Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
  • E02D5/22—Piles
  • E02D5/34—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
  • E02D27/10—Deep foundations
  • E02D27/12—Pile foundations
  • E02D27/14—Pile framings, i.e. piles assembled to form the substructure
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
  • E02D29/045—Underground structures, e.g. tunnels or galleries, built in the open air or by methods involving disturbance of the ground surface all along the location line; Methods of making them
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
  • E02D5/18—Bulkheads or similar walls made solely of concrete in situ
  • E02D5/187—Bulkheads or similar walls made solely of concrete in situ the bulkheads or walls being made continuously, e.g. excavating and constructing bulkheads or walls in the same process, without joints
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
  • E02D5/20—Bulkheads or similar walls made of prefabricated parts and concrete, including reinforced concrete, in situ
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
  • E02D5/22—Piles
  • E02D5/34—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same
  • E02D5/46—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making in situ by forcing bonding agents into gravel fillings or the soil
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
  • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
  • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
  • E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
  • E21D11/107—Reinforcing elements therefor; Holders for the reinforcing elements
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D2220/00—Temporary installations or constructions
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D2250/00—Production methods
  • E02D2250/0023—Cast, i.e. in situ or in a mold or other formwork
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D2300/00—Materials
  • E02D2300/0004—Synthetics
  • E02D2300/0018—Cement used as binder
  • E02D2300/002—Concrete
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D2300/00—Materials
  • E02D2300/0026—Metals
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D2300/00—Materials
  • E02D2300/0051—Including fibers
  • E02D2300/0053—Including fibers made from glass

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a reinforcement, structure and method for the production of underground reinforced concrete constructions.
• the invention has been developed with particular reference, but is not limited, to the construction of tunnel walls and shafts during excavation works.
• TBM tunnel boring machines
• TBM tunnel boring machines
• the excavation of tunnels by excavation machines normally begins by launching the excavation machine from a reinforced concrete shaft structure designed to contain the earth around the tunnel entrance.
• the shaft is conventionally constructed by means of concrete diaphragms of a shape which tends to be parallelepipedic, excavated and cast in situ in the earth, or by circular piles driven into the earth before works to excavate a tunnel commence.
• Excavation machines are normally removed at the end of the tunnel via a previously constructed shaft. It is fairly common, moreover, to provide similar ventilation or access station shafts along the path of the tunnel, or other reinforced concrete structures and diaphragms, as the excavation works proceed.
• fibreglass reinforcements in reinforcing structures for the construction of tunnels facilitates the work of excavation machines, which progress at a pace which is no lower than their pace when these machines encounter materials of similar compressive strength such as rocks and non-reinforced concrete.
• Fibreglass typically has a tensile strength greater than iron, but is much more fragile, causing a longitudinal collapse of the polymer resin when the glass fibres are broken. These properties have to be taken into account when producing concrete structures with fibreglass reinforcement, and for that reason the number of longitudinal members and in particular ties is much higher than in conventional reinforced concrete structures with steel reinforcement of a similar strength. To simplify, the frame formed by fibreglass longitudinal members and ties for reinforcing concrete or cement is much denser than a similar conventional frame formed by steel longitudinal members and ties .
• Fibreglass reinforcements are, moreover, relatively more complex to produce than conventional steel reinforcements. While steel bars may be readily deformed, even when cold, to produce ties of the desired dimensions, fibreglass ties have to be shaped in advance at the time of manufacture, with the result that mass production is more costly, complex and problematic.
• a fibreglass reinforcing cage or frame is assembled in the same way as a similar steel cage or frame, the main difference being that the fibreglass ties cannot be bent and welded on site, but must be prepared in the factory. This complicates construction and makes the manufacture, transport and installation of concrete structures reinforced with fibreglass reinforcements much more difficult, especially when constructing underground structures .
• the present invention proposes to resolve these and other drawbacks of the prior art by means of a reinforcement, structure and method for a strong underground construction which is easy to produce and relatively economic.
• the invention relates to a reinforcement, structure and method for underground reinforced concrete structures having the features set out in the appended claims.
• a reinforcement, cage, frame or framework of fibreglass or a material having analogous properties of strength and fragility is produced with a plurality of longitudinal members, preferably long fibreglass bars having a smooth or corrugated outer surface, disposed parallel to one another and held together by a plurality of coupling members which are preferably, but not exclusively, flexible in a plane substantially transverse to the direction of the fibreglass bars such that the reinforcement may be made compact for transport.
• the reinforcement may also include a limited plurality of relatively rigid coupling members, also of fibreglass, such as ties or the like, solely in order to provide the reinforcement with a predetermined geometric shape.
• the ties do not have a basic structural function and do not play a significant part in the calculation of the strength of the underground structure.
