WO2014058012A1 - ナノダイヤモンド粒子およびその製造方法ならびに蛍光分子プローブおよびタンパク質の構造解析方法 - Google Patents
ナノダイヤモンド粒子およびその製造方法ならびに蛍光分子プローブおよびタンパク質の構造解析方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N24/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance or other spin effects
- G01N24/10—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance or other spin effects by using electron paramagnetic resonance
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
- G01N33/582—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with fluorescent label
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6803—General methods of protein analysis not limited to specific proteins or families of proteins
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
- G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
- G01R33/32—Excitation or detection systems, e.g. using radio frequency signals
- G01R33/323—Detection of MR without the use of RF or microwaves, e.g. force-detected MR, thermally detected MR, MR detection via electrical conductivity, optically detected MR
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
- G01R33/60—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using electron paramagnetic resonance
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
- G01N2021/6439—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes" with indicators, stains, dyes, tags, labels, marks
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N24/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance or other spin effects
- G01N24/08—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance or other spin effects by using nuclear magnetic resonance
- G01N24/087—Structure determination of a chemical compound, e.g. of a biomolecule such as a protein
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/20—Oxygen containing
- Y10T436/203332—Hydroxyl containing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/23—Carbon containing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/24—Nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance or other spin effects or mass spectrometry
Definitions
- NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
- fluorescent molecule observation methods using a fluorescence microscope and the like have been mainly used for protein structure analysis.
- the NMR method enables noninvasive measurement and has a high spatial resolution at the atomic level, so that it can collect a lot of information on the three-dimensional structure.
- real-time observation was difficult because of low sensitivity and low time resolution.
- Fluorescence at the NV center has little fluorescence discoloration and blinking and is highly adaptable to fluorescence analysis.
- nanodiamond particles are composed of carbon atoms, they are considered to have extremely low toxicity to living organisms, and because the chemical modification of the particle surface for labeling target proteins is easy, fluorescence used in vivo Promising as a molecular probe.
- ODMR measurement of nanodiamond particles including the NV center as described above is performed and displayed in two-dimensional coordinates with the amount of fluorescent light emission on the vertical axis and the magnetic field frequency on the horizontal axis, a decrease peak of fluorescent light emission occurs in a specific high-frequency magnetic field.
- the spectrum displayed on the two-dimensional coordinates is also referred to as an “ODMR spectrum”, and the above-described decrease peak is also referred to as an “ODMR signal”.
- nanodiamond particles including an NV center having an extremely high ODMR strength are required.
- the ODMR intensity of nanodiamond particles including an NV center is not sufficient for stable measurement in vivo, and a protein structure analysis method as described above has not yet been established. And until now, there has been no report on a method for increasing the ODMR intensity of nanodiamond particles including an NV center.
- the present invention has been made in view of such a current situation, and an object of the present invention is to provide nanodiamond particles containing NV centers with enhanced ODMR intensity, and fluorescent molecules obtained by chemically modifying the nanodiamond particles An object of the present invention is to provide a novel protein structure analysis method using a probe.
- the ODMR strength of the NV center existing inside the particles is increased by modifying the particle surface with a specific functional group.
- the functional group containing a hetero atom is preferably an electron donating functional group.
- the functional group containing a hetero atom is preferably at least one of a hydroxyl group and a hydroxyalkyl group.
- the functional group containing a hetero atom may be a carboxyl group.
- the nanodiamond particles preferably have an average particle size of 1 nm to 50 nm.
- the ODMR intensity indicates the rate of decrease in the amount of fluorescence emitted by excitation light when a high frequency magnetic field of 1 to 5 GHz is irradiated.
- nanodiamond particles of the present invention include a powdered reagent composed of nanodiamond particles and a reagent in which nanodiamond particles are dispersed in a liquid.
- the present invention also relates to a protein structure analysis method, which irradiates the target protein labeled with the above-described fluorescent molecular probe with excitation light and a high frequency magnetic field of 1 to 5 GHz so that the amount of fluorescence emission is increased.
- This is a protein structure analysis method for detecting a structural change of the target protein by detecting a decreasing peak magnetic field frequency. That is, the structural analysis method includes a step of labeling a target protein with a fluorescent molecular probe, and irradiating the labeled target protein with excitation light and a high frequency magnetic field of 1 to 5 GHz to detect a peak magnetic field frequency at which the amount of fluorescence emission decreases. And detecting the structural change of the target protein.
- the peak magnetic field frequency is split under a static external magnetic field, and the rotational motion of the NV center included in the fluorescent molecular probe can be detected from the split width.
- the nanodiamond particles of the present invention exhibit extremely high ODMR strength. Therefore, it can be used as a fluorescent molecular probe in a living body, and by using this, there is a possibility that fine and real-time structural analysis of a protein in the living body can be realized.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method for producing nanodiamond particles including an NV center with enhanced ODMR intensity according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is a schematic conceptual diagram which shows the analyzer concerning the protein structure analysis method of embodiment of this invention. It is a graph which shows the example of a measurement of the ODMR intensity
- FIG. 20A is a diagram showing a fluorescent image of conventional nanodiamond particles
- FIG. 20B is a diagram showing an ODMR image of conventional nanodiamond particles. It is a flowchart which shows the outline of the structure-analysis method of the protein which concerns on embodiment of this invention.
- the nanodiamond particles of the present embodiment have a surface modified with a functional group containing a hetero atom, and include an NV center with an increased ODMR intensity.
- the manufacturing method of the nano diamond powder used as a raw material is not particularly limited, and may be manufactured by any method.
- Examples of the method for producing the nanodiamond powder include a CVD method (chemical vapor deposition method), an explosion method (detonation method), and a high temperature high pressure method (HPHT method).
- the average particle diameter of nanodiamond particles is preferably as small as possible, preferably 50 nm or less, more preferably 40 nm or less, and most preferably 30 nm or less. If the average particle size exceeds 50 nm, the dispersibility tends to decrease, which is not preferable. As described above, the average particle size is preferably as small as possible, but is preferably 1 nm or more from the viewpoint of having an NV center and ensuring high crystallinity. As described above, the nanodiamond powder obtained by the detonation method can have a particle size range of about 4 to 5 nm.
