WO2014194745A1 - 利用水合氯化镁为原料电解制备镁合金的方法 - Google Patents

利用水合氯化镁为原料电解制备镁合金的方法 Download PDF

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WO2014194745A1
WO2014194745A1 PCT/CN2014/077464 CN2014077464W WO2014194745A1 WO 2014194745 A1 WO2014194745 A1 WO 2014194745A1 CN 2014077464 W CN2014077464 W CN 2014077464W WO 2014194745 A1 WO2014194745 A1 WO 2014194745A1
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chloride
magnesium
magnesium alloy
alloy
metal elements
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PCT/CN2014/077464
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French (fr)
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卢旭晨
张志敏
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中国科学院过程工程研究所
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25CPROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/36Alloys obtained by cathodic reduction of all their ions

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of alloy preparation, and in particular to a method for preparing a magnesium alloy, in particular to a method for preparing a magnesium alloy by electrolysis using hydrated magnesium chloride as a raw material. Background technique
  • Magnesium alloys have been widely used in the automotive industry, aerospace industry, etc. due to their low density, high specific strength and specific stiffness, good shock absorption and easy recovery. They will become the 21st century “era metal”. ".
  • (1) Pairing method The metal magnesium and various metal elements are pretreated, added to a melting furnace, smelted under the protection of a flux or the like to be alloyed, and then a magnesium alloy is obtained.
  • the method is simple in process and is a commonly used method in the industry.
  • the magnesium metal has a low melting point (649 ° C:) and a low density (1.6 g / cm 3 ; i, if the alloy metal has a high melting point and a high density
  • the solubility in the alloy solution is small, and the magnesium alloy prepared by the method has serious segregation and poor alloying effect; further, for the metal alloy with strong chemical activity, when the magnesium alloy is prepared by this method, the alloy is seriously burned by the metal.
  • Cathodic alloying method It is a cathode of metal magnesium or magnesium alloy.
  • metal ions migrate to the cathode under the action of a direct current electric field, and electrochemically reduce at the cathode, and the metal precipitated on the cathode is alloyed with the cathode. , to obtain the required magnesium alloy.
  • Reference 5 uses this method to prepare electrolyte molten salt from anhydrous lithium chloride and potassium chloride, using magnesium rod as cathode, electrolysis at 450 ⁇ 480 °C, metal Lithium is deposited on the surface of the cathode magnesium and diffused internally to obtain a magnesium-lithium alloy.
  • the advantage of this method is that the alloy composition has small segregation and low alloy burning loss; Timely replacement, easy for continuous production, it is difficult to industrialize; Further, metallic magnesium or magnesium alloy cathode prepared separately, thus increasing process, increases the cost.
  • molten salt electrolytic co-deposition method It is obtained by electrolyzing an electrolyte molten salt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and a metal ion for alloying, and co-depositing to obtain a magnesium alloy.
  • the advantages of this method are: (a) small segregation of alloy composition and low alloy burning loss; (b) preparation of magnesium alloy suitable for metal magnesium and alloy metal with large difference in melting point and large difference in density; (c) continuous production.
  • the key part of the method is the preparation of high-quality electrolyte molten salt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and metal ions for alloy.
  • anhydrous magnesium chloride and some anhydrous metal inorganic salts are used to prepare electrolyte molten salt, but anhydrous magnesium chloride and some anhydrous metal inorganic
  • the salt preparation process is complicated and the production cost is high, which makes the commercialization of the magnesium alloy prepared by the method difficult.
  • YCl 3 -M g Cl 2 -KCl is an electrolyte, and electrolysis is carried out at 900 ° C to obtain a magnesium-niobium alloy containing about 60% of niobium, and the current efficiency is 70%.
  • the above method uses anhydrous rare earth chloride and anhydrous magnesium chloride as raw materials. Dehydration of anhydrous rare earth chloride and anhydrous magnesium chloride The complexity of the process greatly increases the cost.
  • a method for preparing a rare earth magnesium alloy using a hydrated chloride raw material is described in detail in Reference 8 (CN 102220607 A): First, a mixture of potassium chloride, anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous rare earth chloride is electrolyzed, and then aqueous magnesium chloride is added. The mixture with the aqueous rare earth chloride is electrolyzed at 820-1100 ° C to obtain a rare earth magnesium alloy.
  • the addition of hydrated magnesium chloride and hydrated lanthanum chloride at high temperatures is severely hydrolyzed (Ref.
  • Mg-Li-Zn-Mn alloy and Mg-Li-Mn alloy were prepared by electrolytic co-deposition using anhydrous raw materials such as anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous manganese chloride.
  • the use of anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous manganese chloride greatly increases the cost.
  • magnesium lithium calcium alloy is described in detail in reference 12 (CN 101148773): using an inert metal as the cathode and graphite as the anode, a mixture of potassium chloride, lithium chloride and calcium fluoride is added to the electrolytic bath for thermal melting. After that, as the electrolyte, the magnesium oxide powder is added and melted according to 2% of the total mass of the electrolyte, and the electrolysis temperature is 450-640 ° C, the cathode current intensity is not less than 5 A/cm 3 , and the cell voltage is 4.5-6.5 V. Electrolysis, the electrolysis process is protected with argon gas, and the raw material magnesium oxide is added to the electrolytic cell at regular intervals.
  • the method utilizes calcium fluoride to dissolve magnesium oxide in a molten salt, but the amount of magnesium oxide dissolved is small, and the amount of magnesium oxide added is also greatly limited (magnesia is a harmful impurity of electrolysis), taking into account various molten salts.
  • the physicochemical properties, the amount of calcium fluoride added are limited, which may adversely affect electrolysis and cause a decrease in current efficiency.
  • the inventors conducted intensive studies to provide a method for electrolytically preparing a magnesium alloy using hydrated magnesium chloride as a raw material.
  • the method does not use anhydrous magnesium chloride and some anhydrous metal inorganic salts as raw materials, but uses hydrated magnesium chloride and hydrated metal inorganic salts or oxides as raw materials (this raw material is easy to obtain, low cost:), by forming a double salt and melting Salt dehydration produces a high quality electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and other metal ions in the magnesium alloy, and then a magnesium alloy is prepared by electrolysis.
  • a high-quality electrolyte melt for electrolytic co-deposition containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and alloy metal ions can be prepared under relatively simple process conditions under certain preferred conditions (calculated as 100% by weight of anhydrous magnesium chloride).
  • the MgO content is less than 0.1% by weight:), which satisfies the requirements of the advanced electrolytic cell, and the current efficiency in the electrolytic process is over 80%, and the uniformity of the alloying elements is good.
  • the present invention provides a method for electrolytically preparing a magnesium alloy using hydrated magnesium chloride as a raw material, the method comprising the following steps:
  • the raw materials used for electrolytically preparing the magnesium alloy are hydrated magnesium chloride and hydrated metal inorganic salt chloride and/or oxide, which are easy to obtain and low in cost;
  • Preparing a high-quality electrolyte melt for electrolytic co-deposition of other metal ions in anhydrous magnesium chloride and magnesium alloy (with anhydrous magnesium chloride, MgO content less than 0.1% by weight:), which meets the requirements of advanced electrolytic cell operation;
  • the obtained magnesium alloy has small segregation and low alloy burning loss; (4) effectively solves the problem that it is difficult to alloy due to large difference in melting point between metal magnesium and alloy metal, and large difference in density, and reduces such Production cost of magnesium alloy;
  • the method of the present invention eliminates the production process of metal magnesium and alloy metal as compared to the conventionally used doping method in the industry, which generally shortens the manufacturing process of the magnesium alloy and reduces emissions and energy consumption.
  • Figure 1 is a process flow diagram of a method in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is an XRD pattern of a magnesium-lithium alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is an elemental surface scan of a magnesium-niobium alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is an XRD pattern of a magnesium bismuth alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is an elemental surface scan of a magnesium-zinc alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 is a chart showing the energy spectrum of a magnesium-zinc alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 9 is an XRD pattern of a magnesium-zinc alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 10 is an elemental surface scan of a magnesium-manganese alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention
  • Figure 11 is an energy spectrum analysis diagram of a magnesium-manganese alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention
  • Figure 12 is an XRD pattern of a magnesium-manganese alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 13 is an elemental surface scan of a magnesium-calcium alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention
  • Figure 14 is an XRD pattern of a magnesium-calcium alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention
  • Figure 15 is an elemental surface scan of a magnesium zinc calcium alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention
  • Figure 16 is an XRD pattern of a magnesium zinc calcium alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention
  • Figure 17 is an elemental surface scan of a magnesium lithium niobium alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 18 is an energy spectrum analysis diagram of a magnesium lithium niobium alloy prepared according to the method of the present invention; and
  • Figure 19 is a magnesium lithium prepared according to the method of the present invention. XRD pattern of niobium alloy. detailed description
  • hydrated magnesium chloride means magnesium chloride (M g Cl 2 * H 2 0, which represents the number of water of crystallization contained per molecule of the hydrated magnesium chloride, m > unless otherwise indicated).
  • other metal elements in the magnesium alloy means a metal element other than the metal magnesium element in the magnesium alloy, for example, the metal manganese element in the magnesium manganese (Mg-Mn) alloy is "the other metal element in the magnesium alloy”.
  • electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and other metal ions in the magnesium alloy means an electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and other metal ions in the magnesium alloy as a main component prepared according to the method of the present invention, except for anhydrous
  • the electrolyte melt may also include potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, barium chloride, calcium fluoride, potassium fluoride, lithium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, Sodium fluoride, etc.
  • waste electrolyte means an electrolyte having less than 1% by weight of anhydrous magnesium chloride in the electrolyte melt.
  • correction factor refers to a correction factor introduced in order to adjust the activity value of other metal ions in the magnesium alloy in the electrolyte melt to meet the composition of the target magnesium alloy during the electrolytic preparation of the magnesium alloy of the present invention, or to adjust The correction factor introduced by the physicochemical properties of the electrolyte melt for the good operation of the electrolysis process.
  • the magnesium oxide (MgO) content in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and other metal ions in the magnesium alloy means relative to 100% by weight of anhydrous magnesium chloride.
  • the present invention provides a method for electrolytically preparing a magnesium alloy using hydrated magnesium chloride as a raw material, the method comprising the following steps:
  • step (b) heating the mixture prepared in the step (a) to a molten state to prepare an electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and other metal ions in the magnesium alloy;
  • the other metal element in the magnesium alloy is selected from one or more of the following elements: rare earth element, zinc, aluminum, manganese, lithium, calcium , zirconium, silver, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, lead and gallium.
  • the chloride of the other metal element in the magnesium alloy is selected from one or more of the following chlorides: rare earth element chloride, zinc chloride , aluminum chloride, manganese chloride, lithium chloride, calcium chloride, zirconium chloride, silver chloride, barium chloride, barium chloride, cadmium chloride, barium chloride, barium chloride, lead chloride and chlorine Gallium and so on.
  • the oxide of the other metal element in the magnesium alloy has a chemical property of reacting with ammonium chloride to form a corresponding chloride, and is selected from the following oxides One or more of: rare earth oxides, calcium oxide, manganese oxide, and antimony oxide.
  • the additive is selected from one or more of the group consisting of: CaF 2 , KF, NaF, LiF, MgF 2 , CaCl 2 , BaCl 2 and NaCl, etc.
  • the role of the additive is to adjust the physicochemical properties of the electrolyte melt so that the electrolysis process works well.
  • the hydrated magnesium chloride is represented by the formula: MgCl 2 -mH 2 0, wherein m represents the number of water of crystallization contained per molecule of the hydrated magnesium chloride, m > 0.
  • the other metal element compound in the magnesium alloy is a chloride
  • the hydrated magnesium chloride, the chloride of other metal elements in the magnesium alloy, the mixture of ammonium chloride, potassium chloride and the additive are combined.
  • the principle is as follows: Firstly, the amount of hydrated magnesium chloride and the amount of other metal element chloride in the magnesium alloy are determined according to the weight percentage of the metal element in the magnesium alloy, and the composition ratio of the mixture is magnesium chloride (excluding crystal water:)
  • the amount of the hydrated magnesium chloride (M g Cl 2 ⁇ H 2 0; > the amount by weight is (: 1 + 0.19 / / 7:).
  • the amount of the other metal element chloride in the magnesium alloy is 2.5 parts by weight. ⁇ (without crystal water),
  • the weight fraction of ammonium chloride is determined to be ff4a , ⁇ ff4a is greater than 0.10 + 0.08X ⁇ ⁇ w ), where: water is hydrated magnesium chloride and anhydrous magnesium chloride
  • the weight ratio of A is the weight ratio of water to anhydrous chloride in the chloride of other metal elements in the magnesium alloy.
  • Z2 is the correction factor, dimensionless, and the Z2 value ranges from 0.005 to 0.500.
  • the other metal element compound in the magnesium alloy is an oxide
  • the hydrated magnesium chloride, the oxide of other metal elements in the magnesium alloy, the mixture of ammonium chloride, potassium chloride and the additive are combined.
  • the principle is as follows: Firstly, the amount of hydrated magnesium chloride and the amount of other metal element oxides in the magnesium alloy are determined according to the weight percentage of the metal element in the magnesium alloy, and the composition ratio of the mixture is magnesium chloride (excluding crystal water:)
  • the amount by weight of hydrated magnesium chloride (M g Cl 2 ⁇ / 3 ⁇ 40:) is (1 + 0.19 / / 7:) in an amount of 1.00 part by weight.
  • the weight percentage of the element ⁇ 3 ⁇ is the atomic weight of other metal elements in the magnesium alloy; the valence of the metal element in the oxide of other metal elements in the magnesium alloy.
  • K d Z x(1.00+ ax ( ⁇ ]0 + 35.5 ⁇ ° )
  • Z4 values range from 0.005 to 0.500.
  • the hydration is determined according to the weight percentage of the metal element in the magnesium alloy.