• the small number of fibreglass ties makes it much less difficult to construct the reinforcements than in the prior art in which a very large number of rigid ties are used.
• the concrete which is cast to incorporate the fibreglass reinforcement contains a certain quantity of metal and/or synthetic fibres which give it a substantial shear strength, especially in the case of large surface areas.
• the flexible tie members are preferably made from strips of polymer material produced by bundles of very strong synthetic fibres incorporated in a strong and durable polymer sheath.
• Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of an embodiment of a fibreglass reinforcement for the production of a pile for an underground reinforced concrete structure
• FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a further embodiment of a reinforcement for the production of an underground diaphragm provided with a "soft-eye";
• FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view in cross-section of an underground diaphragm comprising a "soft-eye” obtained by means of the reinforcement of Fig. 2.
• Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of an embodiment of a fibreglass reinforcement 1 for the production of a pile for an underground reinforced concrete structure.
• the fibreglass reinforcement 1 comprises a plurality of fibreglass longitudinal members 2 which extend substantially spaced from and parallel to one another and are arranged in a substantially analogous manner to the known metal longitudinal members used for reinforced concrete structures.
• the longitudinal members 2 are held in position by coupling members 3 which are in particular spaced from one another in comparison with known reinforcements.
• the coupling members 3 may be attached to the longitudinal members 2 by bindings, clips and the like, or may be coupled by adhesives or other like means.
• the coupling members 3 may also be made from fibreglass, thereby helping to keep the reinforcement 1 in its predetermined geometric shape, for instance in the cylindrical shape shown in Fig. 1, or in any desired shape, typically parallelepipedic, for the construction of a wall or diaphragm, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
• the reinforcement is preferably made in the factory and then transported to its place of use.
• the coupling members 3 are made from strips of polymer material made from bundles of synthetic fibres of high strength incorporated in a strong and durable polymer sheath.
• An example of a strip particularly suitable for use is the strip used in the earth reinforcing sector and known commercially as ParaWeb (TM) produced by Officine Maccaferri SpA.
• TM ParaWeb
• the use of flexible coupling members 3 means that the reinforcement can be compacted by closing up the longitudinal members 2 in order to facilitate their transport from the place of manufacture to the place of use.
• the strips used for the production of the coupling members 3 make it possible to close up the longitudinal members 2 but prevent their relative displacement in the axial direction.
• the strips used as coupling members 3 are preferably, but not exclusively, flexible in a plane substantially transverse to the axial direction of the fibreglass bars, such that the reinforcement may be compacted for transport, and may then be readily brought into the desired geometric configuration simply by moving the longitudinal members 2 apart in the transverse direction up to the maximum extension enabled by the strips used as connecting members 3.
• the longitudinal members 2 preferably, but not exclusively, have a diameter of more than approximately 28 mm and preferably, but not exclusively, of less than approximately 42 mm.
• the preferred dimensions of the longitudinal members 2 depend on the particular design of the underground structure to be constructed, it will be appreciated that the use of longitudinal members of a smaller diameter is less advantageous as they have to be provided in relatively large numbers in order to provide the underground construction with the necessary strength to withstand the forces exerted by the surrounding earth.
• Longitudinal members with a diameter greater than that indicated tend to be less preferred as, because of the delay with which shear stresses are transmitted, the glass fibres closest to the centre of the cross-section of the bar are not subject to a stress that is as high as the stress borne by the fibres closest to the outer surface. This problem generally leads to a relative decrease in the strength and efficiency of fibreglass bars having large diameters in comparison with bars having smaller diameters.
• Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic perspective view of the construction of a "soft-eye" with a reinforcement 11 substantially analogous to the reinforcement of Fig. 1, but having a parallelepipedic geometric configuration with longitudinal members 12 also formed by elongate fibreglass bars whose outer surface is smooth or, preferably, corrugated, spaced from and parallel with one another and held together by coupling members 13.
• the coupling members 13 may be rigid, such as fibreglass ties, or preferably flexible, for instance using polymer strips of the above-mentioned type.
• the fibreglass reinforcement 11 acting as a soft-eye is secured to a conventional steel reinforcement 10 formed by steel longitudinal members 15 and steel ties 16, for instance by means of bindings 17.
• the height D of the fibreglass reinforcement 11 free from the steel reinforcement 10 is at least equal to the excavation dimension of a TBM, as will be described in detail below.
• the reinforcement 11 forms the reinforcement of an underground concrete construction 20 in an excavation in the earth T, which is constructed by techniques known in the underground construction sector, by using a concrete aggregate 21 which incorporates the reinforcement 11 (and, when constructing a soft-eye, the steel reinforcement 10 as well ) .
• the concrete aggregate 21 internally comprises a plurality of metal and/or synthetic fibres.
• metal and/or synthetic fibres are those known by the trade name Wirand( R ) produced by Officine Maccaferri SpA.
