the safety of its use;
  • the filter material of the present invention has strong reducibility to hexavalent chromium ions.
  • the toxic hexavalent chromium can be reduced to non-toxic and beneficial: trivalent chromium;
  • the ruthenium-iron carbon structure of the filter material of the present invention and its pore active surface also have a removal effect on residual chlorine gas and disinfection by-products in water. At 1.2 liters/min, a contact time of 12 seconds can achieve a 90% removal rate;
  • the filter material of the present invention is mainly applied to water and wastewater filtration, but also has a filtering effect on gas containing arsenic arsenic and radioactive cesium;
  • the filter material of the present invention After the filter material of the present invention is used, it can be broken up as a soil improver to realize material circulation;
  • the preparation method provided by the invention has mild reaction conditions, simple operation and low cost.
  • Example 1 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the porous ceramic substrate and the filter element material in Example 1, wherein (A-1) is a porous ceramic substrate (5 ⁇ scale); ( ⁇ -2) is a porous ceramic substrate (20 ⁇ scale); -3 ) is a porous ceramic substrate (50 ⁇ ruler); ( ⁇ -4) is a porous ceramic substrate ( ⁇ ruler); (B-1) is a finished filter material (5 ⁇ ruler); ( ⁇ -2) is a finished filter material ( ⁇ ruler); ( ⁇ -3) is the finished product of filter material (50 ⁇ ruler); ( ⁇ -4) .3 ⁇ 4 finished product of filter material ( ⁇ ruler); (CI) is finished product of filter material (5 ⁇ ruler after water absorption); (C -2 ) is the finished material of the filter material (10 ⁇ . ⁇ ruler after water absorption); (C-3) is the finished filter material (50 ⁇ ruler after water absorption); (C-4) is the finished product of filter material (after water absorption, ⁇ Figure 2 A scanning electron micrograph of the filter material in Example 2 is shown, wherein (2 ⁇ ) is
  • Figure 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of a microporous material of the filter material obtained in Example 3;
  • Figure 4 is a test chart for testing the filtration performance of the filter material.
  • porous ceramic filter elements such as ordinary white diatomite ceramic filter elements. Because of the developed micropores, they have good permeability and can physically filter bacteria. However, heavy metal ions cannot be filtered.
  • the existing method of forming a coating on a ceramic surface can impart a function of adsorbing arsenic and heavy metal ions, but there is a problem that the coating is easily peeled off, harmful waste is generated, and the effect of suction is not ideal.
  • the invention of the present invention mainly provides a method for in-situ generation of nano-iron particles in a porous ceramic filter element, and the obtained filter material not only has a very high removal effect on W and heavy metal ions, but also attracts arsenic and heavy metals. The ions are very stable and do not fall off. At the same time, the filter material does not have the problem of coating shedding.
  • the present invention also optimizes the composition of the porous ceramic matrix and the preparation conditions of the filter material according to different application fields of the filter material.
  • the method for nano-iron modification of the porous ceramic substrate provided by the present invention can be specifically carried out as follows - First: preparing a 0.2% to 15% sugar solution (for example, sucrose, sucrose) or a soluble starch solution, using sodium citrate Adjust to pH 7 ⁇ 8.0 (preferably weakly alkaline pH 7,5 ⁇ 8,0), add iron sulphite or ferrous chloride (the amount is 0.2% ⁇ 10%), completely dissolve;
  • Step 2 Completely immerse the porous ceramic substrate (such as ordinary diatomite ceramic filter element) in the solution prepared in the first step to make it completely wet for more than 15 minutes, remove it and dry it for use - the third step; prepare boron
  • the hydrogenation pin aqueous solution (the content of the hydroboration pin is not lower than 0.1%), completely dissolved, preferably adjusted to a pH of 8, 5 to 9.5 with, for example, a tartaric acid solution, to be used;
  • the fourth layer The porous ceramic substrate dried in the second step is quickly immersed in the aqueous solution of sodium borohydride prepared in the third step, and the ceramic filter element is subjected to surface chemical reaction, and taken out for drying for 2 to 5 minutes.
  • Step 5 Place the fourth porous ceramic substrate in a nitrogen-protected or hydrogen-protected oxygen-free furnace to 300 ° C to '500 ° C.
  • the optimum temperature is about 400 ⁇ and the heating rate is 80 per hour.
  • ⁇ '120' C (for example, 00"C), keep warm for 0.5 ⁇ '3 hours, then get the filter material, cool down to below 12CTC, take out.
  • pH The surface layer powder was scraped off and determined to be 7.2 to 8.5 according to the NY/T 1377-2007 soil standard.
  • Cross-sectional structure of the material It is displayed under a 5000x electron microscope, which is a 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ m hole, which has a Si-Fe-C amorphous (amorpkms, amorphous) velvety structure, a nano-iron structure, which is formed after absorbing water. Infiltrated interlayer film.
  • the filter material obtained by the present invention is microscopically structured.
  • the porous, fluff filtration structure resembling a nose is formed and an adsorption film is formed, thereby greatly improving the adsorption efficiency and adapting to changes in the chemical environment of the water.
  • the present embodiment provides a filter material for filtering heavy metal lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium in drinking water, and the preparation method thereof is as follows:
  • the first step preparing a sucrose solution at room temperature, adding an aqueous solution of iron sulphate, and adjusting the pH to 7, 5 to 8, 0 with citric acid to obtain an aqueous solution having a sucrose content of 0% and a ferrous ion content of 3%;
  • Step 4 Three steps: Prepare a 2.5 wt% aqueous solution of sodium borohydride, adjust the pH to 8, 5 to 9.5 with 0,1% tartaric acid solution, and use; Step 4: Quickly soak the porous ceramic substrate dried in the second step.
