WO2014080886A1 - 電気デバイス用負極、及びこれを用いた電気デバイス - Google Patents
電気デバイス用負極、及びこれを用いた電気デバイス Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode for an electric device and an electric device using the same.
- the negative electrode for an electric device and the electric device using the same according to the present invention are used as, for example, a driving power source or an auxiliary power source for a motor of a vehicle such as an electric vehicle, a fuel cell vehicle, and a hybrid electric vehicle as a secondary battery or a capacitor. It is done.
- lithium ion secondary batteries As a secondary battery for driving a motor, it is required to have extremely high output characteristics and high energy as compared with a consumer lithium ion secondary battery used for a mobile phone, a notebook personal computer or the like. Therefore, lithium ion secondary batteries having the highest theoretical energy among all the batteries are attracting attention, and are currently being developed rapidly.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material or the like is applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector using a binder, and a negative electrode in which a negative electrode active material or the like is applied to both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector using a binder.
- a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material or the like is applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector using a binder
- a negative electrode in which a negative electrode active material or the like is applied to both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector using a binder.
- it has the structure connected through an electrolyte layer and accommodated in a battery case.
- a battery using a material that is alloyed with Li for the negative electrode is expected as a negative electrode material for vehicle use because the energy density is improved as compared with a conventional carbon / graphite negative electrode material.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using a material that is alloyed with Li for the negative electrode has a large expansion and contraction in the negative electrode during charge and discharge.
- the volume expansion is about 1.2 times in graphite materials
- Si materials when Si and Li are alloyed, transition from the amorphous state to the crystalline state causes a large volume change. (Approximately 4 times), there was a problem of reducing the cycle life of the electrode.
- the capacity and the cycle durability are in a trade-off relationship, and there is a problem that it is difficult to improve the high cycle durability while exhibiting a high capacity.
- a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery including an amorphous alloy having the formula: Si x M y Al z has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- M represents Mn, Mo, Nb, W, Ta, Fe, Cu, It is a metal composed of at least one of Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Co, Zr, and Y.
- paragraph “0018” describes that, by minimizing the content of metal M, a good cycle life is exhibited in addition to high capacity.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode for an electric device such as a Li ion secondary battery that maintains a high cycle characteristic and has a high initial capacity and a well-balanced characteristic.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive research to solve the above problems. As a result, it has been found that the above problem can be solved by using a predetermined ternary Si alloy as a negative electrode active material and using a negative electrode current collector having a predetermined elastic elongation, and to complete the present invention. It came.
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode for an electric device having a current collector and an electrode layer including a negative electrode active material, a conductive additive, and a binder disposed on the surface of the current collector.
- the negative electrode active material has the following formula (1):
- An elastic elongation of the current collector is 1.30% or more.
- M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Al, V, C, and combinations thereof.
- A is an inevitable impurity.
- x, y, z, and a represent mass% values, where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 100, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 100, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 100, and 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.5.
- X + y + z + a 100.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing an outline of a laminated flat non-bipolar lithium ion secondary battery which is a typical embodiment of an electric device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing the appearance of a stacked flat lithium ion secondary battery that is a representative embodiment of an electric device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram plotting and showing the alloy components formed in Reference Example A together with the composition range of the Si—Sn—Al alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electrical device of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing an outline of a laminated flat non-bipolar lithium ion secondary battery which is a typical embodiment of an electric device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing the appearance of a stacked flat lithium ion secondary battery that is a representative embodiment of an electric device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram showing a preferred composition range of a Si—Sn—Al-based alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electric device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram showing a more preferable composition range of a Si—Sn—Al-based alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electric device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram showing a further preferred composition range of a Si—Sn—Al-based alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electric device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram showing a preferred composition range of a Si—Sn—Al-based alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electric device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram plotting and showing alloy components formed in Reference Example B together with the composition range of the Si—Sn—V alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electrical device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram showing a preferred composition range of a Si—Sn—V alloy that constitutes the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electrical device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram showing a more preferable composition range of the Si—Sn—V based alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electric device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram showing a further preferred composition range of a Si—Sn—V based alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electrical device of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a ternary composition diagram plotting and showing alloy components formed in Reference Example C, together with the composition range of the Si—Sn—C alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electrical device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram showing a preferred composition range of a Si—Sn—C-based alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electric device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram showing a more preferable composition range of the Si—Sn—C based alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electric device of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a ternary composition diagram showing a more preferable composition range of a Si—Sn—C-based alloy constituting the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode for an electric device of the present invention. It is a figure which shows the influence of the negative electrode active material alloy composition which acts on the initial stage discharge capacity of the battery obtained by the reference example and the comparative reference example. It is a figure which shows the influence of a negative electrode active material alloy composition which acts on the discharge capacity maintenance factor of the 50th cycle of the battery obtained by the reference example and the comparative reference example.
- the present invention is characterized in that a predetermined ternary Si alloy is used as a negative electrode active material and a negative electrode current collector having a predetermined elastic elongation is used.
- the amorphous-crystal phase transition when Si and Li are alloyed can be suppressed, and the cycle characteristics of the battery can be improved. Furthermore, in the negative electrode using the specific Si alloy described above, by using a current collector having a predetermined elastic elongation, the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer due to the expansion / contraction of the negative electrode active material accompanying charge / discharge of the battery following this, the current collector can be elastically deformed. Therefore, plastic deformation of the current collector hardly occurs, distortion of the negative electrode active material layer due to plastic deformation of the current collector can be reduced, and a uniform inter-electrode distance from the positive electrode can be maintained. As a result, an electric device having high capacity and high cycle durability can be obtained.
- the “electrode layer” means a mixture layer containing a negative electrode active material, a conductive additive, and a binder, but may be referred to as a “negative electrode active material layer” in the description of this specification. .
- the electrode layer on the positive electrode side is also referred to as a “positive electrode active material layer”.
- the voltage of the cell is large. High energy density and high power density can be achieved. Therefore, the lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode for the lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment is excellent as a vehicle driving power source or an auxiliary power source. As a result, it can be suitably used as a lithium ion secondary battery for a vehicle driving power source or the like.
- the present invention can be sufficiently applied to lithium ion secondary batteries for portable devices such as mobile phones.
- the lithium ion secondary battery that is the subject of the present embodiment only needs to use the negative electrode for the lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment described below. It should not be restricted.
- the lithium ion secondary battery when distinguished by form / structure, it can be applied to any conventionally known form / structure such as a stacked (flat) battery or a wound (cylindrical) battery. Is.
- a stacked (flat) battery structure By adopting a stacked (flat) battery structure, long-term reliability can be secured by a sealing technique such as simple thermocompression bonding, which is advantageous in terms of cost and workability.
- a solution electrolyte type battery using a solution electrolyte such as a nonaqueous electrolyte solution for the electrolyte layer, a polymer battery using a polymer electrolyte for the electrolyte layer, etc. It can be applied to any conventionally known electrolyte layer type.
- the polymer battery is further divided into a gel electrolyte type battery using a polymer gel electrolyte (also simply referred to as a gel electrolyte) and a solid polymer (all solid) type battery using a polymer solid electrolyte (also simply referred to as a polymer electrolyte). It is done.
- the non-bipolar (internal parallel connection type) lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode for the lithium ion secondary battery of this embodiment will be described very simply with reference to the drawings.
- the technical scope of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment should not be limited to these.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the overall structure of a flat (stacked) lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter also simply referred to as “stacked battery”), which is a typical embodiment of the electrical device of the present invention.