- the nanodiamond powder obtained by the detonation method is particularly suitable as a raw material for the nanodiamond particles of the present embodiment.
- the “average particle diameter” can be measured by, for example, a dynamic light scattering method, a laser diffraction method, or the like.
- the nanodiamond particles of the present embodiment include NV centers with increased ODMR strength.
- the NV center indicates a composite defect composed of a nitrogen atom 2 substituting the carbon atom 1 in the diamond crystal and a vacancy 3 adjacent to the nitrogen atom 2.
- the nitrogen atoms 2 and the vacancies 3 can be bonded by heat-treating the nanodiamond powder at a high temperature of 700 ° C. to 1000 ° C. in vacuum. As a result, the NV center shown in FIG. 1 is generated in the diamond crystal.
- NV ( ⁇ ) and NV (0) As described above, nanodiamond particles in which an NV center is generated inside a diamond crystal emits fluorescence when irradiated with excitation light. When the diamond particles are simultaneously irradiated with excitation light and a high-frequency magnetic field to generate electron spin magnetic resonance (hereinafter also referred to as “ESR (Electron Spin Resonance)”), the amount of fluorescent light emission may decrease.
- ESR Electro Spin Resonance
- This phenomenon is caused by the presence of NV ( ⁇ ) in the NV center that forms a spin state that does not emit fluorescence when ESR occurs.
- NV ⁇
- the ground state of the NV center is the spin triplet ( 3 A), and the excited state is the spin triplet ( 3 E).
- An energy gap corresponding to a wavelength of 637 nm exists between ( 3 A) and ( 3 E).
- a spin singlet ( 1 A 1 ) exists between ( 3 A) and ( 3 E).
- NV ( ⁇ ) has acquired an extra electron 5 in the hole 3 adjacent to the nitrogen atom 2.
- the ODMR intensity can be increased if the abundance of NV ( ⁇ ) in the NV center can be increased.
- the present inventors have modified the surface of the nanodiamond particles with a specific functional group.
- the present inventors have found that the abundance ratio of (-) can be increased and the ODMR intensity can be remarkably increased, and the present invention has been completed.
- the nanodiamond particles of the present embodiment are nanodiamond particles whose surface has been modified with a functional group containing a heteroatom to increase the ODMR strength of the NV center.
- a hetero atom refers to an atom other than carbon (C) and hydrogen (H), and an atom having an unshared electron pair on the atom in a functional group.
- heteroatoms include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and the like.
- the functional group containing a hetero atom include a hydroxyl group (—OH), a hydroxyalkyl group (—CH 2 OH, —ROH: R represents an alkyl group), a carboxyl group (—COOH), and an amino group.
- the functional group containing a hetero atom is preferably an electron donating functional group.
- the “electron donating property” indicates an electron donating property by a resonance effect caused by an unshared electron pair on the hetero atom.
- NV (-) By modifying the surface of the nanodiamond particles with a functional group containing an electron-donating heteroatom, the generation of NV (-) can be promoted.
- a hydroxyl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, and a carboxyl group are preferable as the modified functional group because the effects of the present invention are easily obtained.
- the carboxyl group is a functional group having an electron-withdrawing property.
- the presence rate of NV ( ⁇ ) can be increased. It is clear.
- the nanodiamond particles of the present embodiment can be produced by performing a treatment for selectively increasing the modification rate of a functional group containing one or more heteroatoms among such functional groups.
- the functional group containing a hetero atom is preferably one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a hydroxyalkyl group and a carboxyl group.
- a method of reducing and / or oxidizing a functional group present on the surface of the nanodiamond particles can be suitably used.
- the modification rate of the nanodiamond particle surface with a hydroxyl group and / or a hydroxyalkyl group can be selectively increased. it can.
- Any conventionally known reduction reaction can be employed as the reduction treatment method.
- the reduction treatment may be performed using a borane-tetrahydrofuran mixed solution, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, Fenton reagent or the like as the reducing agent.
- the treatment may be an oxidation treatment.
- the modification rate of the nanodiamond particle surface by the carboxyl group can be selectively increased.
- any conventionally known oxidation reaction can be employed.
- the oxidizing treatment may be performed using a mixed solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid, a piranha solution, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid mixed solution, or the like as the oxidizing agent.
- the evaluation of the ODMR intensity can be performed by irradiating nanodiamond particles with an excitation light and irradiating a high-frequency magnetic field that generates ESR to measure the amount of fluorescence emission and calculating the ODMR intensity by the above formula (I). .
- the nanodiamond particles of the present embodiment have a high ODMR intensity.
- the nanodiamond particles preferably do not contain a rare earth metal (for example, ytterbium (Yb), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), etc.) inside the crystal. This is because when a rare earth metal is introduced into the crystal, the diamond crystal lattice is distorted and the ODMR intensity may be reduced. Further, it is preferable that the diamond crystal does not contain magnetic elements (for example, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), etc.)). This is because the magnetic field generated by these magnetic elements may adversely affect the ODNR intensity measurement.
- Mn manganese
- Fe iron
- Ni nickel
- Co cobalt
- Cu copper
- the carbon constituting the diamond crystal those existing in nature can be used without any particular limitation.
- Such nanodiamond particles of the present embodiment are manufactured by the following manufacturing method.
- the nanodiamond particles manufactured by the following manufacturing method exhibit the above characteristics. Therefore, the nanodiamond particles of the present embodiment have an excellent effect of exhibiting extremely high ODMR strength.
- the manufacturing method of the nano diamond particle of this embodiment is demonstrated.
- FIG. 12 shows a flowchart of the method for producing nanodiamond particles of the present embodiment.
- the manufacturing method includes a step S1 of preparing nanodiamond particles and a step S2 of selectively increasing the modification rate of a functional group containing one or more heteroatoms among functional groups present on the surface of the nanodiamond particles. And including.
- each step will be described.
- step S1 for preparing nanodiamond particles First, in step S1, step S11 for classifying nanodiamond powder, step S12 for heat-treating nanodiamond particles in vacuum, and step S13 for heat-treating nanodiamond particles in air are performed. By performing step S11, the nanodiamond particles are adjusted to a particle size distribution suitable for use in vivo, and by performing step S12, NV centers are generated inside the nanodiamond particles. Furthermore, by carrying out step S13, the graphite layer on the surface of the nanodiamond particles can be oxidized to produce nanodiamond particles containing NV centers exhibiting fluorescence. In addition, when using the diamond powder obtained by the detonation method as mentioned above, the classification process can be omitted.