  • the amount of magnesium chloride, the amount of other metal element chlorides and oxides in the magnesium alloy, the composition ratio of the mixture is 1.00 parts by weight of magnesium chloride (in terms of crystal water-free), hydrated magnesium chloride (M g Cl 2 ⁇ / 3 ⁇ 40 :)
  • the amount by weight is (l + 0.19m) o
  • Atomic weight of other metal elements in gold refers to other metal elements introduced by oxide raw materials
  • the valence of the metal element in the oxide of other metal elements in the magnesium alloy refers to the other metal elements introduced by the oxide raw material according to the water content of the hydrated magnesium chloride, the water content of the other metal element chloride in the magnesium alloy, the magnesium alloy
  • the amount of other metal element oxides determines the amount of ammonium chloride used in parts by weight w 4Cl , w 4Cl is greater than 0.08 +
  • Positive factor, dimensionless, ⁇ 5 values range from 0.05 to 150.00. Parts by weight of additive ⁇
  • the heating process is: first, at 200 to 550 ° C (preferably 300 to 450 ° C) for 0.5 to 4.5 hours (preferably 1 to 3 hours). Then, it is kept at 400 to 850 ° C (preferably 450 to 750 ° C) for 0.2 to 4.0 hours (preferably 1 to 2.5 hours) to obtain an electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and other metal ions in the magnesium alloy.
  • the conditions of the electrolysis are: the anode is made of a graphite material, and the cathode is made of a steel material; the temperature at the time of electrolysis is 400 to 850 ° C ( Preferably, 400 700 ° C), the electrolysis voltage is 5 to 10 V, and the cathode current density is greater than 3 A/cm 2 .
  • the cathode is made of a steel material, which is in a solid form, and may be a commercially available product, preferably a steel having a carbon content of less than 0.2% by weight.
  • the anode is made of a graphite material in a solid form, and a commercially available product can be used; in the electrolysis process, chlorine is evolved from the anode.
  • step (b) wherein the ammonium chloride released from step (b) is recovered and returned to step (a) for recycling, and the released ammonia is recycled.
  • the waste electrolyte melt discharged during the electrolysis of the step (C) is returned to the step (a) for recycling, and the produced chlorine gas is subjected to purification and recycling.
  • the raw materials used in the present invention are not particularly limited, and they may all be commercially available products.
  • the raw material is preferably in the form of a powder, and the particle diameter of the powder is not particularly limited as long as it does not affect uniform mixing.
  • the chloride of other metal elements in the magnesium alloy used in the present invention is not limited to the indicated rare earth element chloride, zinc chloride, aluminum chloride, manganese chloride, lithium chloride, calcium chloride, zirconium chloride, chlorine.
  • the oxide of the other metal element in the magnesium alloy used in the present invention has a chemical property of reacting with ammonium chloride to form a corresponding chloride, and is not limited to the above-mentioned oxides such as rare earth oxide, calcium oxide, manganese oxide, and cerium oxide.
  • Ammonium chloride and potassium chloride are employed in the process according to the invention, wherein their effects are as follows:
  • ammonium chloride The role of ammonium chloride is to convert the oxides of other metal elements in the magnesium alloy to the corresponding chlorine. At the same time, the hydrogen chloride produced by the decomposition of ammonium chloride at a certain temperature inhibits the hydrolysis of the chloride, ensuring the purity of the anhydrous chloride.
  • potassium chloride plays the following roles: (1) lowering the melting temperature of the molten salt electrolyte; (2) - improving the conductivity of the molten salt electrolyte; (3) suppressing molten salt electrolyte at high temperature Hydrolysis; (4) The precipitation potential of potassium chloride is high, metal potassium is not easily precipitated, and does not affect the purity of magnesium alloy.
  • the additives used in the present invention are not particularly limited, and they may each be a commercially available product.
  • the raw material is preferably in the form of a powder, and the particle diameter of the powder is not particularly limited as long as it does not affect uniform mixing.
  • the function of the additive used in the present invention is to adjust the physicochemical properties of the electrolyte melt.
  • the physicochemical properties of the electrolyte melt mainly include: conductivity, viscosity, surface tension, melting temperature, density, etc. of the electrolyte melt.
  • the high conductivity and low viscosity of the electrolyte melt are advantageous for the electrolysis process.
  • the addition of sodium chloride is beneficial to increase the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte melt.
  • the addition of fluoride facilitates the collection of magnesium alloy fluid in the electrolyte melt.
  • the surface tension, melting temperature, density, and the like of the electrolyte melt are adjusted depending on the specific conditions.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing the process for the electrolytic preparation of a magnesium alloy using hydrated magnesium chloride as a raw material according to the present invention.
  • (a) hydrated magnesium chloride, a compound of other metal elements in the magnesium alloy, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride and an additive are uniformly mixed in a certain ratio, wherein the compound of the other metal element in the magnesium alloy is selected from the following a group of each of: a chloride of another metal element in the magnesium alloy; an oxide of other metal elements in the magnesium alloy; and a chloride and an oxide of other metal elements in the magnesium alloy;
  • the product obtained in step (a) is first incubated at 200-550 ° C for 0.5-4.5 hours, and then held at 400-850 ° C for 0.2 4.0 hours to obtain other metal ions in anhydrous magnesium chloride and magnesium alloy.
  • Electrolyte melt (The electrolyte melt prepared in step b) is electrolyzed at a temperature of 400 850 ° C, an electrolysis voltage of 5-10 V, and a cathode current density of more than 3 A/cm 2 to obtain a magnesium alloy.
  • the electrolysis process discharges the waste electrolyte melt and simultaneously generates chlorine gas.
  • the waste electrolyte melt discharged during the electrolysis of the step (C) is returned to the step (a) for recycling, and the generated chlorine gas is purified and recycled.
  • the mechanism of the above reaction is as follows: at 300 ° C
  • the hydrated magnesium chloride reacts with ammonium chloride to form a double salt H4Cl'M g Cl 2 ⁇ «3 ⁇ 4O (0 ⁇ 6)
  • the structure of the double salt weakens the combination of crystal water and magnesium chloride, which is favorable for dehydration and reduces dehydration Process hydrolysis (Zhang ZM, Lu XC, etc., Preparation of anhydrous magnesium chloride from magnesium chloride hexahydrate, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2013, 44 ( 2): 354-358).
  • Ammonium chloride can also react with hydrolyzate at a certain temperature to form anhydrous magnesium chloride (Zhang ZM, Lu XC, etc., preparation of anhydrous magnesium chloride from magnesia, industrial & industrial chemical stone) Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2012, 51(29): 9713-9718).
  • anhydrous magnesium chloride Zhang ZM, Lu XC, etc., preparation of anhydrous magnesium chloride from magnesia, industrial & industrial chemical stone) Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2012, 51(29): 9713-9718.
  • the inventors found through experiments that when the temperature rises to about 300-500 ° C, a double salt KMgCl 3 is formed, which is relatively stable at high temperatures, and is not easily reacted with oxygen and water vapor in the air, thereby inhibiting
  • the occurrence of hydrolysis of anhydrous magnesium chloride ensures the purity of the product.
  • the hydrogen chloride gas generated by the decomposition of ammonium chloride at a high temperature can effectively inhibit the hydrolysis reaction of other metal elements hydrated chloride in the magnesium alloy, and at a certain temperature, ammonium chloride can react with the hydrolyzed product to form a corresponding anhydrous chloride. The purity of the product is guaranteed.
  • Rare earth oxides and ammonium chloride react at a temperature greater than 140 °C to form a double salt "N3 ⁇ 4C1_REC1 3 (in the text, Li Guanfeng, Zhao Yonghe, Zhu Guocai, "Ammonium Chloride Oxide Oxide Oxide Oxide Mixture and Its Kinetics", Xinyang Journal of Teachers College (Natural Science Edition), 2005, 18(2): 155-158), the temperature rises to about 400 °C to form a double salt K 3 REC1 6 , the double salt is relatively stable at high temperatures, not easy to be in the air
  • the reaction of oxygen and water vapor inhibits the hydrolysis of anhydrous rare earth chloride (Zheng Tao, Mg-Li-RE Pr, Ho, Er) alloy mechanism research [Master's thesis].
  • Harbin Harbin Engineering University, 2011 : 14-15.
  • Other metal oxides such as calcium oxide, barium oxide, manganese oxide, etc.
  • ammonium chloride at 300-400 ° C to form the corresponding anhydrous metal chloride (Shao Yuchang. Ammonium chloride reaction and Application. Soda Industry, 2008, 4: 3-12).
  • the inventors have found that the sintering shrinkage of the chloride mixture between 200 and 500 Torr slows the rate of evolution of ammonium chloride, so that ammonium chloride can sufficiently chemically react.
  • the ammonium chloride discharged in the step (b) is returned to the step (a) for recycling, thereby reducing the production cost and increasing the productivity.
  • the precipitation potentials of magnesium ions and alloying ions are similar or equal to achieve metal
  • the co-deposition of magnesium and other metals forms a magnesium alloy.
  • This method is highly versatile for the preparation of magnesium alloys. Since magnesium alloy materials are being widely used, the development potential is very large. The types of magnesium alloys currently developed are limited, and there is a large space for the development of new high-performance magnesium alloy materials. This method provides a preparation method for developing new high-performance magnesium alloys. . testing method
  • the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and other metal ions in the magnesium alloy was measured according to the following method.
  • the aqueous solution precipitate is determined by titration to determine the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt of other metal ions in anhydrous magnesium chloride and magnesium alloy: the obtained electrolyte melt containing anhydrous metal chloride and other metal ions in the magnesium alloy
  • the sample was dissolved in water, and the aqueous solution was repeatedly filtered at least three times with four ⁇ 90 ⁇ quantitative filter paper (Hangzhou Special Paper Co., Ltd.) until the filtrate was particularly clear.
  • the filter paper is repeatedly rinsed with deionized water to wash away the magnesium ions attached thereto, and the filter paper containing the magnesium oxide particles after washing is placed in a beaker, and an excess of prepared 1:100 sulfuric acid is added (analytical purity, purity 95.98%; Manufacturer: Beijing Beihua Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.) Heat the beaker on an electric stove and let it stand for five minutes to complete the reaction.
  • the solution in the beaker was subjected to EDTA titration to determine the content of magnesium ions, thereby obtaining magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt.
  • the obtained magnesium alloy was characterized according to the following method.
  • Alloy phase analysis The phase composition of the product was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using an X-ray diffractometer (Model: X'Pert PRO MPD; Factory: Philips).
  • Elemental homogeneity analysis (1) Analysis of elemental micro-region uniformity: Magnesium in sample by Quanta 250 environmental scanning electron microscope with mineral dissociation analyzer (model: FEI MLA250; manufacturer: FEI Electronic Chemical Co., USA) Surface scanning with other alloying elements (surface scanning of lithium elements is not possible: (2) Macroscopic uniformity analysis of elements: Inductively coupled plasma is used from three different locations from the outside to the inside with an interval of approximately 5 mm. Atomic emission spectrometer (model: Optima 5300DV; manufacturer: PerkinElmer, USA) was used to determine the content of alloying elements. 3. Energy spectrum analysis: The spectrum of the sample is analyzed by the EDAX GENESIS spectrometer with the mineral dissociation analyzer (model: FEI MLA250; manufacturer: FEI Electronic Chemical Co., USA).
  • I electrolytic current intensity, ⁇
  • the raw materials involved in the present invention are all commercially available products, including:
  • Barium chloride heptahydrate Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory, purity 98.0%;
  • Lithium chloride monohydrate Xiqiao Chemical Co., Ltd., purity 97.0%;
  • Manganese chloride tetrahydrate Xiqiao Chemical Co., Ltd., purity 99.0%;
  • Zinc chloride Xiqiao Chemical Co., Ltd., purity 98.0%; Calcium Chloride Xiqiao Chemical Co., Ltd., purity 96.0%;
  • Chlorine Magnesium (home made): heated by the above-mentioned magnesium chloride hexahydrate, judged the most according to weight loss
  • the lid was covered with a lid and incubated at 300 ° C for 1 hour, and then kept at 500 ° C for 1 hour to obtain a melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous lithium chloride (melt composition: KC1 (45.10wt) .%) -NaCl (2.26 wt.%) - MgCl 2 (4.98 wt.%) - LiCl (45.10 wt.%) -CaF 2 (3.18 wt.%)).
  • the melt was very pure and no impurities were observed.
  • the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis conditions are: the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6 mm of a spectral pure graphite rod is an anode, ⁇ wire is a cathode, and a volume of 200 mL of graphite crucible is an electrolytic cell.
  • the electrolysis temperature is 440 ⁇
  • the pole pitch is 4 cm
  • the cathode current density is 5.1 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 7.9-8.6 V
  • the electrolysis time is 3.5 h.
  • the electrolyte melt and the magnesium-lithium alloy were characterized according to the above measurement methods. The results are as follows: The magnesium oxide content in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous lithium chloride was 0.09% by weight. The lithium content of the sample from the outside to the inside is 48.65%, 47.98%, 48.05%, respectively. It can be seen that the lithium element distribution is uniform in the macroscopic sample.
  • the surface scan of the alloy is shown in Figure 2, and it can be seen from the figure that the elements are uniformly distributed in the alloy.
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 81.0%.
  • the XRD pattern of the alloy is shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen from the figure, the phase composition of the alloy is Li and Li 3 M gl7 .
  • the lid was covered with a lid and incubated at 300 ° C for 1.5 hours, and then held at 450 ° C for 1 hour to obtain a melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous lithium chloride (melt composition: KC1 (39.61wt) .%) - NaCl (1.98 wt.%) - MgCl 2 (15.13 wt.%) - LiCl (39.61 wt.%) - CaF 2 (3.67 wt.%)) o
  • the melt was very pure and no impurities were observed.
  • the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis conditions are: the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6 mm of a spectrally pure graphite rod is an anode, ⁇ of a steel wire is a cathode, and a volume of 200 mL of a graphite crucible is an electrolytic cell.