- stacked battery a flat (stacked) lithium ion secondary battery
- the stacked battery 10 of the present embodiment has a structure in which a substantially rectangular power generation element 21 in which a charge / discharge reaction actually proceeds is sealed inside a laminate sheet 29 that is an exterior body.
- the positive electrode in which the positive electrode active material layer 13 is disposed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 11, the electrolyte layer 17, and the negative electrode active material layer 15 is disposed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 12. It has a configuration in which a negative electrode is laminated. Specifically, the negative electrode, the electrolyte layer, and the positive electrode are laminated in this order so that one positive electrode active material layer 13 and the negative electrode active material layer 15 adjacent thereto face each other with the electrolyte layer 17 therebetween. .
- the adjacent positive electrode, electrolyte layer, and negative electrode constitute one unit cell layer 19. Therefore, it can be said that the stacked battery 10 shown in FIG. 1 has a configuration in which a plurality of single battery layers 19 are stacked and electrically connected in parallel.
- the positive electrode current collector 13 on the outermost layer located on both outermost layers of the power generating element 21 is provided with the positive electrode active material layer 13 only on one side, but the active material layer may be provided on both sides. . That is, instead of using a current collector dedicated to the outermost layer provided with an active material layer only on one side, a current collector having an active material layer on both sides may be used as it is as an outermost current collector.
- the outermost negative electrode current collector is positioned on both outermost layers of the power generation element 21, and one side of the outermost negative electrode current collector or A negative electrode active material layer may be disposed on both sides.
- the positive electrode current collector 11 and the negative electrode current collector 12 are attached to a positive electrode current collector plate 25 and a negative electrode current collector plate 27 that are electrically connected to the respective electrodes (positive electrode and negative electrode), and are sandwiched between end portions of the laminate sheet 29. Thus, it has a structure led out of the laminate sheet 29.
- the positive electrode current collector plate 25 and the negative electrode current collector plate 27 are ultrasonically welded to the positive electrode current collector 11 and the negative electrode current collector 12 of each electrode via a positive electrode lead and a negative electrode lead (not shown), respectively, as necessary. Or resistance welding or the like.
- the lithium ion secondary battery described above is characterized by a negative electrode.
- main components of the battery including the negative electrode will be described.
- the positive electrode active material layer 13 includes a positive electrode active material, and further includes other additives as necessary.
- Positive electrode active material examples include lithium-transition metal composite oxides, lithium-transition metal phosphate compounds, lithium-transition metal sulfate compounds, solid solution systems, ternary systems, NiMn systems, NiCo systems, and spinel Mn systems. It is done.
- lithium-transition metal composite oxide examples include LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , Li (Ni, Mn, Co) O 2 , Li (Li, Ni, Mn, Co) O 2 , LiFePO 4 and Examples include those in which some of these transition metals are substituted with other elements.
- Examples of the ternary system include nickel / cobalt / manganese (composite) cathode materials.
- NiMn system examples include LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 .
- NiCo system examples include Li (NiCo) O 2 .
- Examples of the spinel Mn system include LiMn 2 O 4 .
- two or more positive electrode active materials may be used in combination.
- a lithium-transition metal composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material.
- positive electrode active materials other than those described above may be used.
- the optimum particle size may be blended and used for expressing each unique effect. It is not always necessary to make the particle diameter uniform.
- the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode active material layer 13 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 30 ⁇ m and more preferably 5 to 20 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of increasing the output.
- the “particle diameter” refers to the outline of the active material particles (observation surface) observed using an observation means such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It means the maximum distance among any two points.
- the value of “average particle diameter” is the value of particles observed in several to several tens of fields using observation means such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The value calculated as the average value of the particle diameter shall be adopted.
- the particle diameters and average particle diameters of other components can be defined in the same manner.
- the positive electrode (positive electrode active material layer) can be applied by any one of a kneading method, a sputtering method, a vapor deposition method, a CVD method, a PVD method, an ion plating method, and a thermal spraying method in addition to a method of applying (coating) a normal slurry. Can be formed.
- the positive electrode current collector 11 is made of a conductive material.
- the size of the current collector is determined according to the intended use of the battery. For example, if it is used for a large battery that requires a high energy density, a current collector having a large area is used.
- the thickness of the current collector is usually about 1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the shape of the current collector is not particularly limited.
- a mesh shape (such as an expanded grid) can be used.
- a metal or a resin in which a conductive filler is added to a conductive polymer material or a non-conductive polymer material can be employed.
- examples of the metal include aluminum, nickel, iron, stainless steel, titanium, and copper.
- a clad material of nickel and aluminum, a clad material of copper and aluminum, or a plating material of a combination of these metals can be preferably used.
- covered on the metal surface may be sufficient.
- examples of the conductive polymer material include polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyacrylonitrile, and polyoxadiazole. Since such a conductive polymer material has sufficient conductivity without adding a conductive filler, it is advantageous in terms of facilitating the manufacturing process or reducing the weight of the current collector.
- Non-conductive polymer materials include, for example, polyethylene (PE; high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), etc.), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether nitrile (PEN), polyimide (PI), polyamideimide (PAI), polyamide (PA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl acrylate (PMA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) , Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), or polystyrene (PS).
- PE polyethylene
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- LDPE low density polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyether nitrile
- PI polyimide
- PAI polyamideimide
- PA polyamide
- PTFE polytetraflu
- a conductive filler may be added to the conductive polymer material or the non-conductive polymer material as necessary.
- a conductive filler is inevitably necessary to impart conductivity to the resin.
- the conductive filler can be used without particular limitation as long as it has a conductivity.
- metals, conductive carbon, etc. are mentioned as a material excellent in electroconductivity, electric potential resistance, or lithium ion barrier
- the metal is not particularly limited, but at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Ti, Al, Cu, Pt, Fe, Cr, Sn, Zn, In, Sb, and K, or these metals It is preferable to contain an alloy or metal oxide containing.
- it includes at least one selected from the group consisting of acetylene black, vulcan, black pearl, carbon nanofiber, ketjen black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon nanoballoon, and fullerene.
- the amount of the conductive filler added is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount capable of imparting sufficient conductivity to the current collector, and is generally about 5 to 35% by mass.
- the negative electrode of the present embodiment includes a current collector and an electrode layer including a specific negative electrode active material, a conductive additive, and a binder disposed on the surface of the current collector, and the current collector has an elastic elongation. 1. It is characterized by being 30% or more.
- the negative electrode active material layer 15 includes a negative electrode active material, and further includes other additives as necessary.
- the negative electrode active material includes a predetermined alloy.
- alloy is represented by the following chemical formula (1).
- M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Al, V, C, and combinations thereof.
- A is an inevitable impurity.
- x, y, z, and a represent mass% values, where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 100, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 100, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 100, and 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.5.
- X + y + z + a 100.
- the “inevitable impurity” means an Si alloy that is present in a raw material or inevitably mixed in a manufacturing process. The inevitable impurities are originally unnecessary impurities, but are a very small amount and do not affect the characteristics of the Si alloy.
- Sn as the first additive element and M (at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Al, V, C, and combinations thereof) as the second additive element are used as the negative electrode active material.
- the amorphous-crystal phase transition is suppressed because, in the Si material, when Si and Li are alloyed, the amorphous state transitions to the crystalline state, causing a large volume change (about 4 times). For this reason, the particles themselves are broken and the function as the active material is lost. Therefore, by suppressing the amorphous-crystal phase transition, it is possible to suppress the collapse of the particles themselves, maintain the function as the active material (high capacity), and improve the cycle life.
- a Si alloy negative electrode active material having a high capacity and high cycle durability can be provided.