  • the ceramic filter element was subjected to surface chemical reaction and taken out and dried for 5 minutes.
  • the porous ceramic substrate dried in the fourth step is placed in a nitrogen-protected or hydrogen-protected kiln, heated to about 400 ° C at a temperature of 1000 / h, kept for 2 hours, and sintered to obtain a filter material. , Cool down to 120 ° C or less, take out.
  • the porous ceramic substrate used was 55 parts of diatomaceous earth, 7 parts of calcium bentonite, and 4 parts of kaolin. 3 parts of starch, 4 parts of carbon powder, 2 parts of liquid wax, and 2 parts of iron powder were sintered by oxygen-free side, and the sintering temperature was 400.
  • the porous ceramic substrate has a porosity of 70%, a pH of about 7.5, a white color, and a spherical shape of ⁇ 2 mm.
  • the physical properties and structure of the filter material obtained by the present invention are as follows:
  • Color blue-gray or iron-blue, fresh cross-section blue, black (water-absorbing or water-immersed) black; shape; i ⁇ 2mm large spherical particles.
  • pH The surface layer powder was scraped off and determined to be 7.8 8.0 according to the NY/T 1377-2007 soil standard.
  • Material cross-section structure It shows 2 ⁇ : ⁇ ⁇ micropores under 5,000 times electron microscope, with Si-Fe-C amorphous (amorpkms, amorphous) velvet structure, nano-iron structure, formed after absorbing water Infiltrated interlayer film (see Figure 1).
  • Magnetic test For Y25 (3800GS) magnet, it can absorb less than (U mm powder particles. The filtration effect of the filter material obtained in this example on drinking water)
  • Hexavalent chromium removal rate Refer to MOH "Standards for Hygienic Safety and Function Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality Processors - General Water Quality Processors" & GB/T 5750.6-2006 Standard Test Methods for Drinking Water Standards;
  • METHOD 1311 TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE Performs a simulation test. Test results Heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, lead, and cadmium adsorbed and fixed are not exceeded or not detected.
  • the present invention provides a filter material for filtering arsenic and heavy metal lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium in drinking water, and the preparation method thereof is as follows: First step; preparing a soluble starch solution at room temperature, adding an aqueous solution of ferrous chloride, and adjusting with sodium citrate An aqueous solution having a starch content of 5% and a ferrous ion content of 2% is obtained at a pH of 7, 5 to 8, 0;
  • the second layer completely immersing the porous ceramic substrate in the solution prepared in the first step, making it completely wet for more than 15 minutes, and drying it for use;
  • the fifth layer The porous ceramic substrate dried in the fourth step is placed in a nitrogen-protected or hydrogen-protected kiln, heated to about 400 ⁇ at a heating rate of QOO/h, held for 2 hours, sintered to obtain a filter material, and cooled to 120 ⁇ . Below, take it out.
  • the porous ceramic substrate used is composed of 80 parts of diatomaceous earth, 2 parts of calcium bentonite, 5 parts of kaolin, and 10 parts of carbon powder sintered in an oxygen-free manner, and the porosity at the sintering temperature is 65%.
  • the pH is 8.5
  • the color is blue-gray
  • the shape of the blank is a single-open tubular shape having a length of 200 mm, an outer diameter of 40 mm, and an inner diameter of 33 mm.
  • Color It is blue-gray or iron-blue, the fresh section is blue, and it turns black when it is exposed to water (water absorption or immersion).
  • Shape Filter element with outer diameter 40mm, inner diameter 35mm, length 200mm.
  • pH The surface layer powder was scraped off and determined to be 8.3 to 8.5 according to the NYZT 1377-2007 soil standard.
  • Material cross-section structure It shows 2 ⁇ 10 micron micropores under the electron microscope of 5000 times. It has Si-Fe-C amorphous (amorphous) velvety structure, nano-iron structure, and forms infiltration after absorbing water.
  • Type interlayer film see Figure 2.
  • Test Method - Arsenic and Chromium Removal Rate Refer to MOH "Standards for Hygienic Safety and Function Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality Processors - General Water Quality Processor" & EPA200.8 ICP/MS;
  • Mercury removal rate Refer to MOH "Standards for Hygienic Safety and Function Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality Processors - General Water Quality Processor" & GB/T 5750, 6-2006 Standard Test Method for Drinking Water Standards Metal Index Atomic Fluorescence Method;
  • the present embodiment provides a filter material for treating waste water containing cerium, selenium metal and heavy metal, and the preparation method is as follows - first: preparing a soluble starch solution at room temperature, adding an aqueous solution of ferrous sulfate, and adjusting the pH of sodium citrate To 7.5 to 8.0, an aqueous solution having a starch content of 5% and a ferrous ion content of 4% is obtained;
  • the second step completely immersing the porous ceramic substrate in the solution prepared in the first crucible, completely moistening it for more than 15 minutes, and drying it for use;
  • the ceramic filter element was subjected to surface chemical reaction and taken out and dried for 5 minutes.
  • Step 5 Place the porous ceramic substrate dried in the fourth step in a nitrogen-protected or hydrogen-protected kiln, heat to about 380 Torr at a heating rate of 100 ° C / h, hold for 2.5 hours, and sinter to obtain a filter material, and cool down. Remove below 120 °C.
  • the porous ceramic substrate used is made up of 60 parts of diatomaceous earth, 3 parts of calcium bentonite, 5 parts of kaolin, 10 parts of carbon powder, and 2.5 parts of starch, and is sintered in an oxygen-free manner in a weight fraction of if, and the sintering temperature is 980 ⁇ . , porosity 62 %, pH 8, color is black.