- the other step may include, for example, a step of drying the nanodiamond particles after step S2.
- a step of drying the nanodiamond particles after step S2 it is desirable to perform freeze-drying when drying the nanodiamond particles with surface modification. This is because freeze-drying can prevent nanodiamond particles from aggregating into clusters.
- drying under reduced pressure is not preferable because nanodiamond particles aggregate and form clusters.
- the particle diameter is preferably small as described above. And it is especially preferable that the nano diamond particle of this embodiment is not an aggregate but a single particle. The reason is as follows.
- the NV axis rotational motion is tracked by tracking the angle between the NV axis vector in the nanodiamond particles and the external magnetic field (static magnetic field) vector.
- the NV center in the diamond crystal has four NV axes. Therefore, when an aggregate of nanodiamond particles is used as a fluorescent molecular probe, a plurality of nanodiamond particles are present in a short distance in various directions (angles) in the aggregate, so that a plurality of NV axes are also present. Various orientations will occur and the resolution of the ODMR signal will be reduced. Therefore, the nanodiamond particles of the present embodiment are preferably single particles, and it is preferable to employ a process that does not generate aggregates in the manufacturing method.
- the fluorescent molecular probe of this embodiment can be obtained by chemically modifying nanodiamond particles containing NV centers with increased ODMR intensity.
- nanodiamond particles having an ODMR intensity of 0.02 or more are preferable among the nanodiamond particles of the present embodiment, and the ODMR intensity is 0.
- Nano diamond particles of 0.05 or more are more preferable, and nano diamond particles having an ODMR intensity of 0.10 or more are particularly preferable.
- chemical modification indicates that a molecular chain that specifically binds to a target protein is chemically bonded to nanodiamond.
- the molecular chain may be directly bonded to the carbon atom forming the diamond crystal, or may be bonded to a functional group on the nanodiamond particle surface.
- the molecular chain is preferably selected as appropriate according to the target protein (also referred to as target protein).
- target protein also referred to as target protein.
- ampicillin hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “Amp” or the like can be used.
- FIG. 16 shows an example of a synthesis scheme of the fluorescent molecular probe of the present embodiment.
- the fluorescent molecular probe of this embodiment can be synthesized according to the following procedures (i) to (iii). That is, in the fluorescent molecular probe 101 of this embodiment, (i) the surface of the nanodiamond particle 100 is modified with, for example, a hydroxyl group to increase the ODMR intensity, and (ii) a molecular chain that inhibits non-specific adsorption is a hydroxyl group. (Iii) and further modified with a molecular chain that specifically binds to the target protein.
- FIG. 16 shows an example in which HPG is employed as a molecular chain that inhibits non-specific adsorption and Amp is employed as a molecular chain that specifically binds to a target protein.
- nanodiamond particles were modified with hydroxyl groups to enhance the ODMR intensity.
- molecular chains shown in the following [a] to [c] were bonded to the nanodiamond particles (that is, surface-modified with the molecular chains) to obtain surface-modified nanodiamond particles.
- Example 1 In Experimental Example 1, nonspecific adsorption of nanodiamond particles to the cell surface was evaluated.
- each of the above test cell lines was cultured for 2 hours and then washed with physiological saline. Then, the nanodiamond particles adsorbed on the cells contained in each test cell line were observed with a bright field microscope to confirm the presence or absence of nonspecific adsorption of the nanodiamond particles to the cell membrane. The result is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 17 is an observation field image obtained by observing each test cell line at a magnification of 10 times using a bright field microscope, and an observation field image obtained by observing each test cell line at a magnification of 40 times.
- “a. ND-COOH” indicates the test cell line [a]
- “b. ND-PEG” indicates the test cell line [b]
- “c. ND-HPG” indicates the test cell line [ c]
- “d.ND-HPG” indicates the test cell line [d].
- E.control indicates a control cell, that is, a cell line to which no nanodiamond particles are added.
- test aqueous solutions [a] to [c] were added to a lysozyme aqueous solution to a concentration of 2 mg / ml to prepare test aqueous solutions [a] to [c].
- the test aqueous solution [a] indicates an lysozyme aqueous solution added so that ND [a] has a concentration of 2 mg / ml.
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the relationship between the concentration of lysozyme present in an aqueous solution and the concentration of lysozyme adsorbed nonspecifically on the surface of nanodiamond particles in Experimental Example 2.
- the horizontal axis indicates the initial lysozyme concentration before adding the nanodiamond particles
- the vertical axis indicates the lysozyme concentration adsorbed on the surface of the nanodiamond particles.
- the round legend shows the result at ND [a]
- the triangular legend shows the result at ND [b]
- the square legend shows the result at ND [c].
- the measurement is performed several times for each concentration, and the standard deviation of the result is displayed as an error bar.
- the curve in FIG. 18 is supplementarily attached to display the result in an easy-to-understand manner.
- ND [a] and ND [b] tended to increase nonspecific adsorption of lysozyme to the surface of nanodiamond particles as the initial lysozyme concentration increased.
- ND [c] nanodiamond particles surface-modified with HPG
- the amount of lysozyme adsorbed on the surface of nanodiamond particles was maintained in the vicinity of zero (0) even when the initial lysozyme concentration was increased. It was. That is, it was confirmed that nonspecific adsorption of proteins other than the target protein (lysozyme in this example) to the nanodiamond particles can be inhibited by surface-modifying the nanodiamond particles with HPG.
- target proteins to be observed in the present embodiment include metabotropic glutamate receptors (hereinafter also referred to as “mGluR”). From the knowledge of structural biology so far, it is expected that mGluR changes the conformation of the dimer when transmitting a signal in the cell. However, no examples of actual observation of this structural change have been reported so far. According to the fluorescent molecular probe of the present embodiment and the protein structure analysis method of the present embodiment described later, there is a high possibility that the structural change can be observed for the first time.
- mGluR metabotropic glutamate receptors
- FIG. 21 is a flowchart showing an outline of the protein structure analysis method of the present embodiment.