- M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Al, V, C, and combinations thereof. Therefore, hereinafter, Si alloys of Si x Sn y Al z A a , Si x Sn y V z A a , and Si x Sn y C z A a will be described.
- the Si x Sn y Al z A a is selected from the first additive element Sn and the second additive element Al, so that an amorphous-crystalline phase is formed during Li alloying.
- the cycle life can be improved by suppressing the transition. This also makes the capacity higher than that of a conventional negative electrode active material, for example, a carbon-based negative electrode active material.
- x is preferably 12 or more and less than 100
- y is more than 0 and less than 45
- z is more than 0 and less than 43.
- the composition of the alloy is represented by the shaded portion in FIG. By having the said composition, not only high capacity
- capacitance is expressed but a high discharge capacity can be maintained also after 50 cycles after 100 cycles.
- x is 31 or more as shown in the shaded portion of FIG. More preferably, as shown in the shaded portion in FIG. More preferably, as indicated by the shaded portion in FIG. 6, the y is further in the range of 15 to 45 and the z is in the range of 18 to 43%. Most preferably, the x is in the range of 16% to 45%.
- A is an impurity (unavoidable impurity) other than the above three components derived from the raw materials and the manufacturing method.
- the a is 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.5, and preferably 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.1.
- the Si x Sn y V z A a is obtained by selecting the first additive element Sn and the second additive element V, so that an amorphous-crystal phase can be obtained during Li alloying.
- the cycle life can be improved by suppressing the transition. This also makes the capacity higher than that of a conventional negative electrode active material, for example, a carbon-based negative electrode active material.
- the x is 27 or more and less than 100
- the y is more than 0 and less than 73
- the z is more than 0 and less than 73.
- This numerical range corresponds to the range indicated by the shaded portion in FIG.
- x is in the range of 27 to 84, y is in the range of 10 to 73, and z is in the range of 6 to 73. More preferably, as indicated by the shaded portion in FIG. 8, the x is in the range of 27 to 84, the y is in the range of 10 to 63, and the z is in the range of 6 to 63. Further, as indicated by the shaded portion in FIG. 9, more preferably, the x is in the range of 27 to 52. As can be seen from the shaded portion in FIG. 10, it is more preferable that y is in the range of 10 to 52 and z is in the range of 20 to 63, and most preferably, y is in the range of 10 to 40.
- a is 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.5, and preferably 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.1.
- the Si x Sn y C z A a is selected from the first additive element Sn and the second additive element C, so that an amorphous-crystalline phase is formed during Li alloying.
- the cycle life can be improved by suppressing the transition. This also makes the capacity higher than that of a conventional negative electrode active material, for example, a carbon-based negative electrode active material.
- x is preferably 29 or more. This numerical range corresponds to the range indicated by the symbol A in FIG.
- capacitance is expressed but a high discharge capacity can be maintained also after 50 cycles after 100 cycles.
- x is in the range of 29 to 63
- y is in the range of 14 to 48
- z is in the range of 11 to 48. This numerical range corresponds to the range indicated by the symbol B in FIG.
- x is in the range of 29 to 44
- y is in the range of 14 to 48
- z is in the range of 11 to 48. This numerical range corresponds to the range indicated by the symbol C in FIG.
- x is 29 to 40 and y is 34 to 48 (and therefore 12 ⁇ z ⁇ 37).
- This numerical range corresponds to the range indicated by the symbol D in FIG.
- a is 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.5, and preferably 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.1.
- the average particle diameter of the Si alloy is not particularly limited as long as it is approximately the same as the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material contained in the existing negative electrode active material layer 15. From the viewpoint of higher output, it is preferably in the range of 1 to 20 ⁇ m. However, it is not limited at all to the above range, and it goes without saying that it may be outside the above range as long as the effects of the present embodiment can be effectively expressed.
- the shape of the Si alloy is not particularly limited, and may be spherical, elliptical, cylindrical, polygonal, flaky, indeterminate, or the like.
- a mechanical alloy method, an arc plasma melting method, or the like can be used as a method for producing a particle form of an alloy having the composition formula Si x Sn y M z A a .
- a slurry in the method of manufacturing in the form of the above particles, can be prepared by adding a binder, a conductive additive and a viscosity adjusting solvent to the particles, and a slurry electrode can be formed using the slurry. Therefore, it is excellent in that it is easy to mass-produce (mass production) and to be practically used as an actual battery electrode.
- the negative electrode current collector 12 is made of a conductive material.
- the size of the current collector is determined according to the intended use of the battery. For example, if it is used for a large battery that requires a high energy density, a current collector having a large area is used.
- the shape of the current collector is not particularly limited.
- a mesh shape expansion grid or the like
- a metal or a resin in which a conductive filler is added to a conductive polymer material or a non-conductive polymer material can be employed.
- examples of the metal include copper, aluminum, nickel, iron, stainless steel, titanium, and alloys thereof.
- a clad material of nickel and aluminum, a clad material of copper and aluminum, or a plating material of a combination of these metals can be used.
- covered on the metal surface may be sufficient. From the viewpoints of electron conductivity, battery operating potential, and adhesion of the negative electrode active material by sputtering to the current collector, copper can be preferably used as described later.
- examples of the conductive polymer material include polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyacrylonitrile, and polyoxadiazole. Since such a conductive polymer material has sufficient conductivity without adding a conductive filler, it is advantageous in terms of facilitating the manufacturing process or reducing the weight of the current collector.
- Non-conductive polymer materials include, for example, polyethylene (PE; high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), etc.), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether nitrile (PEN), polyimide (PI), polyamideimide (PAI), polyamide (PA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl acrylate (PMA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) , Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), or polystyrene (PS).
- PE polyethylene
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- LDPE low density polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyether nitrile
- PI polyimide
- PAI polyamideimide
- PA polyamide
- PTFE polytetraflu
- a conductive filler may be added to the conductive polymer material or the non-conductive polymer material as necessary.
- a conductive filler is inevitably necessary to impart conductivity to the resin.
- the conductive filler can be used without particular limitation as long as it has a conductivity.
- metals, conductive carbon, etc. are mentioned as a material excellent in electroconductivity, electric potential resistance, or lithium ion barrier
- the metal is not particularly limited, but at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Ti, Al, Cu, Pt, Fe, Cr, Sn, Zn, In, Sb, and K, or these metals It is preferable to contain an alloy or metal oxide containing.
- it includes at least one selected from the group consisting of acetylene black, vulcan, black pearl, carbon nanofiber, ketjen black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon nanoballoon, and fullerene.
- the amount of the conductive filler added is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount capable of imparting sufficient conductivity to the current collector, and is generally about 5 to 35% by mass.
- the negative electrode of this embodiment is characterized in that the elastic elongation in the planar direction of the current collector is 1.30% or more.
- the elastic elongation (%) of the current collector is the ratio (%) of the size of the elastic elongation up to the proportional limit in the tensile direction to the original size.
- the negative electrode of the present embodiment can obtain a high initial discharge capacity similar to that of the Si negative electrode, and at the same time, amorphous when Si and Li are alloyed. -The effect of suppressing the phase transition of the crystal and improving the cycle life can be obtained.
- the negative electrode when a battery is manufactured using a negative electrode in which a negative electrode active material layer having the above specific ternary Si alloy together with a binder and a conductive auxiliary agent is applied on the negative electrode current collector, the negative electrode accompanies charging / discharging of the battery.
- the active material may expand and contract. Along with this, the volume of the negative electrode active material layer changes, and stress acts on the current collector that is in close contact with the negative electrode active material layer. At this time, if the current collector cannot follow the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer, the current collector is plastically deformed, and the current collector is wrinkled.