  • Color It is blue-gray or iron-blue, the fresh section is blue, and it turns black when it is wet (water or water).
  • Shape Filter element with outer diameter 40mm, inner diameter 35mm, length 200mm.
  • pH The surface layer powder was scraped off and determined to be 8,1 to 8,3 according to the NY/T 1377-2007 soil standard.
  • Material cross-section structure It is shown by a 5000 electron microscope, which is a 2 ⁇ 1 () levy hole with a Si-Fe-C amorphous (amorphous, amorphous) velvety structure, a nano-iron structure, and absorbs water. An infiltrated interlayer film is formed later (see Fig. 3).
  • Magnetic test For Y25 (3800GS) magnet, it can absorb less than (U mm powder particles. The filtration effect of the filter material obtained in this example on wastewater)
  • Wastewater samples Hawaii AiaWai Canal Water.
  • Test method Referring to the test chart of Figure 4, the wastewater is passed through a water inlet equipped with filter material for 9.5 minutes to determine the inlet and outlet water concentration.
  • Test results The results are shown in Table 3. The results show that the filter material has good removal effects on cadmium, cobalt, bismuth, copper, nickel, zinc, silver and other ions. Using this water as an isothermal adsorption measurement, the comprehensive adsorption capacity of complex metal ions is 5 mg/l.
  • METHOD 1311 1)XICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE Perform a simulation test. Test results Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead and cadmium adsorbed and fixed are not exceeded or not detected.
  • the present invention has been described in detail above, and is intended to be understood by a person skilled in the art of the invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Modifications or repairs are intended to be covered by the scope of the invention.

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Abstract

本发明涉及·种具有吸跗和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料及其用途，过滤材料由孔隙率为35%~85%的多孔陶瓷基体和在多孔陶瓷的内部原位生成的纳米零价铁粒子构成，多孔陶瓷基体的微孔大小为2~10微米，且在所述微孔内形成有絨状的无定型珪-铁-碳结构，构成所述多孔陶瓷基体的陶瓷成分的至少25wt%为硅藻土，所述微孔内的绒状的无定型硅-铁-碳结构在吸水后能够形成吸跗膜。本发明所得过滤材料在微观结构上，形成类似鼻子的多孔、绒毛过滤结构并生成吸附膜，从而将大幅度提高吸附效率、适应水质化学环境变化。使用过的过滤材料不脱落或析出重金属，使用安全性好。

Description

具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料及其 ffi途和制备方法 技术领域
本发明属于过滤材料制备领域， 特别渉及一种具有吸^和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料， 其制备方法和用途， 该过滤材料可有效将流体例如水中含有的 价砷和五价砷除去。