  • the electrolysis temperature is 450 ° C
  • the pole pitch is 4 cm
  • the cathode current density is 6.6 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 9.4-9.8 V
  • the electrolysis time is 4.0 h.
  • the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous lithium chloride was 0.11% by weight.
  • the lithium content of the sample from the outside to the inside was 5.23%, 5.65%, and 5.62%, respectively, and it was found that the lithium element distribution in the sample was uniform.
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 83.6%.
  • the XRD pattern of the alloy shows that the phase composition of the alloy is Li and Li 3 M gl7 .
  • the melt was very pure and no impurities were observed. Then, the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein The electrolysis conditions are: the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6mm spectral pure graphite rod is the anode, ⁇ steel wire is the cathode, the volume is 200mL graphite crucible is the electrolysis cell, the electrolysis temperature is 680 °C, the pole pitch is 4cm, the cathode current The density is 5.8 A/cm 2 , the cell voltage is 7.2-7.6V, and the electrolysis time is
  • the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous cerium chloride was 0.18% by weight.
  • the content of strontium from the outside to the inside of the sample was 4.89%, 4.68%, and 4.95%, respectively. It can be seen that the distribution of the ruthenium element in the sample is uniform.
  • the energy spectrum analysis of the alloy is shown in Fig. 4, wherein the energy spectrum analysis at the lower portion Figs. 1 and 2 correspond to the results of the energy spectrum analysis detected at the marks 1 and 2 in the upper graph, respectively. It can be seen that the alloy is composed of two elements of magnesium and strontium.
  • the elemental surface scan of the alloy is shown in Figure 5. As can be seen from the figure, the elements are evenly distributed in the microdomain. The current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 97.8%.
  • the XRD pattern of the alloy is shown in Fig. 6. As can be seen from the figure, the phase composition of the alloy is Mg and La 2 Mg 17 °.
  • the melt was very pure and no impurities were observed. Then, the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis conditions are: the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6 mm of a spectrally pure graphite rod is an anode, a ⁇ wire is a cathode, and a volume of 200 mL of a graphite crucible is an electrolytic cell.
  • the electrolysis temperature is 700 ° C
  • the pole pitch is 4 cm
  • the cathode current density is 5.8 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 7.7-7.9 V
  • the electrolysis time is
  • the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous cerium chloride is 0.17 the amount%.
  • the content of strontium from the outside to the inside of the sample was 7.36%, 7.57%, and 7.63%, respectively. It can be seen that the distribution of the ruthenium element in the sample is uniform.
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 95.2%.
  • the XRD pattern of the alloy shows that the phase composition of the alloy is Mg and La 2 M gl7 .
  • the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis conditions are: the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6 mm of a spectrally pure graphite rod is an anode, a ⁇ wire is a cathode, and a volume of 200 mL of a graphite crucible is an electrolytic cell.
  • the electrolysis temperature is 700 ° C
  • the pole pitch is 4 cm
  • the cathode current density is 7.1 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 7.9-8.3 V
  • the electrolysis time is 4.0 ho.
  • the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous cerium chloride was 0.22% by weight.
  • the strontium content of the sample from the outside to the inside was 8.76%, 8.95%, and 8.68%, respectively. It can be seen that the distribution of the ruthenium element in the sample is uniform.
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 92.3%.
  • the XRD pattern of the alloy shows that the phase composition of the alloy is Mg and La 2 M gl7 .
  • the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis conditions are: the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6 mm spectral pure graphite rod is an anode, ⁇ The wire is a cathode, and the volume of 200 mL of corundum is an electrolytic cell.
  • the electrolysis temperature is 700 ° C
  • the pole pitch is 4 cm
  • the cathode current density is 3.85 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 4.7-5.0 V
  • the electrolysis time is 4 h.
  • the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous zinc chloride was 0.05% by weight.
  • the zinc content of the sample from the outside to the inside was 25.46%, 24.86%, and 25.51%, respectively. It can be seen that the distribution of the zinc element in the sample is uniform.
  • the elemental surface scan of the alloy is shown in Figure 7. It can be seen from the figure that magnesium and zinc are uniformly distributed in the alloy.
  • the energy spectrum analysis of the alloy is shown in Fig. 8, in which the energy spectrum analysis diagrams 1, 2, and 3 located at the lower portion correspond to the results of the energy spectrum analysis detected at 1, 2, and 3 of the markers in the upper graph, respectively. Magnesium-zinc alloys are more active and easily react with oxygen or water.
  • magnesium chloride hydrate (M g Cl 2 _2.7H 2 C, 8.28g of zinc chloride, 82.78g of potassium chloride and 27.98g of ammonium chloride were mixed and added to 200mL of mash. Cover the lid after 450° The mixture was kept at C for 2.5 hours, and then kept at 700 ° C for 1.5 hours to obtain a melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and zinc chloride (melt composition: KC1 (66.66 wt.%) - MgCl 2 (26.67 wt.%). )-ZnCl 2 (6.67wt.%)) 0 The melt is very pure and no impurities are observed.
  • the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolytic conditions are:
  • the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6mm
  • the pure graphite rod of the spectrum is the anode
  • the steel wire of ⁇ is the cathode
  • the corundum crucible with a volume of 200 mL is the electrolytic cell.
  • the electrolysis temperature is 700 ° C
  • the pole pitch is 4 cm
  • the cathode current density is 6.41 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 6.1- 6.5V
  • electrolysis time is 4.0h.
  • the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous zinc chloride was 0.05% by weight.
  • the zinc content of the sample from the outside to the inside was 25.53%, 25.68%, and 27.62%, respectively. It can be seen that the distribution of zinc elements in the macroscopic sample is uniform.
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process is 97.25%.
  • the XRD pattern of the alloy shows that the phase composition of the alloy is Mg, M g Zn 2 and Mg 7 Zn 3 .
  • the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis conditions are: the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6 mm spectral pure graphite rod is an anode, ⁇ steel wire is a cathode, and a volume of 200 mL corundum is an electrolytic cell
  • the electrolysis temperature is 700 ° C
  • the pole pitch is 4 cm
  • the cathode current density is 5.5 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 5.8-6.5 V
  • the electrolysis time is 4.0 h.
  • the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous manganese chloride was 0.03 wt%.
  • the manganese content of the sample from the outside to the inside was 31.25%, 32.16%, and 32.01%, respectively. It can be seen that the distribution of the manganese element in the sample is uniform.
  • the elemental surface scan of the alloy is shown in Figure 10. It can be seen from the figure that magnesium and manganese are uniformly distributed in the alloy.
  • the energy spectrum analysis of the alloy is shown in Fig. 11, wherein the energy spectrum analysis diagrams 1 and 2 located at the lower portion correspond to the energy spectrum analysis results detected at the 1 and 2 marks in the upper graph, respectively.
  • the alloy consists of metallic magnesium and manganese metal.
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 98.32%.
  • Figure 12 is an XRD pattern of the alloy. It can be seen from the figure that the phase of the alloy consists of magnesium metal and manganese metal.
  • the melt was very pure and no impurities were observed. Then, the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis condition is: the melt is an electrolyte, (D6mm spectral pure graphite rod is an anode, ⁇ steel wire is a cathode, and a volume of 200 mL corundum is an electrolytic cell)
  • the electrolysis temperature is 700 ° C
  • the pole pitch is 4 cm
  • the cathode current density is 5.7 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 7.1-8.0 V
  • the electrolysis time is 4.0 h.
  • the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous manganese chloride is 0.02% by weight.
  • the manganese content of the sample from the outside to the inside was 27.69%, 27.96%, and 27.75%, respectively. It can be seen that the distribution of manganese in the macroscopic sample is uniform.
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 87.68%.
  • the XRD pattern of the alloy shows that the phase of the alloy consists of metallic magnesium and manganese metal.
  • the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis condition is: the melt is an electrolyte, the spectral pure graphite rod of ⁇ is an anode, the steel wire of ⁇ 2 ⁇ is a cathode, and the corundum crucible having a volume of 200 mL is an electrolytic cell.
  • the electrolysis temperature is 700 °C
  • the pole pitch is 4cm
  • the cathode current density is 5.6 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 7.0-8.2V
  • the electrolysis time is 4.0ho.
  • the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous calcium chloride was 0.08% by weight.
  • the calcium content of the sample from the outside to the inside was 0.72%, 0.75%, and 0.69%, respectively. It can be seen that the sample has a uniform distribution of calcium elements in a macroscopic manner.
  • the elemental surface scan of the alloy is shown in Figure 13. It can be seen from the figure that magnesium and calcium are uniformly distributed in the alloy.
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 83.9%.
  • Figure 14 is an XRD pattern of the alloy. It can be seen from the figure that the phase of the alloy consists of metallic magnesium. By Since the content of calcium is less than 5%, XRD does not detect the characteristic map of calcium elemental or calcium compound.
  • the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis conditions are: the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6 mm spectral pure graphite rod is an anode, ⁇ 2 ⁇ steel wire is a cathode, and a volume of 200 mL corundum is an electrolytic cell
  • the electrolysis temperature is 700 ° C
  • the pole pitch is 4 cm
  • the cathode current density is 6.5 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 7.0-8.3 V
  • the electrolysis time is 4.0 h.
  • the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride and anhydrous calcium chloride was 0.07 wt%.
  • the calcium content of the sample from the outside to the inside was 0.96%, 0.99%, and 0.92%, respectively. It can be seen that the sample has a uniform distribution of calcium in the macroscopic.
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 87.6%.
  • the XRD pattern of the alloy shows that the phase of the alloy consists of metallic magnesium. Since the calcium content is less than 5%, XRD does not detect the characteristic map of calcium elemental or calcium compounds.
  • the melt was very pure and no impurities were observed. Then, the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis conditions are: the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6 mm of a spectral pure graphite rod is an anode, ⁇ is a cathode, and a volume of 200 mL of corundum is an electrolytic cell. , the electrolysis temperature is 700 ° C, the pole distance is 4 cm, the cathode current density was 5.2 A/cm 2 , the cell voltage was 5.5-5.7 V, and the electrolysis time was 4.0 h.
  • the electrolysis process and the obtained magnesium zinc calcium alloy were characterized according to the above measurement methods. The results are as follows:
  • the content of magnesium oxide in the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride, anhydrous calcium chloride and anhydrous zinc chloride was 0.10% by weight.
  • the zinc content of the sample from the outside to the inside was 38.92%, 38.68%, 38.68%, and the content of calcium was 0.76%, 0.68%, 0.77%, respectively. It can be seen that the distribution of zinc and calcium in the sample is uniform.
  • the elemental surface scan of the alloy is shown in Figure 15. It can be seen from the figure that magnesium, zinc and calcium are uniformly distributed in the alloy.
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 80.9%.
  • Figure 16 is an XRD pattern of the alloy, it can be seen from the figure, the phase composition of the alloy, and M g7 Zn 3 M g Zn 2 composition. Since the calcium content is less than 5%, no phase of Ca is observed in the XRD pattern.
  • Example 13
  • the lid was covered with a lid and then kept at 400 ° C for 2 hours, and then held at 700 ° C for 1.5 hours to obtain a melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride, zinc chloride and anhydrous calcium chloride (melt composition was: KC1 (58.82 wt.%) - MgCl 2 (23.50 wt.%) -ZnCl 2 (5.88 wt.%) -CaCl 2 (11.77 wt.%)).
  • the melt was very pure and no impurities were observed.
  • the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis conditions are: the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6 mm of a spectral pure graphite rod is an anode, ⁇ is a cathode, and a volume of 200 mL of corundum is an electrolytic cell.
  • the electrolysis temperature is 700 ° C
  • the pole pitch is 4 cm
  • the cathode current density is 6.8 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 7.3-7.5 V
  • the electrolysis time is 4 h.
  • the magnesium oxide content of the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride, anhydrous calcium chloride and anhydrous zinc chloride was 0.09% by weight.
  • the zinc content of the sample from the outside to the inside was 18.26%, 18.19%, 18.38%, and the content of calcium was 1.79%, 1.86%, and 1.82%, respectively. It can be seen that the distribution of zinc and calcium in the sample is uniform. .
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 86.5%.
  • XRD pattern of the alloy show a Zn alloy phase, and M g7 Zn 3 M g 2 composition. Cause Since the content of calcium is less than 5%, no phase of Ca is observed in the XRD pattern.
  • KCl 50.76 wt.%)-M g Cl 2 (11.54 wt.%)-LiCl (35.61 wt.%)-NaCl (1.01 wt.%)-LaCl 3 (0.85 wt.%)-CaF 2 (0.33 Wt.%)) o
  • the melt is very pure and no impurities are observed.
  • the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis conditions are: the melt is an electrolyte, ⁇ D6 mm of a spectral pure graphite rod is an anode, ⁇ wire is a cathode, and a volume of 200 mL of graphite crucible is an electrolytic cell.
  • the electrolysis temperature is 550 ° C
  • the pole pitch is 4 cm
  • the cathode current density is 5.0 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage is 4.9-6.3 V
  • the electrolysis time is 4.0 h.
  • the magnesium oxide content of the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride, anhydrous lithium chloride and anhydrous cesium chloride was 0.11% by weight.
  • the lithium content of the sample from the outside to the inside was 6.52%, 6.46%, 6.43%, and the content of lanthanum was 26.95%, 26.87%, and 26.68%, respectively. It can be seen that the distribution of lithium and lanthanum elements is uniform in the macroscopic view.
  • the elemental surface scan of the alloy is shown in Figure 17. It can be seen from the figure that magnesium, lithium and niobium are evenly distributed in the alloy. The current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 83.9%.
  • the energy spectrum analysis of the alloy is shown in Fig.
  • the melt was very pure and no impurities were observed.
  • the melt is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolysis condition is: the melt is an electrolyte, the spectral pure graphite rod of ⁇ is an anode, the steel wire of ⁇ is a cathode, and the graphite crucible having a volume of 200 mL is an electrolytic cell.