• the metal and/or synthetic fibres are distributed at random in the concrete as they are mixed with it when it is in the fluid state.
• the fibres are incorporated in the concrete aggregate and provide it with a shear strength sufficient to eliminate or at least substantially to reduce the need for transverse reinforcing ties in the fibreglass reinforcement 11.
• the production of a construction by means of the reinforced concrete of the present invention follows a procedure which is not dissimilar from the procedure normally used for underground reinforced concrete constructions and is particularly simple for personnel not expressly trained in the use of the invention to carry out on a construction site.
• the fibreglass bars which form the longitudinal members 2, 12 respectively of the reinforcement 1, 11 mentioned above are prefabricated.
• the coupling members 3, 13 may be made from fibreglass and in such a case they are prefabricated with dimensions and measurements which are standard or tailored to the particular design in which they are to be used. In any case, the relatively small number of coupling members 3 means that their manufacture, even when tailored to a particular design, is relatively economic.
• the production of the reinforcements 1, 11 is particularly economic and advantageous, as the production of reinforcements of a geometry and dimensions that are also tailored to a particular design is facilitated by the possibility of cutting the strips, such as the coupling members, to size, and compacting the reinforcements so that they can be transported to the place of use for the construction of the underground structure.
• the reinforcement 1, 11 is first prepared by disposing the longitudinal members 2, 12 in the predetermined geometry and holding them in position by fastening to the coupling members 3, 13 if they are rigid, or by expanding the previously compacted reinforcement when the coupling members 3, 13 are formed by flexible members, for instance the polymer strips mentioned above, or members functioning in a similar way.
• the cylindrical reinforcement 1 is inserted in it, in order for instance to form a pile, or the parallelepipedic reinforcement 11, connected for instance to the reinforcement 10, is inserted in it in order to form a soft-eye in a diaphragm or shaft for the launch of a TBM.
• the concrete prepared on site or made remotely at a production plant and brought to the site by concrete mixer, is then poured into the excavation.
• the concrete aggregate is mixed with metal and/or synthetic fibres of generally known type, for instance of the type disclosed in Patent Specification EP 0 475 917 in the name of the applicants.
• the fibres may be mixed with the concrete in accordance with the methods disclosed in Document WO 2011/015966 in the name of the applicants.
• the construction provided in this way is characterized by its compressive strength, provided by the concrete, its bending strength, provided by the fibreglass longitudinal members, and its shear strength, provided substantially by the fibres incorporated in the concrete matrix.
• Another important feature of the structure is that it can be readily penetrated and demolished by an excavation machine, especially a TBM, during works to build a tunnel.
• the use of the fibres mixed with the concrete makes it possible substantially to reduce the number of coupling members for the longitudinal members without compromising the strength of the overall structure. By reducing the number of coupling members, the time needed to couple them to the longitudinal members is also proportionally reduced, providing major cost savings for the construction of structures which are typically short-lived as they are designed to be demolished as excavation works progress.
• the coupling members used are flexible, the costs of constructing structures having different geometries, possibly tailored to a particular plan, are also reduced, as are storage and transport costs.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Paleontology (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Architecture (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
• Geology (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
• Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
• Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
• Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
• Manufacturing Of Tubular Articles Or Embedded Moulded Articles (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
• Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
• On-Site Construction Work That Accompanies The Preparation And Application Of Concrete (AREA)

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• 2013
  • 2013-02-28 IT IT000089A patent/ITBO20130089A1/it unknown
• 2014
  • 2014-02-26 RU RU2015141004A patent/RU2015141004A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2014-02-26 PE PE2015001802A patent/PE20151684A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
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  • 2014-02-26 CA CA2900316A patent/CA2900316A1/en not_active Abandoned
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  • 2014-02-26 JP JP2015559586A patent/JP2016514222A/ja active Pending
  • 2014-02-26 WO PCT/IB2014/059260 patent/WO2014132198A2/en active Application Filing
  • 2014-02-26 SG SG10201709478RA patent/SG10201709478RA/en unknown
  • 2014-02-26 BR BR112015020011A patent/BR112015020011A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2014-02-26 AU AU2014222355A patent/AU2014222355A1/en not_active Abandoned
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  • 2014-02-26 UY UY0001035349A patent/UY35349A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2014-02-26 US US14/764,845 patent/US20150354162A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2014-02-26 CN CN201480011064.XA patent/CN105143603A/zh active Pending
  • 2014-02-26 EP EP14716001.4A patent/EP2961927A2/en not_active Withdrawn
• 2015
  • 2015-08-21 CL CL2015002345A patent/CL2015002345A1/es unknown
• 2016
  • 2016-11-11 US US15/349,209 patent/US20170058479A1/en not_active Abandoned

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