- the target protein labeled with the fluorescent molecular probe of this embodiment is irradiated with excitation light and a high frequency magnetic field of 1 to 5 GHz to reduce the fluorescence spectrum.
- This is a protein structure analysis method for detecting a structural change of a target protein by detecting a peak magnetic field frequency.
- the peak magnetic field frequency is split under a static external magnetic field, and the rotational motion of the NV center included in the fluorescent molecular probe is detected from the split width. And can track the structural changes of the target protein.
- Step S101 of labeling target protein with fluorescent molecular probe In order to label a target protein with a fluorescent molecular probe, first, the target protein and a protein to be a tag (hereinafter also referred to as “tag-protein”) are fused. For example, when mGluR exemplified above is targeted, a mutant of ⁇ -lactamase derived from bacteria (hereinafter also referred to as “BL tag”) can be employed as a tag-protein.
- BL tag a mutant of ⁇ -lactamase derived from bacteria
- a protein in which mGluR and BL tags are fused can be expressed in HeLa cells.
- nanodiamond particles obtained by chemically modifying Amp that specifically reacts with the BL tag can be used as the fluorescent molecular probe.
- mGluR can be labeled with nanodiamond particles by binding the BL tag and nanodiamond particles via Amp.
- Step S102 of detecting structural change of target protein can be performed by detecting the rotational movement of the NV axis in the diamond crystal contained in the fluorescent molecular probe by ODMR measurement.
- the NV axis indicates a linear axis that connects the nitrogen atom (N) and the adjacent hole (V) at the NV center in the diamond crystal.
- the NV center has a magnetic moment ⁇ NV on the NV axis.
- the ODMR signal of NV ( ⁇ ) contained in the nanodiamond particles is split into two under a static external magnetic field due to the Zeeman effect.
- the split width of the ODMR signal is ⁇ , ⁇ changes corresponding to the angle ⁇ formed by the NV axis and the static magnetic field.
- the angle ⁇ formed by the NV axis and the static magnetic field can be calculated by the following formula (II).
- the conformation of the dimer of mGluR can be measured in real time.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic conceptual diagram showing an example of an analysis apparatus according to the protein structure analysis method of the present embodiment.
- this analysis device When this analysis device is roughly classified according to function, it can be divided into a light detection unit, a magnetic resonance unit, and a console unit.
- the magnetic resonance unit (high-frequency magnetic field generation unit 20) mainly includes an electromagnet (not shown), an oscillator 21, a high-frequency coil 23, and a static magnetic field coil 24.
- the electromagnet may be 50 gauss or less, but it is desirable that the magnetic field orientation can be controlled.
- the oscillator 21 needs to be a high-frequency oscillator that can control oscillation at the nanosecond level.
- the high frequency coil 23 is for causing ESR in the sample, and the static magnetic field coil 24 is for changing the static magnetic field in an arbitrary direction.
- the console unit includes a workstation, a conversion circuit 31 and a modulation unit 30.
- a workstation including a processing unit 40, an input device 50, and an output device 51 can be used.
- the conversion circuit 31 is specifically a DAC (Digital-to-Analog-Converter), and the modulation unit 30 is specifically a pulse / delay generator.
- the light detection unit and the magnetic resonance unit must be synchronized with picosecond to nanosecond accuracy using a DAC and a pulse / delay generator.
- the workstation performs setting of the light detection unit and the magnetic resonance unit, and control of the DAC and the pulse / delay generator.
- the workstation captures fluorescent signals detected by the light detection unit in real time, performs recursive device control, and analyzes measurement data.
- the analysis method of the measurement data is not particularly limited. For example, a method of performing azimuth analysis by fitting between the high frequency region spectrum simulated from the energy eigenvalue of the spin Hamiltonian and the actually obtained measurement result, or the ODMR intensity A method for performing frequency analysis of a time domain signal can be used.
- Example 1 In Example 1, Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 shown below, the ODMR strength was evaluated using nanodiamond powder obtained by the HPHT method.
- Nanodiamond powder product name “Micron + MDA, 0-0.010 ⁇ m”, manufactured by Element Six
- HPHT method was prepared as a starting material.
- the nano diamond powder was dispersed in water and centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 20 minutes to classify the diamond particles.
- the average particle size of the nanodiamond particles thus obtained was determined by a dynamic light scattering method using a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution meter (product name “Microtrac II”, manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.). At this time, the average particle size was 27.3 nm, and the standard deviation of the particle size distribution was 7.3 nm.
- Step S13 of heat treatment in air Next, the surface was oxidized by heat treatment at 550 ° C. in air.
- Step S2 of performing treatment for selectively increasing the modification rate of a functional group containing a hetero atom
- 10 mg of the nanodiamond particles obtained as described above and 300 ⁇ l of borane-tetrahydrofuran complex product name, manufactured by ALDRICH
- 5 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added, and the atmosphere was 70 ° C. under an argon atmosphere. Refluxed and stirred for 24 hours.
- the supernatant was removed, washed with acetone and ultrapure water, and then dried to obtain nanodiamond particles containing NV centers with enhanced ODMR strength.
- Example 2 In the production of nanodiamond particles including the NV center of Example 1, the reduction center was not performed, and the following oxidation treatment was performed, and the NV center with an increased ODMR strength was included in the same manner as in Example 1. Nano diamond particles were obtained.
- Step S22 of performing oxidation treatment >> 11 mg of nanodiamond powder subjected to air heat treatment and 5 ml of a solution in which concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid were mixed at a volume ratio of 9: 1 were placed in a glass reactor and stirred at 75 ° C. for 72 hours. Next, the supernatant was removed, washed with ultrapure water, and dried to obtain nanodiamond particles.
- Example 1 In the production of nanodiamond particles containing an NV center in Example 1, nanodiamond particles containing an NV center were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that no reduction treatment was performed.
- a powder consisting of a very small amount of nanodiamond particles is added to a powder of potassium bromide and mixed to obtain a uniform powder. Then, the mixed powder is put into a mold and pressed to obtain a disk-shaped measurement sample. . Next, the IR spectrum of each measurement sample was measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (model number “FT / IR-4200”, manufactured by JASCO Corporation). The result is shown in FIG.