  • the electrolysis temperature was 600 ° C
  • the pole pitch was 4 cm
  • the cathode current density was 3 ⁇ 4 7.5 A/cm 2
  • the cell voltage was 7.8-8.5 V
  • the electrolysis time was 4.0 h.
  • the magnesium oxide content of the electrolyte melt containing anhydrous magnesium chloride, anhydrous lithium chloride and anhydrous cesium chloride was 0.08% by weight.
  • the lithium content of the sample from the outside to the inside is 7.95%, 8.06%, 7.86%, and the content of lanthanum is 29.35%, 29.83%, 29.36%, respectively. It can be seen that the distribution of lithium and lanthanum elements is uniform in the macroscopic view.
  • the current efficiency of the electrolysis process was 80.3%.
  • the XRD pattern of the alloy showed that the phase of the alloy was Mg, Lio. 92Mg4.08 LaM g2 .
  • the above are hydrated magnesium chloride and barium chloride heptahydrate, lithium chloride monohydrate, manganese chloride tetrahydrate, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, barium oxide, calcium oxide, manganese oxide, hydrated barium chloride, hydrated lithium chloride,
  • a magnesium alloy of Mg-Li, Mg-La, Mg-Zn, Mg-Mn, Mg-Ca, Mg-Zn-Ca, Mg-Li-La is prepared by the method of the invention by using hydrated manganese chloride or the like as a raw material.
  • the uniformity of the distribution of alloying elements is good, and the current efficiency during electrolysis preparation is above 80%.

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Abstract

本发明提供一种利用水合氯化镁为原料电解制备镁合金的方法,其包括:(a)将水合氯化镁、镁合金中其它金属元素的化合物、氯化铵、氯化钾与添加剂均匀混合以制备混合物,其中镁合金中其它金属元素的化合物选自由下列各项组成的组中的一种:镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物;镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物;和镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物和氧化物;(b)将步骤(a)中制备的混合物加热至熔融状态,以制备电解质熔体;和(c)将步骤(b)中制备的电解质熔体电解从而制得所述镁合金。本发明的方法工艺简单,能够连续化生产,自动化程度高,易操作控制,环保性好,同时省去了金属镁与合金用金属的生产过程,整体缩短了镁合金的制造过程并且降低了排放和能耗。

Description

利用水合氯化镁为原料电解制备镁合金的方法 技术领域
本发明属于合金制备领域, 具体地, 涉及一种镁合金的制备方法, 特别是涉及一种利用水合氯化镁为原料电解制备镁合金的方法。 背景技术
镁合金因其密度小、 比强度和比刚度高、 减震性好、 易回收等优良 的性能, 使其在汽车制造业、 航空航天等工业中有着广泛的应用, 将成 为 21世纪"时代金属"。
目前, 镁合金制备方法有以下几种:
(1)对掺法。它是将金属镁和各种金属元素经过预处理后加入熔炼炉 中, 在熔剂等保护下进行熔炼使其合金化, 进而制得镁合金。 该方法工 艺简单,是目前工业上常用的方法,但是,由于金属镁的熔点较低 (649°C:)、 密度小 (1.6g/cm3;i, 如果合金用金属的熔点高、密度大且在合金液中溶解 度小, 采用这种方法制备的镁合金偏析严重, 合金化效果差; 再者, 对 于化学活性强的合金用金属, 采用这种方法制备镁合金时合金用金属烧 损严重。 参考文献 1(艾延龄, "含 Ca、 Si镁合金的显微组织及晶体学分 析" [博士学位论文: |, 广州: 华南理工大学 , 2004: 20-41;)以金属镁和金属 钙为原料, 首先将镁锭在合金熔炼炉中在气体保护的条件下进行熔化, 将温度升至 650°C时加入金属钙充分搅拌, 然后将温度升至 720°C静置 制得镁合金, 其中合金在加热熔融后通过搅拌或热扩散达到混合均匀比 较困难, 合金存在偏析现象。 参考文献 2(CN 102220505)在对掺法的基 础上, 在加热的过程中进行超声处理, 减小了镁镧合金的成分偏析和氧 化物夹杂。
(2)阴极合金化法。 它是以金属镁或镁合金作为阴极, 在熔盐电解质 中, 在直流电场作用下, 金属离子向阴极迁移、 扩散, 并在阴极上进行 电化学还原, 阴极上析出的金属与阴极进行合金化, 制得所要求的镁合 金。 例如, 参考文献 3(任纯绪, 张康宁, "镁阴极电解-真空蒸馏法制备 金属钕", 中国稀土学报, 1986, 4(4:):73-76:)以液态金属镁作为阴极, 以 NdCl3-KCl-NaCl为电解质 (其中 NdCl3的含量为 20%:), 阴极电流密度为 1.5A/cm2,在 820°C±20°C下进行电解,得到的镁钕合金中钕含量可达 30% 左右, 电流效率为 65%-70%。 参考文献 4李平, 孙金冶等, "下沉阴极 熔盐电解法制取富钇稀土-镁合金 ",中国稀土学报, 1987, 5(2:):55-59:)用含 富钇稀土为 10wt%的镁合金作阴极, RE Cl3-NaCl-KCl为电解质 (稀土 含量为 15-20%), 阴极电流密度为 l-1.5A/cm2的条件下, 在 750 °C通过 电解得到 20-30%的富钇稀土镁合金。 参考文献 5(CN 1908238A)采用这 种方法, 以无水氯化锂和氯化钾为原料制备电解质熔盐, 以镁棒为阴极, 在 450~480°C进行电解, 金属锂沉积在阴极镁表面并向内部扩散得到镁 锂合金。 该方法的优点是合金成分偏析小、 合金烧损小; 不足之处是阴 极需要及时更换, 不易进行连续化生产, 难以工业化; 另外, 金属镁或 镁合金阴极单独制备, 这样增加工艺流程, 增加了成本。
(3;)熔盐电解共沉积法。它是通过电解含无水氯化镁和合金用金属离 子的电解质熔盐, 共同沉积实现合金化, 进而制得镁合金。 该方法的优 点为 (a)合金成分偏析小、合金烧损小; (b)适合用于金属镁与合金用金属 熔点差别大、 密度差别大的镁合金制备; (c)连续化生产。 该方法的关键 环节是含无水氯化镁和合金用金属离子的优质电解质熔盐的制备, 目前 采用无水氯化镁及一些无水金属无机盐制备电解质熔盐, 但无水氯化镁 及一些无水金属无机盐制备工艺复杂, 生产成本高, 使得该方法制备镁 合金的商业化困难。
参考文献 6(任永红, "稀土科技进展" [M]. 中国稀土协会编, 2000: 216-220)采用 CeCl3结晶料和无水 MgCl2为原料, 以 CeCl3-MgCl2-KCl 为电解质 (CeCl3/MgCl2/KCl=(25-35/(3-5)/(60-70), 质量比), 阴极电流密 度为 900-920°C, 制备了含铈 40-60%的镁铈合金, 电流效率达 75%。 参 考文献 7 (徐光宪, "稀土"(中册) [M]. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2002, 189-190), 以 YCl3-MgCl2-KCl为电解质, 在 900°C下进行电解, 得到含 钇量为 60%左右的镁钇合金, 电流效率为 70%。 以上方法采用无水稀土 氯化物与无水氯化镁作为原料, 无水稀土氯化物与无水氯化镁的脱水过 程复杂, 大大增加了成本。参考文献 8(CN 102220607A)中详细描述了利 用水合氯化物原料制备稀土镁合金的方法: 首先将氯化钾、 无水氯化镁 和无水氯化稀土的混合物进行电解启炉, 然后加入含水合氯化镁与含水 氯化稀土的混合料, 在 820-1100°C进行电解, 制得稀土镁合金。 但是, 在高温下加入水合氯化镁和水合氯化镧, 两者水解严重 (参考文献 9: 韩 继龙, 孙庆国等, "真空脱水法制备无水氯化铈的研究", 无机盐工业, 2009,10: 25-26), 从而严重降低了电解过程的电流效率; 另外, 该方法电 解温度过高, 增大了运行难度, 增加了电解的成本。
参考文献 10和 l l(Cao P, Zhang ML等,通过共沉积的 Mg-Li-Zn-Mn 合金的电化学制备 (Electrochemical Preparation of Mg-Li-Zn-Mn Alloys by Codeposition) ,冶金禾 Π材料学艮 B (Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B), 2011, 42(4): 914-920; Ye K, Zhang ML等, 关于通过电化学共沉积从 LiCl-KCl-MgCl2-MnCl2熔盐制备 Mg-Li-Mn合金的研究 (Study on the preparation of Mg-Li-Mn alloys by electrochemical codeposition from LiCl-KCl-MgCl2-MnCl2 molten salt), 应用电化学杂志 (Journal of applied electrochemistry), 2010, 40(7): 1387-1393)利用无水氯化镁和无水氯化锰 等无水原料通过电解共沉积法制备了 Mg-Li-Zn-Mn合金和 Mg-Li-Mn合 金。 无水氯化镁和无水氯化锰的使用大幅度增加了成本。
参考文献 12 (CN 101148773)中详细描述了镁锂钙合金的制备:以惰 性金属为阴极, 以石墨为阳极, 将氯化钾、 氯化锂和氟化钙的混合物加 入到电解槽中热熔化后作为电解质, 再按照电解质总质量的 2%加入氧 化镁粉料并熔融,在电解温度为 450-640 °C,阴极电流强度不小于 5A/cm3, 槽电压为 4.5-6.5V条件下进行电解, 电解过程用氩气进行保护, 并且每 隔一定的时间向电解槽中补加原料氧化镁。 该方法利用氟化钙在熔盐中 溶解氧化镁, 但是氧化镁溶解量小, 氧化镁的添加量也受到极大的限制 (氧化镁是电解的有害杂质 ), 同时考虑到熔盐的各项物化性能, 氟化钙 的添加量受到限制, 可能给电解带来不利影响, 造成电流效率降低。
参考文献 13 (曹鹏,"多元共沉积 Mg-Li-X (X=Sn,La,Zn-Mn) 合金及 机理研究" [博士学位论文]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2012: 61-71)利用 无水氯化镁、氯化锂和氯化锌为原料,在 LiCl-KCl熔盐体系中添加 9.0wt.% 的氯化镁, 0.3-0.4wt.%的氯化锌, 0.2-0.3wt.%的氯化锰, 通过电解共沉 积法制备了 Mg-Li-Zn-Mn合金。 参考文献 14 (Yan YD, Zhang ML等, 通过电化学共沉积从 LiCl-KCl-MgCl2-ZnCl2熔体制备 Mg-Li-Zn合金的 石开究 (Study on the preparation of Mg-Li-Zn alloys by electrochemical codeposition from LiCl— KC1— MgCl2— ZnCl2 melts) , Electrochimica Acta, 2009, 54(12): 3387-3393)利用无水氯化镁和氯化锌为原料,加入 LiCl-KCl 熔盐体系中(LiCl 50wt.%, KC1 50wt.%) , 通过电解共沉积法制备了 Mg-Li-Zn合金。参考文献 14 (:刘瑞国,"熔盐电解制备 Mg-Zr和 Mg-Zn-Zr 合金工艺及阴极过程研究" [博士学位论文]: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2011 : 15-16;)采用无水氯化镁和氯化锌为原料, 以 MgCl2-KCl-K2ZrF6-ZnCl2为 电解质 (其中 MgCl2 30 wt.%, ZnCl2 1 wt.%),在电流密度为 6.4A m_2的条 件下制得含锌量 3.55-47.42%的 Mg-Zr-Zn合金。