背景技术
砷是毒性很强的元素之一， 也是各国饮水标准中主要去除的无机毒素。 在自然界水体中多以 三价和五价状态存在。 然而其作为一种金属元素， 不是以普通 ffl离子的状态存在， 而主要以 亚砷酸根和砷酸根形式存在。 即使现代的技术如反渗透膜 （RO) 对三价砷的去除率仅为 50 %左右， 不能满足对紳的过滤需求。 另外， 过滤材料对 W和毒性极大的重金属过滤， 必须兼 顾吸附后的固定问题。
传统多孔陶瓷和陶瓷滤芯利用硅藻土的天然多孔结构可以去除细菌和大分子有机物， 但不能 去除离子状态的砷和重金属。 另一方面， 零价铁 /纳米零价铁在低 pH (小于 6) 水里， 缓慢 腐饨并贡献两个自由电荷， 对砷和重金属进行还原和共生沉淀 （Co- precipitation ), 从而达到 去除重金属的目的。 但是， 零价铁的单独应用， 带来如下问题： 一、 须在 pH小于 7的环境 下才能发生腐蚀反应， 调节和控制 pH是饮用水过滤的应用限制； 二、 水中须有一定的溶解 氧 （大于 2毫克 /升） 才能持续反应； Ξ：、 反应过程中形成有害污泥， 不能固定重金属， 需 要进一步无害化处理； 四、 使用过程中产生大量多余的 Ξ:价铁或亚铁离子， 使水呈现红色或 橙色， 必须进一步处理。
为了解决零价铁的这些应用限制问题， 一些研究采取将零价铁或纳米零价铁以涂层的方式形 成在活性炭、 天然硅藻土、 高岭土和高岭土制备的多孔陶瓷颗粒上。 但是涂层的办法仍然存 在一些问题， 如活性炭混合法制备的涂层容易在 pH变化或水质变化时脱落， 这在饮用水中 会导致急性中毒； 此外， 过滤材料易产生零价铁粉脱落和表面氧化的问题， 从而降低其吸跗 能力。
中国发明专利 ZL200680052402.X公开了一种从水中去除砷和重金属的方法和组合物， 其中 使用高岭土陶瓷颗粒进行零价铁涂层的方法， 可以有效去除神和重金属， 并在陶瓷表面实现 重金属固定， 但是该方法也仅能利用陶瓷表面结构， 吸附效率还需要进一步提高。
总结而言， 在对于神的去除上， 现有技术的主要缺点是： 一、 传统陶瓷氧化煅烧仅能提供多 孔结构过滤细菌和大分子物质进行物理过滤； 二、 零价铁粉应用多产生铁离子和有害废物；
：：：：· , 活性炭铁粉涂层存在脱落问题； 四、 陶瓷颗粒表面涂层仅能利用表面结构。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是克 )1现有技术的不足， 提供一种具有除神功能的新型过滤材料 为解决上述技术问题， 本发明采取的一种技术方案是； 一种具有吸跗和固定紳及重金属功能 的过滤材料，其由孔隙率为 35%〜85%的多孔陶瓷基体和在多孔陶瓷基体的内部原位生成的纳 米零价铁粒子构成， 多孔陶瓷基体的微孔大小为 2〜10微米， 且在微孔内形成有绒状的无定型 硅铁-碳结构。 构成多孔陶瓷基体的至少 25^%陶瓷成分的为硅藻土， 所述微孔内的绒状的 无定型硅-铁-碳结构在吸水后能够形成吸附膜。 根据本发明的一具体实例， 过滤材料的表面为铁青色或青灰色， 新鲜断面为蓝色， 过滤材料 在吸水或浸水后变成黑色。过滤材料能够将 0.1mm以下 Y25磁铁粉末吸†。过滤材料在刮去 表层粉末后， 按 NY/T 1377-2007土壤标准测定的 pH为 7.2〜8.5。
根据本发明的一个优选实施 构成多孔陶瓷基体的陶瓷成分全部为硅藻土， 或为硅藻土与 选自高岭土、 膨润土中的一种或二种的组合， 其中陶瓷成分的至少 25%为硅藻土。 优选地， 陶瓷成分中还至少含有膨润土。 这些多孔陶瓷基体可以按照已知的方法来获得。
在一个具体实例中， 以重量份计， 多孔陶瓷基体的材料组成为： 硅藻土 55〜65份； 钙基膨润 土 12'、.15份， 炭粉 7〜12份， 淀粉 2 份， 高岭土 4~6份。
根据本发明的又一具体方面： 以重量份计， 多孔陶瓷基体的材料组成为： 硅藻土 50〜55份， 膨润土 6~8份， 淀粉 3〜4份， 高岭土 3~5份， 液体蜡 1~2份， 铁粉 1〜3份， 炭粉】 3〜15份。 根据本发明的还一具体方面： 以重量份计， 多孔陶瓷基体的材料组成为： 硅藻土 75〜85份， 炭粉 8〜10份， 膨润土 1~3份， 高岭土 3~5份。
优选地， 所述多孔陶瓷基体的孔隙率为 50%〜70'½。
优选地， 所述过滤材料通过对多孔陶瓷基体进行纳米铁改性得到， 纳米铁改性的方法是先将 多孔陶瓷基体吸^上二价铁离子， 再利用还原剂对吸^在多孔陶瓷基体上的二价铁离子进行 原位还原， 最后将多孔陶瓷基体在 300Ό〜500Ό下进行无氧烧结。
本发明另一方面提供上述的具有吸跗和固定紳及重金属功能的过滤材料的制备方法， 包括如 下步骤-
( 1 ) 将多孔陶瓷基体浸泡到 ρΗ 7.0〜8.0、 含有亚铁离子和增粘剂的水相混合液中， 待多孔陶 瓷基体完全润湿后， 取出多孔陶瓷基体， 晾千备用；
(2 ) 将经过步骤 （1 ) 的多孔陶瓷基体浸入到 ρΗ 8,5〜9,5、 含硼氢化钠（Uwt'½〜5wt%的水溶 液中， 2〜8分钟后取出， 晾千备用；
( 3 ) 将经过步骤 （2) 的多孔陶瓷基体放入到无氧炉中进行无氧烧结， 升温速度为 80〜100Ό Ζ小时， 升温至 300Ό〜500Ό， 保温 0.5〜3小时， 即得所述具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的 过滤材料。
进一步地， 歩骤（1 )中， 所述增粘剂可以为选自葡萄糖、 蔗糖、淀粉中的一种或多种的组合， 增粘剂在水相混合液中的含量为 0.2wt%〜15 wt %；