- the negative electrode active material layer is distorted, and the distance between the electrodes and the positive electrode becomes non-uniform, so that Li reactivity may be reduced or electrode concentration may occur. Furthermore, there is a possibility that the current collector is cracked or broken due to plastic deformation of the current collector, or that the negative electrode active material layer is directly broken. As a result, the discharge capacity of the battery is reduced.
- the negative electrode of the present embodiment solves such a problem, and by using a negative electrode having an elastic elongation of 1.30% or more, the negative electrode active material layer due to expansion / contraction of the negative electrode active material due to charge / discharge is used.
- the current collector can elastically follow the volume change. Therefore, wrinkles that can be caused by stress acting on the current collector that is in close contact with the negative electrode active material layer can be suppressed, so that distortion of the negative electrode active material layer or breakage of the negative electrode active material layer or current collector can be prevented. Can be prevented.
- the distance between the electrodes and the positive electrode is kept uniform. Furthermore, side reactions are less likely to occur. Therefore, a high discharge capacity can be obtained. Furthermore, even if charging / discharging is repeated, plastic deformation of the current collector hardly occurs, so that cycle durability can be improved.
- the current collector has an elastic elongation of 1.30% or more, even if the elasticity of the negative electrode active material layer is lost due to expansion / contraction of the negative electrode active material due to charge / discharge, Since it adheres to the negative electrode active material layer and elastically deforms, a decrease in capacity and a decrease in cycle durability can be minimized.
- the elastic elongation of the current collector used in the negative electrode of this embodiment is preferably 1.40% or more. If the elastic elongation of the current collector is 1.40% or more, it is easier to follow in view of the degree of volume change accompanying charging / discharging of the negative electrode active material used in the present embodiment. Therefore, the improvement rate of the discharge capacity maintenance rate is high, and the cycle characteristics can be further improved. Further, when the elastic elongation of the current collector is 1.50% or more, a higher effect can be obtained when the negative electrode active material of the present embodiment is used.
- the upper limit value of the elastic elongation is not particularly limited.
- the negative electrode active material used in the present embodiment has a large volume change due to charge / discharge compared with a carbon material such as graphite, but using the current collector as described above can suppress plastic deformation of the current collector. It is possible to suppress the distortion of the negative electrode active material layer and the decrease in the discharge capacity due to this.
- the volume change associated with charge / discharge is even greater, so even using the current collector as described above, the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer cannot be sufficiently followed. It may be difficult to prevent a decrease in capacity.
- the elastic elongation of the current collector may be 1.30% or more, and a battery having excellent discharge capacity and cycle characteristics can be obtained (see FIG. 18). ).
- the elastic elongation (%) of the current collector is a value measured according to the tensile test method of JIS K 6251 (2010).
- the elastic elongation (%) of the current collector is a value measured at 25 ° C.
- the current collector in the present embodiment preferably has a tensile strength of 150 N / mm 2 or more. If the tensile strength is 150 N / mm 2 or more, the effect of preventing breakage of the current collector is high.
- the value measured according to the tensile test method of JISK6251 (2010) shall be used for the tensile strength (N / mm ⁇ 2 >) of a collector.
- the tensile strength (N / mm 2 ) of the current collector is a value when measured at 25 ° C.
- the material constituting the current collector is not particularly limited as described above, preferably copper, aluminum, nickel, iron, stainless steel. Metals such as titanium and cobalt, or alloys of these metals can be used.
- a metal foil using copper, nickel, stainless steel, or an alloy obtained by adding another metal to these metals has mechanical strength, adhesion to the active material layer, chemical stability, and battery reaction. It is preferable from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability at electric potential, conductivity, cost and the like. In particular, copper or a copper alloy is particularly preferable for the reason of the standard redox potential.
- the copper foil a rolled copper foil (a copper foil obtained by a rolling method) or an electrolytic copper foil (a copper foil obtained by an electrolytic method) can be used.
- the copper alloy foil either an electrolytic copper alloy foil or a rolled copper alloy foil can be used.
- an alloy obtained by adding an element such as Zr, Cr, Zn, or Sn to copper can be preferably used.
- Such an alloy has a higher elastic modulus than pure copper, and easily follows the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer, so that plastic deformation hardly occurs. For this reason, the current collector is unlikely to be wrinkled or broken.
- an alloy obtained by adding an element such as Zr, Cr, Zn, or Sn to copper can improve heat resistance as compared with pure copper.
- the alloy has a softening point higher than the heat treatment temperature (about 300 ° C.) when the slurry containing the negative electrode active material is applied to the current collector and dried in the negative electrode manufacturing process, the heat treatment It is preferable because elasticity can be maintained later.
- an alloy added with Cr, Zn, and Sn is preferable for the reason of maintaining elasticity after the heat treatment.
- These alloy elements may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the total content of these alloy elements is, for example, 0.01 to 0.9% by mass, preferably 0.03 to 0.9% by mass, and more preferably 0.3 to 0.9% by mass. % By mass. If the content of the alloy element is 0.03% by mass or more, it is suitable for the reason of maintaining elasticity after the heat treatment.
- the method for obtaining a current collector having an elastic elongation of 1.30% or more is not particularly limited.
- the current collector of the present embodiment is made of a metal foil, the mechanical characteristics can be changed by heating, cooling, pressure, and impurity element addition. In addition, you may use the commercially available metal foil which has said elongation.
- the thickness of the current collector of the negative electrode is not particularly limited, but in the negative electrode of this embodiment, it is preferably 5 to 15 ⁇ m, and more preferably 5 to 10 ⁇ m. A thickness of the negative electrode current collector of 5 ⁇ m or more is preferable because sufficient mechanical strength can be obtained. In addition, if the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is 15 ⁇ m or less, it is preferable in terms of thinning the battery.
- the current collector for the bipolar electrode may be the same as the current collector for the negative electrode. In particular, it is desirable to use one having resistance to the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential.
- the positive electrode active material layer 13 and the negative electrode active material layer 15 include a binder, a conductive additive, an electrolyte salt (lithium salt), an ion conductive polymer, and the like.
- the binder used for the binder active material layer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include the following materials. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether nitrile (PEN), polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide, polyamideimide, cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, styrene / butadiene Rubber (SBR), isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, ethylene / propylene rubber, ethylene / propylene / diene copolymer, styrene / butadiene / styrene block copolymer and hydrogenated product thereof, styrene / isoprene / styrene block copolymer and Thermoplastic polymers such as hydrogenated products, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PT
- polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, styrene / butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, and polyamideimide are more preferable.
- These suitable binders are excellent in heat resistance, have a very wide potential window, are stable at both the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential, and can be used for the active material layer. These binders may be used alone or in combination of two.
- the amount of the binder contained in the active material layer is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount capable of binding the active material, but is preferably 0.5 to 15% by mass with respect to the active material layer. More preferably, it is 1 to 10% by mass.
- Conductive auxiliary agent means the additive mix
- Examples of the conductive assistant include carbon materials such as carbon black such as acetylene black, graphite, and vapor grown carbon fiber.
- the conductive binder having the functions of the conductive assistant and the binder may be used in place of the conductive assistant and the binder, or may be used in combination with one or both of the conductive assistant and the binder.
- Commercially available TAB-2 (manufactured by Hosen Co., Ltd.) can be used as the conductive binder.
- the content of the conductive additive mixed into the active material layer is in the range of 1% by mass or more, more preferably 3% by mass or more, and further preferably 5% by mass or more with respect to the total amount of the active material layer.