以 RECl3-LiCl-KCl-MgCl2为电解质,通过调节电压和电流实现稀土 金属、 金属锂和金属镁共同沉积。 参考文献 15 Cao P, Zhang ML等, 铒 的电化学行为以及通过共沉积制备 Mg-Li-Er 合金 (Electrochemical behaviour of erbium and preparation of Mg-Li-Er alloys by codeposition), 稀土杂志 (Journal of Rare Earths), 2011, 29(8): 763-767)利用 KC1、 无水 LiCl、 无水 MgCl2和 K3ErCl6 为原料, 制备成 KCl-10wt.%MgCl2- 4wt.%K3ErCl6的熔体。 在 600 °C进行电解后, 制备得到 Mg-Li-Er合金。 参考文献 16 (Han W, Tian Y等,通过在 LiCl-KCl-MgCl2-SmCl3熔体中的 熔盐电解制备不同相的 Mg-Li-Sm 合金 (Preparing different phases of Mg-Li-Sm alloys by molten salt electrolysis in LiCl-KCl-MgCl2-SmCl3 melts), 稀土杂志 (Journal of Rare Earths), 2010, 28(2): 227-231)利用 KC1、 无水 LiCl、 无水 MgCl2和无水 SmCl3为原料, 在 670°C通过电解制得 Mg-Li-Sm的合金。参考文献 17 (郑涛, "熔盐电解制备 Mg-Li-RE(Pr, Ho, Er)合金机理研究" [硕士论文: |, 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学 2011 :47-51)利 用 KC1、 无水 LiCl、 无水 MgCl2和 K3RECl6(RE=Pr, Ho, Er)制备成 KCl-MgCl2-LiCl- K3REC16的熔体,在 700 °C通过电解制备得到 Mg-Li-RE 的合金。 以上的电解法由于利用无水氯化镁、 无水氯化锂以及无水稀土 氯化物, 使得合金的制备成本大大增加。
熔盐电解共沉积法制备镁合金优点突出, 它显示出具有工业化和商 业化的可行前景。 制约该方法商业应用的关键问题就是: 经济地制备含 无水氯化镁和镁合金中其它金属离子的优质电解质熔体。 目前这种电解 质熔体的制备是采用无水氯化镁及无水金属无机盐为原料进行的, 而无 水氯化镁及一些无水金属无机盐制备工艺过程复杂, 生产成本高, 这样 制约了该方法制备镁合金的商业化。 发明内容
基于上述问题, 本发明人进行了深入细致的研究, 提供了一种利用 水合氯化镁为原料电解制备镁合金的方法。 该方法不采用无水氯化镁及 一些无水金属无机盐作为原料, 而是采用水合氯化镁和水合金属无机盐 或氧化物为原料 (这种原料易得、 成本低:), 通过形成复盐一熔盐脱水制 备出含无水氯化镁与镁合金中其它金属离子的优质电解质熔体, 然后通 过电解制备出镁合金。 通过所述方法可以在相对简单的工艺条件下, 在 某些优选条件下可制备出含无水氯化镁和合金金属离子的电解共沉积 用优质电解质熔体 (以 100重量%的无水氯化镁计, MgO含量小于 0.1重 量%:), 其满足先进的电解槽要求, 电解过程中电流效率在 80%以上, 合 金元素的均匀性良好。
具体地, 本发明提供了一种利用水合氯化镁为原料电解制备镁合金 的方法, 所述方法包括下列歩骤:
(a) 将水合氯化镁、镁合金中其它金属元素的化合物、氯化铵、氯化 钾与添加剂均匀混合以制备混合物, 其中所述镁合金中其它金属元素的 化合物选自由下列各项组成的组中的一种: 所述镁合金中其它金属元素 的氯化物; 所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物; 和所述镁合金中其它 金属元素的氯化物和氧化物;
(b) 将歩骤 (a)中制备的所述混合物加热至熔融状态, 以制备含有无 水氯化镁与所述镁合金中其它金属离子的电解质熔体; 和 (C) 将歩骤 (b)中制备的所述电解质熔体电解从而制得所述镁合金。 与现有技术相比, 本发明的优点在于: (1)电解制备镁合金所用的原 料为水合氯化镁和水合金属无机盐氯化物和 /或氧化物, 这种原料易得、 成本低; (2)制备得到了含无水氯化镁和镁合金中其它金属离子的电解共 沉积用优质电解质熔体 (以无水氯化镁计, MgO含量小于 0.1重量%:), 其满足先进的电解槽工作要求; (3)制得的镁合金成分偏析小、 合金烧损 小; (4)有效地解决了由于金属镁与合金用金属的熔点差别大、 密度差别 大而难以合金化的问题, 并且降低了这类镁合金的生产成本; (5)工艺简 单, 连续化生产, 自动化程度高, 易操作控制, 环保性好。
另外, 与目前工业上通常采用的对掺法相比, 本发明的方法省去了 金属镁与合金用金属的生产过程, 整体缩短了镁合金的制造过程并且降 低了排放和能耗。 附图说明
图 1为根据本发明方法的工艺流程图;
图 2为根据本发明方法制备的镁锂合金的元素面扫描图;
图 3为根据本发明方法制备的镁锂合金的 XRD图;
图 4为根据本发明方法制备的镁镧合金的能谱分析图;
图 5为根据本发明方法制备的镁镧合金的元素面扫描图;
图 6为根据本发明方法制备的镁镧合金的 XRD图;
图 7为根据本发明方法制备的镁锌合金的元素面扫描图;
图 8为根据本发明方法制备的镁锌合金的能谱分析图;
图 9为根据本发明方法制备的镁锌合金的 XRD图;
图 10为根据本发明方法制备的镁锰合金的元素面扫描图; 图 11为根据本发明方法制备的镁锰合金的能谱分析图;
图 12为根据本发明方法制备的镁锰合金的 XRD图;
图 13为根据本发明方法制备的镁钙合金的元素面扫描图; 图 14为根据本发明方法制备的镁钙合金的 XRD图;
图 15为根据本发明方法制备的镁锌钙合金的元素面扫描图; 图 16为根据本发明方法制备的镁锌钙合金的 XRD图;
图 17为根据本发明方法制备的镁锂镧合金的元素面扫描图; 图 18为根据本发明方法制备的镁锂镧合金的能谱分析图; 和 图 19为根据本发明方法制备的镁锂镧合金的 XRD图。 具体实施方式
在本发明中, 除非另外指出, 术语 "水合氯化镁"是指含有结晶水 的氯化镁 (MgCl2 * H20, 其中 表示每分子所述水合氯化镁中含有的 结晶水的个数, m > 0)。 术语 "镁合金中其它金属元素"是指镁合金中 除金属镁元素以外的金属元素, 比如镁锰 (Mg-Mn)合金中的金属锰元素 为 "镁合金中其它金属元素"。 术语 "含有无水氯化镁与所述镁合金中 其它金属离子的电解质熔体"是指根据本发明方法制备的包含无水氯化 镁与镁合金中其它金属离子作为主要成分的电解质熔体, 除无水氯化镁 与镁合金中其它金属离子以外, 这种电解质熔体还可以包括氯化钾、 氯 化钙、氯化钠、氯化钡、氟化钙、氟化钾、氟化锂、氟化镁、氟化钠等。 术语 "废电解质"是指电解质熔体中无水氯化镁的重量百分数小于 1 % 的电解质。 术语 "校正因子"是指在本发明电解制备镁合金过程中, 为 了调整电解质熔体中的镁合金中其它金属离子的活度值以满足目标镁 合金的组成而引入的修正系数, 或为了调整电解质熔体的物理化学性质 以便电解过程良好运行而引入的修正系数。
另外, 在本发明中, 除非另外指出, 所述含有无水氯化镁与所述镁 合金中其它金属离子的电解质熔体中的氧化镁 (MgO)含量是指相对于 100重量%的无水氯化镁而言的氧化镁的重量百分数。
具体地, 本发明提供了一种利用水合氯化镁为原料电解制备镁合金 的方法, 所述方法包括下列歩骤:
(a) 将水合氯化镁、镁合金中其它金属元素的化合物、氯化铵、氯化 钾与添加剂均匀混合以制备混合物, 其中所述镁合金中其它金属元素的 化合物选自由下列各项组成的组中的一种: 所述镁合金中其它金属元素 的氯化物; 所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物; 和所述镁合金中其它 金属元素的氯化物和氧化物;
(b) 将歩骤 (a)中制备的所述混合物加热至熔融状态, 以制备含有无 水氯化镁与所述镁合金中其它金属离子的电解质熔体; 和
(c) 将歩骤 (b)中制备的所述电解质熔体电解从而制得所述镁合金。 根据本发明的某些实施方案, 其中在歩骤 (a)中, 所述镁合金中其它 金属元素选自下列元素中的一种或多种: 稀土元素、 锌、 铝、 锰、 锂、 钙、 锆、 银、 锶、 锑、 镉、 钍、 铍、 铅和镓等。
根据本发明的某些实施方案, 其中在歩骤 (a)中, 所述镁合金中其它 金属元素的氯化物选自下列氯化物中的一种或多种: 稀土元素氯化物、 氯化锌、氯化铝、氯化锰、氯化锂、氯化钙、氯化锆、氯化银、氯化锶、 氯化锑、 氯化镉、 氯化钍、 氯化铍、 氯化铅和氯化镓等。
根据本发明的某些实施方案, 其中在歩骤 (a)中, 所述镁合金中其它 金属元素的氧化物具有与氯化铵反应生成相应氯化物的化学性质, 并且 选自下列氧化物中的一种或多种: 稀土元素氧化物、 氧化钙、 氧化锰和 氧化锑等。
根据本发明的某些实施方案, 其中在歩骤 (a)中, 所述添加剂选自下 列各项中的一种或多种: CaF2、 KF、 NaF、 LiF、 MgF2、 CaCl2、 BaCl2 和 NaCl等, 所述添加剂的作用是调节电解质熔体的物理化学性质, 以 便电解过程良好运行。
根据本发明的某些实施方案, 其中所述水合氯化镁由下式表示: MgCl2 -mH20,其中 m表示每分子所述水合氯化镁中含有的结晶水的个 数, m > 0。
在歩骤 (a)中当所述镁合金中其它金属元素化合物为氯化物时, 水合 氯化镁、 镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物、 氯化铵、 氯化钾与添加剂的 混合物组成配比的原则为: 首先, 根据镁合金中金属元素的重量百分含 量确定水合氯化镁用量、 镁合金中其它金属元素氯化物的用量, 所述的 混合物组成配比以氯化镁 (以不含结晶水计:)加入量为 1.00重量份计, 水 合氯化镁 (MgCl2 · H20;>用量的重量份为 (:1+0.19//7:)。 镁合金中其它金属 元 素 氯 化物用 量 的 重 量份 ^ Γ ( 以 不 含 结 晶 水计) ,
}^ = 0.25 χ Κ 35.5 式中: 为校正因子, 无量纲, 值范
(1 -∑ ) χ ! 围在 0.1至 145.0; <为镁合金中其它金属元素的重量百分含量; M1C为 镁合金中其它金属元素的原子量; 为镁合金中其它金属元素氯化物中 金属元素的化合价。 根据水合氯化镁和镁合金中其它金属元素氯化物的 含水量确定氯化铵用量的重量份 ^ff4a, ^ff4a大于 0.10 +0.08X ∑ ^ w ), 式中: 为水合氯化镁中水与无水氯化镁的重量比, A为镁 合金中其它金属元素的氯化物中水与无水氯化物的重量比。 根据水合氯 化镁转化为无水氯化镁的量和镁合金中其它金属元素的无水氯化物的 用量确定氯化钾用量的重量份 , ^;α =0.78+Ζ1·∑^ , 式中: Z1为 校正因子,无量纲,Ζ1值范围在 0.05至 150.00。添加剂用量的重量份 ,
Figure imgf000011_0001
式中: Z2 为校正因子, 无量纲, Z2值 范围在 0.005至 0.500。
在歩骤 (a)中当所述镁合金中其它金属元素化合物为氧化物时, 水合 氯化镁、 镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物、 氯化铵、 氯化钾与添加剂的 混合物组成配比的原则为: 首先, 根据镁合金中金属元素的重量百分含 量确定水合氯化镁用量、 镁合金中其它金属元素氧化物的用量, 所述的 混合物组成配比以氯化镁 (以不含结晶水计:)加入量为 1.00重量份计, 水 合氯化镁 (MgCl2 · / ¾0:)用量的重量份为 (1+0.19//7:)。 镁合金中其它金属 元素氧化物用量的重量份 °, ^° = 0.25 χ ζ; χ $ χ Μ » , 式 中: 为校正因子, 无量纲, 值范围在 0.05至 100.00; 为镁合金 中其它金属元素的重量百分含量; Μ为镁合金中其它金属元素的原子 量; 为镁合金中其它金属元素氧化物中金属元素的化合价。 根据水合 氯化镁的含水量和镁合金中其它金属元素氧化物的量确定氯化铵用量 的重量份 W°
NH CI rr NH4CI :于 (0.10χ + ), 式中: β为
Figure imgf000011_0002
水合氯化镁中水与无水氯化镁的重量比。 根据水合氯化镁转化为无水氯 化镁的量和镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物转化为无水氯化物的量确 定 氯 化 钾 用 量 的 重 量 份 ^α , WK°Cl =0.78+ , 式中: Z3为校正因子, 无量纲, Z3
Figure imgf000011_0003
值范围在 0.05 150.00。 添加剂用量的重量份 ? Kd =Z x(1.00+ a x (Μ]0 + 35.5η° )
∑(0.25 χ Ζ ) + WK°Cl , 式中: Z4为校正因子, 无量纲,
(1 -∑ a M.