- ND.CH 2 OH represents the IR spectrum of the nanodiamond particles of Example 1
- ND.COOH represents the IR spectrum of the nanodiamond particles of Example 2
- N. .D shows the IR spectrum of the nanodiamond particles of Comparative Example 1.
- the fluorescence microscope apparatus includes an optical microscope 10, a high-frequency magnetic field generation unit 20, a modulation unit 30, a processing unit 40, an input device 50, and an output device 51. Further, the optical microscope 10 includes a light source 11, an excitation filter 12, a dichroic mirror 13, a band filter 14, and an objective lens 15. Furthermore, the high frequency magnetic field generation unit 20 includes an oscillator 21, an amplification unit 22, and a high frequency coil 23. If the conversion circuit 31 and the static magnetic field coil 24 for changing the static magnetic field in an arbitrary direction are provided in this apparatus, the apparatus is the same as the analysis apparatus (see FIG. 13) used for the protein structural analysis described above. Become.
- the light emitted from the light source 11 passes through the excitation filter 12 and becomes excitation light.
- the excitation light is reflected by the dichroic mirror 13 and irradiated onto the sample stage 70 through the objective lens 15.
- the fluorescence generated from the sample 71 excited by the excitation light is not reflected by the dichroic mirror 13 but goes straight to the detection unit 60 to measure the fluorescence emission amount.
- the sample 71 is irradiated with a high-frequency magnetic field from the high-frequency magnetic field generator 20. By irradiating the high frequency magnetic field, ESR is generated in the sample 71, and the change in the fluorescence emission amount at that time is measured by the detection unit 60, so that the processing unit 40 can calculate the ODMR intensity by the above formula (I). It has become.
- a powder sample composed of nanodiamond particles of Example 1 was suspended in water on a sample stage of the fluorescence microscope apparatus described above and applied to a slide glass.
- the sample was irradiated with excitation light, and bright spots due to fluorescence emission of the nanodiamond particles were confirmed on the screen of the output device 51.
- the ODMR intensity was measured by irradiating a high-frequency magnetic field to reduce the amount of fluorescence emission. The same measurement was performed on 100 particles.
- Each numerical value shown in the column of measurement results in Table 1 is the cumulative frequency (%) of particles having an ODMR intensity of 100 particles or more (0.01 or more, 0.02 or more, 0.05 or more), The ODMR intensity arithmetic average value for 100 particles is shown.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the relationship between the ODMR intensity and the existence probability of the particles, and the existence probability of particles having an ODMR intensity equal to or greater than the numerical value of the ODMR intensity shown on the horizontal axis is displayed on the vertical axis.
- the round legend and the solid line show the results of Example 1
- the triangular legend and the alternate long and short dash lines show the results of Example 2
- the square legend and dotted lines show the results of Comparative Example 1. Yes. Note that the numerical values on the horizontal axis in FIG.
- the nanodiamond particles of Example 1 and Example 2 have more particles having higher ODMR strength than the untreated nanodiamond particles of Comparative Example 1. It was included.
- the nanodiamond particles of Example 1 included particles having an extremely high ODMR strength of 0.05 or more, which was not present at all in the comparative nanodiamond particles.
- the nanodiamond particles of the examples contain NV centers, and the surface is modified with functional groups containing heteroatoms, so that the abundance of NV (-) increases and the ODMR strength increases. It was confirmed that
- Example 3 In Example 3 and Comparative Example 2 shown below, ODMR strength was evaluated using nanodiamond powder obtained by the detonation method.
- nano-diamond powder obtained by the detonation method (“NanoAmand (registered trademark) Aqueous colloid nm (Dispersed nm 5 nm-Bucky Diamond)”, manufactured by NanoCarbon Research stitute Institute, Ltd.) was prepared.
- the particles contained in the nanodiamond powder are single particles, and the particle diameter ranges from about 4 nm to 5 nm.
- nanodiamond particles according to Example 3 were obtained in the same manner as Example 1 except that Step S11 for classifying nanodiamond powder was not performed.
- Comparative Example 2 The nanodiamond powder obtained by the above detonation method was heat-treated at 800 ° C. in a vacuum, and subsequently heat-treated at 550 ° C. in air to obtain nanodiamond particles according to Comparative Example 2. That is, the nanodiamond particles according to Comparative Example 2 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the reduction treatment was not performed.
- the numerical values shown in the column of fluorescence emission amount and ODMR intensity in Table 2 are the fluorescence emission amount and ODMR intensity in the visual field images shown in FIG. 19 (Example 3) and FIG. 20 (Comparative Example 2).
- the image shown in FIG. 19A shows a fluorescent image of nanodiamond particles according to Example 3.
- FIG. 19A shows three bright spots due to fluorescence emission of nanodiamond particles can be confirmed in this visual field image.
- FIG. 19B shows an ODMR image in the same visual field. In FIG. 19B, three bright spots corresponding to the bright spot in FIG. 19A can be clearly confirmed. Therefore, the nanodiamond particles according to Example 3 are ODMR active.
- FIG. 20A is a fluorescent image of nanodiamond particles according to Comparative Example 2
- FIG. 20B is an ODMR image of the nanodiamond particles.
- the nanodiamond particles according to Comparative Example 2 are ODMR inert.