步骤（1 )中，亚铁离子在水相混合液中的含量优选为 0,lwt%〜5wt%,更优选为 0,2wt%〜2wt%。 亚铁离子可以 ^如氯化亚铁或硫酸亚铁的形式引入到溶液中。
步骤 （2) 所述的水溶液中硼氢化钠的含量优选为 2wt%〜5wt%。
根据本发明的一个具体和优选方面： 步骤 U ) 中， ^柠檬酸钠调节 pH。
根据本发明的又一具体和优选方面； 歩骤 （2) 中， ffl酒石酸调节 pH。
优选地， 步骤 （3 ) 中， 使所述烧结在氮气或氢气保护下进行。
优选地， 歩骤 （3 ) 中， 烧结温度为 3801〜 420Ό。 更优选地， 烧结温度为 400Ό。
优选地， 歩骤 （2) 的水溶液中， 硼氢化钠的含量为 2wt%~5wt%。
此外， 本发明又一方面还提供上述的具有吸 ^和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料用于除去水 中三价砷、 五价砷以及重金属离子的用途。
所述重金属离子包括但不限于铅、 镉、 汞、 铬等。 由于以上技术方案的实施， 本发明与现有技术相比具有如下优点-
1、本发明的过滤材料对≡份紳和五份紳具有高吸爾掘定功能， 本发明制成的滤芯在水力接 触时间 15秒的情况下， 可以去除砷铅铬汞锰离子去除率达 90%以上；
2、 经本发明的过滤材料过滤后的水具有稳定的弱碱性；
3、 零价纳米铁粉在微观结构的形成， 有还原性环境 C保护， 对重金属阳离子有快速的置换 作用： FeG : Fe++X; Fe+可以在二氧化硅表面形成 （FeOOH)的形式固定， 其中 X可以是 铅、 镉、 汞离子， 但是不局限于这些重金属离子， 固定后废水过滤材料在模拟填埋场条件下， 不析出重金属。 使用过的民用过滤过滤材料， 不脱落或析出重金属， 保证了其使用安全性；
4、 本发明的过滤材料对六价铬离子具有强还原性。 于零价铁的存在， 对有毒的六价铬， 可 以还原为无毒且有益的:三价铬；
5、 本发明的过滤材料的珪-铁炭结构及其孔隙活性表面对水中的余氯气及消毒副产品， 也有 去除效果。 在 1.2 升 /分， 接触时间 12秒的情况下可达到 90 %的去除率；
6、本发明的过滤材料主要应用水和废水过滤，但对于含砷汞和放射性铯的气体也有过滤作用；
7、 本发明的过滤材料在使用后， 可以打碎作为土壤改良剂， 实现材料循环；
8、 本发明提供的制备方法反应条件温和， 操作简单， 成本低。
附图说明
图 1显示了实施例 1中多孔陶瓷基体和滤芯材料的 描电镜图， 其中 （A- 1 )为多孔陶瓷基体 ( 5μηι标尺）； (Α- 2 ) 为多孔陶瓷基体 （20μτη标尺）； ( Α-3 ) 为多孔陶瓷基体 ( 50μηι标尺）; (Α-4) 为多孔陶瓷基体 （ ΟΟμηι标尺）； (B-1 ) 为过滤材料成品 （5μηι标尺）； ( Β-2) 为过 滤材料成品（ΙΟμηι标尺 ); (Β-3 )为过滤材料成品（ 50μιη标尺 )； (Β-4) .¾过滤材料成品 ( ΙΟΟμιη 标尺）； ( C-I )为过滤材料成品（吸水后， 5μηι标尺）； ( C-2 )为过滤材料成品（吸水后， 10μ.ηι 标尺）；（C- 3 )为过滤材料成品（吸水后， 50μηι标尺）；（C- 4)为过滤材料成品（吸水后， ΙΟΟμηι 图 2显示了实施例 2中滤芯材料的扫描电镜图， 其中 （2Α) 为过滤材料成品； （2Β ) 为过滤 材料成品 (吸水后） ;
图 3显示了实施例 3所得滤芯材料的一个微孔的扫描电镜图；
图 4为对过滤材料的过滤性能进行测试时的测试图。
具体实施方式
已知普通的多孔陶瓷滤芯， 倒如普通白色硅藻土陶瓷滤芯， 因为微孔发达， 有良好的通透性， 可以物理方式对细菌过滤。 但对重金属离子不能过滤。 现有的在陶瓷表面形成涂层的方法虽 然可以使陶瓷获吸附砷和重金属离子的功能， 但是存在着涂层容易脱落、 生成有害废物以及 吸 ^效果不够理想的问题。 本发明的发明思路主要在于提供一种在多孔陶瓷滤芯的内部原位 生成纳米铁粒子的方法， 所获得的过滤材料不仅对 W及重金属离子有非常高的去除效果， 且 吸跗的砷及重金属离子非常稳定， 不脱落， 同时， 该过滤材料还不存在涂层脱落问题。 本发 明同时还根据过滤材料的不同应用领域， 对多孔陶瓷基体的成分以及过滤材料的制备条件进 行了优化设计。
本发明提供的对多孔陶瓷基体进行纳米铁改性的方法可具体实施如下- 第一歩： 制备 0.2%~15%的食糖溶液 （例如蔔萄糖、 蔗糖） 或可溶性淀粉溶液， 用柠檬酸钠 调至 pH 7〜8.0 (优选弱碱性 pH 7,5〜8,0), 添加亚硫酸铁或氯化亚铁 （用量倒如 0.2%~10%) , 完全溶化；
第二步： 将多孔陶瓷基体 （例如普通硅藻土陶瓷滤芯） 完全浸泡在第一步制备的溶液中， 使 之完全湿润， 15 分钟以上， 捞出晾干待用- 第三步； 配制硼氢化销水溶液 （硼氢化销含量不低 0.1%), 完全溶化， 最好用例如酒石酸溶 液调节 pH至 8,5〜9.5， 待用；
第四歩： 将第二步晾干的多孔陶瓷基体快速浸泡在第三步配制的硼氢化纳水溶液中， 陶瓷滤 芯发生表面化学反应， 2到 5 分钟取出晾干。
第五步： 将第四歩晾千的多孔陶瓷基体放置到氮气保护或氢气保护的无氧炉 中加热至 300 "C〜'500"C , 最佳温度约 400'Ό , 升温速率每小时 80〜'120':C (例如〗00"C )， 保温 0.5〜'3小时， 即得过滤材料， 降温至 12CTC以下， 取出。
按照上述方法生成的过滤材料物理和结构如下：
1 ) 颜色： 为青灰色或铁青色， 新鲜断面为蓝色， 遇水 （吸水或浸水后） 变为黑色；
2 ) pH: 刮去表层粉末， 按 NY/T 1377- 2007 土壤标准测定为 7.2~8.5。