- the content of the conductive additive mixed in the active material layer is 15% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, and further preferably 7% by mass or less with respect to the total amount of the active material layer. is there.
- Electrolyte salt lithium salt
- Examples of the electrolyte salt (lithium salt) include Li (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 and the like.
- Ion conductive polymer examples include polyethylene oxide (PEO) -based and polypropylene oxide (PPO) -based polymers.
- the compounding ratio of the components contained in the negative electrode active material layer in the case of using the positive electrode active material layer and the alloy in the form of particles of (5) (ii) above is not particularly limited.
- the mixing ratio can be adjusted by appropriately referring to known knowledge about the non-aqueous solvent secondary battery.
- each active material layer (active material layer on one side of the current collector) is not particularly limited, and conventionally known knowledge about the battery can be appropriately referred to.
- the thickness of each active material layer is usually about 1 to 500 ⁇ m, preferably 2 to 100 ⁇ m, taking into consideration the intended use of the battery (emphasis on output, energy, etc.) and ion conductivity.
- a liquid electrolyte or a polymer electrolyte can be used as the electrolyte constituting the electrolyte layer 17.
- the liquid electrolyte has a form in which a lithium salt (electrolyte salt) is dissolved in an organic solvent.
- organic solvent include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), vinylene carbonate (VC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), Examples include carbonates such as methylpropyl carbonate (MPC).
- Li (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N Li (C 2 F 5 SO 2) 2 N, LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiAsF 6, LiTaF 6, LiClO 4, LiCF 3 SO 3 , etc.
- a compound that can be added to the active material layer of the electrode can be employed.
- polymer electrolytes are classified into gel electrolytes containing an electrolytic solution and intrinsic polymer electrolytes not containing an electrolytic solution.
- the gel electrolyte has a configuration in which the above liquid electrolyte (electrolytic solution) is injected into a matrix polymer made of an ion conductive polymer.
- the use of a gel polymer electrolyte as the electrolyte is superior in that the fluidity of the electrolyte is lost and it is easy to block ion conduction between the layers.
- Examples of the ion conductive polymer used as the matrix polymer include polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), and copolymers thereof.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- PPO polypropylene oxide
- electrolyte salts such as lithium salts can be well dissolved.
- the ratio of the liquid electrolyte (electrolytic solution) in the gel electrolyte is not particularly limited, but is preferably about several mass% to 98 mass% from the viewpoint of ionic conductivity.
- the gel electrolyte having a large amount of electrolytic solution having a ratio of the electrolytic solution of 70% by mass or more is particularly effective.
- a separator may be used for the electrolyte layer.
- the separator include a microporous film made of polyolefin such as polyethylene and polypropylene, a porous flat plate, and a non-woven fabric.
- the intrinsic polymer electrolyte has a structure in which a supporting salt (lithium salt) is dissolved in the above matrix polymer, and does not contain an organic solvent that is a plasticizer. Therefore, when the electrolyte layer is composed of an intrinsic polymer electrolyte, there is no fear of liquid leakage from the battery, and the reliability of the battery can be improved.
- a supporting salt lithium salt
- the matrix polymer of the gel electrolyte or the intrinsic polymer electrolyte can express excellent mechanical strength by forming a crosslinked structure.
- thermal polymerization, ultraviolet polymerization, radiation polymerization, electron beam polymerization, etc. are performed on a polymerizable polymer (for example, PEO or PPO) for forming a polymer electrolyte using an appropriate polymerization initiator.
- a polymerization treatment may be performed.
- a current collecting plate may be used for the purpose of taking out the current outside the battery.
- the current collector plate is electrically connected to the current collector and the lead, and is taken out of the laminate sheet that is a battery exterior material.
- the material constituting the current collector plate is not particularly limited, and a known highly conductive material conventionally used as a current collector plate for a lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- a constituent material of the current collector plate for example, metal materials such as aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, stainless steel (SUS), and alloys thereof are preferable, and aluminum is more preferable from the viewpoint of light weight, corrosion resistance, and high conductivity. Copper or the like is preferable. Note that the same material may be used for the positive electrode current collector plate and the negative electrode current collector plate, or different materials may be used.
- ⁇ Use positive terminal lead and negative terminal lead as required.
- a terminal lead used in a known lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- the part taken out from the battery outer packaging material 29 has a heat insulating property so as not to affect the product (for example, automobile parts, particularly electronic devices) by contacting with peripheral devices or wiring and causing leakage. It is preferable to coat with a heat shrinkable tube or the like.
- ⁇ Battery exterior material> As the battery exterior material 29, a known metal can case can be used, and a bag-like case using a laminate film containing aluminum that can cover the power generation element can be used.
- a laminate film having a three-layer structure in which PP, aluminum, and nylon are laminated in this order can be used as the laminate film, but the laminate film is not limited thereto.
- a laminate film is desirable from the viewpoint that it is excellent in high output and cooling performance, and can be suitably used for a battery for large equipment for EV and HEV.
- said lithium ion secondary battery can be manufactured with a conventionally well-known manufacturing method.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the appearance of a stacked flat lithium ion secondary battery.
- the stacked flat lithium ion secondary battery 50 has a rectangular flat shape, and a positive current collector 58 for taking out power from both sides thereof, a negative current collector, and the like.
- the electric plate 59 is pulled out.
- the power generation element 57 is wrapped by the battery outer packaging material 52 of the lithium ion secondary battery 50, and the periphery thereof is heat-sealed.
- the power generation element 57 pulls out the positive electrode current collector plate 58 and the negative electrode current collector plate 59 to the outside. Sealed.
- the power generation element 57 corresponds to the power generation element 21 of the lithium ion secondary battery (stacked battery) 10 shown in FIG.
- the power generation element 57 is formed by laminating a plurality of single battery layers (single cells) 19 including a positive electrode (positive electrode active material layer) 13, an electrolyte layer 17, and a negative electrode (negative electrode active material layer) 15.
- the lithium ion secondary battery is not limited to a laminated flat shape (laminate cell).
- a cylindrical shape coin cell
- a prismatic shape square cell
- it may be a cylindrical cell, and is not particularly limited.
- the cylindrical or prismatic shape is not particularly limited, for example, a laminate film or a conventional cylindrical can (metal can) may be used as the exterior material.
- the power generation element is covered with an aluminum laminate film. With this configuration, weight reduction can be achieved.
- the removal of the positive electrode current collector plate 58 and the negative electrode current collector plate 59 shown in FIG. 2 is not particularly limited.
- the positive electrode current collector plate 58 and the negative electrode current collector plate 59 may be drawn out from the same side, or the positive electrode current collector plate 58 and the negative electrode current collector plate 59 may be divided into a plurality of parts and taken out from each side. It is not limited to the one shown in FIG.
- a terminal instead of the current collector plate, for example, a terminal may be formed using a cylindrical can (metal can).
- the negative electrode and the lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode active material for the lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment are large vehicles such as electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and hybrid fuel cell vehicles. It can be suitably used as a capacity power source. That is, it can be suitably used for a vehicle driving power source and an auxiliary power source that require high volume energy density and high volume output density.
- the lithium ion battery is exemplified as the electric device.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and can be applied to other types of secondary batteries and further to primary batteries. It can also be applied to capacitors as well as batteries.
- the DC power source 1 (Si target): 185 W, the DC power source 2 (Sn target): 25 W, and the DC power source 3 (Al target): 130 W were used.
- the component compositions of these alloy thin films are shown in Table 1 and FIGS.
- the obtained alloy thin film was analyzed by the following analysis method and analyzer.
- ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) 1 in a mixed nonaqueous solvent were mixed at a volume ratio, the concentration of LiPF 6 a (lithium hexafluorophosphate) 1M What was dissolved so that it might become was used.
- LiPF 6 a lithium hexafluorophosphate
- discharge capacity (mAh / g) is per pure Si or alloy weight, and when Li reacts with Si—Sn—M alloy (Si—Sn alloy, pure Si or Si—Sn alloy). Indicates capacity.
- initial capacity in this specification corresponds to “discharge capacity (mAh / g)” of the initial cycle (first cycle).
- discharge capacity maintenance rate (%) at the 50th and 100th cycles represents an index of “how much capacity is maintained from the initial capacity”.
- the calculation formula of the discharge capacity retention rate (%) is as follows.
- Table 2 shows that the battery of the reference example has an excellent balance of the first cycle discharge capacity, the 50th cycle discharge capacity retention rate, and the 100th cycle discharge capacity retention rate. That is, when Si is 27% by mass or more and less than 100% by mass, Sn is more than 0% by mass and 73% by mass or less, and V is more than 0% by mass and 73% by mass or less, the above balance is found to be excellent. . On the other hand, it was found that the battery of the comparative reference example had a significant decrease in the discharge capacity maintenance ratio even when the discharge capacity at the first cycle was larger than that of the battery of the reference example.
- the DC power source 1 (Si target) is 185 W
- the DC power source 2 (Sn target) is 35 W
- the DC power source 3 (C target) is 110W.
- the DC power source 1 (Si target) was 185 W
- the DC power source 2 (Sn target) was 22 W
- the DC power source 3 (C target) was 0 W.
- the DC power source 1 (Si target) was 185 W
- the DC power source 2 (Sn target) was 0 W
- the DC power source 3 (C target) was 30 W.
- the discharge capacity maintenance rate was 92% or more after 50 cycles and 45% or more after 100 cycles with an initial capacity exceeding 50%.
- performance evaluation was performed on a negative electrode for an electric device having a negative electrode active material layer containing a conductive additive and a binder using Si 41 Sn 16 Al 43 among the Si alloys.
- Si 41 Sn 16 Al 43 Si x Sn y Al z A a , Si x Sn y V z A a , and Si x Sn y C z A
- 41 Sn 16 Al 43 except one Si 41 Sn 16 Al 43 example the same as or similar to the results below with the is obtained. This is because, as shown in the reference example, the other alloys used in the present invention have the same characteristics as Si 41 Sn 16 Al 43 . That is, when an alloy having the same characteristics is used, the same result can be obtained even if the type of the alloy is changed.
- Example 1 Manufacture of Si alloy
- the Si alloy was manufactured by a mechanical alloy method (or an arc plasma melting method). Specifically, using a planetary ball mill device P-6 manufactured by Fricht, Germany, zirconia pulverized balls and raw material powders of each alloy were charged into a zirconia pulverized pot and alloyed at 600 rpm for 48 hours.
- a negative electrode active material slurry was prepared by mixing 80 parts by mass of a negative electrode active material, 5 parts by mass of a conductive additive, and 15 parts by mass of a binder in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the Si alloy powder manufactured above Si 41 Sn 16 Al 43 , average particle diameter of primary particles 0.3 ⁇ m
- short-chain acetylene black was used as the short-chain carbon black for the conductive assistant
- polyimide was used for the binder.
- a copper alloy foil (copper alloy 1: Cu added with about 0.3% by mass of Cr, Sn, and Zn, respectively) having an elastic elongation of 1.43% and a tensile strength of 580 N / mm 2 and a thickness of 10 ⁇ m was prepared.
- the elastic elongation (%) and tensile strength (N / mm 2 ) of the current collector were measured using a digital material tester 5565 type manufactured by INSTRON at a test speed of 10 mm / min and between chucks of 50 mm. did.
- the sample used was a current collector foil formed into a wedge shape having a total length of 70 mm and a parallel part width of 5 mm.
- the obtained negative electrode active material slurry was uniformly applied on both sides of the copper alloy foil (copper alloy 1) so that the thickness after drying was 50 ⁇ m, respectively, and dried in vacuum for 24 hours.
- Example 2 Other than using a copper alloy foil (copper alloy 2: Cu added with about 0.3% by mass of Zr) having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m and an elastic elongation of 1.53% and a tensile strength of 450 N / mm 2 as the negative electrode current collector Produced a negative electrode in the same manner as in Example 1.
- copper alloy foil copper alloy 2: Cu added with about 0.3% by mass of Zr
- Example 3 Other than using a copper alloy foil (copper alloy 3: Cu added with about 0.1% by mass of Zr) having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m and an elastic elongation of 1.39% and a tensile strength of 420 N / mm 2 as the negative electrode current collector Produced a negative electrode in the same manner as in Example 1.
- copper alloy foil copper alloy 3: Cu added with about 0.1% by mass of Zr
- Example 1 Example except that a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil (tough pitch copper: Cu purity of 99.9% by mass or more) having an elastic elongation of 1.28% and a tensile strength of 139 N / mm 2 was used as the negative electrode current collector A negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Comparative Example 2 A negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that 80 parts by mass of silicon (pure Si) powder (purity: 99.999 mass%, average particle diameter of primary particles: 45 ⁇ m) was used as the negative electrode active material.
- Comparative Example 3 A negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2 except that polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) was used as the binder material.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- Li 1.85 Ni 0.18 Co 0.10 Mn 0.87 O 3 which is a positive electrode active material was produced by the method described in Example 1 (paragraph 0046) of JP2012-185913. Then, 90 parts by mass of this positive electrode active material, 5 parts by mass of acetylene black as a conductive auxiliary agent, and 5 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder are mixed and dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone to obtain a positive electrode slurry. It was. Next, the obtained positive electrode slurry was uniformly applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector made of aluminum foil so that the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer was 30 ⁇ m, and dried to obtain a positive electrode.
- the positive electrode produced above and the negative electrode were made to face each other, and a separator (polyolefin, film thickness 20 ⁇ m) was disposed therebetween.
- a separator polyolefin, film thickness 20 ⁇ m
- the laminate of the negative electrode, the separator, and the positive electrode was disposed on the bottom side of a coin cell (CR2032, material: stainless steel (SUS316)).
- a gasket is attached, the following electrolyte is injected with a syringe, a spring and a spacer are stacked, the upper side of the coin cell is overlapped, and sealed by caulking.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was obtained.
- lithium (LiPF 6) was used as the concentration was such that 1 mol / L.
- discharge capacity retention rate (%) is as follows.
- the results of the obtained discharge capacity retention rate (%) are expressed as the ratio (the improvement rate (%) of the discharge capacity retention rate) when the discharge capacity retention rate of Comparative Example 1 is 100, and the following Table 4 and As shown in FIG.
- the batteries of Examples 1 to 3 using the current collector having an elastic elongation of 1.30% or more show a higher discharge capacity maintenance rate than the batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 3. It was confirmed that it could be realized. This is because the current collector used in Examples 1 to 3 elastically followed the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer containing the Si alloy accompanying charging / discharging of the battery, thereby suppressing the deformation of the electrode layer. It is thought that. In particular, in Examples 1 and 2 in which the elastic elongation of the current collector was 1.40% or more, or 1.50% or more, a higher discharge capacity retention rate was obtained.
- the current collector is likely to be plastically deformed along with the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer accompanying charge / discharge of the battery, As a result, the negative electrode active material layer is distorted, and it becomes difficult to maintain a uniform interelectrode distance from the positive electrode in the planar direction of the negative electrode, and it is considered that a high discharge capacity retention rate was not obtained.