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Abstract
Description
上記の減少ピーク(ODMRシグナル)は静的な外部磁場に置かれたNVセンターでは分裂し、ピークの分裂幅はNVセンターの回転運動とともに変化するため、NVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子を蛍光分子プローブとして使用し、該蛍光分子プローブによって標的タンパク質を標識するとともにODMRスペクトルを計測することにより、上記した既存の方法では実現できなかった生体内におけるタンパク質の精細かつリアルタイムの構造解析が実現できる可能性がある。
以下、本発明の実施形態(以下「本実施形態」とも記す)についてさらに詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
以下、本実施形態のナノダイヤモンド粒子について説明する。本実施形態のナノダイヤモンド粒子はヘテロ原子を含む官能基で表面が修飾されており、ODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含んでいる。
原料となるナノダイヤモンド粉末の製造方法は特に制限されず、いかなる方法で製造されてもよい。ナノダイヤモンド粉末の製造方法としては、たとえばCVD法(化学蒸着法)、爆発法(爆轟法)、高温高圧法(HPHT法)等を挙げることができる。
本実施形態のナノダイヤモンド粒子は、ODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含んでいる。ここで、NVセンターとは図1に示すように、ダイヤモンド結晶中の炭素原子1を置換した窒素原子2と窒素原子2と隣接する空孔3とからなる複合欠陥を示す。
一般的に、上記のような方法でナノダイヤモンド粉末を製造した場合、ダイヤモンド結晶中には不純物として窒素原子が混入しており、同時に炭素原子が欠落した空孔も存在している。しかし、このままでは、たとえば図2に示すように窒素原子2と空孔3とが隣接した一対をなしておらずNVセンターとはなっていない。
そこで、ナノダイヤモンド粉末を真空中700℃~1000℃の高温で熱処理することによって、窒素原子2と空孔3とを結合させることができる。これによりダイヤモンド結晶中に図1に示されるNVセンターが生成される。
しかし、上記のように高温で真空熱処理した場合、粒子表面のダイヤモンド構造の一部がグラファイト化してしまう。このように、表面がグラファイトで覆われてしまうと、結晶内部にNVセンターを有していても、ナノダイヤモンド粒子は良好な蛍光発光を示さない。
上記のようにして、ダイヤモンド結晶内部にNVセンターが生成されたナノダイヤモンド粒子は励起光を照射すると蛍光発光する。そして、励起光および高周波磁場を該ダイヤモンド粒子に同時照射して、電子スピン磁気共鳴〔以下「ESR(Electron Spin Resonance)」とも記す〕を発生させると、蛍光発光量が減少する場合がある。
本明細書において、ヘテロ原子とは、炭素(C)、水素(H)以外の原子であり、かつ官能基中において該原子上に非共有電子対を有する原子を示す。このようなヘテロ原子としては、たとえば、酸素(O)、窒素(N)、硫黄(S)等を挙げることができる。そして、ヘテロ原子を含む官能基としては、たとえば、ヒドロキシル基(-OH)、ヒドロキシアルキル基(-CH2OH、-ROH:Rはアルキル基を示す。)、カルボキシル基(-COOH)、アミノ基(-NH2)、アルキルアミノ基(-NHR、-NR2:Rはアルキル基を示す。)、チオール基(-SH)等を挙げることができる。
上記のヘテロ原子を含む官能基は電子供与性官能基であることが好ましい。ここで、本明細書において「電子供与性」とは、該ヘテロ原子上の非共有電子対によって引き起こされる共鳴効果による電子供与性を示す。
一般に、ナノダイヤモンド粒子の表面には多種多様な官能基が存在している。そのような官能基としては、たとえば、アルキル基、カルボキシル基、ケトン基、ヒドロキシル基、ビニル基、ラクトン基等の存在が知られている。
上記のように、表面修飾処理を行なった後に、ナノダイヤモンド粒子の表面に存在する官能基の定性を行なうことが好ましい。官能基の定性は、たとえば赤外分光スペクトル(以下「IRスペクトル」とも記す)を測定することによって行なうことができる。たとえば、ナノダイヤモンド粒子を従来公知の錠剤法によって錠剤に成形して、IRスペクトルを測定することができる。
ODMR強度の評価は、ナノダイヤモンド粒子に励起光を照射しながらESRを発生する高周波磁場を照射して蛍光発光量を計測するとともに、上記式(I)によってODMR強度を算出して行なうことができる。
NV(-)の存在率の評価は、同条件で処理された一定数のナノダイヤモンド粒子について、個々の粒子について上記したODMR強度を求め、それらの相加平均を算出することによって行なうこともできる。ここで、信頼性の高い結果を得るためには、上記一定数は、たとえば50~200個程度とすることが好ましい。
上記のように本実施形態のナノダイヤモンド粒子は高いODMR強度を有する。ここでODMR強度をさらに高めるとの観点から、ナノダイヤモンド粒子は結晶内部に希土類金属(たとえば、イッテルビウム(Yb)、エルビウム(Er)、ツリウム(Tm)等)を含まないことが好ましい。結晶中に希土類金属が導入されるとダイヤモンド結晶格子に歪みが生じ、ODMR強度が減退することがあるからである。またダイヤモンド結晶中に磁性元素(たとえば、マンガン(Mn)、鉄(Fe)、ニッケル(Ni)、コバルト(Co)、銅(Cu)等)も含まないことが好ましい。これらの磁性元素が生起する磁場がODNR強度の測定に悪影響を及ぼすことがあるからである。
このような本実施形態のナノダイヤモンド粒子は、以下のような製造方法によって製造される。換言すれば、以下のような製造方法によって製造されるナノダイヤモンド粒子は上記のような特性を示す。したがって、本実施形態のナノダイヤモンド粒子は極めて高いODMR強度を示すという優れた効果を有する。以下、本実施形態のナノダイヤモンド粒子の製造方法について説明する。
図12に本実施形態のナノダイヤモンド粒子の製造方法のフローチャートを示す。当該製造方法は、ナノダイヤモンド粒子を準備する工程S1と、ナノダイヤモンド粒子の表面に存在する官能基のうち1種以上のヘテロ原子を含む官能基の修飾率を選択的に高める処理を行なう工程S2と、を含む。以下、各工程について説明する。
まず、工程S1では、ナノダイヤモンド粉末を分級する工程S11と、ナノダイヤモンド粒子を真空中で熱処理する工程S12と、ナノダイヤモンド粒子を空気中で熱処理する工程S13と、を実施する。工程S11を実施することによって、ナノダイヤモンド粒子は生体内での使用に好適な粒度分布に調整され、工程S12を実施することによってナノダイヤモンド粒子の内部にNVセンターが生成される。さらに、工程S13を実施することによって、ナノダイヤモンド粒子表面のグラファイト層を酸化し、蛍光性を示すNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子を製造することができる。なお、前述のように爆轟法によって得られたダイヤモンド粉末を用いる場合は、分級する工程を省略することができる。
次いで、工程S2では、上記工程S1で得られたナノダイヤモンド粒子に、粒子の表面に存在する官能基のうち1種以上のヘテロ原子を含む官能基の修飾率を選択的に高める処理を行なう工程として、還元処理を行なう工程S21および/または酸化処理を行なう工程S22を実施することによって、ODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子を製造することができる。