3 ) 材料断面结构： 在 5000倍电子显微镜下显示， 为 2〜10徼米徵孔， 内有 Si- Fe-C无定型 ( amorpkms，非晶)绒状结构， 纳米铁结构， 吸收水后形成浸润型层间膜。
4) 磁性检验： 对 Y25(3800GS)磁铁， 可以将小于（U毫米的粉末颗粒吸 。 已知， 人或动物的鼻子是完美的过滤器， 因为它有一个独特的结构： 1、 静电鼻毛吸附大颗粒 和灰尘； 2、 鼻腔内置细绒表面可吸對细菌： 3、 不断生成的鼻腔黏膜强吸對化学物质和固定。 在微观结构上， 本发明采用的多孔陶瓷基体 （高岭土、 硅藻土、 膨润土等） 在高温煅烧后失 去结晶水形成多孔结构， 但在一定的控制条件下， 又可以吸收水还原成含结晶水的膜状层间 结构。 因此， 本发明所得过滤材料在微观结构上， 形成类似鼻子的多孔、 绒毛过滤结构并生 成吸附膜， 从而将大幅度提高吸附效率、 适应水质化学环境变化。
以下结合具体的实施例对本发明做进一步详细的说明， 但本发明不限于以下实施例。 以下所 涉及的含量在无特別定义时， 指的是质量含量。
实施例 i
本实施倒提供一种 ffl于过滤饮用水中重金属铅汞镉铬的过滤材料， 其制备方法如 T:
第一步； 常温配制蔗糖溶液， 添加亚硫酸铁水溶液， 用柠檬酸销调 pH至 7,5〜8,0, 获得蔗糖 含量】 0%、 亚铁离子含量 3%的水溶液；
第二歩： 将多孔陶瓷基体完全浸泡在第一步制备的溶液中， 使之完全湿润， 15 分钟以上， 涝 出晾干待用；
第:三步： 配制 2.5wt%硼氢化钠水溶液， 用 0,1%酒石酸溶液调节 pH至 8,5〜9.5 , 待用； 第四步： 将第二步晾干的多孔陶瓷基体快速浸泡在第―三步配制的硼氢化纳水溶液中， 陶瓷滤 芯发生表面化学反应， 5 分钟取出晾干。
第五歩： 将第四步晾干的多孔陶瓷基体放置到氮气保沪或氢气保护的窑炉中， 以 lOOO/h的 ^温速率加热至约 400°C , 保温 2小时， 烧结得到过滤材料， 降温至 120°C以下， 取出。 本例中， 以重量份计， 所用的多孔陶瓷基体由硅藻土 55份、 钙基膨润土 7份、 高岭土 4份、 淀粉 3份、 炭粉 4份、 液体蜡 2份、 铁粉 2份以无氧方烧结而成， 烧结温度 400 。 多孔陶 瓷基体的孔隙率为 70%, pH 为约 7.5 , 颜色为白色， 成坯形状为】〜 2mm的球形。
本倒所得过滤材料的物理性质和结构如 T:
1 )颜色：为青灰色或铁青色，新鲜断面为蓝色，遇水（吸水或浸水后）变为黑色；形状； i〜2mm 大的球形颗粒。
2 ) pH: 刮去表层粉末， 按 NY/T 1377-2007 土壤标准测定为 7.8 8.0。
3 ) 材料断面结构： 在 5000倍电子显微镜下显示为 2〜： ί θ微米微孔， 内有 Si-Fe-C无定型 ( amorpkms，非晶)绒状结构， 纳米铁结构， 吸收水后形成浸润型层间膜 （参见图 1 )。
4) 磁性检验： 对 Y25(3800GS)磁铁， 可以将小于（U毫米的粉末颗粒吸 。 本例所得过滤材料对饮用水的过滤效果
1. 测试方法
铅、 神、 铬去除率： 参照 MOH《生活饮用水水质处理器卫生安全与功能评价规范-一般水质 处理器》 &EPA200,8 : CP/MS;
汞去除率： 参照 MOH 《生活饮用水水质处理器卫生安全与功能评价规范-一般水质处理器》 &GB/T 5750,6-2006生活饮 ]¾水标准检验方法金属指标 原子荧光法；
六价铬去除率： 参照 MOH《生活饮用水水质处理器卫生安全与功能评价规范-一般水质处理 器》 &GB/T 5750.6- 2006生活饮用水标准检验方法金属指标；
测试图参见图 4。
2. 测试结果： 参见表 1。
Figure imgf000007_0001
本例所得过滤材料使用后的稳定性试验
按照国际标准： EPA TCLP CD-ROM 1311- 1 July 1992
METHOD 1311 TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE 进行模拟试验。 检 测结果 吸附固定的紳镉汞铅镉等重金属不超标或未检出。
实施例 2
本实施倒提供一种 ffl于过滤饮用水中砷和重金属铅汞镉铬的过滤材料， 其制备方法如下： 第一步； 常温配制可溶性淀粉溶液， 添加氯化亚铁水溶液， 用柠檬酸钠调 pH至 7,5〜8,0， 获 得淀粉含量 5%、 亚铁离子含量 2%的水溶液；
第二歩： 将多孔陶瓷基体完全浸泡在第一步制备的溶液中， 使之完全湿润， 15 分钟以上， 涝 出晾干待用； 第:三步： 配制 2wt'½硼氢化钠水溶液， 用 0J%酒石酸溶液调 1¾' pH至 8.5 9.5, 待用： 第四步： 将第二步晾干的多孔陶瓷基体快速浸泡在第―三步配制的硼氢化纳水溶液中， 陶瓷滤 芯发生表面化学反应， 5 分钟取出晾干。
第五歩： 将第四步晾干的多孔陶瓷基体放置到氮气保护或氢气保护的窑炉中， 以 QOO/h的升 温速率加热至约 400Ό, 保温 2小时， 烧结得到过滤材料， 降温至 120Ό以下， 取出。
本例中， 以重量份计， 所用的多孔陶瓷基体由硅藻土 80份、 钙基膨润土 2份、 高岭土 5份、 炭粉 10份以无氧方烧结而成， 烧结温度 孔隙率 65%, pH 8.5， 颜色为青灰色， 成坯 形状为长 200mm、 外直径 40mm、 内直径 33mm的单开口管状。
本例所得过滤材料的物理性质和结构如下-
1) 颜色： 为青灰色或铁青色， 新鲜断面为蓝色， 遇水 （吸水或浸水后） 变为黑色； 形状： 外 径 40mm、 内径 35mm、 长度 200mm的滤芯。
2) pH: 刮去表层粉末， 按 NYZT 1377- 2007 土壤标准测定为 8.3〜8.5。