- the volume change due to the expansion / contraction of the negative electrode active material accompanying charging / discharging of the battery is larger than that in the case of the Si alloy. Therefore, since the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer is larger, it is considered that the decrease in capacity due to the fact that the current collector cannot follow the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer is larger.
- the discharge capacity retention rate is lower.
- the elastic modulus (1.0 GPa) of PVdF which is the binder used in Comparative Example 3 is smaller than the elastic modulus (3.73 GPa) of the polyimide used in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- the binder cannot follow the expansion / contraction of the active material due to charge / discharge, and the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer is increased.
- the capacity decrease due to the current collector being unable to follow the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer is further increased.
- Lithium ion secondary battery (stacked battery), 11 positive electrode current collector, 12 negative electrode current collector, 13 positive electrode active material layer, 15 negative electrode active material layer, 17 electrolyte layer, 19 cell layer, 21, 57 power generation element, 25, 58 positive current collector, 27, 59 negative electrode current collector plate, 29, 52 Battery exterior material (laminate film).
Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の電気デバイスの代表的な一実施形態である、扁平型(積層型)のリチウムイオン二次電池(以下、単に「積層型電池」ともいう)の全体構造を模式的に表した断面概略図である。
[正極活物質層]
正極活物質層13は、正極活物質を含み、必要に応じてその他の添加剤をさらに含む。
正極活物質としては、例えば、リチウム-遷移金属複合酸化物、リチウム-遷移金属リン酸化合物、リチウム-遷移金属硫酸化合物、固溶体系、3元系、NiMn系、NiCo系、スピネルMn系などが挙げられる。
正極集電体11は導電性材料から構成される。集電体の大きさは、電池の使用用途に応じて決定される。例えば、高エネルギー密度が要求される大型の電池に用いられるのであれば、面積の大きな集電体が用いられる。
本実施形態の負極は、集電体と、前記集電体の表面に配置された特定の負極活物質、導電助剤、バインダを含む電極層と、を含み、前記集電体の弾性伸びが1.30%以上であることを特徴とする。
負極活物質層15は、負極活物質を含み、必要に応じてその他の添加剤をさらに含む。
負極活物質は、所定の合金を含む。
本実施形態において、前記合金は、下記化学式(1)で表される。
上記SixSnyAlzAaは、上述のように、第1添加元素であるSnと、第2添加元素であるAlを選択したことによって、Li合金化の際に、アモルファス-結晶の相転移を抑制してサイクル寿命を向上させることができる。また、これによって、従来の負極活物質、例えば炭素系負極活物質よりも高容量のものとなる。
上記SixSnyVzAaは、上述のように、第1添加元素であるSnと、第2添加元素であるVを選択したことによって、Li合金化の際に、アモルファス-結晶の相転移を抑制してサイクル寿命を向上させることができる。また、これによって、従来の負極活物質、例えば炭素系負極活物質よりも高容量のものとなる。
上記SixSnyCzAaは、上述のように、第1添加元素であるSnと、第2添加元素であるCを選択したことによって、Li合金化の際に、アモルファス-結晶の相転移を抑制してサイクル寿命を向上させることができる。また、これによって、従来の負極活物質、例えば炭素系負極活物質よりも高容量のものとなる。
上記Si合金の平均粒子径は、既存の負極活物質層15に含まれる負極活物質の平均粒子径と同程度であればよく、特に制限されない。高出力化の観点からは、好ましくは1~20μmの範囲であればよい。ただし、上記範囲に何ら制限されるものではなく、本実施形態の作用効果を有効に発現できるものであれば、上記範囲を外れていてもよいことは言うまでもない。なお、Si合金の形状としては、特に制限はなく、球状、楕円状、円柱状、多角柱状、鱗片状、不定形などでありうる。
本形態に係る組成式SixSnyMzAaを有する合金の製造方法としては、特に制限されるものではなく、従来公知の各種の製造を利用して製造することができる。即ち、作製方法による合金状態・特性の違いはほとんどないので、ありとあらゆる作製方法が適用できる。
負極集電体12は導電性材料から構成される。集電体の大きさは、電池の使用用途に応じて決定される。例えば、高エネルギー密度が要求される大型の電池に用いられるのであれば、面積の大きな集電体が用いられる。
以下に、正極及び負極に共通する要件につき、説明する。
活物質層に用いられるバインダとしては、特に限定されないが、例えば、以下の材料が挙げられる。ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリエーテルニトリル(PEN)、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリイミド、ポリアミド、ポリアミドイミド、セルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体、ポリ塩化ビニル、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン・プロピレンゴム、エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン共重合体、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体およびその水素添加物、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体およびその水素添加物などの熱可塑性高分子、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン・ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、テトラフルオロエチレン・パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体(PFA)、エチレン・テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン(PCTFE)、エチレン・クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニル(PVF)等のフッ素樹脂、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFMVE-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-クロロトリフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-CTFE系フッ素ゴム)等のビニリデンフルオライド系フッ素ゴム、エポキシ樹脂等が挙げられる。中でも、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリイミド、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ポリプロピレン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリアミド、ポリアミドイミドであることがより好ましい。これらの好適なバインダは、耐熱性に優れ、さらに電位窓が非常に広く正極電位、負極電位双方に安定であり活物質層に使用が可能となる。これらのバインダは、1種単独で用いてもよいし、2種併用してもよい。
導電助剤とは、正極活物質層または負極活物質層の導電性を向上させるために配合される添加物をいう。導電助剤としては、アセチレンブラック等のカーボンブラック、グラファイト、気相成長炭素繊維などの炭素材料が挙げられる。活物質層が導電助剤を含むと、活物質層の内部における電子ネットワークが効果的に形成され、電池の出力特性の向上に寄与しうる。
電解質塩(リチウム塩)としては、Li(C2F5SO2)2N、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3等が挙げられる。
イオン伝導性ポリマーとしては、例えば、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)系およびポリプロピレンオキシド(PPO)系のポリマーが挙げられる。
電解質層17を構成する電解質としては、液体電解質またはポリマー電解質が用いられうる。
電池外部に電流を取り出す目的で、集電板を用いてもよい。集電板は集電体やリードに電気的に接続され、電池外装材であるラミネートシートの外部に取り出される。
電池外装材29としては、公知の金属缶ケースを用いることができるほか、発電要素を覆うことができる、アルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルムを用いた袋状のケースが用いられうる。該ラミネートフィルムには、例えば、PP、アルミニウム、ナイロンをこの順に積層してなる3層構造のラミネートフィルム等を用いることができるが、これらに何ら制限されるものではない。高出力化や冷却性能に優れ、EV、HEV用の大型機器用電池に好適に利用することができるという観点から、ラミネートフィルムが望ましい。
図2は、積層型の扁平なリチウムイオン二次電池の外観を表した斜視図である。
[1]負極の作製
スパッタ装置として、独立制御方式の3元DCマグネトロンスパッタ装置(大和機器工業株式会社製、コンビナトリアルスパッタコーティング装置、ガン-サンプル間距離:約100mm)を使用し、厚さ20μmのニッケル箔から成る基板(集電体)上に、下記の条件のもとで、各組成を有する負極活物質合金の薄膜をそれぞれ成膜することによって、都合23種の負極サンプルを得た(参考例1~14および比較参考例1~9)。
Si:50.8mm径、3mm厚さ(厚さ2mmの無酸素銅製バッキングプレート付)
Sn:50.8mm径、5mm厚さ
Al:50.8mm径、3mm厚さ。
ベース圧力:~7×10-6Pa
スパッタガス種:Ar(99.9999%以上)
スパッタガス導入量:10sccm
スパッタ圧力:30mTorr
DC電源:Si(185W)、Sn(0~40W)、Al(0~150W)
プレスパッタ時間:1min.