以下、上記に説明した本実施形態のナノダイヤモンド粒子の生体計測への具体的な適用例である蛍光分子プローブについて説明する。
本実施形態の蛍光分子プローブは、ODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子を化学修飾することによって得られる。
ここで、化学修飾とは、標的タンパク質と特異的に結合する分子鎖をナノダイヤモンドに化学結合させることを示す。該分子鎖は、ダイヤモンド結晶をなす炭素原子と直接結合されていてもよく、ナノダイヤモンド粒子表面上の官能基と結合していてもよい。また該分子鎖は、標的タンパク質(目的タンパク質ともいう)に合わせて適宜選択することが好ましい。たとえば、後述する代謝型グルタミン酸受容体を標的とする場合、アンピシリン(Ampicillin、以下「Amp」と略記することもある)等を用いることができる。
上記の化学修飾は、標的タンパク質以外の生体高分子への非特異的な吸着を阻害する分子鎖を含むことが好ましい。そのような分子鎖の一例としては、たとえば高分岐ポリグリセロール(HPG:Hyper branched Poly-Glycerol)を挙げることができる。化学修飾が非特異的な吸着を阻害する分子鎖を含むことにより、高選択的に標的タンパク質を標識することができる。
ここで非特異的な吸着の阻害に成功した具体例を、実験例を用いて説明する。まず(i)ナノダイヤモンド粒子をヒドロキシル基によって修飾しODMR強度の増強を行なった。次いで(ii)このナノダイヤモンド粒子に次の[a]~[c]に示す分子鎖を結合させ(すなわち該分子鎖で表面修飾して)、表面修飾ナノダイヤモンド粒子を得た。
[b]ポリエチレングリコール(PEG:polyethylene glycol)
[c]HPG
以下のこの実験例での説明においては、上記符号[a]~[c]に従い、カルボキシル基で表面修飾されたナノダイヤモンド粒子を「ND[a]」と記し、PEGで表面修飾されたナノダイヤモンド粒子を「ND[b]」と記し、HPGで表面修飾されたナノダイヤモンド粒子を「ND[c]」と記す。
実験例1ではナノダイヤモンド粒子の細胞表面への非特異的な吸着を評価した。
実験例2ではタンパク質のナノダイヤモンド粒子への非特異的な吸着を評価した。
本実施形態において観測対象となる標的タンパク質としては、たとえば代謝型グルタミン酸受容体(以下「mGluR」とも記す)等を挙げることができる。これまでの構造生物学における知見から、mGluRは細胞内においてシグナルを伝達する際、2量体のコンフォメーションを変化させていると予想されている。しかしこれまでに、この構造変化を実際に観測した例は報告されていない。本実施形態の蛍光分子プローブおよび後述する本実施形態のタンパク質の構造解析方法によれば、上記の構造変化を初めて観測できる可能性が高い。
以下、上記の蛍光分子プローブを用いた本実施形態のタンパク質の構造解析方法について説明する。
図21は本実施形態のタンパク質の構造解析方法の概略を示すフローチャートである。図21に示すように、本実施形態のタンパク質の構造解析方法は、本実施形態の蛍光分子プローブで標識した標的タンパク質に励起光および1~5GHzの高周波磁場を照射して、蛍光スペクトルが減少するピーク磁場周波数を検知することによって標的タンパク質の構造変化を検知するタンパク質の構造解析方法である。すなわち、本実施形態のタンパク質の構造解析方法は、蛍光分子プローブで標的タンパク質を標識する工程S101と、標識された標的タンパク質に励起光および1~5GHzの高周波磁場を照射して、蛍光発光量が減少するピーク磁場周波数を検知することによって標的タンパク質の構造変化を検知する工程S102と、を備える。
蛍光分子プローブによって、標的タンパク質を標識するためには、まず標的タンパク質とタグとなるタンパク質(以下、「タグ-タンパク質」とも記す)を融合する。たとえば、上記に例示したmGluRを標的とする場合、バクテリア由来β-ラクタマーゼの変異体(以下「BLタグ」とも記す)をタグ-タンパク質として採用することができる。
上記のようにして、標識された標的タンパク質の構造解析は、ODMR計測によって、蛍光分子プローブに含まれるダイヤモンド結晶内のN-V軸の回転運動を検出することにより行なうことができる。
ここで、N-V軸とは、ダイヤモンド結晶内のNVセンターにおいて、窒素原子(N)と隣接する空孔(V)とを結ぶ直線軸を示す。NVセンターは、該N-V軸上に磁気モーメントμNVを有している。
図9に示すODMRスペクトルのように、ナノダイヤモンド粒子に含まれるNV(-)のODMRシグナルはゼーマン効果により静的な外部磁場の下で2つに分裂している。分裂した2つのODMRシグナルは約2.87GHzを中心として対称となる。これは、縮退していたMz=±1のエネルギー準位がゼーマン効果によりMz=+1とMz=-1の2つのエネルギー準位に分裂していることを示している。このとき、ODMRシグナルの分裂幅をΔωとすると、ΔωはN-V軸と静磁場とのなす角θに対応して変化する。
式(II)は、N-V軸ベクトルと静磁場ベクトルとの内積を示し、式(II)中、θはN-V軸と静磁場とのなす角を示し、hは換算プランク定数を示し、ΔωはODMRスペクトルのピークの分裂幅を示し、μNVはNVセンターの磁気モーメントを示し、B0は静磁場強度を示す。
上記に説明したタンパク質の構造解析は次のような解析装置によって行なうことができる。図13は本実施形態のタンパク質の構造解析方法に係わる解析装置の一例を示す概略概念図である。この解析装置を機能毎に大別すると、光検出部と、磁気共鳴部と、コンソール部とに分けることができる。
以下に示す実施例1、実施例2および比較例1ではHPHT法によって得られたナノダイヤモンド粉末を用いてODMR強度の評価を行なった。
≪ナノダイヤモンド粒子を準備する工程S1≫
まず、出発原料として、HPHT法によって得られたナノダイヤモンド粉末(製品名「Micron+MDA、0-0.010μm」、エレメントシックス社製)を準備した。
このナノダイヤモンド粉末を水中に分散させ、15000rpmで20分間遠心してダイヤモンド粒子の分級を行なった。このようにして得られたナノダイヤモンド粒子の平均粒径を、レーザー回折・散乱式粒度分布計(製品名「Microtrac II」、日機装株式会社製)を用いて動的光散乱法によって求めた。このとき平均粒径は27.3nmであり、粒度分布の標準偏差は7.3nmであった。
次いで、分級処理によって得たナノダイヤモンド粒子を真空中800℃で熱処理してダイヤモンド結晶内にNVセンターを生成した。
次いで、空気中550℃で熱処理して表面を酸化した。
(還元処理を行なう工程S21)
上記のようにして得たナノダイヤモンド粒子10mgと、ボラン-テトラヒドロフランコンプレックス(製品名、ALDRICH社製)300μlとを、ガラス製反応器に入れ、さらにテトラヒドロフラン5mlを加え、アルゴン雰囲気下で、70℃で還流して、24時間攪拌した。次いで、上澄み液を除去し、アセトン、超純水で洗浄した後、乾燥してODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子を得た。
実施例1のNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子の製造において、還元処理を実施せず、以下の酸化処理を実施した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、ODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子を得た。