Z4值范围在 0.005至 0.500。
在歩骤 (a)中当所述镁合金中其它金属元素化合物为氯化 ^ J和氧化 ^ 时, 水合氯化镁、 镁合金中其它金属元素氯化物和氧化物、 氯化铵、 氯 化钾与添加剂的混合物组成配比的原则为: 首先, 根据镁合金中金属元 素的重量百分含量确定水合氯化镁用量、 镁合金中其它金属元素氯化物 和氧化物的用量, 所述的混合物组成配比以氯化镁 (以不含结晶水计:)加 入量为 1.00 重量份计, 水合氯化镁 (MgCl2 · / ¾0:)用量的重量份为 (l+0.19m)o当镁合金中其它金属元素引入以其氯化物为原料时, 其氯化 曰
Figure imgf000012_0001
份 ( 以 不 含 曰曰
0.25, :, X(35^C) , 式中: Z为校正因子, 无量纲,
(1_ - ^a°)xM
值范围在 0.1至 145.0; <为镁合金中其它金属元素 (是指以氯化物原料 引入的其它金属元素)的重量百分含量; 为镁合金中其它金属元素 (是 指以氧化物原料引入的其它金属元素)的重量百分含量; Μ 为镁合金中 其它金属元素的原子量 (是指以氯化物原料引入的其它金属元素); 为 镁合金中其它金属元素在无水氯化物中的化合价 (是指以氯化物原料引 入的其它金属元素 当镁合金中其它金属元素引入以其氧化物为原料时, 其氧化物用量的重量份 /, ^ =0.25xZ X ^ a] ^ x(M +8 ),
(1- Mo 式中: 为校正因子, 无量纲, 值范围在 0.05至 100.00; 为镁合 水
金中其它金属元素的原子量 (是指以氧化物原料引入的其它金属元素
为镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物中金属元素的化合价 (是指计以氧化 物原料引入的其它金属元素 根据水合氯化镁的含水量、镁合金中其它 金属元素氯化物的含水量、 镁合金中其它金属元素氧化物的量确定氯化 铵用量的重量份 w 4Cl , w 4Cl大于 0.08
Figure imgf000012_0002
+
式中, Z5为
Figure imgf000012_0003
正因子,无量纲, Ζ5值范围在 0.05至 150.00。添加剂用量的重量份 ^
(Μ。 +35.5";)
W
Figure imgf000012_0004
-)+ O 式 中: 为校正因子, 无量纲, Z6值范围在 0.005至 0.500 根据本发明的某些实施方案, 其中在步骤 (b)中, 所述加热过程为: 首先在 200~550°C (优选 300~450°C)保温 0.5~4.5小时 (优选 1~3小时), 然后在 400~850°C(优选 450~750°C)保温 0.2~4.0小时 (优选 1~2.5小时), 以制得含有无水氯化镁与镁合金中其它金属离子的电解质熔体。
根据本发明的某些实施方案,其中在歩骤 (c)中,所述电解的条件为: 阳极由石墨材料制成,并且阴极由钢材料制成;电解时温度为 400~850°C (优选 400 700 °C), 电解电压为 5~10V, 阴极电流密度大于 3 A/cm2
阴极由钢材料制成, 其为固态形式, 可以采用普通商购产品, 优选 为含碳量小于 0.2wt%的钢材。 阳极由石墨材料制成, 其为固态形式, 可 以采用普通商购产品; 在电解过程中, 阳极析出氯气。
根据本发明的某些实施方案, 其中将歩骤 (b)释放出的氯化铵回收并 返回到歩骤 (a)中循环使用, 并且将释放出的氨气回收利用。
根据本发明的某些实施方案, 其中将歩骤 (C)的电解过程中排出的废 电解质熔体返回到歩骤 (a)中循环使用, 并且将产生的氯气经过净化回收 利用。
对于本发明中所采用原料 (如, 水合氯化镁、 镁合金中其它金属元素 的氯化物和氧化物、 氯化铵、 氯化钾等:)没有具体限制, 它们均可以采用 普通商购产品。所述原料优选粉末形态,对所述粉末粒径没有特别限制, 只要不影响其均匀混合即可。
本发明中所采用的镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物不限于所指出的 稀土元素氯化物、氯化锌、氯化铝、氯化锰、氯化锂、氯化钙、氯化锆、 氯化银、 氯化锶、 氯化锑、 氯化镉、 氯化钍、 氯化铍、 氯化铅、 氯化镓 等氯化物; 镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物是水合氯化物或无水氯化物。
本发明中所采用的镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物具有与氯化铵反 应生成相应氯化物的化学性质, 不限于所指出的稀土氧化物、 氧化钙、 氧化锰、 氧化锑等氧化物。
在根据本发明的方法中采用了氯化铵和氯化钾, 其中它们的作用如 下:
氯化铵的作用是将镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物转化为对应的氯 化物, 同时在一定温度下氯化铵分解产生的氯化氢抑制氯化物的水解发 生, 保证了无水氯化物的纯度。
氯化钾作为熔盐电解质的主要成分, 起着如下作用: (1)降低熔盐电 解质的熔融温度; (2)—定程度可提高熔盐电解质导电性; (3)抑制高温下 熔盐电解质水解; (4)氯化钾析出电位高, 金属钾不易析出, 不影响镁合 金纯度。
对于本发明中所用添加剂 (如, CaF2、 MgF2、 KF、 NaF、 LiF、 CaCl2、 BaCl2、 NaCl)没有具体限制, 它们均可以采用普通商购产品。 所述原料 优选粉末形态, 对所述粉末粒径没有特别限制, 只要不影响其均匀混合 即可。 本发明中所用添加剂的作用是调节电解质熔体的物理化学性质。 电解质熔体的物理化学性质主要包含: 电解质熔体的电导率、 粘度、 表 面张力、 熔融温度、 密度等。 电解质熔体的电导率高、 粘度低对电解过 程有利。 加入氯化钠有利于提高电解质熔体的电导率。 氟化物的加入有 利于电解质熔体中镁合金液汇集。 对于不同组成的镁合金, 依据具体情 况来调节电解质熔体的表面张力、 熔融温度、 密度等。
图 1显示了根据本发明的利用水合氯化镁为原料电解制备镁合金的 方法的工艺流程图。 在上述方法中, (a)将水合氯化镁、 镁合金中其它金 属元素的化合物、 氯化铵、 氯化钾与添加剂按一定比例均匀混合, 其中 所述镁合金中其它金属元素的化合物选自由下列各项组成的组中的一 种: 所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物; 所述镁合金中其它金属元素 的氧化物; 和所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物和氧化物; (b)将歩骤 (a)得到的产物首先在 200~550°C保温 0.5~4.5小时,然后在 400~850°C保 温 0.2 4.0 小时以制得含无水氯化镁与镁合金中其它金属离子的电解质 熔体; ( 将歩骤b)制得的电解质熔体在温度为 400 850 °C, 电解电压为 5-10V, 阴极电流密度大于 3A/cm2的条件下进行电解从而制得镁合金, 电解过程排出废电解质熔体, 同时产生氯气。 将歩骤 (C)的电解过程中排 出的废电解质熔体返回到歩骤 (a)中循环使用, 并且将产生的氯气经过净 化回收利用。
本发明人通过大量的实验研究发现,上述反应的机理如下:在 300°C 以下, 水合氯化镁与氯化铵反应生成复盐 H4Cl'MgCl2 · «¾O(0 《< 6), 复盐的结构减弱了结晶水和氯化镁的结合, 有利于脱水的进行, 减 小脱水过程的水解 (Zhang ZM, Lu XC等, 从六水合氯化镁制备无水氯化 镁 (Preparation of anhydrous magnesium chloride from magnesium chloride hexahydrate) , 冶金禾口材料学艮 B (Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B), 2013, 44(2): 354-358)。氯化铵在一定温度下还可以与水解产物反应, 生成无水氯化镁 (Zhang ZM, Lu XC等, 从水合氯化镁制备无水氯化镁 (Preparation of anhydrous magnesium chloride from magnesia), 工业&工禾呈 化学石开究 (Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research), 2012 , 51(29): 9713-9718)。 同时, 发明人通过实验研究发现, 当温度升至 300-500°C左 右时, 形成复盐 KMgCl3, 该复盐在高温下比较稳定, 不易与空气中的 氧气和水蒸气发生反应, 抑制了无水氯化镁水解反应的发生, 保证了产 物的纯度。 氯化铵高温下分解产生的氯化氢气体可以有效地抑制镁合金 中其它金属元素水合氯化物的水解反应, 并且在一定温度下氯化铵可以 与水解产物发生反应, 生成相应的无水氯化物, 保证了产物的纯度。 稀 土氧化物与氯化铵在温度大于 140 °C时反应生成复盐《N¾C1_REC13(时 文中, 李冠峰, 赵永和, 朱国才, "氯化铵氯化氧化镧氧化铈混合物及 其动力学", 信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版 ), 2005, 18(2): 155-158), 温 度升至 400°C左右形成复盐 K3REC16, 该复盐在高温下比较稳定, 不易 与空气中的氧气和水蒸气发生反应, 抑制了无水稀土氯化物水解反应的 发生 (郑涛, 熔盐电解制备 Mg-Li-RE Pr, Ho, Er)合金机理研究 [硕士学位 论文]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2011 : 14-15)。 其它金属氧化物 (如氧化 钙、 氧化锑、 氧化锰等:)也可以在 300-400°C与氯化铵发生反应, 生成对 应的无水金属氯化物 (邵玉昌. 氯化铵的反应及应用. 纯碱工业, 2008, 4: 3-12)。 发明人研究发现, 在 200-500Ό之间氯化物混合物料烧结收缩减 缓了氯化铵的逸出速度, 使得氯化铵能充分发生化学反应作用。 将在歩 骤 (b)中排出的氯化铵返回到歩骤 (a)中以循环利用,从而降低了生产成本, 提高了生产率。 通过调节电解质熔体中镁离子与合金化离子的活度值和 极化值, 使得镁离子和合金化离子的析出电位相近或相等, 以实现金属 镁和其它金属的共同沉积, 形成镁合金。
对于制备镁合金而言, 本方法通用性很强。 由于镁合金材料正在逐 歩广泛应用, 发展潜力很大, 目前开发出的镁合金种类有限, 新型高性 能镁合金材料的开发存在很大空间, 本方法为开发新型高性能镁合金提 供了制备方法。 测试方法
根据下列方法对含有无水氯化镁与所述镁合金中其它金属离子的电 解质熔体进行测定。
滴定法测定样品水溶液沉淀物以确定在含无水氯化镁和镁合金中其 它金属离子的电解质熔体中的氧化镁的含量: 将得到的含有无水氯化镁 和镁合金中其它金属离子的电解质熔体样品溶于水中, 用四张 Φ90πιπι 的定量滤纸 (杭州特种纸业有限公司:)对水溶液反复过滤至少三次直至滤 液特别澄清为止。 将滤纸用去离子水反复冲洗以洗去上面附着的镁离子, 将洗完后含有氧化镁颗粒的滤纸放入烧杯中, 加入过量的配制的 1 :100 的硫酸 (分析纯, 纯度 95.98%; 厂家: 北京北化精细化学品有限责任公 司), 在电炉上将烧杯加热煮沸并静置五分钟使反应完全。将烧杯中溶液 进行 EDTA滴定以确定镁离子的含量, 从而得到电解质熔体中氧化镁的 根据下列方法对所得镁合金进行表征。
1. 合金物相分析: 利用 X射线衍射仪 (型号: X'Pert PRO MPD; 厂 家: Philips)采用 X射线衍射 (XRD)确定产物的物相组成。
2. 元素均匀性分析: (1)元素微区均匀性分析: 利用矿物解离分析仪 (型号: FEI MLA250; 厂家: 美国 FEI电子化学公司)自带的 Quanta 250 环境扫描电镜对样品中的镁及其它合金元素进行面扫描 (不能对锂元素 进行面扫描: (2)元素宏观均匀性分析: 将所得合金样品从间隔分别约 为 5 mm的由外向内的三个不同位置利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光 谱仪 (型号: Optima 5300DV; 厂家: 美国 PerkinElmer公司)测定合金元 素的含量。 3. 能谱分析: 利用矿物解离分析仪 (型号: FEI MLA250; 厂家: 美 国 FEI电子化学公司)自带的 EDAX GENESIS能谱仪对样品进行能谱分
4. 电流效率的计算:电解过程中电流效率按照下式计算 (公式来源见 文献: Wei H, Chen Q 等, 通过电解的 Mg-Li-Al 合金的新制备 (New preparation of Mg-Li-Al alloys by electrolysis) , Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), 2010, 23(2): 129-1
Figure imgf000017_0001
其中, m— 电解所得的合金的质量, g;
w -各组分金属的质量百分含量, %, 利用电感耦合 体质谱仪进行测定;
—各组分金属的原子量;
n -各组分金属在电极反应式中电子数目;
F—法拉第常数, 26.801Α·1ι·πιο1-1 ;
I— 电解电流强度, Α;
t一 电解时间, h.