スパッタ時間:10min.
基板温度:室温(25℃)。
組成分析:SEM・EDX分析(JEOL社)、EPMA分析(JEOL社)
膜厚測定(スパッタレート算出のため):膜厚計(東京インスツルメンツ)
膜状態分析:ラマン分光測定(ブルカー社)。
上記により得られた各負極サンプルとリチウム箔(本城金属株式会社製、直径15mm、厚さ200μm)から成る対極とをセパレータ(セルガード社製セルガード2400)を介して対向させたのち、電解液を注入することによってCR2032型コインセルをそれぞれ作製した。
上記により得られたそれぞれの電池に対して下記の充放電試験を実施した。
[1]負極の作製
参考例Aの(1)におけるターゲットの「Al:50.8mm径、3mm厚さ」を「V:50.8mm径、3mm厚さ」に変更し、(2)におけるDC電源の「Sn(0~40W)、Al(0~150W)」を「Sn(0~50W)、V(0~150W)」に変更したことを除いては、参考例Aと同様の方法で、都合32種の負極サンプルを作製した(参考例15~27および比較参考例10~28)。
参考例Aと同様の方法でCR2032型コインセルを作製した。
参考例Aと同様の方法で電池の充放電試験を行った。この結果を表2に併せて示す。
[1]負極の作製
参考例Aの(1)におけるターゲットの「Al:50.8mm径、3mm厚さ」を「C:50.8mm径、3mm厚さ(厚さ2mmの無酸素銅製バッキングプレート付)」に変更し、(2)におけるDC電源の「Al(0~150W)」を「C(0~150W)」に変更したことを除いては、参考例Aと同様の方法で、都合34種の負極サンプルを作製した(参考例28~49および比較参考例29~40)。
参考例Aと同様の方法でCR2032型コインセルを作製した。
参考例Aと同様の方法で電池の充放電試験を行った。この結果を表3に併せて示す。
[Si合金の製造]
上記Si合金は、メカニカルアロイ法(または、アークプラズマ溶融法)により製造した。具体的には、ドイツ フリッチュ社製遊星ボールミル装置P-6を用いて、ジルコニア製粉砕ポットにジルコニア製粉砕ボールと各合金の各原料粉末を投入し、600rpm、48hかけて合金化させた。
(実施例1)
負極活物質80質量部、導電助剤5質量部、およびバインダ15質量部を溶媒としてのN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)中で混合し、負極活物質スラリーを調製した。ここで、負極活物質には、上記で製造したSi合金粉末(Si41Sn16Al43、一次粒子の平均粒子径0.3μm)を用いた。また、導電助剤には、短鎖状カーボンブラックとして短鎖状アセチレンブラックを用い、バインダにはポリイミドを用いた。
負極集電体として、弾性伸び1.53%、引張強度450N/mm2である厚さ10μmの銅合金箔(銅合金2:Zrが約0.3質量%添加されたCu)を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極を作製した。
負極集電体として、弾性伸び1.39%、引張強度420N/mm2である厚さ10μmの銅合金箔(銅合金3:Zrが約0.1質量%添加されたCu)を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極を作製した。
負極集電体として、弾性伸び1.28%、引張強度139N/mm2である厚さ10μmの銅箔(タフピッチ銅:Cuの純度が99.9質量%以上)を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極を作製した。
負極活物質としてケイ素(純Si)粉末(純度:99.999質量%、一次粒子の平均粒子径45μm)80質量部を用いた以外は、比較例1と同様の方法で負極を作製した。
バインダ材料としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)を用いたことを除いては、比較例2と同様の方法で負極を作製した。
正極活物質であるLi1.85Ni0.18Co0.10Mn0.87O3を、特開2012-185913号公報の実施例1(段落0046)に記載の手法により作製した。そして、この正極活物質90質量部と、導電助剤であるアセチレンブラック5質量部と、バインダであるポリフッ化ビニリデン5質量部と、を混合し、N-メチルピロリドンに分散させて正極スラリーを得た。次いで、得られた正極スラリーを、アルミニウム箔よりなる正極集電体の両面にそれぞれ正極活物質層の厚さが30μmとなるように均一に塗布し、乾燥させて、正極を得た。
上記で作製した正極と、負極とを対向させ、この間にセパレータ(ポリオレフィン、膜厚20μm)を配置した。次いで、負極、セパレータ、および正極の積層体をコインセル(CR2032、材質:ステンレス鋼(SUS316))の底部側に配置した。さらに、正極と負極との間の絶縁性を保つためガスケットを装着し、下記電解液をシリンジにより注入し、スプリングおよびスペーサを積層し、コインセルの上部側を重ねあわせ、かしこめることにより密閉して、リチウムイオン二次電池を得た。
参考例Aと同様の方法で電池の充放電試験を行った。
11 正極集電体、
12 負極集電体、
13 正極活物質層、
15 負極活物質層、
17 電解質層、
19 単電池層、
21、57 発電要素、
25、58 正極集電板、
27、59 負極集電板、
29、52 電池外装材(ラミネートフィルム)。
Claims (17)
- 前記集電体の弾性伸びが、1.40%以上である、請求項1に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 前記集電体の弾性伸びが、1.50%以上である、請求項2に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 前記MがAlであり、
前記xが12以上100未満であり、前記yが0超45以下であり、前記zが0超43以下である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電気デバイス用負極。 - 前記xが31以上である、請求項4に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 前記xが50以下である、請求項5に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 前記yが15以上であり、前記zが18以上である、請求項6に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 前記MがVであり、
前記xが27以上100未満であり、前記yが0超73以下であり、前記zが0超73以下である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電気デバイス用負極。 - 前記xが84以下であり、前記yが10以上73以下であり、前記zが6以上73以下である、請求項8に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 前記yが10以上63以下であり、前記zが6以上63以下である、請求項9に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 前記xが52以下である、請求項10に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 前記yが40以下であり、前記zが20以上である、請求項11に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 前記MがCであり、
前記xが29以上である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電気デバイス用負極。 - 前記xが63以下であり、前記yが14以上48以下であり、前記zが11以上48以下である、請求項13に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 前記xが44以下である、請求項14に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 前記xが40以下であり、前記yが34以上である、請求項15に記載の電気デバイス用負極。
- 請求項1~16のいずれか1項に記載の電気デバイス用負極を含む、電気デバイス。
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- 2013-11-19 CN CN201380061218.1A patent/CN104813515B/zh active Active
- 2013-11-19 WO PCT/JP2013/081117 patent/WO2014080886A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2013-11-19 KR KR1020187007325A patent/KR20180030265A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2013-11-19 KR KR1020157011421A patent/KR20150065815A/ko active Search and Examination
- 2013-11-19 US US14/442,661 patent/US10566608B2/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20160285077A1 (en) | 2016-09-29 |
JP6040996B2 (ja) | 2016-12-07 |
US10566608B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 |
CN104813515B (zh) | 2017-12-01 |
CN104813515A (zh) | 2015-07-29 |
EP2924772B1 (en) | 2021-03-17 |
KR20150065815A (ko) | 2015-06-15 |
JPWO2014080886A1 (ja) | 2017-01-05 |
KR20180030265A (ko) | 2018-03-21 |
EP2924772A4 (en) | 2015-11-25 |
EP2924772A1 (en) | 2015-09-30 |
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