3) 材料断面结构： 在 5000倍电子显微镜下显示， 为 2〜10微米微孔， 内有 Si-Fe- C无定型 (amorphous,非晶)绒状结构， 纳米铁结构， 吸收水后形成浸润型层间膜 （参见图 2)。
4) 磁性检验： 对 Y25(3800GS)磁铁， 可以将小于 0.1毫米的粉末颗粒吸 pfi。
本例所得过滤 ^料对饮用水的过滤效果
1.测试方法- 砷、 铬去除率： 参照 MOH《生活饮用水水质处理器卫生安全与功能评价规范-一般水质处理 器》 &EPA200.8 ICP/MS;
汞去除率： 参照 MOH 《生活饮用水水质处理器卫生安全与功能评价规范-一般水质处理器》 &GB/T 5750,6- 2006生活饮用水标准检验方法金属指标 原子荧光法；
测试图参见图 4。
2.测试结果： 参见表 2。
表 2
Figure imgf000009_0001
本例所得过滤 ^料使用后的稳定性试验
按照国际标准: EPA TCLP CD-ROM 1311- 1 July 1992
ΜΕΊΉΟΟ 131 1 TOXICITY CHARACTERiSTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE 进行模拟试验。 检 测结果显示吸附固定的神铬汞铅镉等重金属不超标或未检出。
实施例 3
本实施例提供一种用于处理含紳、 硒类金属和重金属废水的过滤材料， 其制备方法如下- 第一歩： 常温配制可溶性淀粉溶液， 添加硫酸亚铁水溶液， ]¾柠檬酸钠调 pH至 7.5〜8.0, 获 得淀粉含量 5%、 亚铁离子含量 4%的水溶液；
第二步； 将多孔陶瓷基体完全浸泡在第一歩制备的溶液中， 使之完全湿润， 15 分钟以上， 捞 出晾干待用；
第:三步： 配制 4wt%硼氢化钠水溶液， 用 0.1%酒石酸溶液调节 pH至 8,5〜9.5， 待用； 第四步： 将第二步晾千的多孔陶瓷基体快速浸泡在第三歩配制的硼氢化纳水溶液中， 陶瓷滤 芯发生表面化学反应， 5 分钟取出晾干。
第五步； 将第四步晾干的多孔陶瓷基体放置到氮气保护或氢气保护的窑炉中， 以 100°C/h的 升温速率加热至约 380Ό , 保温 2.5小时， 烧结得到过滤材料， 降温至 120°C以下， 取出。 本例中， 以重量份 if，所用的多孔陶瓷基体由硅藻土 60份、钙基膨润土 3份、高岭土 5份、 炭粉 10份、 淀粉 2.5份以无氧方烧结而成， 烧结温度 980Γ , 孔隙率 62 % , pH 8, 颜色为黑 色。
本倒所得过滤材料的物理性质和结构如下-
1 )颜色： 为青灰色或铁青色， 新鲜断面为蓝色， 遇水 （吸水或浸水后）变为黑色； 形状： 外 径 40mm、 内径 35mm、 长度 200mm的滤芯。
2) pH: 刮去表层粉末， 按 NY/T 1377- 2007 土壤标准测定为 8,1〜8,3。
3 ) 材料断面结构： 在 5000信电子显微镜下显示， 为 2〜1()徵米徵孔， 内有 Si- Fe- C无定型 ( amorphous,非晶)绒状结构， 纳米铁结构， 吸收水后形成浸润型层间膜 （参见图 3 )。 4) 磁性检验： 对 Y25(3800GS)磁铁， 可以将小于（U毫米的粉末颗粒吸 。 本例所得过滤材料对废水的过滤效果
1. 废水样品： 夏威夷 AiaWai运河水。
2. 测试方法： 参见图 4的测试图，将废水单程通过装有过滤材料的进水器， 时间 9.5分钟， 测 定其进出水浓度。
3. 测试结果： 结果见表 3。 结果显示， 过滤材料同时对镉、 钴、 锶、 铜、 镍、 锌、 银等离子 具有良好去除效果。 以这种水作为等温吸附测定， 对复杂金属离子综合吸附容量为 5mg/l 表 3
Figure imgf000010_0001
本例所得过滤材料使用后的稳定性试验
按照国际标准： EPA TCLP CD-ROM 1311- I July 1992
METHOD 1311 1 )XICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE 进行模拟试验。 检 测结果 吸附固定的砷镉汞铅镉等重金属不超标或未检出。 以上对本发明做了详尽的描述， 其目的在于让熟悉此领域技术的人士能够了解本发明的内容 并加以实施， 并不能以此限制本发明的保护范围， 凡根据本发明的精神实质所作的等效变化 或修钸， 都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围内。

Claims

权利要求：
1 种具有吸對和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料， 其特征在于： 所述过 滤材料由孔隙率为 35% 85%的多孔陶瓷基体和在所述多孔陶瓷基体的内部 原位生成的纳米零价铁粒子构成， 所述多孔陶瓷基体具有大小为 2 10微米 的微孔， 且在所述微孔内形成有续状的无定型硅-铁-碳结构， 构成多孔陶瓷 基体的陶瓷成分的至少 25wt%的为硅藻土， 所述微孔内的绒状的无定型硅- 铁-碳结构在吸水后能够形成吸 †膜。
2、 根据权利要求 1 所述的具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料， 其 特征在于： 所述的过滤材料的表面为铁青色或青灰色， 新鲜断面为蓝色， 所 述过滤材料在吸水或浸水后变成黑色； 所述过滤材料能够将 O.imm以下 Y25 磁铁粉末吸 Ρίί; 所述过滤材料在刮去表层粉末后， 按 NY/T 1377-2007土壤 标准测定的 pH为 72 8.5