空気熱処理を経たナノダイヤモンド粉末11mgと、濃硫酸と濃硝酸を体積比9:1で混合した溶液5mlとを、ガラス製反応器に入れ75℃で72時間攪拌した。次いで、上澄み液を除去し超純水で洗浄した後、乾燥してナノダイヤモンド粒子を得た。
実施例1のNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子の製造において、還元処理を実施しなかった以外は、実施例1と同様にしてNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子を得た。
≪修飾官能基の定性≫
上記のようにして得られた実施例1、実施例2および比較例1のナノダイヤモンド粒子の表面に存在する官能基の定性(IRスペクトルの測定)を以下のようにして行なった。ここで、実施例1または実施例2については、還元処理後または酸化処理後のナノダイヤモンド粒子を試料とした。一方、比較例1のナノダイヤモンド粒子については、真空熱処理後、空気熱処理前のナノダイヤモンド粒子を試料とした。これは、空気熱処理後にIR測定を行なうと、グラファイトの酸化によって生じた夾雑物質により測定の精度が低下するためである。
次に、実施例1、実施例2および比較例1のODMR強度を以下のようにして評価した。
以下に示す実施例3および比較例2では、爆轟法によって得られたナノダイヤモンド粉末を用いてODMR強度の評価を行なった。
上記の爆轟法によって得られたナノダイヤモンド粉末を真空中800℃で熱処理し、続いて空気中550℃で熱処理することにより比較例2に係るナノダイヤモンド粒子を得た。すなわち、比較例2に係るナノダイヤモンド粒子は還元処理を行なわない以外は実施例3と同様にして得られたものである。
以上のようにして得られた実施例3および比較例2に係るナノダイヤモンド粒子のODMR強度を前述した蛍光顕微鏡(図11参照)を用いて評価した。結果を図19および図20ならびに表2に示す。
Claims (14)
- ヘテロ原子を含む官能基で表面が修飾されている、ODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子。
- 前記ヘテロ原子を含む官能基は、電子供与性官能基である、請求項1に記載のODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子。
- 前記ヘテロ原子を含む官能基は、ヒドロキシル基およびヒドロキシアルキル基の少なくともいずれかである、請求項1または請求項2に記載のODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子。
- 前記ヘテロ原子を含む官能基は、カルボキシル基である、請求項1に記載のODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子。
- 前記ナノダイヤモンド粒子は、平均粒径が1nm以上50nm以下である、請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載のODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子。
- 前記ODMR強度は、1~5GHzの高周波磁場を照射したときの、励起光による蛍光発光量の減少率である、請求項1~請求項5のいずれか1項に記載のODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子。
- 請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載のODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子からなる粉末状試薬、または前記ナノダイヤモンド粒子を液体に分散させた試薬。
- ナノダイヤモンド粒子を準備する工程と、
前記ナノダイヤモンド粒子の表面に存在する官能基のうち1種以上のヘテロ原子を含む官能基の修飾率を選択的に高める処理を行なう工程と、を含む、ODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子の製造方法。 - 前記ヘテロ原子を含む官能基はヒドロキシル基およびヒドロキシアルキル基の少なくともいずれかであり、かつ前記処理を行なう工程は還元処理を行なう工程である、請求項8に記載のODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子の製造方法。
- 前記ヘテロ原子を含む官能基はカルボキシル基であり、かつ前記処理を行なう工程は酸化処理を行なう工程である、請求項8に記載のODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子の製造方法。
- 請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載のODMR強度が高められたNVセンターを含むナノダイヤモンド粒子を化学修飾した、蛍光分子プローブ。
- 請求項11に記載の蛍光分子プローブからなる粉末試薬、または前記蛍光分子プローブを液体に分散させた試薬。
- 請求項11に記載の蛍光分子プローブで標的タンパク質を標識する工程と、
標識された前記標的タンパク質に励起光および1~5GHzの高周波磁場を照射して、蛍光発光量が減少するピーク磁場周波数を検知することによって前記標的タンパク質の構造変化を検知する工程と、を備える、タンパク質の構造解析方法。 - 前記検知する工程において、前記ピーク磁場周波数は静的な外部磁場の下で分裂しており、
前記検知する工程は、前記ピーク磁場周波数の分裂幅の大きさから、前記蛍光分子プローブに含まれるNVセンターの回転運動を検知する工程を含む、請求項13に記載のタンパク質の構造解析方法。
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JP2017214244A (ja) * | 2016-05-31 | 2017-12-07 | 学校法人東京理科大学 | 表面修飾ナノダイヤモンドの製造方法、及び表面修飾ナノダイヤモンド |
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WO2022163677A1 (ja) * | 2021-01-27 | 2022-08-04 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | ダイヤモンド磁気センサユニット及びダイヤモンド磁気センサシステム |
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JP6117812B2 (ja) | 2017-04-19 |
EP2907792A1 (en) | 2015-08-19 |
US20150276754A1 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
US9465035B2 (en) | 2016-10-11 |
CN104870365B (zh) | 2018-04-10 |
JPWO2014058012A1 (ja) | 2016-09-05 |
CN104870365A (zh) | 2015-08-26 |
EP2907792A4 (en) | 2016-06-29 |
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