实施例 为更好地说明本发明, 便于理解本发明的技术方案, 本发明的典型 但非限制性的实施例如下:
本发明所涉及的原料均为可商购产品, 包括:
六水氯化镁: 西陇化工股份有限公司, 纯度 98.0%;
七水氯化镧: 天津市大茂化学试剂厂, 纯度 98.0%;
一水氯化锂: 西陇化工股份有限公司, 纯度 97.0%;
四水氯化锰: 西陇化工股份有限公司, 纯度 99.0%;
氯化锌: 西陇化工股份有限公司, 纯度 98.0%; 氯化钙 西陇化工股份有限公司, 纯度 96.0%;
氧化镧 国药集团化学试剂有限公司, 纯度 99.99%;
氧化钙 天津金汇太亚化学试剂有限公司, 纯度 99.8%;
氧化锰 广州万从化工有限公司, 纯度 99.0%;
氯化铵 西陇化工股份有限公司, 纯度 99.5%;
氯化钾 西陇化工股份有限公司, 纯度 99.5%;
氟化钙 国药集团化学试剂有限公司, 纯度 98.5%;
氯:化镁 (自制 ): 由上述六水氯化镁加热, 根据失重情况判断最
Figure imgf000018_0001
; :化镧(自制:): 由上述七水氯化镧加热, 根据失重情况判断最
Figure imgf000018_0002
; :化锂(自制:): 由上述一水氯化锂加热, 根据失重情况判断最
Figure imgf000018_0003
; :化锰(自制:): 由上述四水氯化锰加热, 根据失重情况判断最
Figure imgf000018_0004
实施例 1
将 13.25g六水氯化镁、 80.04g—水氯化锂、 56.19g氯化钾、 3.18g 氟化钙和 17.21g氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。 将坩埚盖上盖子后 在 300 °C下保温 1小时, 然后在 500 °C下保温 1小时, 得到了含无水氯 化镁和无水氯化锂的熔体 (熔体组成为: KC1 (45.10wt.%) -NaCl (2.26wt.%) - MgCl2 (4.98wt.%) - LiCl (45.10wt.%) -CaF2 (3.18wt.%))。 熔体很纯净, 观察不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其中电解条件 为: 该熔体为电解质, <D6mm的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι的钢丝为 阴极, 容积为 200mL的石墨坩埚为电解槽, 电解温度为 440Ό , 极距为 4cm,阴极电流密度为 5.1 A/cm2,槽电压为 7.9-8.6V, 电解时间为 3.5h。
根据上述测量方法对电解质熔体和镁锂合金进行表征。其结果如下: 含无水氯化镁与无水氯化锂的电解质熔体中氧化镁含量为 0.09 重 量%。样品由外向内三个位置的锂含量分别为 48.65%、47.98%、48.05%, 可见样品在宏观上锂元素分布是均匀的。 合金的面扫描见附图 2, 由图 可见, 元素在合金中分布均匀。 电解过程的电流效率为 81.0%。 合金的 XRD图谱见附图 3, 由图可见, 合金的物相组成为 Li和 Li3Mgl7。 实施例 2
将 22.48g 水合氯化镁(MgCl2'1.9¾0)、 26.30g 水合氯化锂 (LiCl-0.5H2O) 43.40g氯化钾、 2.17g氯化钠、 4.02g氟化钙和 28.45g氯 化铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。 将坩埚盖上盖子后在 300°C下保温 1.5 小时, 然后在 450°C下保温 1小时, 得到了含无水氯化镁和无水氯化锂 的熔体(熔体组成为: KC1 (39.61wt.%) - NaCl (1.98wt.%) - MgCl2 (15.13wt.%) - LiCl (39.61wt.%) -CaF2 (3.67wt.%))o 熔体很纯净, 观察不 到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其中电解条件为: 该 熔体为电解质, <D6mm 的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι 的钢丝为阴极, 容积为 200mL的石墨坩埚为电解槽, 电解温度为 450°C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度为 6.6 A/cm2, 槽电压为 9.4-9.8V, 电解时间为 4.0h。
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁锂合金进行表征。 其结果 如下:
含无水氯化镁与无水氯化锂的电解质熔体中氧化镁含量为 0.11 重 量%。 样品由外向内三个位置的锂含量分别为 5.23%、 5.65%、 5.62%, 可见样品在宏观上锂元素分布是均匀的。电解过程的电流效率为 83.6%。 合金的 XRD图谱显示合金的物相组成为 Li和 Li3Mgl7。 实施例 3
将 70.77g六水氯化镁、 lOO.OOg氯化钾、 11.40g七水氯化镧、 4.88g 氟化钙和 55.95g氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。 将坩埚盖上盖子后 在 400 °C下保温 2小时, 然后在 700 °C下保温 2小时, 得到了含无水氯 化 镁 和 无 水 氯 化 镧 的 熔 体 ( 熔 体 组 成 为 : KC1 (68.65wt.%)-MgCl2(23.14wt.%)-LaCl3(5.17wt.%)-CaF2 (3.35 wt.%))。 熔体 很纯净, 观察不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其中 电解条件为: 该熔体为电解质, <D6mm的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι 的钢丝为阴极,容积为 200mL的石墨坩埚为电解槽,电解温度为 680 °C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度为 5.8 A/cm2, 槽电压为 7.2-7.6V, 电解时间 为
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁镧合金进行表征。 其结果 如下:
含无水氯化镁与无水氯化镧的电解质熔体中氧化镁含量为 0.18 重 量%。 样品由外向内三个位置的镧含量分别为 4.89%、 4.68%、 4.95%, 可见样品在宏观上镧元素分布是均匀的。 合金的能谱分析见附图 4, 其 中, 位于下部的能谱分析图 1和 2分别对应于在上图中标记的 1和 2处 检测的能谱分析结果。 可见合金是由镁和镧两种元素组成。 合金的元素 面扫描图见附图 5, 由图可见, 元素在微区分布均匀。 电解过程的电流 效率为 97.8%。 合金的 XRD图谱见附图 6, 由图可见, 合金的物相组成 为 Mg和 La2Mg 17 ° 实施例 4
将 46.92g水合氯化镁 (MgCl2'2.2¾0)、 lOO.OOg氯化钾、 5.00g氧化 镧、 4.88g氟化钙和 38.35g氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。 将坩埚盖 上盖子后在 400°C下保温 2小时, 然后在 750°C下保温 1.5小时, 得到了 含 无水氯 化镁和 无水氯 化镧 的熔体(熔体组成 为 : (68.65wt.%)-MgCl2(23.14wt.%)-LaCl3(5.17wt.%)-CaF2 (3.35 wt.%))。 熔体 很纯净, 观察不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其中 电解条件为: 该熔体为电解质, <D6mm的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι 的钢丝为阴极,容积为 200mL的石墨坩埚为电解槽,电解温度为 700°C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度为 5.8 A/cm2, 槽电压为 7.7-7.9V, 电解时间 为
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁镧合金进行表征。 其结果 如下:
含无水氯化镁与无水氯化镧的电解质熔体中氧化镁含量为 0.17 重 量%。 样品由外向内三个位置的镧含量分别为 7.36%、 7.57%、 7.63%, 可见样品在宏观上镧元素分布是均匀的。电解过程的电流效率为 95.2%。 合金的 XRD图谱显示合金的物相组成为 Mg和 La2Mgl7。 实施例 5
将 52.57g水合氯化镁 (MgCl2'3.1H20)、 lOO.OOg氯化钾、 9.96g水合 氯化镧 (LaCl34.6H20)、 4.88g氟化钙和 35.61g氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL 坩埚中。将坩埚盖上盖子后在 400°C下保温 2.5小时, 然后在 700°C下保 温 2 小时, 得到了含无水氯化镁和无水氯化镧的熔体 (熔体组成为: (68.65wt.%)-MgCl2(23.14wt.%) -LaCl3(5.17wt.%) -CaF2 (3.35 wt.%))。熔体 很纯净, 观察不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其中 电解条件为: 该熔体为电解质, <D6mm的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι 的钢丝为阴极,容积为 200mL的石墨坩埚为电解槽,电解温度为 700°C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度为 7.1 A/cm2, 槽电压为 7.9-8.3V, 电解时间 为 4.0ho
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁镧合金进行表征。 其结果 如下:
含无水氯化镁与无水氯化镧的电解质熔体中氧化镁含量为 0.22 重 量%。 样品由外向内三个位置的镧含量分别为 8.76%、 8.95%、 8.68%, 可见样品在宏观上镧元素分布是均匀的。电解过程的电流效率为 92.3%。 合金的 XRD图谱显示合金的物相组成为 Mg和 La2Mgl7。 实施例 6
将 70.77g六水氯化镁、 8.28g氯化锌、 82.78g氯化钾和 27.98g氯化 铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。将坩埚盖上盖子后在 450Ό下保温 2小时, 然后在 700°C下保温 2.5小时, 得到了含无水氯化镁和氯化锌的熔体 (熔 体组成为: KC1 (66.66wt.%)-MgCl2(26.67wt.%)-ZnCl2 (6.67wt.%))。 熔体 很纯净, 观察不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其中 电解条件为: 该熔体为电解质, <D6mm的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι 的钢丝为阴极,容积为 200mL的刚玉坩埚为电解槽,电解温度为 700 °C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度为 3.85 A/cm2, 槽电压为 4.7-5.0V, 电解时 间为 4h。
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁锌合金进行表征。 其结果 如下:
含无水氯化镁与无水氯化锌的电解质熔体中氧化镁含量为 0.05 重 量%。样品由外向内三个位置的锌含量分别为 25.46%、24.86%、25.51%, 可见样品在宏观上锌元素分布是均匀的。合金的元素面扫描图见附图 7, 由图可见,镁和锌在合金中分布均匀。合金的能谱分析见附图 8,其中, 位于下部的能谱分析图 1、 2和 3分别对应于在上图中标记的 1、 2和 3 处检测的能谱分析结果。 镁锌合金较活泼, 容易与氧气或水发生反应, 能谱中检测到的 0和 C1元素为研磨和抛光的过程中掺入。 电解过程的 电流效率为 97.99%。 附图 9为合金的 XRD图谱, 由图可见, 合金的物 相组成为 Mg、 MgZn2和 Mg7Zn3。 实施例 7
将 50.06g水合氯化镁 (MgCl2_2.7H2C 、 8.28g氯化锌、 82.78g氯化钾 和 27.98g氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。将坩埚盖上盖子后在 450°C 下保温 2.5小时, 然后在 700°C下保温 1.5小时, 得到了含无水氯化镁和 氯化锌的熔体 (熔体组成为: KC1 (66.66wt.%)-MgCl2(26.67wt.%)-ZnCl2 (6.67wt.%))0 熔体很纯净, 观察不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽 中进行电解, 其中电解条件为: 该熔体为电解质, <D6mm的光谱纯石墨 棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι的钢丝为阴极, 容积为 200mL的刚玉坩埚为电解槽, 电解温度为 700°C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度为 6.41 A/cm2, 槽电压为 6.1-6.5V, 电解时间为 4.0h。
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁锌合金进行表征。 其结果 如下:
含无水氯化镁与无水氯化锌的电解质熔体中氧化镁含量为 0.05 重 量%。样品由外向内三个位置的锌含量分别为 25.53%、25.68%、27.62%, 可见样品在宏观上锌元素分布是均匀的。电解过程的电流效率为 97.25%。 合金的 XRD图谱显示合金的物相组成为 Mg、 MgZn2和 Mg7Zn3。 实施例 8
将 70.77g六水氯化镁、 82.78g氯化钾、 7.80g四水氯化锰和 27.98g 氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。 将坩埚盖上盖子后在 350°C下保温 3 小时, 然后在 700°C下保温 1.5小时, 得到了含无水氯化镁和无水氯化 锰的熔体(熔体组成为: KC1 (82.78wt.%)- MgCl2(33.12wt.%) - MnCl2(4.96wt.%))0 熔体很纯净, 观察不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在 电解槽中进行电解, 其中电解条件为: 该熔体为电解质, <D6mm的光谱 纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι的钢丝为阴极,容积为 200mL的刚玉坩埚为电 解槽, 电解温度为 700°C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度为 5.5 A/cm2, 槽 电压为 5.8-6.5V, 电解时间为 4.0h。
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁锰合金进行表征。 其结果 如下:
含无水氯化镁与无水氯化锰的电解质熔体中氧化镁含量为 0.03 重 量%。样品由外向内三个位置的锰含量分别为 31.25%、32.16%、32.01%, 可见样品在宏观上锰元素分布是均匀的。合金的元素面扫描图见附图 10, 由图可见,镁和锰在合金中分布均匀。合金的能谱分析见附图 11,其中, 位于下部的能谱分析图 1和 2分别对应于在上图中标记的 1和 2处检测 的能谱分析结果。 合金由金属镁和金属锰组成。 电解过程的电流效率为 98.32%。 附图 12为合金的 XRD图谱, 由图可见, 合金的物相由金属镁 和金属锰组成。 实施例 9
将 60.10g水合氯化镁MgCl24.3H2C 、 82.78g氯化钾、 6.03g水合氯 化锰 (Μηα2·1.6¾0)和 27.98g氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。将坩埚 盖上盖子后在 400°C下保温 2.5小时, 然后在 700°C下保温 2小时, 得到 了含无水氯化镁和无水氯化锰的熔体(熔体组成为: KC1 (82.78wt.%)-MgCl2 (33.12wt.%) -MnCl2(4.96wt.%))。 熔体很纯净, 观察 不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其中电解条件为: 该熔体为电解质, (D6mm的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι的钢丝为阴极, 容积为 200mL的刚玉坩埚为电解槽, 电解温度为 700°C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度为 5.7 A/cm2, 槽电压为 7.1-8.0V, 电解时间为 4.0h。
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁锰合金进行表征。 其结果 如下:
含无水氯化镁与无水氯化锰的电解质熔体中氧化镁含量为 0.02 重 量%。样品由外向内三个位置的锰含量分别为 27.69%、27.96%、27.75%, 可见样品在宏观上锰元素分布是均匀的。电解过程的电流效率为 87.68%。 合金的 XRD图谱显示合金的物相由金属镁和金属锰组成。 实施例 10
将 70.77g六水氯化镁、 82.78g氯化钾、 16.56g氯化钙和 27.98g氯化 铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。将坩埚盖上盖子后在 400°C下保温 3小时, 然后在 700°C下保温 2.5小时, 得到了含无水氯化镁和无水氯化钙的熔 体 (熔体组成为: KCl (62.5wt.%)-MgCl2(25.0wt.%)-CaCl2 (12.5wt.%))。 熔 体很纯净, 观察不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其 中电解条件为:该熔体为电解质, Φόπιπι的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φ2πιπι 的钢丝为阴极,容积为 200mL的刚玉坩埚为电解槽,电解温度为 700 °C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度为 5.6 A/cm2, 槽电压为 7.0-8.2V, 电解时间 为 4.0ho
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁钙合金进行表征。 其结果 如下:
含无水氯化镁与无水氯化钙的电解质熔体中氧化镁含量为 0.08 重 量%。 样品由外向内三个位置的钙含量分别为 0.72%、 0.75%、 0.69%, 可见样品在宏观上钙元素分布是均匀的。合金的元素面扫描图见附图 13, 由图可见, 镁和钙在合金中分布均匀。 电解过程的电流效率为 83.9%。 附图 14为合金的 XRD图谱, 由图可见, 合金的物相由金属镁组成。 由 于钙的含量小于 5%, 故 XRD检测不到钙单质或钙化合物的特征图谱。 实施例 11
将 40.81g水合氯化镁MgCl2'1.2¾0;)、 82.78g氯化钾、 5.97g氧化钙 和 27.98g氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。将坩埚盖上盖子后在 450°C 下保温 2小时, 然后在 700°C下保温 2小时, 得到了含无水氯化镁和无 水氯化钙的熔体 (熔体组成为: KC1 (62.5wt.%)-MgCl2(25.0wt.%)-CaCl2 (12.5wt.%))0 熔体很纯净, 观察不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽 中进行电解, 其中电解条件为: 该熔体为电解质, <D6mm的光谱纯石墨 棒为阳极, Φ2πιπι的钢丝为阴极, 容积为 200mL的刚玉坩埚为电解槽, 电解温度为 700°C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度为 6.5 A/cm2, 槽电压为 7.0-8.3V, 电解时间为 4.0h。
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁钙合金进行表征。 其结果 如下:
含无水氯化镁与无水氯化钙的电解质熔体中氧化镁含量为 0.07 重 量%。 样品由外向内三个位置的钙含量分别为 0.96%、 0.99%、 0.92%, 可见样品在宏观上钙元素分布是均匀的。电解过程的电流效率为 87.6%。 合金的 XRD图谱显示合金的物相由金属镁组成。由于钙的含量小于 5%, 故 XRD检测不到钙单质或钙化合物的特征图谱。 实施例 12
将 70.77g六水氯化镁、 82.78g氯化钾、 8.28g氯化锌、 16.56g氯化 钙和 27.98g氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。将坩埚盖上盖子后在 450°C 下保温 1.5小时, 然后在 700°C下保温 2.5小时, 得到了含无水氯化镁、 氯化锌和无水氯化钙的熔体(熔体组成为: KC1 (58.82wt.%) - MgCl2(23.50wt.%) -ZnCl2(5.88wt.%) -CaCl2 (11.77wt.%))。 熔体很纯净, 观察不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其中电解条件 为: 该熔体为电解质, <D6mm的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι的钢丝为 阴极, 容积为 200mL的刚玉坩埚为电解槽, 电解温度为 700°C, 极距为 4cm,阴极电流密度为 5.2 A/cm2,槽电压为 5.5-5.7V, 电解时间为 4.0h。 根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁锌钙合金进行表征。 其结 果如下:
含无水氯化镁、 无水氯化钙和无水氯化锌的电解质熔体中氧化镁含 量为 0.10 重量%。 样品由外向内三个位置的锌含量分别为 38.92%、 38.68%、 38.68%, 钙元素的含量分别为 0.76%、 0.68%、 0.77%, 可见样 品在宏观上锌元素和钙元素分布是均匀的。 合金的元素面扫描图见附图 15, 由图可见, 镁、 锌、 钙在合金中分布均匀。 电解过程的电流效率为 80.9%。 附图 16为合金的 XRD图谱, 由图可见, 合金的物相由 Mg7Zn3 和 MgZn2组成。 因为钙的含量低于 5%, 故 XRD图谱中观察不到有关 Ca的物相。 实施例 13
将 40.81g水合氯化镁 (MgCl2 · 1.2¾0)、 82.78g氯化钾、 8.28g氯化 锌、 5.97g氧化钙和 27.98g氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。 将坩埚盖 上盖子后在 400°C下保温 2小时, 然后在 700°C下保温 1.5小时, 得到了 含无水氯化镁、氯化锌和无水氯化钙的熔体 (熔体组成为: KC1 (58.82wt.%) - MgCl2(23.50wt.%) -ZnCl2(5.88wt.%) -CaCl2 (11.77wt.%))。 熔体很纯净, 观察不到杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其中电解条件 为: 该熔体为电解质, <D6mm的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι的钢丝为 阴极, 容积为 200mL的刚玉坩埚为电解槽, 电解温度为 700°C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度为 6.8 A/cm2, 槽电压为 7.3-7.5V, 电解时间为 4h。
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁锌钙合金进行表征。 其结 果如下:
含无水氯化镁、 无水氯化钙和无水氯化锌的电解质熔体中氧化镁含 量为 0.09 重量%。 样品由外向内三个位置的锌含量分别为 18.26%、 18.19%、 18.38%, 钙元素的含量分别为 1.79%、 1.86%、 1.82%, 可见样 品在宏观上锌元素和钙元素分布是均匀的。 电解过程的电流效率为 86.5%。 合金的 XRD图谱显示合金的物相由 Mg7Zn3和 MgZn2组成。 因 为钙的含量低于 5%, 故 XRD图谱中观察不到有关 Ca的物相。 实施例 14
将 35.53g六水氯化镁、 73.15g氯化钾、 73.15g—水氯化锂、 1.625g 氧化镧、 0.33g氟化钙、 1.46g氯化钠和 27.98g氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL 坩埚中。 将坩埚盖上盖子后在 400°C下保温 2小时, 然后在 600°C下保 温 1小时, 得到了含无水氯化镁、无水氯化锂和无水氯化镧的熔体 (熔体 组 成 为 : KCl(50.76wt.%)-MgCl2(11.54wt.%)-LiCl(35.61wt.%)-NaCl (1.01wt.%)-LaCl3 (0.85wt.%)- CaF2 (0.33wt.%))o 熔体很纯净, 观察不到 杂质。 然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其中电解条件为: 该熔 体为电解质, <D6mm的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι的钢丝为阴极, 容 积为 200mL的石墨坩埚为电解槽, 电解温度为 550°C, 极距为 4cm, 阴 极电流密度为 5.0 A/cm2, 槽电压为 4.9-6.3V, 电解时间为 4.0h。
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁锂镧合金进行表征。 其结 果如下:
含无水氯化镁、 无水氯化锂和无水氯化镧的电解质熔体中氧化镁含 量为 0.11重量%。样品由外向内三个位置的锂含量分别 6.52%、 6.46%、 6.43%, 镧元素的含量分别为 26.95%、 26.87%、 26.68%, 可见样品在宏 观上锂元素和镧元素分布是均匀的。合金的元素面扫描图见附图 17, 由 图可见,镁、锂、镧在合金中分布均匀。 电解过程的电流效率为 83.9%。 合金的能谱分析见附图 18, 其中, 位于下部的能谱分析图 1和 2分别对 应于在上图中标记的 1和 2处检测的能谱分析结果。 由于能谱分析不能 测试锂元素, 故只能检测到镁元素和镧元素; 合金的 XRD 图谱见附图 19, 合金的物相为 Mg、 Lio.92Mg4.08 LaMg2。 实施例 15
将 27.65g水合氯化镁 (MgCl2_3.5¾0)、 73.15g氯化钾、 64.44g水合 氯化锂 (LiCl'0.6H2O)、 1.62g水合氯化镧 (LaCl34.1¾0)、 0.33g氟化钙、 1.46g氯化钠和 28.10g氯化铵混匀后加入 200mL坩埚中。将坩埚盖上盖 子后在 450°C下保温 2.5小时, 然后在 600°C下保温 1小时, 得到了含无 水氯化镁、 无水氯化锂和无水氯化镧的熔体(熔体组成为: KC1 (50.76wt.%)- MgCl2(11.54wt.%) -LiCl(35.61wt.%)- NaCl(1.01wt.%) -LaCl3(0.85wt.%)- CaF2 (0.33wt.%))o熔体很纯净,观察不到杂质。然后, 将所述熔体在电解槽中进行电解, 其中电解条件为: 该熔体为电解质, Φόπιπι 的光谱纯石墨棒为阳极, Φΐπιπι 的钢丝为阴极, 容积为 200mL 的石墨坩埚为电解槽, 电解温度为 600°C, 极距为 4cm, 阴极电流密度 ¾ 7.5 A/cm2, 槽电压为 7.8-8.5V, 电解时间为 4.0h。
根据上述测量方法对电解过程和得到的镁锂镧合金进行表征。 其结 果如下:
含无水氯化镁、 无水氯化锂和无水氯化镧的电解质熔体中氧化镁含 量为 0.08重量%。样品由外向内三个位置的锂含量分别 7.95%、 8.06%、 7.86%, 镧元素的含量分别为 29.35%、 29.83%、 29.36%, 可见样品在宏 观上锂元素和镧元素分布是均匀的。 电解过程的电流效率为 80.3%。 合 金的 XRD图谱显示合金的物相为 Mg、 Lio.92Mg4.08 LaMg2。 以上以水合氯化镁和七水氯化镧、 一水氯化锂、 四水氯化锰、 氯化 锌、 氯化钙、 氧化镧、 氧化钙、 氧化锰、 水合氯化镧、 水合氯化锂、 水 合氯化锰等为原料, 通过本发明方法制备出了 Mg-Li、 Mg-La、 Mg-Zn, Mg-Mn、 Mg-Ca、 Mg-Zn-Ca、 Mg-Li-La 的镁合金, 合金元素分布的均 匀性良好, 电解制备过程中电流效率均在 80%以上。 本领域技术人员应当理解, 在不背离本发明范围的情况下, 可以进 行多种修改和改变。 这样的修改和改变意欲落入如后附权利要求所限定 的本发明的范围之内。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1. 一种利用水合氯化镁为原料电解制备镁合金的方法, 所述方法包 括下列歩骤:
(a) 将水合氯化镁、镁合金中其它金属元素的化合物、氯化铵、氯化 钾与添加剂均匀混合以制备混合物, 其中所述镁合金中其它金属元素的 化合物选自由下列各项组成的组中的一种: 所述镁合金中其它金属元素 的氯化物; 所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物; 和所述镁合金中其它 金属元素的氯化物和氧化物;
(b) 将歩骤 (a)中制备的所述混合物加热至熔融状态, 以制备含有无 水氯化镁与所述镁合金中其它金属离子的电解质熔体; 和
(c) 将歩骤 (b)中制备的所述电解质熔体电解从而制得所述镁合金。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中在歩骤 (a)中, 所述镁合金中其 它金属元素选自下列元素中的一种或多种:稀土元素、锌、铝、锰、锂、 钙、 锆、 银、 锶、 锑、 镉、 钍、 铍、 铅和镓。
3. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中在歩骤 (a)中, 所述镁合金中其 它金属元素的氯化物选自下列氯化物中的一种或多种: 稀土元素氯化物、 氯化锌、氯化铝、氯化锰、氯化锂、氯化钙、氯化锆、氯化银、氯化锶、 氯化锑、 氯化镉、 氯化钍、 氯化铍、 氯化铅和氯化镓。
4. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中在歩骤 (a)中, 所述镁合金中其 它金属元素的氧化物选自下列氧化物中的一种或多种: 稀土元素氧化物、 氧化钙、 氧化锰和氧化锑。
5. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中在歩骤 (a)中, 所述添加剂选自 下列各项中的一种或多种: CaF2、 KF、 NaF、 LiF、 MgF2、 CaCl2、 BaCl2 和 NaCl。
6. 根据权利要求 1 所述的方法, 其中所述水合氯化镁由下式表示: MgCl2 · mH20, 其中 m > 0。
7. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中在歩骤 (a)中, 当所述镁合金中 其它金属元素的化合物为所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物时, 所述 水合氯化镁、 镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物、 氯化铵、 氯化钾与添加 剂以如下所述的量加入:
所述水合氯化镁所对应的不含结晶水的氯化镁的量为 1.00重量份; 以重量份计的所述水合氯化镁的量 ^ MgCn-mH IO l + 0.19 ;
Figure imgf000030_0001
以重量份计的所述氯化铵的: W N, H4C1 (Ο.ΙΟΧ +Ο.Ο8Χ Α x w ,
Figure imgf000030_0002
以重量份计的所述添加剂的:
其中, 表示每分子所述水合氯化镁中含有的结晶水的个数; 2在 0.1至 145.0的范围内; <为镁合金中其它金属元素的重量百分含量; Mlc 为镁合金中其它金属元素的原子量; 为镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化 物中的金属元素的化合价; β为所述水合氯化镁中水与无水氯化镁的重 量比; 为镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物中水与无水氯化物的重量比; Z1在 0.05至 150.00的范围内; 并且 Ζ2在 0.005至 0.500的范围内。
8. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中在歩骤 (a)中, 当所述镁合金中 其它金属元素的化合物为所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物时, 所述 水合氯化镁、 镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物、 氯化铵、 氯化钾与添加 剂以如下所述的量加入:
所述水合氯化镁所对应的不含结晶水的氯化镁的量为 1.00重量份; 以重量份计的所述水合氯化镁的量 ^ α2.∞/ί2。= 1 + 0.19∞ ;
以重量份计的所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物的量 4CI 大 于
Figure imgf000030_0003
以 重 量 份 计 的 所 述 化 钾 的 =0.78+
Figure imgf000031_0001
以重量份计的所述添加剂的:
wd = Ζ4χ(1.00+∑ (0.25 x z x x^^ ;))+ o
(l-∑ aj ) Mjo
其中, 表示每分子所述水合氯化镁中含有的结晶水的个数; ZJ在 0.05至 100.00的范围内; 为镁合金中其它金属元素的重量百分含量; 为镁合金中其它金属元素的原子量; 为镁合金中其它金属元素的 氧化物中的金属元素的化合价; β为所述水合氯化镁中水与无水氯化镁 的重量比; Ζ3在 0.05至 150.00的范围内; 并且 Ζ4在 0.005至 0.500的 范围内。
9. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中在歩骤 (a)中, 当所述镁合金中
以重量份计的所述水合氯化镁的量 ^ MgCll-mHlO l + 0.19
以重量份计的所述镁合金中其它金属元素的
Figure imgf000031_0002
= 0.25 X X ^(^c+ 5.5 ) ;
1 1 (i-∑ -∑ )x^c
以重量份计的所述镁合金中其它金属元素的
Figure imgf000031_0003
(M,。 +8 )
W° = 0.25 x τ。;
(i-∑ M ,
以重量份计的所述 W N, 4CI :于 (0.10χ + 0.08χ ΑΟ +
Figure imgf000031_0004
以 重量份计 的所述 化钾 的 =0.78+Ζ5·( π^ +
( ο+35.5« )
∑(0.25χΖ -));
以重量份计的所述添加剂的 j )+ o
Figure imgf000031_0005
其中, 表示每分子所述水合氯化镁中含有的结晶水的个数; 2在 0.1至 145.0的范围内; <为所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物中的其 它金属元素的重量百分含量; 为所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物 中的其它金属元素的重量百分含量; Μ 为所述镁合金中其它金属元素 的氯化物中的其它金属元素的原子量; 为所述镁合金中其它金属元素 的氯化物中的其它金属元素在无水氯化物中的化合价; 在 0.05 至 100.00 的范围内; 为所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物中的其它 金属元素的原子量; 为所述镁合金中其它金属元素的氧化物中的金属 元素的化合价; β为所述水合氯化镁中水与无水氯化镁的重量比; β, % 镁合金中其它金属元素的氯化物中水与无水氯化物的重量比; Ζ5在 0.05 至 150.00的范围内; 并且 Ζ6在 0.005至 0.500的范围内。
10. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中在歩骤 (b)中, 所述加热过程 为:首先在 200~550°C保温 0.5 4.5小时,然后在 400~850°C保温 0.2~4.0 小时, 以制得含有无水氯化镁与镁合金中其它金属离子的电解质熔体。
11. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中在歩骤 (c 中, 所述电解的条 件为: 阳极由石墨材料制成, 并且阴极由钢材料制成; 电解时温度为
400-850 °C , 电解电压为 5~10V, 阴极电流密度大于 3 A/cm2
12. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中将歩骤 (b)释放出的氯化铵回 收并返回到歩骤 (a)中循环使用, 并且将释放出的氨气回收利用。
13. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中将歩骤 (c 的电解过程中排出 的废电解质熔体返回到歩骤 (a)中循环使用, 并且将产生的氯气经过净化 回收利用。
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