3、 根据权利要求 1所述的具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料， 其 特征在于： 构成所述多孔陶瓷基体的陶瓷成分全部为硅藻土， 或为硅藻土与 选自高岭土、 膨润土中的 种或二种的组合》
4、 根据权利要求 1所述的具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料， 其 特征在于： 所述多孔陶瓷基体的孔隙率为 50% 70%
5、 根据权利要求 1所述的具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料， 其 特征在于： 所述过滤材料通过对多孔陶瓷基体进行纳米铁改性得到， 纳米铁 改性的方法是先将多孔陶瓷基体吸跗上二价铁离子， 再利用还原剂对吸跗在 多孔陶瓷基体上的二价铁离子进行原位还原， 最后将多孔陶瓷基体在 300Ό -500 下进行无氧烧结。
6、 根据权禾 y要求 ： 或 5所述的具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料， 其特征在于： 所述的过滤材料的形状为球形颗粒、 柱状颗粒或中空滤芯。
7、 根据权利要求 5所述的具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料， 其 特征在于： 所述的过滤材料通过如下步骤制得；
( 1 )将多孔陶瓷基体浸泡到 pH 7,0 8.0、 含有亚铁离子和增粘剂的水相混合 液中， 待多孔陶瓷基体完全润湿后， 取出多孔陶瓷基体， 晾干备用；
(2) 将经过步骤 （ 1) 的多孔陶瓷基体浸入到 pH 8.5 9.5、 含硼氢化钠
().:lwt%~5wt%的水溶液中， 2~8分钟后取出， 晾干备用；
(3) 将经过歩骤 （2) 的多孔陶瓷基体放入到无氧炉中进行无氧烧结， 升温 速度为 80〜100t 小日;†, ^温至 300°C〜500O , 保温 0.5〜3小^, 即得所述具 有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料。
8、 根据权利要求 7所述的具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料， 其 特征在于： 其特征在于： 步骤 （ 1) 中， 所述增粘剂为葡萄糖、 蔗糖及可溶 性淀粉中的一种或多种的组合， 增粘剂在水相混合液中的含量为
().2wt%~15wt%; 步骤 （2) 所述的水溶液中硼氢化钠的含量为 2wt%〜'5wt%; 步骤 （3) 中， 使所述烧结在氮气或氢气保护下进行。
9、 根据权利要求 7所述的具有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料， 其 特征在于： 其特征在于： 步骤 （3) 中， 烧结温度为 380Ό〜420Ό。
10、 权禾 y要求 i 至 9中任一项所述的具有吸^和固定神及重金属功能的过滤 材料用于除去水中三价砷、 五价砷以及重金属离子的 途。
11、 权利要求 1 至 9中任一项所述的具有吸 ^和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤 材料的制备方法， 其特征在于包括如 T步骤： （ 1)将多孔陶瓷基体浸泡到 pH 7,0-8.0, 含有亚铁离子和增粘剂的水相混合液中， 待多孔陶瓷基体完全润湿 后， 取出多孔陶瓷基体， 晾干备用， 其中， 所述的多孔陶瓷基体的孔隙率为 35%〜85%, 构成多孔陶瓷基体的陶瓷成分的至少 25wt%为硅藻土；
(2) 将经过步骤 （ 1) 的多孔陶瓷基体浸入到 pH 8,5〜9.5、 含硼氢化钠
().lwt%〜5wt%的水溶液中， 2〜8分钟后取出， 晾千备用；
(3) 将经过步骤 （2) 的多孔陶瓷基体放入到无氧炉中进行无氧烧结， 升温 速度为 80〜'100'Ό/小时， ^温至 300° ( 〜 500Ό , 保温 0.5~3小时， 即得所述具 有吸附和固定砷及重金属功能的过滤材料。
12、 根据权利要求 li所述的制备方法， 其特征在于： 歩骤 （ 1) 中， 所述增 粘剂为葡萄糖、 蔗糖及可溶性淀粉中的一种或多种的组合， 增粘剂在水相混 合液中的含量为 0.2wt%〜i5wt%。
13、 根据权利要求 11所述的制备方法， 其特征在于： 步骤 （ 1) 中， 所述亚 铁离子在水相混合液中的含量为 0.1 wt%〜5 wt%。
14、 根据权利要求 13所述的制备方法， 其特征在于： 步骤 （ 1) 中， 所述亚 铁离子在水相混合液中的含量为 0.2wt%〜2wt%。
15、 根据权利要求 Π所述的制备方法， 其特征在于： 歩骤 （2) 所述的水溶 液中硼氢化铀的含量为 2wt%~5 wt%。
16、 根据权利要求 11所述的制备方法， 其特征在于： 歩骤 「 1) 中， 用柠檬 酸钠调节 pH, 步骤 （2) 中， 用酒石酸调节 pH。
17、 根据权利要求 11所述的制备方法， 其特征在于： 步骤 （3) 中， 使所述 烧结在氮气或氢气保护下进行。
18、 根据权利要求 11 所述的制备方法， 其特征在于： 步骤 （3) 中， 烧结温 度为 38()°C〜420°C ,
19、 根据权利要求 11 所述的制备方法， 其特征在于： 构成所述多孔陶瓷基 体的陶瓷成分全部为硅藻土， 或为硅藻土与选自高岭土、 膨润土中的一种或 二种的组合。
20、 根据权利要求 1】 所述的制备方法， 其特征在于： 所述多孔陶瓷基体的 孔隙率为 5()%〜7()%»
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